CH-9 Motivation and Emotion – Psychology: Dsm 5 : Exam Guide

9 Motivation and Emotion 1. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called _____________. a. motivation b. emotion c. achievement d. synergy Answer: a. motivation Correct. Motivation is defined as the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met. b. emotion Incorrect. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called motivation. 2. Extrinsic motivation is defined as ______________. a. the pursuit of an activity for external reward b. the pursuit of an activity for its own sake c. the pursuit of an activity to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d. the pursuit of an activity in order to increase one’s competence and skills Answer: a. the pursuit of an activity for external reward Correct. Extrinsic motivation is the pursuit of an activity for external reward. c. the pursuit of an activity to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation Incorrect. Deprivation is an intrinsic state; thus, the motivation is coming from within. 3. The pursuit of an activity for an outcome that is separate from the person is called __________________. a. the need for affiliation b. intrinsic motivation c. extrinsic motivation d. a mastery goal Answer: c. extrinsic motivation Correct. Extrinsic motivation is the pursuit of an activity for an external reward. b. intrinsic motivation Incorrect. Intrinsic motivation comes from the expectation of an internal reward. 4. You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. The teacher mentions “purposeful or goal-directed behavior that may vary in intensity from one occasion to another.” You recognize that he is talking about which type of behavior? a. motivated b. emotional c. frustrated d. preconscious Answer: a. motivated Correct. Motivated behavior is purposeful and goal directed. b. emotional Incorrect. Emotional behavior is not always goal directed. 5. Which statement about motivation is TRUE? a. Motivation energizes and directs behavior. b. We are always aware of motivational processes. c. There is only one type of motivation. d. Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means. Answer: a. Motivation energizes and directs behavior. Correct. Motivation does energize and direct behavior. b. We are always aware of motivational processes. Incorrect. Sometimes we are unaware of our motivations. 6. In the early twentieth century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to ______. a. emotions b. incentives c. learned responses d. instincts Answer: d. instincts Correct. Early psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to instincts. b. incentives Incorrect. Incentives was a later concept in psychology. 7. Early in the twentieth century William McDougal proposed that there were _______ human instincts. a. 5 b. 9 c. 18 d. 24 Answer: c. 18 Correct. McDougal believed there were eighteen human instincts. a. 5 Incorrect. McDougal believed there were eighteen human instincts. 8. Early in the twentieth century William McDougal and others proposed that motivation was a result of ________. a. instincts b. incentives c. drives d. emotions Answer: a. instincts Correct. McDougal and others in the early 20th century tried to tie human motivation to inborn instincts. c. drives Incorrect. Drive theory did not show up until later in the 1900s. 9. An instinct is a tendency that is ________. a. learned b. conditioned c. biological d. easily controlled Answer: c. biological Correct. The general concept of an instinct is that it is passed from generation to generation, and is biologically innate within a species. a. learned Incorrect. Instincts are thought to be unlearned, not learned. 10. Instinct approaches to motivation have faded because they lacked the goal of _________ of psychology. a. description b. explanation c. prediction d. change Answer: b. explanation Correct. Instinct approaches did a poor job explaining motivation. a. description Incorrect. Instinct approaches were very descriptive. 11. One positive outcome of instinct approaches was _____________. a. that they gave birth to psychoanalytic theory b. that psychologists began focusing on learning theories c. that psychologists were now forced to consider the effects of heredity on behavior d. a better explanation of behavior Answer: c. that psychologists were now forced to consider the effects of heredity on behavior Correct. Instinct approaches were based on heredity and now psychologists started looking at inherited influences on behavior. d. a better explanation of behavior Incorrect. Instinct approaches omit explanation. 12. Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of ______. a. incentives b. motives c. instinct d. needs Answer: c. instinct Correct. Salmon are biologically determined to swim upstream; thus, the behavior is an instinct. b. motives Incorrect. Motives are specific causes of behavior and can be internal or external. 13. What do we call biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior? a. drives b. instincts c. releasing behaviors d. universal behaviors Answer: b. instincts Correct. Instincts are biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior. a. drives Incorrect. A drive is an underlying form of motivation that can be physical or learned. 14. The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) ______. a. emotion b. impulse c. drive d. instinct Answer: c. drive Correct. The state of tension created by biological needs is called a drive. d. instinct Incorrect. There is no tension involved in an instinct. 15. __________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. a. Motivation b. A drive c. A value d. Instinct b. A drive Answer: b. A drive Correct. A drive is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. c. A value d. Instinct Incorrect. An instinct is not a state of tension. 16. The ____________ approach to motivation suggests a connection between internal physical states and outward behavior. a. arousal b. drive-reduction c. incentive d. achievement Answer: b. drive-reduction Correct. This approach suggests a connection between internal physical states and outward behavior. c. incentive Incorrect. Incentives are external and usually not physiological. 17. According to drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction? a. Tension is increased. b. Stability is reduced. c. Tension is reduced. d. Drives are increased. Answer: c. Tension is reduced. Correct. Drive reduction predicts that behaviors reduce tension created by needs. d. Drives are increased. Incorrect. Drive reduction predicts that behaviors reduce tension created by needs. 18. The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called _______________. a. stability b. equilibrium c. homeostasis d. physiological balance Answer: c. homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning. b. equilibrium Incorrect. Equilibrium is a similar concept, but the correct term in this case is homeostasis. 19. The chief function of homeostasis is to ________. a. prevent balance b. maintain a steady state c. regulate emotions d. control sexual urges Answer: b. maintain a steady state Correct. Homeostasis is designed to maintain the physiological balance in the human body. c. regulate emotions Incorrect. Homeostasis cannot directly regulate emotions; in fact, many emotions disrupt our homeostasis. 20. Homeostasis is most like which of the following? a. a car b. a thermometer c. a cooler d. a thermostat Answer: d. a thermostat Correct. Thermostats change to keep a room at a constant or steady temperature. b. a thermometer Incorrect. Thermometers just measure the temperature of something. 21. Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called ______________. a. stability b. equilibrium c. homeostasis d. physiological balance Answer: c. homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning. b. equilibrium Incorrect. Equilibrium is a similar concept, but the correct term in this case is homeostasis. 22. Which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory? a. eating food that tastes bad b. going swimming on a hot day c. eating when you are not hungry d. smoking pot to relax Answer: c. eating when you are not hungry Correct. This behavior contradicts drive-reduction theory because there is no drive to be reduced if you are not hungry. d. smoking pot to relax Incorrect. This behavior, though illegal, still is consistent with drive reduction because it reduces tension. 23. Drive-reduction theory would say getting a haircut to look attractive is a (an) ___________. a. homeostatic drive b. acquired drive c. primary drive d. motive drive Answer: b. acquired drive Correct. Acquired drives are learned behaviors like wanting to be attractive. c. primary drive Incorrect. Primary drives are internal, instinctive drives like hunger. 24. The theory stating that behaviors are motivated by an organism’s attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance is called ______ theory. a. drive-reduction b. homeostatic c. needs d. disequilibrium Answer: a. drive-reduction Correct. Drive-reduction theory focuses on reducing tension. b. homeostatic Incorrect. Homeostasis is the goal, not the name of the theory. 25. Some psychologists believe that an organism’s behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively—a state called ______. a. unbalance b. acquiescence c. propinquity d. homeostasis Answer: d. homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is a state of balance in the body. a. unbalance Incorrect. This is a state of imbalance, not balance. 26. A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst. This psychologist’s philosophy most closely matches ______ theory. a. reciprocity b. homeostatic c. needs d. drive-reduction Answer: d. drive-reduction Correct. Drive-reduction theory says that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst. b. homeostatic Incorrect. Homeostasis is the goal, not the theory. 27. Which of the following behaviors is NOT an example of drive-reduction theory? a. getting some food when you are hungry b. going to sleep when you are tired c. getting something to drink when you are thirsty d. going jogging when you are bored Answer: d. going jogging when you are bored Correct. In jogging out of boredom you are not reducing a drive because boredom is not a drive like hunger or thirst. a. getting some food when you are hungry Incorrect. By getting food you are relieving the drive of hunger. 28. Primary drives are caused by ______. a. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle b. learned behaviors c. stimuli within the body d. stimuli outside the body Answer: c. stimuli within the body Correct. Primary drives are basic biological needs that an organism experiences from within the body. b. learned behaviors Incorrect. Primary drives are basic biological needs, which are not learned. 29. Primary drives are ______. a. learned b. unlearned c. produced by external incentives d. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle Answer: b. unlearned Correct. Primary drives are basic biological needs, which are unlearned. a. learned Incorrect. Primary drives are basic biological needs, which are unlearned. 30. Thirst, sexual desire, and hunger are examples of ______ drives. a. primary b. reduction c. secondary d. internalized Answer: a. primary Correct. Thirst, hunger, and sexual desire are basic biological needs and, thus, are considered primary drives. c. secondary Incorrect. Thirst, hunger, and sexual desire are basic biological needs and, thus, are considered primary drives. Secondary drives are acquired. 31. Drives that are most strongly influenced by stimuli within the body are called ______ drives. a. primary b. tertiary c. secondary d. learned Answer: a. primary Correct. Primary drives are states of physical tension arising from stimuli in the body, such as the feeling of hunger or thirst. c. secondary Incorrect. Secondary drives are acquired drives. 32. Physiologically based drives that are unlearned are called ______ drives. a. primary b. reflexive c. acquired d. tertiary Answer: a. primary Correct. Primary drives are physiologically based and unlearned. c. acquired Incorrect. Acquired drives are learned. 33. Drives that are learned through experience are called ______ drives. a. primary b. reflexive c. acquired d. tertiary Answer: c. acquired Correct. Acquired drives are those that are learned. a. primary Incorrect. Primary drives are physiologically based and unlearned. 34. Monica put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life “was to be a famous star!” Monica’s drive to be famous was a (an) ______ drive. a. primary b. reflexive c. acquired d. tertiary Answer: c. acquired Correct. Wanting to be a star is not physiologically based and is learned and is, therefore, considered an acquired drive. a. primary Incorrect. Primary drives are physiologically based and unlearned, whereas wanting to be a star is an acquired drive. 35. Which of the following is NOT an acquired drive? a. a drive for great wealth b. a drive to be successful in school c. a drive to eat when hungry d. a drive for high levels of achievement Answer: c. a drive to eat when hungry Correct. Food is a basic physiological need; therefore, the drive to eat is a primary drive. a. a drive for great wealth Incorrect. The drive for wealth is not physiologically based and is learned and is, therefore, considered an acquired drive. 36. nAch is an abbreviation for ____________. a. no achievement b. need for achievement c. no challenge d. need for change Answer: b. need for achievement Correct. This unique term was used by McClelland to designate the concept need for achievement. a. no achievement Incorrect. No achievement is not represented by this abbreviation. 37. In the section “Three Types of Needs,” which of the following was not discussed? a. achievement b. affiliation c. power d. sex Answer: d. sex Correct. This was not discussed in the objective “three types of needs.” a. achievement Incorrect. Achievement was the first need discussed. 38. The need for _____________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. a. achievement b. power c. motivation d. emotion Answer: a. achievement Correct. The need for achievement involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. c. motivation Incorrect. The need for achievement involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. 39. Which of the following is correct for people who are high in the need for achievement? a. They look for careers that pay a lot of money. b. They look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them. c. They look for careers that require little education. d. They look for careers that will make them famous. Answer: b. They look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them. Correct. High achievers need feedback. d. They look for careers that will make them famous. Incorrect. High achievers do not require fame. 40. Need for achievement is also referred to as ______________. a. Ach b. NFA c. nAch d. neech Answer: c. nAch Correct. Need for achievement is also referred to as nAch. a. Ach Incorrect. The term includes an n before Ach. 41. Ethan is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for ________. a. attention b. affiliation c. physical activity d. achievement Answer: d. achievement Correct. The need for achievement is the need to reach goals that require skilled performance or competence to be accomplished. b. affiliation Incorrect. The need for affiliation is not discussed in this chapter. 42. A way to abbreviate need for power is _______________. a. nPow b. nAch c. nEEP d. nAff Answer: a. nPow Correct. The abbreviation is need for POWer. It seems fairly clear if you read the book. b. nAch Incorrect. This is need for achievement. 43. Luc said, “I don’t care what I do as long as I am the best at it!” What need is this? a. need for achievement b. need for affiliation c. need for power d. need for sex Answer: a. need for achievement Correct. Need for achievement is defined as a strong desire to succeed. c. need for power Incorrect. The need for power focuses on having control over others. 44. Sydney said, “I don’t care much about my grades as long as I’m the most popular girl in the class!” What need is this? a. need for achievement b. need for affiliation c. need for power d. need for sex Answer: b. need for affiliation Correct. Need for affiliation is described as a need for friends and popularity. a. need for achievement Incorrect. Need for achievement is defined as a strong desire to succeed. 45. Jack said, “I want to rule the world.” What type of need is this? a. need for achievement b. need for affiliation c. need for power d. need for sex Answer: c. need for power Correct. The need for power requires the need to control others. a. need for achievement Incorrect. Need for achievement is defined as a strong desire to succeed. 46. According to Carol Dweck, need for achievement is closely related to ________________. a. genetics b. geography c. luck d. personality factors Answer: d. personality factors Correct. Dweck proposed that the need for achievement was closely linked to personality factors. a. genetics Incorrect. There was no mention of genetics in her theory. 47. According to Carol Dweck, this type of person believes that intelligence is fixed, unchanging, and independent. a. internal locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external locus of control Answer: d. external locus of control Correct. These people focus on things outside themselves and believe they are “helpless” to change their state. a. internal locus of control Incorrect. These people see intelligence as changeable. 48. According to Carol Dweck, people with this type of control believe intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experience. a. internal locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external locus of control Answer: a. internal locus of control Correct. These people see themselves as having control over these qualities. d. external locus of control Incorrect. These people focus on things outside themselves and believe they are “helpless” to change their state. 49. Glenn believes he can learn from his mistakes and that study and perseverance will help him improve his intelligence. According to Dweck, what locus of control does Glenn have? a. internal locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external locus of control Answer: a. internal locus of control Correct. These people see themselves as having control over these qualities. d. external locus of control Incorrect. These people focus on things outside themselves and believe they are “helpless” to change their state. 50. Donald believes all the teaching in the world will not change the fact that he is stupid and of below average intelligence. According to Dweck, what locus of control does Donald have? a. internal locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external locus of control Answer: d. external locus of control Correct. These people focus on things outside themselves and believe they are “helpless” to change their state. a. internal locus of control Incorrect. These people see intelligence as changeable. 51. According to Dweck, the best parenting advice one can give to help children succeed is ______________. a. praise the good behavior and punish the bad b. praise the good but say nothing about bad behavior c. constructively criticize and link with praise for effort d. criticize bad behavior and minimally praise good behavior Answer: c. constructively criticize and link with praise for effort Correct. Dweck believes this is the best formula for successful behavior. a. praise the good behavior and punish the bad Incorrect. Praise and punishment alone will do very little to encourage successful behavior. 52. Which one of the following statements would best be associated with Carol Dweck? a. Looking smart is better than being smart. b. Failure is a good way to learn. c. Never fail, no matter what. d. The best way to succeed is to always have the right answer. Answer: b. Failure is a good way to learn. Correct. Dweck believed that successful people learn from their mistakes. a. Looking smart is better than being smart. Incorrect. Dweck believed the learning process is more important than looking smart. 53. A stimulus motive is ________________. a. unlearned b. learned c. acquired d. based on behavior Answer: a. unlearned Correct. A stimulus motive is unlearned. b. learned Incorrect. A stimulus motive is unlearned. 54. Bobby is a very active 5 year old compared to others in his class. He appears to seek a great deal of stimulation, and is very playful, curious, and explorative. Bobby’s seemingly unlearned motives, which are likely to increase stimulation, are called __________. a. developmental motives b. exploratory motives c. stimulus motives d. cognitive motives Answer: c. stimulus motives Correct. This would be the correct answer based on the example provided which supports the definition. a. developmental motives Incorrect. This is not a definition defined by the book in this chapter. 55. In arousal theory, people are said to have a (an) _________ level of tension. a. ultimate b. lower c. optimal d. high Answer: c. optimal Correct. In arousal theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension. d. high Incorrect. In arousal theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension. 56. Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as _______________ in arousal theory. a. foolhardy b. a person high in nPow c. a sensation seeker d. a person high in nAff Answer: c. a sensation seeker Correct. He clearly was seeking adventure and new stimuli. d. a person high in nAff Incorrect. nAff is the need for affiliation, whereas Jones seeks adventure. 57. Which of the following examples best represents the Yerkes-Dodson Law? a. Bill has a bad test score because he did not study. b. Dan plays his best games when they mean the most to the team and his arousal is moderately high. c. Mary buys a new car. d. Toni watches TV all night. Answer: b. Dan plays his best games when they mean the most to the team and his arousal is moderately high. Correct. This example illustrates that Dan’s performance was enhanced by arousal created by the importance of the game, which is predicted by the Yerkes-Dodson Law. a. Bill has a bad test score because he did not study. Incorrect. While Bill’s performance is poor, there is no mention of how arousal affected it; thus, the Yerkes-Dodson Law does not apply. 58. The Yerkes-Dodson Law says _________________. a. performance is affected by levels of arousal b. the more money you make the better your job will be c. nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again d. performance on tests is better in the morning Answer: a. performance is affected by levels of arousal Correct. The Yerkes-Dodson Law says there is a relationship between arousal and performance. d. performance on tests is better in the morning Incorrect. There is no mention of arousal here, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law says arousal affects performance. 59. Which of the following factors is most likely to have an effect on predictions made by the Yerkes-Dodson Law? a. task instructions b. gender of person doing the task c. age of person doing the task d. difficulty of task Answer: d. difficulty of task Correct. Task difficulty will have an impact on optimal performance and arousal, according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law. a. task instructions Incorrect. Task instructions have no effect on arousal and optimal performance, according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law. 60. Lester has high test anxiety, which tends to affect his test performance even though he studies a lot. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which of the following activities will help Lester improve his performance? a. Study harder. b. Use relaxation exercises before each test. c. Study less since his performance won’t be that good anyway. d. Get a tutor. Answer: b. Use relaxation exercises before each test. Correct. By reducing test anxiety through relaxation, Lester will perform better, according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law. a. Study harder. Incorrect. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, harder studying won’t help Lester since it is the anxiety, not the studying, that affects his performance. 61. Jack, compared to most other people, appears to need a high level of arousal. He enjoys doing potentially life-threatening hobbies such as sky diving, swimming with sharks, and bungee jumping from bridges. Jack is likely to be a __________. a. show off b. mentally unstable c. sensation seeker d. unhealthy Answer: c. sensation seeker Correct. This would be the correct answer based on Jack’s need for more arousal than other people. a. show off Incorrect. While perhaps true, this is not a definition provided in the chapter. 62. Little 2-year-old Dennis is always getting into things. He climbs up trees, jumps into lakes, and explores strange boxes. According to research, Dennis would be considered __________________. a. low approach motivated b. high approach motivated c. moderate approach motivated d. no approach motivated Answer: b. high approach motivated Correct. High approach motivated children seem to be more likely to explore strange situations. a. low approach motivated Incorrect. Low approach motivated children appear to be unwilling to explore strange situations. 63. Things that attract or lure people to action are ______________. a. instincts b. incentives c. stimuli d. bait Answer: b. incentives Correct. Things that attract or lure people to action are incentives. c. stimuli Incorrect. Not all stimuli attract or lure; in fact, some are quite unpleasant. 64. Although Kim just ate a huge meal and feels “stuffed,” the idea of a chocolate sundae is too good to pass up, so she orders one. Which motivational term explains the appeal of the sundae? a. incentive b. instinctive c. drive reduction d. cognitive dissonance Answer: a. incentive Correct. An incentive is something that lures people into an action, such as ordering a sundae. c. drive reduction Incorrect. There is no drive being reduced, since Kim is not hungry. 65. Jell-O uses the slogan, “There’s always room for Jell-O.” To which theory of motivation is this slogan most relevant? a. instinctive b. incentive c. drive reduction d. optimum level Answer: b. incentive Correct. The makers of Jell-O hope their product will be an incentive—something that lures people into action independent of any need—that will attract people even when they are not hungry. c. drive reduction Incorrect. If the slogan were about drive reduction, it would focus on the ability of Jell-O to satisfy people’s hunger. 66. One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________. a. are inherited b. exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli c. exist independently of any need or level of arousal d. only work for adults Answer: c. exist independently of any need or level of arousal Correct. Incentives lure people into action independent of any need or level of arousal. a. are inherited Incorrect. Incentives are external and not inherited. 67. Michael has trained very long hours in order to qualify for the Olympics in diving. He has sacrificed a great deal as he put his education on hold and spent a lot of time away from his 2 small children and wife. To Michael, qualifying for the Olympics is a(n) __________. a. instinctual drive b. incentive c. innate goal d. optimum goal Answer: b. incentive Correct. Making it to the Olympics is an incentive for Michael. c. innate goal Incorrect. Diving at the Olympics is not something Michael was likely born with. 68. Jill is motivated by money and the things money will bring her. Jack is motivated by a belief in the importance of doing good things, and his incentives are based on that belief. Which theory incorporates both these types of motivational causes? a. sensation-seeking theory b. entity theory c. increment theory d. expectancy-value theory Answer: d. expectancy-value theory Correct. In expectancy-value theory, the values of a person determine his or her motivation. a. sensation-seeking theory Incorrect. Sensation seeking is based on stimuli alone. 69. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is a higher order need than cognitive needs? a. belongingness needs b. esteem needs c. aesthetic needs d. physiological needs Answer: c. aesthetic needs Correct. Aesthetic needs referred to a preference for harmony and order, and are the third highest level in Maslow’s pyramid. d. physiological needs Incorrect. Physiological needs speak to our immediate survival, and they are the lowest of the needs on Maslow’s pyramid. 70. Which level of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S. Army’s slogan “Be all that you can be”? a. safety b. self-esteem c. belongingness d. self-actualization Answer: d. self-actualization Correct. Being all that you can be is part of the definition of self-actualization. b. self-esteem Incorrect. Maslow never used the term self-esteem. 71. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in ___________. a. safety b. self-esteem c. belongingness d. self-actualization Answer: d. self-actualization Correct. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in self-actualization. a. safety Incorrect. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in self-actualization. 72. According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want _________. a. to fulfill one’s inborn potential b. to have frequent contact with others c. to possess as many material goods as possible d. to convince others of one’s true worth Answer: a. to fulfill one’s inborn potential Correct. According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want to fulfill one’s potential. c. to possess as many material goods as possible Incorrect. Self-actualization is not about acquiring material goods but is about improving oneself. 73. Bill has felt isolated and an like “outsider” since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of _______________. a. freedom b. belonging c. transcendence d. physiology Answer: b. belonging Correct. By wanting to be accepted b y others and “fit in” this need would be met for Bill. a. freedom Incorrect. Not a need according to Maslow. 74. Jenna skipped dinner last night to stay up late studying for her final exam. She went to bed at 6 am and had to be at class by 8 am. Her alarm clock did not go off as scheduled, and she raced out the door without eating. As a result, she was very distracted by hunger pangs and lack of energy while taking the test. She later learned that she failed her exam. Jenna could have likely performed better on her final if she had met a _______________ need before the final. a. freedom b. belonging c. transcendence d. physiological Answer: d. physiological Correct. By taking care of her basic need of hunger, she may have improved her test score. a. freedom Incorrect. Not a need according to Maslow. 75. Jerry gets a great deal of fulfillment out of visiting the new art exhibits at the museum in town. He usually visits each exhibit several times during a show and finds beauty in a variety of different types of art works. Jerry is likely to visit the new exhibits in an effort to meet a(n) _______________ need. a. freedom b. belonging c. power d. aesthetic Answer: d. aesthetic Correct. He is likely meeting a need for order, beauty, and symmetry. a. freedom Incorrect. Not a need according to Maslow. 76. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs must be met first? a. esteem b. safety c. physiological d. belongingness and love Answer: c. physiological Correct. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, physiological needs must be met first. b. safety Incorrect. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, safety needs must be met after physiological needs. 77. Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family. b. Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well. c. Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society. d. Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, more money, and be secure in the knowledge that his family can survive. Answer: d. Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, more money, and be secure in the knowledge that his family can survive. Correct. Mark focuses on basic needs for himself and his family. b. Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well. Incorrect. Frank focuses on self-esteem and growth, which are higher up in the hierarchy than are physical and safety needs. 78. Maslow’s work has had an impact on the field of ______________. a. music b. management c. sports d. pizza delivery Answer: b. management Correct. Maslow’s work has had an impact on the field of management. c. sports Incorrect. Maslow’s work has had an impact on the field of management. 79. What is one of the criticisms of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. The highest level has never been attained. b. Self-actualization is actually a biological drive. c. The hierarchy does not have any focus on social needs. d. Some people who struggle with lower needs may still satisfy higher needs. Answer: d. Some people who struggle with lower needs may still satisfy higher needs. Correct. Some critics of Maslow point to people like Abraham Lincoln, who managed to satisfy higher needs even while struggling to meet more basic needs. b. Self-actualization is actually a biological drive. Incorrect. There are no critics who view self-actualization as a biological drive. 80. Which of the following is a criticism of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. The highest level has never been attained. b. Self-actualization is actually a biological drive. c. The hierarchy does not have any focus on social needs. d. There is a lack of scientific support. Answer: d. There is a lack of scientific support. Correct. There is no scientific support for Maslow’s theory. b. Self-actualization is actually a biological drive. Incorrect. No one has said that self-actualization is a biological drive. 81. Which of the following is a criticism of Maslow’s theory? a. Research does not support the idea that people want to self-actualize. b. Evidence suggests that met needs become less important. c. There is no evidence that unmet needs become more important. d. The theory does not suggest a regulatory fit. Answer: c. There is no evidence that unmet needs become more important. Correct. In fact, there is some evidence that suggests that needs that have been satisfied become more important. b. Evidence suggests that met needs become less important. Incorrect. Some evidence suggests that needs that have been met become more, not less, important. 82. Which of the following is one of the three inborn and universal needs that help people gain a complete sense of self and whole, healthy relationships with others, according to the self-determination theory? a. autonomy b. relevance c. incompetence d. rejection Answer: a. autonomy Correct. Autonomy, along with competence and relatedness, is one of the three inborn and universal needs that help people gain a complete sense of self, according to the self-determination theory. b. relevance Incorrect. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness are the three inborn and universal needs that help people gain a complete sense of self, according to the self-determination theory. 83. Self-determination theory (SDT) best fits which type of motivation? a. the need for affiliation b. intrinsic motivation c. extrinsic motivation d. a mastery goal Answer: b. intrinsic motivation Correct. SDT is characterized by intrinsic motivation. c. extrinsic motivation Incorrect. SDT is characterized by intrinsic motivation. 84. Sam is known to be the fastest worker in the mail room. He has worked in the mail room for only a short time, but prides himself on being competent and a quick learner. He often gets positive comments from coworkers and his boss, which helps to motivate him and has a positive effect as he continues to challenge himself at work. As a result of his efficient style, he is also given more freedom than other workers as his boss is impressed by his ability to sort and organize mail. Sam is likely to be _______________ motivated as he continues to challenge and push himself to perform even better each day. a. intrinsically b. extrinsically c. superiorly d. withinsically Answer: a. intrinsically Correct. He is likely to be intrinsically motivated as he feels competent and autonomous. d. withinsically Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. 85. The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by ________________. a. the need for affiliation b. intrinsic motivation c. biological drives d. performance goals Answer: b. intrinsic motivation Correct. The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by intrinsic motivation. a. the need for affiliation Incorrect. The need for affiliation is the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others. 86. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity _______________. a. for external rewards b. for its own sake c. to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d. in order to be judged favorably by others Answer: b. for its own sake Correct. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity for its own sake. a. for external rewards Incorrect. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity for its own sake and for internal rewards. 87. Hormones secreted by the pancreas after we begin to eat that control fat levels, proteins, and carbohydrates are called _________________ and _________________. a. insulin; glucagons b. insulin; serotonin c. glucogons; serotonin d. glucogons; necon Answer: a. insulin; glucagons Correct. These are the two hormones secreted. b. insulin; serotonin Incorrect. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and not relevant to this topic 88. One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in _______, which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat. a. cholesterol b. lipoproteins c. insulin d. glucose Answer: c. insulin Correct. Insulin causes blood sugar levels to drop, which causes us to feel hungry. d. glucose Incorrect. Glucose is another name for blood sugar; it decreases in response to the increase in insulin. 89. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved in _______________. a. increasing hunger b. stopping the eating response c. processing low fats d. food allergies Answer: b. stopping the eating response Correct. The VMH may be involved in stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up. a. increasing hunger Incorrect. VMH stops the eating response. 90. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) may be involved in __________________. a. stoppage of eating b. the onset of eating c. processing low fats d. food allergies Answer: b. the onset of eating Correct. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) may be involved in the onset of eating. a. stoppage of eating Incorrect. The VMH is involved in the stoppage of eating; the LH may do the opposite. 91. Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole? a. Use better diet products. b. Start a reality TV show. c. Her weight, 125, is her set point. Leave it alone. d. Her BMR is not tied to her set point. Answer: c. Her weight, 125, is her set point. Leave it alone. Correct. The set point is the level of weight the body maintains. d. Her BMR is not tied to her set point. Incorrect. The BMR, or the rate at which the body burns energy, is always tied to the set point. 92. The two areas of the hypothalamus which appear to be related to eating behavior as a result of controlling the level of glucose in the body are called _________________ and _________________. a. ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus b. lateral hypothalamus; basal hypothalamus c. basal hypothalamus; ventrolateral hypothalamus d. none of the above Answer: a. ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus Correct. These are the two identified parts of the hypothalamus b. lateral hypothalamus; basal hypothalamus Incorrect. The basal hypothalamus is not the correct part of the brain that is related to eating behaviors. 93. BMR stands for _________________. a. basal management regulation b. basal metabolic rate c. buttocks management reduction d. bowel movement regulation Answer: b. basal metabolic rate Correct. BMR stands for basal metabolic rate. a. basal management regulation Incorrect. BMR stands for basal metabolic rate. 94. The concept of “comfort food” suggests that eating _________________. a. may be influenced by emotional factors b. has some inherited quality that relaxes us c. may release hormones and neurotransmitters that are comforting d. is reflexive Answer: a. may be influenced by emotional factors Correct. Comfort foods are foods that make us feel warm and happy because of past associations we have with them. b. has some inherited quality that relaxes us Incorrect. There does not seem to be evidence that food has inherited relaxation qualities. 95. Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food? a. American men and women both eat to reduce depression whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger. b. American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. c. There were no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. d. Japanese men ate more than both American men and women. Answer: b. American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. Correct. These differences were found in a research study looking at cultural differences in eating habits. c. There were no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. Incorrect. There were differences in American and Japanese and women’s eating habits. 96. Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least _____ percent over the ideal body weight. a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 Answer: b. 20 Correct. Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least 20 percent over the ideal body weight. c. 30 Incorrect. Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least 20 percent over the ideal body weight. 97. Jose’s medically ideal weight is 250 pounds. He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds. a. 275 b. 300 c. 320 d. 330 Answer: b. 300 Correct. The definition of obesity is to be 20% higher than ideal weight. 300 is 20% higher than 250. a. 275 Incorrect. This weight would put José at 10% higher than his ideal weight. Obesity involves being at least 20% higher than ideal weight. 98. Which hormone is secreted into the bloodstream by fatty tissue to signal the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food, reducing appetite and increasing the feeling of being full? a. adrenalin b. peptic acid c. leptin d. lippotor Answer: c. leptin Correct. Leptin is the hormone that causes you to feel full. a. adrenalin Incorrect. Adrenalin is a hormone, but it does not reduce hunger. 99. A newspaper reporter looks for interesting stories related to weight, weight control, and obesity. In recent years, which of these titles might have been used for a story? a. “Leptin: A Hormone Regulating Body Fat” b. “Stomach Size: An Overlooked Factor in Hunger” c. “When It Comes to Weight, Focus on the Right Hemisphere” d. “Obesity: Not Really a Problem Anymore” Answer: a. “Leptin: A Hormone Regulating Body Fat” Correct. Leptin is involved in appetite control. b. “Stomach Size: An Overlooked Factor in Hunger” Incorrect. Stomach size has not been seen as a big factor in hunger. 100. In a study of the relationship between children’s food preferences and the use of cartoon characters for the marketing of food, which of the following was one of the characters that was studied? a. George Jetson b. Fred Flintstone c. Handy Manny d. Shrek Answer: d. Shrek Correct. Shrek was one of the cartoon characters studied in the research on children's food preferences and the influence of marketing. This character was chosen due to its popularity among children during the time of the study. a. George Jetson Incorrect. This character is from the animated television series "The Jetsons" and is not typically associated with food marketing aimed at children. 101. In a study of the relationship between children’s food preferences and the use of cartoon characters for the marketing of food, which of the following was one of the foods that was studied? a. raisins b. baby carrots c. yogurt-covered pretzels d. peanuts Answer: b. baby carrots Correct. Baby carrots were one of the foods studied in the research on children's food preferences and the influence of marketing. The study aimed to understand how the use of cartoon characters influenced children's preferences for healthy food options like baby carrots. c. yogurt-covered pretzels Incorrect. While yogurt-covered pretzels are a snack food, they were not specifically mentioned as one of the foods studied in the research. 102. The Latin word meaning _________ connects both motive and emotion. a. “emote” b. “move” c. “mote” d. “mate” Answer: b. “move” Correct. The Latin word meaning “move” connects both motive and emotion. a. “emote” Incorrect. The Latin word meaning “move” connects both motive and emotion. 103. Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions? a. nonsympathetic division of the nervous system b. sympathetic division of the nervous system c. parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system d. central nervous system Answer: b. sympathetic division of the nervous system Correct. The sympathetic division of the nervous system is involved in emotions. c. parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system Incorrect. The sympathetic division of the nervous system is involved in emotions. 104. Emotion has been defined to have three elements. Please identify which choice below is NOT one of the three elements. a. Physical arousal b. Behavior which reveals the feeling to the outside world c. Inner awareness of feeling d. Cognitive dissonance for the exhibited behavior Answer: d. Cognitive dissonance for the exhibited behavior Correct. Cognitive dissonance is not one of the three elements. a. Physical arousal Incorrect. This is exhibited when an emotion is experienced. 105. The part of the brain that seems to influence emotion is the ________________. a. thalamus b. pons c. amygdala d. thyroid gland Answer: c. amygdala Correct. The amygdala is the part of the brain involved in the emotional responses. a. thalamus Incorrect. The amygdala is the part of the brain involved in the emotional responses. 106. What did Charles Darwin believe about the origin of emotions? a. They are learned through experience. b. They do not merit scientific consideration. c. They are a product of evolution. d. They are remnants of our earliest ancestors and, thus, have little relevance today. Answer: c. They are a product of evolution. Correct. Darwin believed emotions are a product of evolution. b. They do not merit scientific consideration. Incorrect. Darwin did give scientific consideration to emotions. 107. Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of _______ basic facial expressions of emotion. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine Answer: c. seven Correct. Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of seven basic facial expressions of emotion. d. nine Incorrect. Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of only seven basic facial expressions of emotion. 108. According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions? a. disgust b. fear c. contempt d. shame Answer: d. shame Correct. Ekman could not find a facial expression for shame in all cultures. c. contempt Incorrect. Ekman found contempt to be a universal facial expression. 109. Which of the following individuals is from a culture that has strict public social display rules? a. Mark, who is American b. Sandrine, who is French c. Miyoki, who is Japanese d. Jessica, who is Canadian Answer: c. Miyoki, who is Japanese Correct. The Japanese have strict rules for displaying emotion. a. Mark, who is American Incorrect. Americans do not have strict display rules. 110. _______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings. a. Phenomes b. Facial grids c. Display rules d. Expressional norms Answer: c. Display rules Correct. Display rules guide emotional displays in public and are culturally based. a. Phenomes Incorrect. This is a term to describe language. 111. To explain the human universality and variability of emotions, Ekman and his associates ______________. a. developed a concept of “display rules,” which are rules for emotional expression b. developed an interobserver system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably c. interviewed all participants in order to assess unexpressed feelings and motivations d. monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation Answer: a. developed a concept of “display rules,” which are rules for emotional expression Correct. He found display rules in all cultures. b. developed an interobserver system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably Incorrect. Ekman did not use an interobserver system. 112. A psychologist who has studied emotions with Paul Ekman for decades is going to present a summary of the research. Which title might this psychologist consider? a. “Emotion as a Deviation” b. “Emotion: Evolution’s Big Mistake” c. “Why Emotions Are Not Fully Developed in Humans” d. “How Facial Expressions Communicate Emotions” Answer: d. “How Facial Expressions Communicate Emotions” Correct. How facial expressions communicate emotions was the main topic of Ekman’s research. c. “Why Emotions Are Not Fully Developed in Humans” Incorrect. Ekman believed emotions were universally developed. 113. Which of the following is the best example of an individualistic culture? a. China b. United States c. Japan d. Sri Lanka Answer: b. United States Correct. as your textbook states, the United States is an example of a very individualistic culture. c. Japan Incorrect. Many Asian cultures tend to be more collectivist than individualistic. 114. Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion? a. Cannon-Bard theory b. James-Lange theory c. Schachter-Singer theory d. commonsense view of emotions Answer: b. James-Lange theory Correct. James and Lange developed the theory that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion. a. Cannon-Bard theory Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and the physiological changes occur simultaneously. 115. Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. stimulus → emotion → physiological changes b. stimulus → physiological changes → emotion c. physiological changes → stimulus → emotion d. stimulus → emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) Answer: b. stimulus → physiological changes → emotion Correct. James and Lange both came up with the idea that physiological changes occurred before the emotion. a. stimulus → emotion → physiological changes Incorrect. The idea that the stimulus caused the emotion and the emotion caused the physiological changes is logical, and that is the sequence that most psychologists assumed occurred; however, no one ever formally proposed this sequence as part of an official theory. 116. Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear. b. We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race. c. We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear. d. We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster. Answer: c. We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear. Correct. James and Lange had the idea that the physiological change (the heart racing) causes the emotion (fear). b. We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race. Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological change (the heart racing) causes the emotion (fear), rather than the other way around. 117. Which statement about emotions would have most likely been made by William James? a. When something happens, your body reacts, then you experience an emotion. b. If someone points a gun at you, you will experience fear and then you will run. c. All emotions arise from the same set of bodily functions. d. It is only after you experience joy that your heart will begin to race. Answer: a. When something happens, your body reacts, then you experience an emotion. Correct. William James felt that the arousal of our physiological mechanisms is what leads to the cognitive experience of an emotion. b. If someone points a gun at you, you will experience fear and then you will run. Incorrect. William James would suggest that if a gun was pointed at you, you would start running before you truly experienced fear. 118. Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion? a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. cognitive d. Belle-Barrett Answer: a. James-Lange Correct. This is the basic crux of the James–Lange theory. b. Cannon-Bard Incorrect. The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that are physiological and cognitive reactions in an emotional moment occur simultaneously. 119. You are walking through a store when you run into a friend you have not seen in a long time and whom you miss very much. According to the James-Lange theory, what might happen? a. You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness. b. You feel happiness followed by physiological changes. c. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously. d. You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by a feeling of happiness. Answer: a. You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness. Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion (happiness). c. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously. Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. James and Lange had the idea that the physiological changes cause the emotion (happiness). 120. Which theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes? a. Cannon-Bard b. James-Lange c. Schachter-Singer d. cognitive appraisal Answer: b. James-Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. a. Cannon-Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. 121. Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. “I run because I’m afraid.” b. “I’m happy because I laugh.” c. “I’m crying because I’m sad.” d. “I’m anxious because I perspire.” Answer: b. “I’m happy because I laugh.” Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c. “I’m crying because I’m sad.” Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. James and Lange proposed that physiological changes cause the emotion. 122. Seeing a snake, running away from it, and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the ________ theory. a. Plutchik b. Cannon-Bard c. James-Lange d. Yerkes-Dodson Answer: c. James-Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. b. Cannon-Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. 123. One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion? a. Plutchik b. Cannon-Bard c. James-Lange d. Yerkes-Dodson Answer: c. James-Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. b. Cannon-Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. 124. Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the thalamus? a. Plutchik’s b. James-Lange c. Cannon-Bard theory d. Schachter and Singer’s Answer: c. Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard did believe the thalamus was involved in emotion. b. James-Lange Incorrect. James and Lange did not discuss the thalamus. 125. What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory? a. stimulus → emotion → physiological changes b. stimulus → physiological changes → emotion c. physiological changes → stimulus → emotion d. stimulus → emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) Answer: d. stimulus → emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. b. stimulus → physiological changes → emotion Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. 126. You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next? a. You experience physiological changes followed by fear. b. You feel fear followed by physiological changes. c. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously. d. You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear. Answer: c. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously. Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. a. You experience physiological changes followed by fear. Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. 127. The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes. a. Cannon-Bard theory b. James-Lange c. Plutchik’s d. Schachter and Singer’s Answer: a. Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. b. James-Lange Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. 128. Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory? a. Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response. b. Emotions arise from learned triggers. c. Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts. d. Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. Correct.The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the different aspects of emotion occur at the same time Answer: d. Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. Correct. The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that when an emotion-triggering stimulus is encountered, both bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, rather than one causing the other. a. Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response. Incorrect. This statement is more aligned with the James-Lange theory, which suggests that bodily arousal precedes the emotional experience. 129. The idea that bodily arousal and the experience of emotion arise in tandem forms the essence of ________. a. LeDoux’s theory b. cognitive theory c. James-Lange theory d. Cannon-Bard theory Answer: d. Cannon-Bard theory Correct. The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the different aspects of emotion occur at the same time c. James-Lange theory Incorrect. The James-Lange theory of emotions suggests that physiological arousal precedes a cognitive experience of an emotion. 130. Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by ______ theory. a. Plutchik’s b. the James-Lange c. the Cannon-Bard theory d. Schachter and Singer’s Answer: c. the Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. b. the James-Lange Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. 131. The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion? a. Plutchik’s b. James-Lange c. Cannon-Bard theory d. Schachter and Singer’s Answer: c. Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. b. James-Lange Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. 132. Lashley (1938) stated that the thalamus would have to be pretty sophisticated to make sense of all the possible emotions and relay them to the proper areas of the cortex and body. Which theory of emotion was Lashley criticizing? a. Plutchik’s b. James-Lange c. Cannon-Bard theory d. Schachter and Singer’s Answer: c. Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard believed the thalamus was involved. b. James-Lange Incorrect. James and Lange did not discuss the thalamus. 133. Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction? a. the James-Lange theory b. activation theory c. cognitive arousal theory d. the Cannon-Bard theory Answer: c. cognitive arousal theory Correct. Cognitive arousal theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction. a. the James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange focused on the physiological changes themselves, not on the labeling of the emotion. 134. “I think I’m afraid; therefore, I am afraid.” Name the theory of emotion that this statement characterizes. a. the James-Lange theory b. activation theory c. cognitive arousal theory d. the Cannon-Bard theory Answer: c. cognitive arousal theory Correct. Thinking is the key element in cognitive arousal theory a. the James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange emphasized physical changes, not cognition. a. Plutchik b. The James-Lange c. The Cannon-Bard theory d. Schachter and Singer Answer: d. Schachter and Singer Correct. Schachter and Singer proposed that both physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. b. The James-Lange Incorrect. James and Lange believed that the sequence was stimulus, physiological changes, emotion. 136. Erica saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to cognitive theory, is she happy to see him or frightened of him? a. She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race. b. You cannot tell because she is not displaying a basic emotion. c. It depends on how she interprets the situation. d. She must be frightened because her heart began to race before she reacted emotionally. Answer: c. It depends on how she interprets the situation. Correct. The interpretation of an ambiguous stimulus leads to a specific emotional experience. This is the basic premise of the cognitive theory of emotions. a. She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race. Incorrect. This is a summary of the James-Lange theory, not the cognitive theory. 137. According to cognitive theories, appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical arousal and _______ the experience of emotion. a. before; after b. after; before c. before; before d. after; after Answer: c. before; before Correct. Cognitive theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. a. before; after Incorrect. Cognitive theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. 138. You just finished a cup of very strong coffee, which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal. That afternoon you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer, which of the following would most likely occur? a. Your emotion would be happy in spite of the scene at the graveside. b. You would work very hard to control your emotion. c. Your emotion would be sad since the context would affect your labeling. d. Your emotional state would be impossible to predict. Answer: c. Your emotion would be sad since the context would affect your labeling. Correct. According to Schachter and Singer, the coffee would arouse you and, then, after witnessing the graveside crying, you would label your emotion as sadness based on that environmental cue. b. You would work very hard to control your emotion. Incorrect. According to Schachter and Singer, the coffee would arouse you, and then you would label your emotion based on environmental cues. 139. Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: _____ and _____. a. physical arousal; fight or flight b. cognition; behavior c. physical arousal; labeling d. behavior; physical arousal Answer: c. physical arousal; labeling Correct. Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. a. physical arousal; fight or flight Incorrect. Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. 140. Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ____________. a. Plutchik b. the James-Lange theory c. the Cannon-Bard theory d. Schachter and Singer Answer: d. Schachter and Singer Correct. Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. b. the James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. 141. Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion? a. arousal and physiology b. behavior and genetics c. arousal and context d. nature and nurture Answer: c. arousal and context Correct. In Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion, first there is arousal, which is followed by contextual labeling. a. arousal and physiology Incorrect. Arousal and physiology are basically the same thing. 142. Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis? a. Men do not express emotion via the face. b. Facial features have no connection with emotion. c. Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences. d. When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face. Answer: c. Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences. Correct. The facial muscles provide empirical feedback about emotion. b. Facial features have no connection with emotion. Incorrect. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial features gives us clues about emotional states. 143. Facial feedback hypothesis is defined as _______________. a. the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed b. a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules c. an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behavior d. a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions Answer: a. the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed Correct. Facial feedback hypothesis is defined as the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed. b. a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules Incorrect. Facial feedback hypothesis is defined as the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed. 144. The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called ____________. a. primary emotional processing b. internal emotion work c. facial feedback d. body language Answer: c. facial feedback Correct. The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called facial feedback. d. body language Incorrect. Body language involves the entire body, not just the face. 145. Which is an example of facial feedback hypothesis? a. smiling in order to draw a smile from a friend b. avoiding eye contact in order to avoid talking to someone c. making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive d. trying to make eye contact in order to flirt with someone Answer: c. making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive Correct. The muscles from your smiling face would indicate to your brain that you are feeling happy, and as a result your emotions would start to change to be consistent with that smile. This is the basic premise of the facial feedback hypothesis. a. smiling in order to draw a smile from a friend Incorrect. This would be an example of emotional contagion, not the facial feedback hypothesis. 146. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that __________. a. he will begin to feel annoyed b. he will begin to feel angry c. his positive feelings will increase d. his reaction will depend on his age Answer: c. his positive feelings will increase Correct. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, Noah’s facial muscles will tell his brain that he is happy and then he will feel happy. d. his reaction will depend on his age Incorrect. Age has nothing to do with facial feedback. 147. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that ____________. a. he will be amused to be simulating anger b. he will be pleased that he does it so well c. his positive feelings will decrease d. his reaction will depend on his age Answer: c. his positive feelings will decrease Correct. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, Jose’s facial muscles will tell his brain that he is angry and then he will feel angry. d. his reaction will depend on his age Incorrect. Age has nothing to do with facial feedback. 148. Which of the recent studies that follow casts doubt on the facial feedback hypothesis? a. a woman with a paralyzed face still responds emotionally to slides meant to stimulate emotions b. a blind woman still responds emotionally to slides meant to stimulate emotions c. a woman paralyzed from the waist down still responds emotionally to slides meant to stimulate emotions d. a woman with Down syndrome still responds emotionally to slides meant to stimulate emotions Answer: a. a woman with a paralyzed face still responds emotionally to slides meant to stimulate emotions Correct. If her face is paralyzed, her brain cannot receive messages telling her what emotion she is feeling. c. a woman paralyzed from the waist down still responds emotionally to slides meant to stimulate emotions Incorrect. A woman paralyzed from the waist down would still be getting feedback from her face. 149. According to cognitive-mediational theory, what is likely to influence an individual’s emotional experience? a. the feedback of others b. the intensity of the situation c. the interpretation of the environment d. the type of physiological reaction that takes place Answer: c. the interpretation of the environment Correct. Interpretation is the main factor in cognitive-mediational theory. a. the feedback of others Incorrect. Interpretation is the main factor in cognitive-mediational theory; feedback from others is irrelevant. 150. According to cognitive-mediational theories, appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical arousal and _______ the experience of emotion. a. before; after b. after; before c. before; before d. after; after Answer: c. before; before Correct. Cognitive-mediational theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. a. before; after Incorrect. Cognitive-mediational theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. 151. Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of the GTD method discussed in your chapter? a. Capture, Organize, Process, Do, Complete b. Do, Process, Capture, Organize, Complete c. Process, Organize, Capture, Do, Complete d. Capture, Process, Organize, Complete, Do Answer: d. Capture, Process, Organize, Complete, Do Correct. The correct order of stages in the GTD (Getting Things Done) method is to capture tasks and ideas, process them into actionable items, organize them into categories or projects, complete the tasks, and then do them. c. Process, Organize, Capture, Do, Complete Incorrect. This order is incorrect as it places processing tasks before capturing them, which is not consistent with the GTD method. 152. As the week draws to a close, Nancy reviews the lessons she gave to her students, thinks about the papers she has graded and returned, and speculates on the exam that she wrote to give on Monday morning. Which stage of the GTD model is Nancy currently engaging in? a. The first stage b. The second stage c. The third stage d. The fourth stage Answer: d. The fourth stage Correct. In the fourth stage, we complete weekly reviews of our various projects. a. The first stage Incorrect. In the first stage, we collect and organize information that has our attention. TRUE OR FALSE 1. A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as extrinsic motivation. Answer: True Rationale: Extrinsic motivation refers to performing a behavior to attain an external reward or to avoid punishment. This can include actions driven by incentives such as money, praise, or recognition, as well as avoiding negative consequences. Therefore, the statement is true. 2. Intrinsic motivation is the idea that a person performs an action because the act, itself, is rewarding for some other person. Answer: False Rationale: Intrinsic motivation refers to performing an action because the act itself is inherently rewarding or enjoyable to the individual, rather than being driven by external factors or the desire to please someone else. Therefore, the statement is false. 3. The English words motivation and emotion come from the Latin root meaning “to move.” Answer: True Rationale: The Latin root "motivus" means "to move" or "to set in motion." Both motivation and emotion involve processes that "move" individuals to act or feel in certain ways. Therefore, the statement is true. 4. The instinct approach to motivation is the idea that motivation by humans is similar to that of animals. Answer: True Rationale: The instinct approach to motivation suggests that human behavior, like animal behavior, can be driven by innate instincts or fixed patterns of behavior that are biologically determined. This view emphasizes the role of evolutionary processes in shaping motivation. Therefore, the statement is true. 5. Homeostasis refers to an imbalanced state of need that requires behavior. Answer: False Rationale: Homeostasis refers to the tendency of organisms to maintain internal stability or balance by adjusting physiological processes. It does not refer to an imbalanced state but rather to a balanced state. When there is a deviation from this balanced state, it triggers behavior aimed at restoring balance. Therefore, the statement is false. 6. Drives are unlearned, species-specific behaviors that are more complex than an eye blink. Answer: False Rationale: Drives refer to states of arousal or tension that motivate organisms to engage in behavior aimed at reducing the arousal and restoring balance. Unlike reflexes, which are automatic and unlearned responses to stimuli, drives are often influenced by learning and can vary in complexity. Therefore, the statement is false. 7. Physiologically based drives that are unlearned are called primary drives. Answer: True Rationale: Primary drives are innate, biologically based motives that are essential for survival and homeostasis. These drives are unlearned and are rooted in physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sleep. Therefore, the statement is true. 8. The need for money is an example of an acquired drive. Answer: True Rationale: Acquired drives, also known as secondary drives, are learned motives that are not directly related to biological needs but are acquired through experience and socialization. The need for money, which is often associated with acquiring goods and services, is an example of an acquired drive. Therefore, the statement is true. 9. According to McClelland, the Need for Achievement supports the idea that humans want to have control over other people to complete this physiological need. Answer: False Rationale: McClelland's Need for Achievement refers to the desire to accomplish challenging tasks, excel, and succeed in one's endeavors. It is not related to the desire to control others but rather to personal accomplishment and mastery. Therefore, the statement is false. 10. Individuals who are high in the Need for Affiliation care what others think of them and want to be liked. Answer: True Rationale: McClelland's Need for Affiliation refers to the desire for positive relationships, social interaction, and approval from others. Individuals high in this need value interpersonal relationships and seek acceptance and approval from others. Therefore, the statement is true. 11. A person who believes they have control over aspects of his/her life has an internal locus of control. Answer: True Rationale: An internal locus of control refers to the belief that one has control over their own life and experiences. Individuals with an internal locus of control tend to attribute outcomes to their own actions and efforts rather than external factors such as luck or fate. Therefore, the statement is true. 12. A stimulus motive is learned. Answer: False Rationale: A stimulus motive refers to an innate, biologically based motive that prompts an organism to explore and manipulate its environment. Unlike learned motives, which are acquired through experience and socialization, stimulus motives are believed to be innate and unlearned. Therefore, the statement is false. 13. A sensation seeker is a person who only engages in extreme, potentially life-threatening acts. Answer: False Rationale: Sensation seeking refers to the tendency to seek out varied, novel, and complex experiences and sensations. While sensation seekers may sometimes engage in extreme activities, such as extreme sports, not all of their actions are necessarily life-threatening. Sensation seeking is more about seeking excitement and stimulation rather than solely engaging in risky behaviors. 14. Incentives are things that attract or lure humans into action. Answer: True Rationale: Incentives are external factors that motivate behavior by offering rewards or punishments. They can include tangible rewards such as money or prizes, as well as intangible rewards such as praise or recognition. Incentives serve to attract or lure individuals into taking certain actions. Therefore, the statement is true. 15. Cognitive expectancies are a set of beliefs about what will happen in the future based on past events. Answer: True Rationale: Cognitive expectancies refer to an individual's beliefs about the outcomes of their actions based on past experiences and learning. These expectancies influence behavior by shaping expectations about the consequences of different actions. Therefore, the statement is true. 16. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, self-actualization is the need that must be met first. Answer: False Rationale: According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the highest level of psychological development and is only pursued once lower-level needs, such as physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem needs, are sufficiently met. Self-actualization is considered the pinnacle of personal growth and fulfillment, achieved after other needs are satisfied. Therefore, the statement is false. 17. Maslow’s transcendence need can be described as appreciating order, beauty, and symmetry. Answer: False Rationale: Maslow's transcendence need refers to the desire to go beyond the self and experience a sense of connection to something greater than oneself. It involves experiencing moments of profound understanding, unity, and interconnectedness with others and the universe. Appreciating order, beauty, and symmetry would be more aligned with aesthetic needs, which are part of Maslow's hierarchy but distinct from transcendence needs. 18. Bill is a telemarketer for an insurance firm. He would like to be a physician, but it requires too much training, time, and expense. Besides, this job pays the bills. Bill’s decision to remain in telemarketing is an example of one of Maslow’s higher motivational states. Answer: False Rationale: Maslow's higher motivational states, such as self-actualization and transcendence, involve the pursuit of personal growth, fulfillment, and connection to something beyond oneself. Bill's decision to remain in telemarketing due to practical considerations does not align with these higher-level motives but rather reflects a prioritization of lower-level needs such as security and stability. Therefore, the statement is false. 19. A peak experience, according to Maslow, would be time in an individual’s life where self-actualization is temporarily achieved. Answer: True Rationale: A peak experience, as described by Maslow, is a profound and deeply meaningful moment of self-actualization where individuals feel intensely alive, fully engaged, and in harmony with themselves and the universe. These experiences often involve a sense of transcendence, unity, and profound insight into one's purpose and potential. Therefore, the statement is true. 20. When we eat, the pancreas releases insulin, which lowers blood sugar and will eventually increase the feeling of hunger. Answer: True Rationale: When we eat, the pancreas releases insulin in response to rising blood sugar levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, which lowers blood sugar levels. However, if too much insulin is released or if cells become resistant to insulin, blood sugar levels can drop below normal, leading to increased feelings of hunger. Therefore, the statement is true. 21. The part of the brain that seems to influence emotion is the thalamus. Answer: False Rationale: While the thalamus plays a role in relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex, it is not considered the primary center for emotion processing. Instead, structures such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex are more directly involved in emotion regulation and processing. Therefore, the statement is false. 22. Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by the James-Lange theory. Answer: False Rationale: The James-Lange theory proposes that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion. According to this theory, the sequence of events would be experiencing physiological arousal (such as increased heart rate and sweating) upon seeing the snake, followed by the subjective experience of fear. Therefore, the statement is false. 23. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, subcortical brain activity sends signals to arouse the body and signal emotion at the same time. Answer: True Rationale: The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously and independently. According to this theory, sensory input triggers both the emotional response and physiological arousal simultaneously, with subcortical brain activity playing a key role in coordinating these responses. Therefore, the statement is true. 24. Arousal and context best describe Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion. Answer: True Rationale: Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion posits that emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal within a particular context. According to this theory, the same physiological arousal can be labeled as different emotions depending on the context in which it occurs and the cognitive interpretation of the arousal. Therefore, arousal and context are central components of this theory. Hence, the statement is true. SHORT ANSWER 1. Explain the instinct approach to motivation. Answer: The instinct approach to motivation suggests that behavior is driven by innate, biologically determined instincts that are common to a species. According to this perspective, certain behaviors are instinctual and do not require learning or prior experience. Instincts are thought to be evolutionary adaptations that promote survival and reproduction. 2. According to the Drive-Reduction Theory, what are drives and needs? Answer: In the Drive-Reduction Theory, drives are internal states of tension or arousal that motivate organisms to engage in behaviors aimed at reducing these states and maintaining homeostasis. Needs, on the other hand, are the underlying physiological or psychological requirements that give rise to drives. Drives arise when needs are not met, and they propel individuals to take action to fulfill those needs and restore balance. 3. List three types of needs according to David McClelland. Answer: According to David McClelland, three types of needs are: a. Need for Achievement (nAch): The desire to accomplish challenging tasks, set and accomplish goals, and strive for success. b. Need for Affiliation (nAff): The desire for positive relationships, social interaction, and approval from others. c. Need for Power (nPow): The desire to influence, control, or have an impact on others and one's environment. 4. Explain Dweck’s concept of locus of control. Answer: Dweck's concept of locus of control refers to an individual's belief about the extent to which they can control the events and outcomes in their lives. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over their own actions and the consequences that result, while those with an external locus of control believe that external factors such as luck, fate, or powerful others determine their outcomes. 5. What is a sensation seeker? Answer: A sensation seeker is someone who actively seeks out varied, novel, and complex experiences and sensations. These individuals have a high tolerance for arousal and enjoy activities that provide excitement, stimulation, and novelty. They may engage in activities such as extreme sports, adventurous travel, or risky behaviors to satisfy their need for stimulation. 6. Describe an incentive approach to motivation. Answer: The incentive approach to motivation focuses on the role of external stimuli or incentives in driving behavior. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by the anticipated rewards or punishments associated with a particular action. Incentives can be tangible rewards such as money or prizes, or intangible rewards such as praise or recognition. Individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that are associated with positive incentives or the avoidance of negative incentives. 7. What is self-actualization? Answer: Self-actualization is the highest level of psychological development according to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It refers to the realization of one's potential, self-fulfillment, personal growth, and the pursuit of intrinsic goals and values. Self-actualized individuals are characterized by a sense of authenticity, creativity, autonomy, and a deep understanding of themselves and the world around them. 8. What is the self-determination theory of motivation? Answer: The self-determination theory of motivation proposes that humans have three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. According to this theory, individuals are motivated to satisfy these needs, and the degree to which they are able to do so influences their intrinsic motivation, well-being, and personal growth. Autonomy refers to the need to feel in control of one's actions and choices, competence refers to the need to feel capable and effective in one's endeavors, and relatedness refers to the need for meaningful connections and relationships with others. 9. Describe the action of insulin and glucagon on hunger. Answer: Insulin and glucagon are hormones involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels and hunger. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar levels after a meal. It helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, which lowers blood sugar levels. Glucagon, on the other hand, is released by the pancreas in response to low blood sugar levels. It stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar levels. Together, insulin and glucagon help maintain blood sugar levels within a narrow range, which can influence feelings of hunger and satiety. 10. List factors involved in obesity. Answer: Factors involved in obesity include: a. Genetics: Genetic factors can influence metabolism, appetite regulation, and fat storage, predisposing some individuals to obesity. b. Diet: Consuming high-calorie, high-fat, and high-sugar foods, as well as large portion sizes, can contribute to weight gain and obesity. c. Physical inactivity: Lack of regular physical activity and sedentary behaviors can lead to energy imbalance and weight gain. d. Environment: Environmental factors such as food availability, accessibility, and marketing, as well as built environments that discourage physical activity, can contribute to obesity. e. Socioeconomic factors: Socioeconomic status, education level, and access to healthcare can impact obesity rates, with lower-income individuals often facing greater challenges in maintaining a healthy weight. f. Psychological factors: Psychological factors such as stress, depression, and emotional eating can influence eating behaviors and contribute to obesity. g. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, medications, and hormonal imbalances can affect metabolism and weight regulation, increasing the risk of obesity. 11. List the three elements of emotion. Answer: The three elements of emotion are physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and subjective experience or feeling. 12. Briefly describe the James-Lange theory of emotion. Answer: The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions arise from physiological arousal. According to this theory, when an individual encounters a stimulus, their body responds with a physiological reaction. The subjective experience of emotion occurs as a result of interpreting or appraising this physiological arousal in relation to the stimulus. In other words, people feel emotions because they perceive their physiological responses to stimuli. 13. What is the facial feedback hypothesis? Answer: The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence and even generate emotions. According to this hypothesis, when people make facial expressions associated with certain emotions (such as smiling or frowning), they can experience the corresponding emotion. For example, smiling can lead to feelings of happiness, while frowning can lead to feelings of sadness. This hypothesis implies a bidirectional relationship between facial expressions and emotions, with facial expressions not only reflecting but also influencing emotional experiences. ESSSAY 1. Please explain the concepts of motivation and more specifically intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Please provide detailed examples of these concepts from your everyday life. Answer: Motivation refers to the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in an activity for the inherent satisfaction or enjoyment derived from the activity itself, without any external rewards or pressures. An example of intrinsic motivation from my everyday life is reading a book because I genuinely enjoy the story and find it intellectually stimulating. Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, involves engaging in an activity to earn external rewards or avoid punishments. For instance, I might work overtime at my job to earn a bonus or avoid being reprimanded by my supervisor. 2. Discuss motivation by using examples from everyday life. In your discussion, incorporate theories of motivation and how they explain your examples. Answer: Motivation plays a crucial role in various aspects of daily life. For instance, the Drive-Reduction Theory explains how physiological needs drive behaviors aimed at reducing internal states of tension or arousal. An example of this theory in action is feeling hungry (need), which motivates me to eat (drive) until I reach a state of satisfaction and my hunger is reduced (homeostasis). McClelland's Theory of Needs suggests that individuals are motivated by the need for achievement, affiliation, or power. In my life, my pursuit of academic success (need for achievement) drives me to study diligently and strive for high grades. 3. Explain the concept of the Drive-Reduction Theory. Be sure to include information about a need, drive, primary drives, secondary (acquired) drives, and homeostasis. Answer: The Drive-Reduction Theory proposes that motivation arises from the need to maintain homeostasis by reducing physiological imbalances or internal tensions. A need is a biological or psychological requirement that necessitates action to restore balance. When a need is not met, it creates a drive, which is a state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior aimed at fulfilling the need. Primary drives are innate biological needs like hunger or thirst, while secondary drives are learned through experience, such as the drive for money or social approval. Homeostasis is the body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment by balancing physiological processes. 4. McClelland states that there are 3 types of needs: Need for Achievement, Need for Affiliation, and Need for Power. Please explain McClelland’s research in these areas and provide detailed real-life examples to support your explanation. Answer: McClelland's research on needs suggests that individuals vary in their motivations based on three primary needs: achievement, affiliation, and power. The Need for Achievement (nAch) reflects the desire to excel in tasks and accomplish goals. For example, a student who consistently strives to achieve high grades and outperform peers demonstrates a high need for achievement. The Need for Affiliation (nAff) pertains to the desire for social connections, acceptance, and belonging. An individual who actively seeks out social interactions, values friendships, and enjoys group activities exhibits a high need for affiliation. Lastly, the Need for Power (nPow) involves the desire to influence others, make an impact, and assert control over one's environment. A leader who seeks positions of authority, enjoys leading teams, and thrives in competitive situations likely has a high need for power. 5. How do people become high achievers according to Dweck? Be sure to include information about the terms self, locus of control (internal and external), and provide at least 2 examples of her research supporting these ideas. Answer: According to Dweck's research, people become high achievers through their mindset regarding their abilities and efforts. Dweck distinguishes between individuals with a fixed mindset, who believe their abilities are innate and unchangeable, and those with a growth mindset, who believe their abilities can be developed through effort and learning. Individuals with a growth mindset tend to have an internal locus of control, believing they have control over their success, and are more likely to persist in the face of challenges. For example, in one study, students with a growth mindset were more resilient and performed better academically than those with a fixed mindset. Additionally, Dweck's research shows that praising effort over intelligence fosters a growth mindset and motivates individuals to pursue challenges and embrace learning opportunities. 6. Research shows that some individuals can be identified as sensation seekers. Explain this concept and provide information about Putnam & Stifter’s (2002) research on 90 children in exploring this topic. Answer: Sensation seekers are individuals who actively seek out novel, varied, and intense experiences, often engaging in risky or thrilling activities. Putnam & Stifter’s (2002) research explored sensation seeking in 90 children by examining their responses to sensory stimuli. They found that children who exhibited higher levels of sensation seeking showed greater interest and enjoyment in sensory experiences, such as exploring new toys or environments. These findings suggest that sensation seeking tendencies can be observed from a young age and may have implications for individual differences in behavior and personality throughout life. 7. Use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory to discuss responses to disasters such as hurricanes in Florida or the tsunami in Southeast Asia. Answer: Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that individuals prioritize fulfilling basic physiological and safety needs before higher-level needs such as belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. In response to disasters like hurricanes or tsunamis, individuals focus primarily on meeting their physiological needs for survival, including access to food, water, shelter, and medical care. Once these basic needs are met, efforts shift towards ensuring safety and security, such as rebuilding homes and communities, restoring infrastructure, and providing aid to affected individuals. As the recovery process progresses, people may seek support and connection with others (belongingness needs), strive for recognition and assistance (esteem needs), and eventually engage in activities that foster personal growth and fulfillment (self-actualization). 8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs has been described as a pyramid with several different levels. Please discuss each level of the pyramid, and use detailed personal examples to explain each need. Answer: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs consists of five levels: • Physiological Needs: These are the basic biological requirements for survival, such as air, water, food, and shelter. For example, at breakfast, I satisfy my physiological need for food by eating a nutritious meal. • Safety Needs: Safety needs involve the desire for security, stability, and protection from harm. For instance, at lunchtime, I ensure I am in a safe environment free from potential dangers. • Love and Belongingness Needs: These needs pertain to interpersonal relationships, love, and a sense of belonging within a social group or community. During dinner, I spend time with my family, fulfilling my need for love and belongingness through meaningful interactions and connections. • Esteem Needs: Esteem needs encompass feelings of self-worth, accomplishment, and recognition from others. For example, I may seek praise or acknowledgment for completing a challenging task or achieving a personal goal. • Self-Actualization: Self-actualization represents the realization of one's full potential, personal growth, and fulfillment of intrinsic aspirations. Pursuing hobbies, creative endeavors, or career aspirations can contribute to fulfilling this highest level of need. 9. What are the physiological components involved in hunger? Describe how these components might be influencing you at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Answer: Hunger involves complex physiological processes regulated by hormones, neurotransmitters, and the central nervous system. Ghrelin, often referred to as the hunger hormone, stimulates appetite and promotes food intake. Leptin, known as the satiety hormone, signals fullness and suppresses appetite. At breakfast, my ghrelin levels are elevated, signaling hunger and prompting me to eat to replenish energy stores after fasting overnight. As I consume a meal, my ghrelin levels decrease, and leptin levels rise, leading to feelings of satiety and reducing my desire to eat. Similarly, at lunch and dinner, fluctuations in ghrelin and leptin levels influence my appetite and eating behaviors, ensuring I consume adequate nutrients to meet my body's energy needs. 10. Take three theories of emotion and apply them to one emotional event in your life. Be specific about the event and make clear connections to the theoretical assumptions. Answer: One emotional event in my life was receiving an unexpected promotion at work. Applying three theories of emotion: • James-Lange Theory: According to this theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal. In this event, my increased heart rate and adrenaline rush upon hearing the news of the promotion contribute to feelings of excitement and joy. • Cannon-Bard Theory: This theory suggests that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously but independently. While my body experiences physiological arousal, such as sweating palms, my mind processes the promotion news separately, leading to emotions of happiness and pride. • Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: According to this theory, emotions result from both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of the situation. In this event, my interpretation of the promotion as a recognition of my hard work and competence amplifies my emotional response, intensifying feelings of elation and satisfaction. Chapter 9 - Quick Quiz 1 1. The pursuit of an activity for an outcome that is separate from the person is called ______________. a) the need for affiliation b) intrinsic motivation c) extrinsic motivation d) a mastery goal Answer: c Explanation: Extrinsic motivation is the pursuit of an activity for an external reward. 2. Need for achievement is also referred to as ________________. a) Ach b) NFA c) nAch d) neech Answer: c Explanation: Need for achievement is also referred to as nAch. 3. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs must be met first? a) esteem b) safety c) physiological d) belongingness and love Answer: c Explanation: According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, physiological needs must be met first. 4. BMR stands for _________________. a) basal management regulation b) basal metabolic rate c) buttocks management reduction d) bowel movement regulation Answer: b Explanation: BMR stands for basal metabolic rate. 5. Which hormone is secreted into the bloodstream by fatty tissue to signal the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food, reducing appetite and increasing the feeling of being full? a) adrenalin b) peptic acid c) leptin d) lippotor Answer: c Explanation: Leptin is the hormone that causes you to feel full. 6. The part of the brain that seems to influence emotion is the ________________. a) thalamus b) pons c) amygdala d) thyroid gland Answer: c Explanation: The amygdala is the part of the brain involved in the emotional responses. 7. Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by ______ theory. a) Plutchik’s b) the James-Lange c) the Cannon-Bard theory d) Schachter and Singer’s Answer: c Explanation: Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. 8. Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion? a) arousal and physiology b) behavior and genetics c) arousal and context d) nature and nurture Answer: c Explanation: In Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion, first there is arousal, which is followed by contextual labeling. 9. According to cognitive-mediational theories, appraisal of the situation would come ____ the physical arousal and ____ the experience of emotion. a) before; after b) after; before c) before; before d) after; after Answer: c Explanation: Cognitive-mediational theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. 10. Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of the GTD method discussed in your chapter? a) Capture, Organize, Process, Do, Complete b) Do, Process, Capture, Organize, Complete c) Process, Organize, Capture, Do, Complete d) Capture, Process, Organize, Complete, Do Answer: d Explanation: This is the correct order. Chapter 9 - Quick Quiz 2 1. What do we call biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior? a) drives b) instincts c) releasing behaviors d) universal behaviors Answer: b Explanation: Instincts are biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior. 2. Some psychologists believe that an organism’s behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively—a state called ______. a) unbalance b) acquiescence c) propinquity d) homeostasis Answer: d Explanation: Homeostasis is a state of balance in the body. 3. In arousal theory, people are said to have a (an) _________ level of tension. a) ultimate b) lower c) optimal d) high Answer: c Explanation: In arousal theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension. 4. One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________. a) are inherited b) exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli c) exist independently of any need or level of arousal d) only work for adults Answer: c Explanation: Incentives lure people into action independent of any need or level of arousal. 5. The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by ________________. a) the need for affiliation b) intrinsic motivation c) biological drives d) performance goals Answer: b Explanation: The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by intrinsic motivation. 6. Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food? a) American men and women both eat to reduce depression whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger. b) American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. c) There were no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. d) Japanese men ate more than both American men and women. Answer: b Explanation: These differences were found in a research study looking at cultural differences in eating habits. 7. Jose’s medically ideal weight is 250 pounds. He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds. a) 275 b) 300 c) 320 d) 330 Answer: b Explanation: The definition of obesity is to be 20% higher than ideal weight. 300 is 20% higher than 250. 8. Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion? a) Cannon-Bard theory b) James-Lange theory c) Schachter-Singer theory d) commonsense view of emotions Answer: b Explanation: James and Lange developed the theory that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion. 9. Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: _____ and _____. a) physical arousal; fight or flight b) cognition; behavior c) physical arousal; labeling d) behavior; physical arousal Answer: c Explanation: Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. 10. The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called ____________. a) primary emotional processing b) internal emotion work c) facial feedback d) body language Answer: c Explanation: The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called facial feedback. Test Bank for Psychology: Dsm 5 Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White 9780205986378