CH-13 Theories of Personality – Psychology: Dsm 5 : Exam Guide

13 Theories of Personality 1. The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called __________. a. personality b. nurture c. a trait d. nature Answer: a. personality Correct. The unique way each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called personality. c. a trait Incorrect. A trait is only one particular aspect of personality. 2. Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality? a. temperament and personality are the exact same thing. b. personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one’s temperament is built. c. temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one’s personality is built. d. temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, while personality refers to positive personal characteristics. Answer: c. temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one’s personality is built. Correct. Temperament is biologically determined before birth, and forms the basis of our larger personality. a. temperament and personality are the exact same thing. Incorrect. Temperament refers to that which is determined before birth while personality is influenced by both biology, before birth and environment, after birth. 3. When one thinks of “value judgment” in relation to personality, one is thinking about ____________. a. soul b. character c. temperament d. conscience Answer: b. character Correct. Character is value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior. c. temperament Incorrect. Temperament is enduring qualities a person has from birth. 4. The _____________ theory of personality has its basis in the theories of learning, and focuses on the effects of environment on one’s personal characteristics and actions. a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. trait d. behaviorist Answer: d. behaviorist Correct. Behaviorism focuses on the influences of learning theories and the environment. c. trait Incorrect. Trait theories do not attend to the origins or the causes of personality differences, but rather describe those differences. 5. Which theory of personality was a direct reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives? a. humanistic perspective b. trait perspective c. projective perspective d. inventory perspective Answer: a. humanistic perspective Correct. The humanists focused on the individuality and personal freedom of each human being, in reaction to the limiting nature of the other two models. d. inventory perspective Incorrect. Inventory is a type of personality assessment, not a perspective of personality study. 6. One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is there is not much ________. a. description b. research c. material d. explanation Answer: d. explanation Correct. Trait theories are not as concerned with explanations of personality as the other perspectives. a. description Incorrect. Trait theories are descriptive and deal with the actual end result of personality. 7. Sigmund Freud’s theory came at a time in history when the predominant attitude toward sex was _____________. a. liberal b. open c. repressed d. obsessed Answer: c. repressed Correct. Freud lived during the sexually repressive Victorian era. a. liberal Incorrect. Freud lived during the sexually repressive Victorian era. 8. A patient waiting for an appointment with Sigmund Freud looks around the room to see who else is waiting. Who among the following is most likely to have been one of Freud’s patients? a. Hal, a coal-mine worker who is severely depressed b. Angela, a maid, who is severely depressed c. Sue, a wealthy woman who is suffering from sexual repression d. Mario, a soldier who is suffering from a hysterical disorder Answer: c. Sue, a wealthy woman who is suffering from sexual repression Correct. Most of Freud’s clients were wealthy women. b. Angela, a maid, who is severely depressed Incorrect. Most of Freud’s clients were wealthy women. 9. Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to ______________. a. sex b. denial c. marriage d. depression Answer: a. sex Correct. Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex. b. denial Incorrect. Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex. 10. Which of the following is NOT one of the layers of consciousness proposed by Sigmund Freud? a. conscious b. conscience c. preconscious d. unconscious b. conscience Answer: b Correct. The conscience, or one’s moral center, is analogous to Freud’s concept of the superego. c. preconscious c. preconscious Incorrect. The preconscious refers to thoughts or memories that are easily retrieved and brought into awareness. d. unconscious 11. Charise and Noreen were having a conversation about men. “You know,” Noreen said, “I think my husband tries to annoy me! Even though he tries to do what I ask, I think that subconsciously he really enjoys ticking me off to see the reactions he’ll get. Freud must have been right!” Charise, who has just studied personality psychology in school, corrects Noreen by saying which of the following? a. “You’re probably right, Noreen. Freud was really into subconscious motives.” b. “Freud’s theory has absolutely no validity in the modern times, Noreen. Stop analyzing your husband!” c. “Freud really didn’t address the psychological functioning of men, Noreen, only women.” d. “Well, Noreen, there really is no “subconscious” in Freud’s theory!” Answer: d. “Well, Noreen, there really is no “subconscious” in Freud’s theory!” Correct. Though many people refer to the “subconscious,” Freud’s original theory made reference to the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. b. “Freud’s theory has absolutely no validity in the modern times, Noreen. Stop analyzing your husband!” Incorrect. While Freud’s theories have fallen in and out of favor, there are several aspects of his work that still have value in today’s world. 12. Freud believed that the _____________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality. a. id b. preconscious mind c. manifest awareness d. unconscious mind Answer: d. unconscious mind Correct. Freud believed that the unconscious mind determined virtually everything about our behaviors and personality. a. id Incorrect. The id was one part of Freud’s theory of the components of personality, but not the most important factor in determining our behaviors. 13. Which of Freud’s levels of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness? a. conscious level b. unconscious level c. preconscious level d. postconscious level Answer: c. preconscious level Correct. The preconscious level of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness. a. conscious level Incorrect. The conscious level of the mind consists of thoughts and feelings that one is aware of at any given moment. 14. For Freud, ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the ______ mind. a. unconscious b. preconscious c. collective unconscious d. conscious Answer: d. conscious Correct. The conscious level of the mind consists of thoughts and feelings that one is aware of at any given moment. b. preconscious Incorrect. For Freud, ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the conscious mind. 15. For Freud, material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the ______ mind. a. unconscious b. preconscious c. collective unconscious d. conscious Answer: b. preconscious Correct. The preconscious level of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness. a. unconscious Incorrect. Thoughts at the unconscious level are not easily recalled. 16. For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ______ mind. a. unconscious b. preconscious c. collective unconscious d. conscious Answer: a. unconscious Correct. For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the unconscious mind. c. collective unconscious Incorrect. Collective unconscious is a term developed by Jung. 17. “What did you have for lunch an hour ago?” Before I asked you that question, the information was in your _______________. a. conscious level b. unconscious level c. postconscious level d. preconscious level Answer: d. preconscious level Correct. What you had for lunch is not currently in your mind but can be easily recalled. a. conscious level Incorrect. The conscious level consists of what is on your mind at any given moment; you are probably not thinking about food that you ate an hour ago. 18. Jonas was filling out a job application and was required to disclose his home address, social security number and email address. According to Freud, this kind of general information in our memory that can be easily recalled is stored in the ________. a. unconscious mind b. subconscious mind c. preconscious mind d. conscious mind Answer: c. preconscious mind Correct. The information that we are not immediately aware of but can bring into our awareness with minimal effort is stored in the preconscious mind. d. conscious mind Incorrect. The conscious level consists of what is on your mind at any given moment; you are probably not thinking about this general information at the moment. 19. For Freud, the mind is divided into ___ levels. a. one b. two c. three d. four Answer: c. three Correct. For Freud, the mind is divided into three levels: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. d. four Incorrect. For Freud, the mind is divided into three levels: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. 20. Many have compared Freud’s idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water? a. ego b. superego c. id d. preconscious Answer: a. ego Correct. The ego is the part of the mind that is conscious and in view. b. superego Incorrect. The superego is well below the surface. 21. Freud named the most primitive part of the personality the id, which is a Latin word that means __________. a. “sex” b. “pleasure” c. “I” d. “it” Answer: d. “it” Correct. “Id” means “it” in Latin. a. “sex” Incorrect. Although sexual drive plays a large role in Freud’s theory, the term “id” means “it” in Latin. 22. When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, to what was he really referring? a. the fact that sexual orientation is established from birth b. the fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure c. the fact that children need to be taught about sexual morality from a very early age d. all of the above Answer: b. the fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure Correct. When Freud used the word “sexual” in reference to children he was really referring to the concept of physical pleasure. c. the fact that children need to be taught about sexual morality from a very early age Incorrect. While this may have been the thinking of the era, it is not what Freud was referencing in his theory. 23. “If it feels good do it” best describes the ______________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious Answer: a. id Correct. Freud used the term id to describe the primitive side of personality. b. ego Incorrect. Freud used the term ego for the aspect of personality that makes rational decisions and solves conflicts. 24. In Sigmund Freud’s theory, the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle. a. id b. ego c. thanatos d. superego Answer: a. id Correct. The pleasure principle is the operative principle for the id. b. ego Incorrect. The ego operates on the reality principle. 25. Derrick is an executive with a large financial firm. Any time his investments do poorly, he throws temper tantrums and breaks things. Then he starts barking orders at his secretary. Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control? a. id b. superego c. ego d. preconscious Answer: a. id Correct. The id operates on pleasure principle, and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong. b. superego Incorrect. The superego is thought to operate on morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave in appropriate manners, and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong. 26. You are quite hungry but don’t have any money. If you were described as “all id and only id’" what would you do? a. Distract yourself with images of food. b. Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner. c. Run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible. d. Use the defense mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained. Answer: b. Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner. Correct. Someone who is all id would have no ability to delay gratification and would do what they felt they needed without regard for rules or standards of right and wrong. c. Run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible. Incorrect. Someone who is all id would have no ability to delay gratification. Waiting to get home is a delay of gratification. 27. What is Freud’s term for the primitive, biological side of personality? a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious Answer: a. id Correct. The id is the primitive, biological side of personality. b. ego Incorrect. The ego is the reality-based side of personality concerned with avoiding negative consequences. 28. Which component of a person’s personality is responsible for the continuing desire to engage in sex indiscriminately? a. ego b. superego c. id d. preconscious Answer: c. id Correct. The id is amoral and seeks immediate gratification of biological drives, such as the sex drive, regardless of the consequences. a. ego Incorrect. The ego is the reality-based side of personality that is concerned with consequences. 29. The pleasure principle is associated with which element of Freud’s personality theory? a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious Answer: a. id Correct. The id is associated with the pleasure principle. b. ego Incorrect. The ego is associated with the reality principle. 30. For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the ______. a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious Answer: a. id Correct. The id is the only personality structure present at birth. b. ego Incorrect. The ego is not present at birth; it develops later. 31. For Freud, the seething cauldron of unconscious urges and desires continuously seeking expression is the ________. a. superego b. id c. ego d. persona Answer: b. id Correct. Freud’s term for unconscious urges and desires continuously seeking expression is the id. c. ego Incorrect. The ego is not entirely unconscious and is associated with holding urges and desires in check to avoid negative consequences. 32. There were three friends. Maybe you’ve heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Ron was mostly ___________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido Answer: a. id Correct. The id is pleasure-seeking and wants its pleasure needs met immediately like Ron. c. superego Incorrect. The superego is moral, rule oriented, and ethical like Hermione. 33. Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud’s model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say _________. a. “Thou shalt not kill” b. “I’m going to tear this program in half!” c. “What, me angry? I never get angry” d. “I’m so angry I could kill that player” Answer: d. “I’m so angry I could kill that player” Correct. The id is amoral and puts no controls on urges and desires. c. “What, me angry? I never get angry” Incorrect. Denying one’s anger would be a defense mechanism practiced by the ego, not the id. 34. There were three friends. Maybe you’ve heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Harry was mostly ____________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. conscience Answer: b. ego Correct. The ego is rational, logical, and cunning. c. superego Incorrect. The superego is more focused on morality and rules. 35. Darla’s father went to prison when she was four years old, following numerous domestic violence incidents with Darla’s mother. Although Darla does not remember the violence, she is fearful of men and avoids intimate relationships. Freud would suggest that the problem lies with Darla’s ________. a. preconscious mind b. id c. conscious d. unconscious mind Answer: d. unconscious mind Correct. Information of which we are not aware and do not have ready access to is stored in the unconscious. It is believed to exert enormous influence over our daily behaviors. c. conscious Incorrect. The conscious level consists of what is on your mind at any given moment. 36. What is Freud’s term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an individual's desires? a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious Answer: b. ego Correct. The ego is in charge of reality and decisions. c. superego Incorrect. The superego is there for moral judgments but the ego makes the decisions. 37. According to Freud, rationality and logical thinking and reasoning are controlled by the ______. a. pleasure principle b. ego c. superego d. animus Answer: b. ego Correct. The ego is in charge of rationality and logic c. superego Incorrect. The superego makes moral judgments, but the ego makes the decisions. 38. The ______ controls the satisfaction of the id’s drives in the external world. a. personal unconscious b. ego c. superego d. persona Answer: b. ego Correct. The ego makes the decisions. c. superego Incorrect. The superego makes moral judgments but the ego makes the decisions. 39. A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely ______. a. illogical b. selfless c. rational d. amoral Answer: d. amoral Correct. A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would have no superego to dictate what is right or wrong. c. rational Incorrect. The ego is rational but the id is not. 40. In Freud’s theory, the id is to fun as the superego is to ____________ a. guilt b. pride c. rules d. freedom Answer: a. guilt Correct. Freud believed that the superego causes us to feel guilty when we do the wrong thing. c. rules Incorrect. While the superego does guide behaviors based on rules, the outcome of our behaviors caused by the superego is guilt. 41. The job of the _________ is to find practical ways for the _________ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the ________. a. id; ego, superego b. ego; id; superego c. ego; superego; id d. superego; id; ego Answer: b. ego; id; superego Correct. The ego mediates the pleasure needs of the id with the moral needs of the superego. c. ego; superego; id Incorrect. The ego mediates the pleasure needs of the id with the moral needs of the superego. 42. Yongmei is studying for her math test. Her boyfriend Marcus asks if she can go to the movies with him. She would love to go but she knows she has to study for the math test in order to pass the class. What part of Yongmei’s personality will say “You must stay home and study because passing the class is necessary for you to graduate.” a. her ego because it is the moral conscience of her personality b. her id because studying is what she really wants to do c. her libido because she knows her boyfriend will love her more if she studies d. her superego because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience Answer: d. her superego because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience Correct. The superego is the moral conscience; therefore, it is this part that will make her stay home and study. a. her ego because it is the moral conscience of her personality Incorrect. The superego is the moral conscience; therefore, it is this part that will make her stay home and study. 43. There were three friends. Maybe you’ve heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Hermione was mostly ___________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido Answer: c. superego Correct. The superego is moral, rule oriented, and ethical like Hermione. b. ego Incorrect. The ego is rational, logical, and cunning, not rule oriented and moral. 44. According to Freud, the second part of the personality is the ego, which gets its name from the Latin word for __________. a. “right” b. “pride” c. “I” d. “self” Answer: c. “I” Correct. Ego comes from the Latin word for “I.” b. “pride” Incorrect While the term “ego” is commonly used to refer to one’s pride or sense of self, this is a misuse of the word from Freud’s original theory. 45. An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ____________. a. immediate gratification b. perfect accomplishments c. to reveal unconscious motivations d. rational means for obtaining gratification Answer: d. rational means for obtaining gratification Correct. The ego, which operates on the reality principle, seeks rational means for obtaining gratification. c. to reveal unconscious motivations Incorrect. Unconscious motivations are revealed only through therapy. 46. The ego operates according to the ______. a. guilt/pride principle b. reality principle c. pleasure principle d. reflex principle Answer: b. reality principle Correct. The ego operates according to the reality principle. c. pleasure principle Incorrect. The id, not the ego, operates on the pleasure principle. 47. According to Freud, the reality principle is ______. a. the way in which the ego tries to delay satisfying the id’s desires until it can do so safely and successfully b. the way in which the id tries to obtain gratification and avoid pain c. the way in which the ego ideal establishes standards of what one would like to be d. the way in which young children instinctively seek self-actualization Answer: a. the way in which the ego tries to delay satisfying the id’s desires until it can do so safely and successfully Correct. The ego tries to avoid negative consequences that might result from the unrestricted pursuit of pleasure. b. the way in which the id tries to obtain gratification and avoid pain Incorrect. The id works on the pleasure principle, not the reality principle. 48. Which element in Freud’s personality theory is composed of the conscience? a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious Answer: c. superego Correct. The superego is composed of the conscience. b. ego Incorrect. The ego has no conscience, just a need to reduce anxiety. 49. The superego develops ____________. a. at birth b. during infancy c. during the preschool years d. during adolescence Answer: c. during the preschool years Correct. The superego develops during the preschool years. b. during infancy Incorrect. The superego develops during the preschool years. 50. For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the ______. a. id b. superego c. ego d. libido Answer: b. superego Correct. The superego is the moral voice. c. ego Incorrect. The ego is a mediator, not a moral voice. 51. Anthony is sick of writing papers and studying for tests, but he knows he needs a college degree if he wants to be successful in his chosen career. So every morning Anthony gives himself a dressing down - in essence yelling at himself - to make himself get out of bed and go to classes, and every evening he does the same thing to get himself to do his work. According to Freud, which personality structure is in control here? a. id b. ego c. unconscious d. superego Answer: d. superego Correct. The superego is thought to operate on morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave in appropriate manners, and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong. a. id Incorrect. The id operates on pleasure principle, and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong. 52. Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office. Later, she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took. Freud would suggest that Carolyn’s ________ was influencing her motives and behavior. a. id b. unconscious mind c. ego d. superego Answer: d. superego Correct. The superego is thought to operate on morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave in appropriate manners, and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong. a. id Incorrect. The id operates on pleasure principle, and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong. 53. According to Freud, the ______ acts as our conscience. a. id b. superego c. ego d. collective unconscious Answer: b. superego Correct. The superego is the moral voice. c. ego Incorrect. The ego is a mediator, not a moral voice. 54. Which of Freud’s personality structures can be thought of as housing the human conscience? a. id b. superego c. consciousness d. subconsciousness Answer: b. superego Correct. The superego is thought to operate on morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. a. id Incorrect. The id operates on pleasure principle, and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong. 55. From what Latin phrase is the term superego derived? a. “without morals” b. “above the rules” c. “beyond me” d. “over the self” Answer: d. “over the self” Correct. Superego means “over the self” in Latin. a. “without morals” Incorrect. The superego is concerned with obeying rules and morals, not acting without them. 56. In the metaphor the angel, the devil, and me, the angel is the ____________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. unconscious Answer: c. superego Correct. The superego is the angel because it serves as the moral conscience. b. ego Incorrect. The “me” is the ego because it is trying to balance the needs of the id and superego. 57. In the metaphor the angel, the devil, and me, the devil is the _________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido Answer: a. id Correct. The id is the devil because it makes immediate demands to get what it wants. b. ego Incorrect. The ego cannot be the devil because its role is to mediate between the id and superego. 58. What is Freud’s term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense? a. false cognitions b. coping techniques c. disordered thinking d. defense mechanisms Answer: d. defense mechanisms Correct. Freud used the term defense mechanisms to refer to unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense. b. coping techniques Incorrect. Freud did not use the term coping techniques. 59. According to Freud, when the realities of life are in conflict with someone’s conscience or selfish desires, it results in a(n) ________. a. psychosis b. an Electra complex c. neurosis d. an Oedipus complex Answer: c. neurosis Correct. When the ego is in conflict with either the id or the superego, Freud felt that the result would be an unhealthy pattern of behaviors called a neurosis. d. an Oedipus complex Incorrect. The Oedipus complex refers to a developmental event during the phallic stage of development wherein the young boy develops a desire to possess his mother and a concomitant anger and jealousy at his father. 60. According to Freud, the result of conflict between the id and superego is ___________. a. libido b. depression c. psychosis d. anxiety Answer: d. anxiety Correct. Anxiety is the result of conflict between the id and superego. b. depression Incorrect. Anxiety is the result of conflict between the id and superego. 61. Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer. Mahmoud’s first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defense mechanism is at work here? a. reaction formation b. denial c. repression d. undoing Answer: b. denial Correct. When one refuses to accept the seriousness or reality of a threatening stimulus, they are engaging in denial. c. repression Incorrect. Repression refers to the pushing of threatening or negative thoughts, urges, or memories into our unconscious so that it can be “ignored.” 62. Jeromy has been having an affair with another woman. One afternoon his wife came home later than usual and Jeromy became angry - accusing his wife of infidelity. Which defense mechanism is behind Jeromy’s accusation? a. denial b. projection c. rationalization d. reaction formation Answer: b. projection Correct. Projection occurs when threatening thoughts about one’s self are attributed to others. a. denial Inorrect. When one refuses to accept the seriousness or reality of a threatening stimulus, they are engaging in denial. 63. When Candace ordered a hot fudge sundae and a diet soda, she told herself that the calories from the ice cream really were not a big deal because the diet soda sort of balanced it all out. Which of Freud’s defense mechanisms is motivating Candace? a. repression b. rationalization c. sublimation d. projection Answer: b. rationalization Correct. Rationalization occurs when threatening thoughts or actions are justified with intellectual explanations. d. projection Incorrect. Projection occurs when threatening thoughts about one’s self are attributed to others. 64. Donita is angry with her boss so she left work a little early in order to run an extra mile before it gets dark. Which defense mechanism is Donita employing? a. repression b. reaction formation c. rationalization d. sublimation Answer: d. sublimation Correct. Sublimation occurs when unacceptable thoughts are expressed in a socially appropriate way. c. rationalization Incorrect. Rationalization occurs when threatening thoughts or actions are justified with intellectual explanations. 65. When anxiety provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to parents, it is called ________. a. denial b. sublimation c. repression d. regression Answer: c. repression Correct. Repression refers to the pushing of threatening or negative thoughts, urges, or memories into our unconscious so that it can be “ignored.” b. sublimation Incorrect. Sublimation occurs when unacceptable thoughts are expressed in a socially appropriate way. 66. Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body identified as _______. a. focal zones b. erogenous zones c. pleasure zones d. unconscious zones Answer: b. erogenous zones Correct. Freud’s psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body identified as erogenous zones. c. pleasure zones Incorrect. The term pleasure zones appears to mean the same thing as erogenous zones but is not the term Freud used. 67. What did Sigmund Freud believe could happen if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage? a. We could become fixated at that stage. b. We would revert to our biological predispositions. c. We would be more capable of overcoming the obstacle in adulthood. d. We could become overly dependent on the superego for future guidance. Answer: a. We could become fixated at that stage. Correct. Fixation occurs when needs are not met. b. We would revert to our biological predispositions. Incorrect. Reversion to biological predispositions would be a type of regression, which is not what Freud believed would happen when needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage. 68. According to Freud, during the first 18 months of life, the dominant source of sensual pleasure is the ______. a. genitals b. mouth c. hands d. anus Answer: b. mouth Correct. According to Freud, during the first 18 months of life, the dominant source of sensual pleasure is the mouth. d. anus Incorrect. According to Freud, during the first 18 months of life, the dominant source of sensual pleasure is the mouth. The anus is the focus of children aged 18 months to 3 years. 69. According to Freud, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages. During infancy, the psychosexual stage is called the _____________. a. latency stage b. oral stage c. anal stage d. phallic stage Answer: b. oral stage Correct. The psychosexual stage of infancy is the oral stage. c. anal stage Incorrect. The anal stage occurs during toddlerhood. 70. The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the ____ stage. a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. genital Answer: a. oral Correct. The need for oral gratification will be affected by weaning from breast feeding. b. anal Incorrect. This is the toilet training time. 71. Dan plays the trumpet, is on the debate team, bites his nails, and chews gum. Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage. a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. genital Answer: a. oral Correct. Dan’s whole life is focused on doing things with his mouth. b. anal Incorrect. Since Dan seems to choose to do only things that involve using his mouth, Freud would say he is fixated in the oral stage. 72. According to Freud’s theory of personality development, there are ________ stages that each person must pass through. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 8 Answer: b. 5 Correct. The five stages are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. d. 8 Incorrect. Neo-Freudian Erik Erikson proposed an eight-stage model, but Freud’s theory had five stages. 73. What is the correct sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages? a. latency, anal, oral, genital, phallic b. oral, genital, latency, phallic, anal c. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Answer: d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Correct. The sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. b. oral, genital, latency, phallic, anal Incorrect. The sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. 74. Toilet training takes place during which of Freud’s psychosexual stages? a. oral b. anal c. latency d. phallic Answer: b. anal Correct. Toilet training takes place during the anal stage. d. phallic Incorrect. Toilet training has usually been completed by the time a child enters the phallic stage. 75. In the classic sitcom The Odd Couple, it was amazing that Oscar and Felix got along because Oscar was such a slob and Felix was so obsessively neat. From a Freudian perspective, what could be said about the way these two men made it through the anal stage of development? a. Oscar was anally fixated, but Felix was not. b. Oscar and Felix were both anally fixated, but in different ways. c. Neither Oscar nor Felix were anally fixated. They just had different personalities. d. Felix was anally fixated, but Oscar was not. Answer: b. Oscar and Felix were both anally fixated, but in different ways. Correct. Oscar would be described as anal expulsive, and Felix would be described as anal retentive. a. Oscar was anally fixated, but Felix was not. Incorrect. Just because Felix is obsessively neat does not mean that he is not anally fixated. His intolerance of mess suggests that he is fixated in an anally retentive manner. 76. In the classic sitcom The Odd Couple, it was amazing that Oscar and Felix got along because Oscar was such a slob and Felix was so obsessively neat. From a Freudian perspective, what could be said about the way these two men made it through the anal stage of development? a. Oscar had an anal expulsive personality and Felix had an anal retentive personality. b. Oscar had an anal retentive personality and Felix had an anal expulsive personality. c. Both Oscar and Felix were anally fixated. d. All of the above are correct. Answer: a. Oscar had an anal expulsive personality and Felix had an anal retentive personality. Correct. This statement best describes the different anal fixations of Oscar and Felix. c. Both Oscar and Felix were anally fixated. Incorrect. While this statement is true, the best answer is A. 77. Steve is extremely uptight and compulsively neat and orderly. According to Freudian theory, he became fixated at the ________ stage of psychosexual development. a. oral b. anal c. latency d. genital Answer: b. anal Correct. Freud believed that people who are uptight and compulsively neat are fixated in the anal stage. d. genital Incorrect. These characteristics are indicative of anal, and not genital, fixation. 78. According to Freud and his followers, what is the most significant event that occurs during the anal stage of psychosexual development? a. The child is toilet trained. b. The child discovers his or her genitals. c. The child develops sexual feelings toward the parent of the other sex. d. The child has nightmares that reflect the development of sexual feelings. Answer: a. The child is toilet trained. Correct. Toilet training is the most significant event that occurs during the anal stage. b. The child discovers his or her genitals. Incorrect. The child discovers his or her genitals in the phallic stage, not the anal stage. 79. Sigmund Freud proposed that little boys’ fears that their fathers may retaliate against them for forbidden sexual and aggressive impulses may lead to ________. a. penis envy b. penis anxiety c. castration phobia. d. castration anxiety Answer: d. castration anxiety Correct. Freud believed boys were afraid of being castrated. a. penis envy Incorrect. Freud believed girls, not boys, had penis envy. 80. According to Freud, a boy’s sexual attachment to his mother and jealousy of his father is called _______. a. the Oedipus complex b. the Electra complex c. transference d. countertransference Answer: a. the Oedipus complex Correct. The Oedipus complex involves affection for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the same-sex parent. b. the Electra complex Incorrect. The Electra complex, named by Jung, involves a girl’s attachment to her father and jealousy of her mother in the female version of the Oedipus complex. 81. The Freudian stage in which boys must resolve the Oedipus complex is the ______ stage. a. genital b. oral c. phallic d. anal Answer: c. phallic Correct. Boys must resolve the Oedipus complex in the phallic stage. a. genital Incorrect. The genital stage comes later than the phallic stage, in which boys must resolve the Oedipus complex. 82. According to Freud, the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the ______. a. anal stage b. genital stage c. oral stage d. phallic stage Answer: d. phallic stage Correct. Children in the phallic stage develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent. b. genital stage Incorrect. The genital stage comes later than the phallic stage, in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent. 83. Four-year-old Larry squeezes between his Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. He cuddles with Mommy and pushes Daddy away. This illustrates which Freudian concept? a. superego b. Oedipus complex c. sublimation d. regression Answer: b. Oedipus complex Correct. The Oedipus complex involves affection for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the same-sex parent. a. superego Incorrect. The superego is the moral voice inside a person’s head. 84. What did Freud perceive as the outcome of successful resolution of the Oedipus complex? a. attraction to the same-sex parent b. attraction to the opposite-sex parent c. identification with the same-sex parent d. identification with the opposite-sex parent Answer: c. identification with the same-sex parent Correct. Freud believed identification with the same-sex parent is the result of a successful resolution of the Oedipus complex. b. attraction to the opposite-sex parent Incorrect. Freud believed attraction to the opposite-sex parent is the cause of the problem. 85. Jill is an 8-year-old girl who is having a birthday party. According to Freud, since Jill is in the latency period, whom would you expect to be at her party? a. mostly girls b. mostly boys c. mostly male parents who look like her father d. mostly parents Answer: a. mostly girls Correct. Children in the latency stage stick with members of the same sex and avoid those of the opposite sex. b. mostly boys Incorrect. Children in the latency stage tend to stay away from members of the opposite sex. 86. Young Bart says to his friend “What do you want to play at recess today, war or forts?” His comrade, Yevgeni, replies “Why don’t we try something different today and play with the girls?” Completely aghast, Bart yells back “Are you crazy?? Girls have COOTIES!” Which stage of personality development is Bart likely in, according to Freud? a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. latency Answer: d. latency Correct. The latency stage is where kids tend to gravitate toward their same-gender peers. c. phallic Incorrect. During the phallic stage kids have not yet adopted the disdain with the opposite gender that usually appears in the latency stage. 87. In which psychosexual stage do sexual interests reawaken and become stronger? a. anal b. latency c. genital d. phallic Answer: c. genital Correct. Sexual interest awakens during the genital stage. b. latency Incorrect. Sexuality is dormant during the latency stage. 88. Which of Freud’s psychosexual stages is marked by successful formation of mature sexual relationships? a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. genital Answer: d. genital Correct. According to Freud, the genital stage, which emerges at puberty, marks the emergency of adult-oriented sexual interest and the start of the process of forming adult sexual relationships. c. phallic Incorrect. The phallic stage, which occurs in toddlerhood, is marked by an immature desire to possess the opposite-gender parent that is referred to as the Oedipal or Electra complex. 89. Which of the Freudian stages of personality development begins around puberty? a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. genital Answer: d. genital Correct. The last of Freud’s stages is the genital stage which marks the beginning of the transition to physical adulthood starting with puberty. b. anal Incorrect. The anal stage is usually regarded as occurring between the ages of 18 months and 3 years. 90. According to Freud, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages. The last stage is called the ___________. a. latency stage b. anal stage c. genital stage d. phallic stage Answer: c. genital stage Correct. The genital stage is the final stage of psychosexual development. a. latency stage Incorrect. The latency stage is the next to last stage of psychosexual development. 91. Which term was given to psychoanalysts who broke away from strict interpretation of Freud’s theory and developed theories of their own that were based upon Freud’s work? a. retro-Freudians b. nouveau-Freudians c. neo-Freudians d. anti-Freudians Answer: c. neo-Freudians Correct. Neo-Freudian was the term given to this group of individuals, and included such people as Jung, Horney, Adler, and Erikson. d. anti-Freudians Incorrect. While many in the field of psychology may, in fact, feel that they are “anti-Freud,” this was not a formal distinction. Neo-Freudian is the correct term. 92. Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ________. a. collective b. animus c. anima d. preconscious Answer: a. collective Correct. Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the collective. b. animus Incorrect. Animus is a term for one of Jung’s archetypes. 93. According to Jung, each person’s own repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences are contained in the ______. a. persona b. personal unconscious c. archetype d. collective unconscious Answer: b. personal unconscious Correct. According to Jung, each person’s own repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences are contained in the personal unconscious. d. collective unconscious Incorrect. The collective unconscious contains the memories and fears of our entire species, not our own individual thoughts. 94. Carl Jung’s term for the part of our personality that Freud referred to as the unconscious was the _____________. a. personal unconscious b. archetype c. collective unconscious d. animus a. personal unconscious Correct. The personal unconscious of Jung’s theory was analogous to Freud’s unconscious. b archetype c. collective unconscious d. animus d. animus Incorrect. The animus was Jung’s term for the masculine side of humanity. 95. The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ______. a. schemas b. paradigms c. archetypes d. prototypes Answer: c. archetypes Correct. Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called archetypes. d. prototypes Incorrect. Prototypes sounds similar to archetypes but is not the term Jung used. 96. According to Jung, the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the ______. a. persona b. personal unconscious c. alter-ego d. collective unconscious Answer: d. collective unconscious Correct. According to Jung, the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the collective unconscious. b. personal unconscious Incorrect. According to Jung, the personal unconscious contains each person’s own repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences. 97. Carl Jung’s term for recurring themes that have been important to humans in many cultures and settings since prehistoric times, such as the concepts of mother, hero, or villain, is ______ . a. personas b. animas c. animisms d. archetypes Answer: d. archetypes Correct. According to Jung an archetype refers to memories or “themes” that are important to people across different cultural contexts. a. personas Incorrect. The persona is the side of one’s personality that is shown to the world. 98. Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share? a. Carl Jung b. Alfred Adler c. Carl Rogers d. Karen Horney Answer: b. Alfred Adler Correct. Adler viewed personality disturbances as the consequence of feelings of inferiority. a. Carl Jung Incorrect. Jung focused on archetypes in the collective unconscious. 99. Which defense mechanism figured prominently in the theory of Alfred Adler? a. repression b. compensation c. depression d. rationalization Answer: b. compensation Correct. Adler focused on compensation, as it is a defense mechanism used to overcome feelings of inferiority. a. repression Incorrect. Freud, not Adler, focused on repression. 100. Who of the following was NOT a neo-Freudian? a. Horney b. Rogers c. Jung d. Adler Answer: b. Rogers Correct. Carl Rogers was a humanist, not a neo-Freudian. a. Horney Incorrect. Karen Horney was a neo-Freudian who countered Freud’s idea of penis envy with her own theory of womb envy. 101. According to Karen Horney, men had __________. a. penis envy b. breast envy c. womb envy d. vagina envy Answer: c. womb envy Correct. Horney believed men had “womb envy” and had to compensate for their lack of child-bearing ability. b. breast envy Incorrect. Horney believed men had “womb envy” and had to compensate for their lack of child-bearing ability. 102. According to Karen Horney, what causes us to develop a neurotic personality? a. getting fixated at the oral stage of development b. being raised without love, affection, and security c. failing to adequately resolve the Oedipus complex d. conflict between the anima and the animus Answer: b. being raised without love, affection, and security Correct. Horney suggested that the way we are raised determines the health of our adult personality. a. getting fixated at the oral stage of development Incorrect. This would be a facet of Freud’s theory, not Horney’s. 103. Which neo-Freudian theorist believed social relationships were the key to understanding personality? a. Carl Jung b. Alfred Adler c. Carl Rogers d. Erik Erikson Answer: d. Erik Erikson Correct. Erikson believed social relationships were the key to understanding personality. b. Alfred Adler Incorrect. Adler viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share. 104. What was the basis for Freud’s development of his theory of the Oedipus conflict? a. He did not believe that the stories his female patients told about having been sexually abused by their fathers and other family members were real memories. b. He felt that we were biologically pre-wired to go through this conflict at certain ages, regardless of our surroundings or experiences. c. He felt that women, by definition, were born neurotic and the Oedipus conflict gave value to that belief. d. He observed that all women were unconsciously angry at their own children, and developed the theory of the Oedipus conflict as a result. Answer: a. He did not believe that the stories his female patients told about having been sexually abused by their fathers and other family members were real memories. Correct. He felt that these memories were unconscious fantasies that were the basis for the Oedipus complex. d. He observed that all women were unconsciously angry at their own children, and developed the theory of the Oedipus conflict as a result. Incorrect. Freud’s concept of the Oedipus complex had nothing to do with mothers being angry at their children. 105. Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and, therefore, must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following will be at the top of your list? a. Children do not have sexual motives. b. Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test. c. Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. d. Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only. Answer: b. Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test. Correct. Lack of testability is the main problem with Freud’s theory. c. Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. Incorrect. Defense mechanisms reduce anxiety. 106. Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and, therefore, must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following would be a reasonable argument for you to make? a. Parents have little influence on their children’s motives. b. His interpretations of what his patients told him were ambiguous. c. Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. d. Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only. Answer: b. His interpretations of what his patients told him were ambiguous. Correct. The ambiguity of his interpretations of what his patients told him is a problem with Freud’s theory. c. Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. Incorrect. Defense mechanisms reduce anxiety and are accepted by many. 107. You are reading an article that critiques Freud’s theory. Which of the following could be the title? a. “Sex Is More Influential Than We Think” b. “Never Use the Dreams of Sexually Frustrated Rich Women as a Basis for a Theory.” c. “The Id Really Does Exist!” d. “Sometimes a Cigar Is Just a Cigar” Answer: b. “Never Use the Dreams of Sexually Frustrated Rich Women as a Basis for a Theory.” Correct. Many of Freud’s clients were wealthy, sexually frustrated women. c. “The Id Really Does Exist!” Incorrect. This actually agrees with Freud and does not critique his theory. 108. The textbook suggests that Freudian theory, though controversial, has had an impact on many things seen in today’s society. Which of the following is NOT cited by the book as having been influenced by Freud? a. children’s cartoons b. movies c. professional sports d. literature Answer: c. professional sports Correct. The textbook does not draw any relationship between Freud’s theories and professional sports. a. children’s cartoons Incorrect. Children’s cartoons have been influenced by Freud’s theories, according to the textbook. 109. For the behaviorist, personality is a set of learned responses or _______. a. traits b. conditions c. stimuli d. habits Answer: d. habits Correct. According to behaviorists, habits are learned responses. c. stimuli Incorrect. Stimuli are elements that cause a response or reaction. 110. Skinner and Watson believed that personality is the result of: a. operant conditioning and vicarious learning. b. classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. c. observational learning and classical conditioning. d. behavioral reinforcement. Answer: b. classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. Correct. These learning theorists believed that personality was simply the result of the different learning process that affect human beings. c. observational learning and classical conditioning. Incorrect. This answer fails to include observational learning. 111. A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment, person, and behavior. This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist. a. psychodynamic b. social cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. trait Answer: b. social cognitive Correct. Social cognitive psychologists focus on the interaction of environment, person, and behavior. d. trait Incorrect. Social cognitive psychologists focus on the interaction of environment, person, and behavior. 112. What is Albert Bandura’s term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality? a. feedback loops b. learned responses c. reciprocal determinism d. external expectancies Answer: c. reciprocal determinism Correct. Bandura called the relationship among the three factors that influence personality reciprocal determinism. b. learned responses Incorrect. This was not the term that Bandura used in his theory of personality. 113. Which of the following was not a facet of Bandura’s theory of reciprocal determinism? a. feelings of inferiority b. environment c. personal/cognitive factors d. behaviors Answer: a. feelings of inferiority Correct. Feelings of inferiority are a major point in the theory of Alfred Adler, not Albert Bandura. b. environment Incorrect. Bandura felt that one’s behaviors played an integral part in the formation of their personality. 114. Albert Bandura’s notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as __________. a. self-efficacy b. locus of control c. phenomenology d. reciprocal determinism Answer: d. reciprocal determinism Correct. Reciprocal determinism is Bandura’s theory of how different factors interact to form the personality. a. self-efficacy Incorrect. Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance. 115. A baseball player’s son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat he expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristic does this young man seem to have? a. self-regard b. self-centeredness c. self-efficacy d. self-actualization Answer: c. self-efficacy Correct. Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance. d. self-actualization Incorrect. Self-actualization has to do with self-fulfillment and reaching one’s full potential. 116. You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon. As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room, you hope the surgeon has a high level of _______. a. ego b. extraversion c. self-efficacy d. superego Answer: c. self-efficacy Correct. Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance and is related to confidence. b. extraversion Incorrect. Extraversion is not a quality that is associated with competence. 117. According to Albert Bandura, a person’s belief about his or her skills and ability to perform certain behaviors is known as ________. a. self-efficacy b. locus of control c. phenomenology d. reciprocal determinism Answer: a. self-efficacy Correct. Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance. d. reciprocal determinism Incorrect. Reciprocal determinism is Bandura’s term for the relationship among the three factors that determine behavior. 118. Albert Bandura is to self-efficacy as Julian Rotter is to __________ a. control b. expectancy c. personal freedom d. self confidence Answer: b. expectancy Correct. Rotter’s concept of expectancy was similar to Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy. c. personal freedom Incorrect. Personal freedom to make choices is a facet of Rogers’s theory, not Rotter’s. 119. Ruth-Ann just graduated from high school; she is trying out for the soccer team at the college that she will attend in the fall. She knows that it will be more competitive than her high school team, but she believes in her ability to succeed and plans to practice all summer. Bandura would say that Ruth might have an edge over some competitors simply because she has ________. a. high self-efficacy b. self-actualized c. set aside the time to practice d. an external locus of control Answer: a. high self-efficacy Correct. High self-efficacy refers to a person who has a strong sense of belief in their own skills and abilities. d. an external locus of control Incorrect. Those who believe that the course of their lives is beyond their control have an external locus of control. 120. The source a person believes to be exerting control over life’s events is called ________. a. low self-esteem b. locus of control c. high self-efficacy d. an internal focus Answer: b. locus of control Correct. Locus of control refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events that affect them. It's a concept in personality psychology that was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954. People with an internal locus of control believe that their own actions determine the outcomes they experience. On the other hand, individuals with an external locus of control believe that external forces (such as luck or fate) control their lives. So, option b is correct because it directly relates to the concept described in the question. a. low self-esteem Incorrect. Incorrect. Low self-esteem refers to a negative evaluation of oneself. While it may influence how individuals perceive control over events, it is not the specific term used to describe this concept. This option is incorrect because it does not refer to the source a person believes to be exerting control over life's events. 121. The perceived source of control over one’s life is: a. the locus of control. b. mode of operation. c. the motivation to change. d. self-esteem. Answer: a. the locus of control. Correct: The locus of control refers to an individual's belief about the extent to which they can control events in their lives. Those with an internal locus of control believe they have control over their lives, while those with an external locus of control believe external forces control their outcomes. b. mode of operation. Incorrect. Modes of operation, motivation to change, and self-esteem are related to psychological concepts but do not specifically address the perceived source of control. 122. Shanda is afraid of failing one of her final exams, primarily because she thinks the professor gives hard exams and so, no matter how much studying she does, it won’t matter. Cognitive theorists would suggest that Shanda: a. has an external locus of control. b. has an internal locus of control. c. has an introverted personality. d. has an extroverted personality. Answer: a. has an external locus of control. Correct. Those who believe that the course of their lives is beyond their control have an external locus of control. b. has an internal locus of control. Incorrect. Those who believe that they have a say in the direction that their lives take have an internal locus of control. 123. One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is ________________. a. the social cognitive view allows for testing whereas the psychoanalytic view does not b. that the mind is more important to the psychoanalyst than the cognitivist c. the psychoanalytic view requires feedback from clients and the social cognitive view does not d. the social cognitive view is more abstract than the psychoanalytic view Answer: a. the social cognitive view allows for testing whereas the psychoanalytic view does not Correct. It is much easier to test social cognitive theories. b. that the mind is more important to the psychoanalyst than the cognitivist Incorrect. The mind is important in both theories. 124. _____________ theory is called the third force in personality theory. a. Psychoanalytic b. Behaviorist c. Cognitive d. Humanistic Answer: d. Humanistic Correct. Humanistic theory is called the third force in personality theory; the first two are psychoanalytic theory and behaviorist theory. b. Behaviorist Incorrect. Behaviorist theory is the second force. 125. What do Abraham Maslow’s and Carl Rogers’s theories have in common? a. They are both stage theories. b. They focus on unconscious motivation. c. They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny. d. They both fit in the learning/cognitive perspective. Answer: c. They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny. Correct. Both Maslow and Rogers believed in the concept of innate human freedom. b. They focus on unconscious motivation. Incorrect. Neither Maslow nor Rogers discussed the unconscious. 126. Which of the following concepts is NOT found in the humanistic perspective of personality? a. self-actualization b. each person is unique c. personal freedom of choice d. self-efficacy Answer: d. self-efficacy Correct. Self-efficacy is a facet of Bandura’s behavioral theory of personality. a. self-actualization Incorrect. The self-actualizing tendency is a major part of the humanistic perspective of personality. 127. Which of the following descriptions is likely to fit the quality of self-actualization? a. shy, silent, and humorless b. real self close to ideal self c. ideal self dominating real self d. superego dominating id Answer: b. real self close to ideal self Correct. Having a real self that comes close to matching the ideal self is necessary for self-actualization. c. ideal self dominating real self Incorrect. If the ideal self dominates, negative feelings will result; the goal is for the ideal self to be something that is not impossible for the real self to become. 128. According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when _______. a. a person has low self-esteem b. there is matching between the real self and ideal self c. there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self d. the individual receives too much unconditional positive regard Answer: c. there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self Correct. According to Rogers, the real self and ideal self must be in harmony with each other in order to prevent psychological problems and troublesome behaviors. b. there is matching between the real self and ideal self Incorrect. Congruence between the real self and ideal self is a good thing. 129. In Carl Rogers’s theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as ________. a. personality b. self-regard c. self-esteem d. self-concept Answer: d. self-concept Correct. In Carl Rogers’s theory, the image that we have of ourselves, including abilities, behaviors, and characteristics, is known as the self-concept. c. self-esteem Incorrect. Self-esteem has more to do with one’s sense of worth. 130. Jeff has to get up early to go to school, but he wants to stay up late and watch television. His parents disapprove of him staying up late, but when they go out for the evening he disregards their wishes and stays up late anyway. The next day he feels extremely guilty. How would Carl Rogers explain Jeff’s guilt? a. It results from Jeff’s inferiority complex, which has been enlarged by Jeff’s adoption of his parents’ value judgments. b. It results from the conflict between Jeff’s need to seek pleasure and his desire to do well in school. c. It results from a psychological conflict between Jeff’s personal desire to stay up late and the opinion adopted from his parents that it is wrong to stay up late. d. It results from an overactive superego, which is punishing Jeff’s id for gratifying his desires. Answer: c. It results from a psychological conflict between Jeff’s personal desire to stay up late and the opinion adopted from his parents that it is wrong to stay up late. Correct. Jeff’s real self is in conflict with his ideal self. b. It results from the conflict between Jeff’s need to seek pleasure and his desire to do well in school. Incorrect. There is no evidence that Jeff wants to do well in school. This explanation is more psychodynamic than humanistic. 131. Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are, not for what you would like them to be. This acceptance is termed ___________. a. conditional esteem b. unconditional esteem c. conditional positive regard d. unconditional positive regard Answer: d. unconditional positive regard Correct. Rogers’s term unconditional positive regard refers to the acceptance of people with no strings attached to that acceptance. c. conditional positive regard Incorrect. Rogers’s term conditional positive regard refers to the kind of acceptance that requires a person to meet certain expectations. 132. Carl Rogers believed people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive ______. a. conditional esteem b. unconditional esteem c. conditional positive regard d. unconditional positive regard Answer: c. conditional positive regard Correct. Conditional positive regard creates feelings of inadequacy in the person who does not live up to the expectations set for him or her. d. unconditional positive regard Incorrect. Unconditional positive regard has positive effects on the person who receives it. 133. Jerod has saved plenty of money and has a lucrative business that he enjoys. He likes to volunteer his time in the community and enjoys the company of others - but still saves time to be alone. One of his favorite things to do in the evening is sit outside and watch the sunset. Rogers might suggest that Jerod is ________. a. retired b. experiencing a superiority complex c. self-actualizing d. emotionally conditioned Answer: c. self-actualizing Correct. Self-actualizing refers to the process of reaching one’s own full intellectual and emotional potential. d. emotionally conditioned Incorrect. “Conditioning” is not a term that is associated with Carl Rogers or his theories. 134. When you accept someone - faults and all - regardless of whether or not you like the individual or approve of his or her lifestyle, Rogers suggests that you are exhibiting ________. a. restraint b. unconditional positive regard c. self-editing d. genuineness Answer: b. unconditional positive regard Correct. Unconditional positive regard is Rogers’s term for acceptance that is given without limits or requirements. d. genuineness Incorrect. Genuineness is a salient part of Rogers’s person-centered therapy concept, but it is not referenced in this question. 135. Humanists believe that our motivation is ultimately due to ________. a. unconscious desires b. sexual yearnings c. self-actualization d. rewards Answer: c. self-actualization Correct. Self-actualizing refers to the process of reaching one’s own full intellectual and emotional potential. a. unconscious desires Incorrect. Unconscious desires were part of the work of psychodynamic theorists, not humanists. 136. Unconditional positive regard is MOST important to the theory of ______. a. Freud b. Maslow c. Jung d. Rogers Answer: d. Rogers Correct. Rogers came up with the term unconditional positive regard. b. Maslow Incorrect. Rogers came up with the term unconditional positive regard. 137. According to Rogers, people brought up with unconditional positive regard ______. a. tend to be vain and narcissistic b. are unlikely to be fully functioning c. feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors d. live lives directed toward what others want and value Answer: c. feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors Correct. Rogers believed that people brought up with unconditional positive regard know they are loved for who they are, not for what they do. b. are unlikely to be fully functioning Incorrect. Rogers believed unconditional positive regard is what people need to be fully functioning. 138. According to Rogers, which of the following people is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person? a. someone with a strongly developed superego b. someone with an extraverted personality c. someone brought up with conditional positive regard d. someone brought up with unconditional positive regard Answer: d. someone brought up with unconditional positive regard Correct. Rogers believed that someone brought up with unconditional positive regard was most likely to become a fully functioning person. c. someone brought up with conditional positive regard Incorrect. Rogers believed that someone brought up with conditional positive regard was not likely to become a fully functioning person. 139. What do humanistic and psychoanalytic theories have in common? a. They are both testable. b. They are both difficult to test. c. They both rely on stages. d. They both base much of their theory on early stressful events. Answer: b. They are both difficult to test. Correct. There is no empirical basis for testing humanistic or psychoanalytic theories. c. They both rely on stages. Incorrect. There are no stages in humanistic theory. 140. Which of the following statements is criticism that one might legitimately make about the humanistic perspective of personality? a. it relies far too much on the influence of environments b. it spends way too much time looking at unconscious determinants of behaviors. c. it paints too rosy a picture of humanity, ignoring negative aspects of human nature. d. it’s concept of womb envy cannot be empirically validated. Answer: c. it paints too rosy a picture of humanity, ignoring negative aspects of human nature. Correct. Some argue that humanism does not pay adequate attention to unpleasant or negative human qualities. b. it spends way too much time looking at unconscious determinants of behaviors. Incorrect. This might be a valid criticism of the psychodynamic model of personality. 141. Which one of the goals of psychology would be most relevant in the trait perspective? a. description b. explanation Incorrect. Traits are aspects of a personality; they do not explain anything. c. maintenance d. control Answer: a. description Correct. Traits are descriptive features. b. explanation Incorrect. Traits are aspects of a personality; they do not explain anything. 142. Which theories are less concerned with the explanation for personality development and changing personality than they are with describing personality and predicting behavior based on that description? a. trait theories b. psychodynamic theories c. archetype theories d. behaviorist theories Answer: a. trait theories Correct. Trait theories are less concerned with the explanation for personality development than they are with describing personality and predicting behavior. d. behaviorist theories Incorrect. Behaviorist theories focus on explaining personality development through experience. 143. A relatively consistent characteristic that exists across situations is called ________. a. a personality trait b. interactionism c. situationism d. personality structure Answer: a. a personality trait Correct: Personality traits refer to relatively stable and consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that endure across different situations. b. interactionism Incorrect. Interactionism and situationism refer to broader theoretical perspectives in psychology, while personality structure is a general term that may encompass various aspects of personality. 144. What did Gordon Allport think about traits? a. He thought they were like stages. b. He thought they were wired into the nervous system. c. He thought they were learned. d. He thought they were the result of cognitive modeling. Answer: b. He thought they were wired into the nervous system. Correct. Allport thought traits were wired into the nervous system. c. He thought they were learned. Incorrect. Allport thought traits were not learned but rather were wired into the nervous system. 145. What did Raymond Cattell call the underlying traits that direct surface traits? a. source traits b. secondary traits c. background traits d. subordinate traits Answer: a. source traits Correct. According to Cattell, source traits underlie surface traits. b. secondary traits Incorrect. Cattell did not use the term secondary traits. 146. Cattell and Allport are both prominent ______ theorists. a. psychodynamic b. trait c. behavioral d. humanistic Answer: b. trait Correct. Both Cattell and Allport were involved in the trait theory movement. d. humanistic Incorrect. Both Cattell and Allport were involved in the trait theory movement. 147. Raymond Cattell originally proposed that there are ________ personality source traits. a. 5 b. 8 c. 11 d. 16 Answer: d. 16 Correct: Raymond Cattell's factor-analytic approach identified 16 primary personality factors, known as the 16 Personality Factors (16PF), which he considered to be the basic building blocks of personality. b. 8 Incorrect. The options 5, 8, and 11 do not correspond to the number of personality source traits proposed by Cattell. 148. Someone who was interested in measuring a person’s source traits, as described by Raymond Cattell, would use the ______________. a. NEO Personality Inventory b. California Psychological Inventory (CPI) c. Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF) d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Answer: c. Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF) Correct. The 16PF was developed by Cattell to measure source traits. d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Incorrect. The MMPI was a personality test that measured other dimensions and was not developed by Cattell. 149. Cattell used the statistical technique called _______. a. factor features b. t test c. pf analysis d. factor analysis Answer: d. factor analysis Correct. Cattell used this to group his many traits. a. factor features Incorrect. Cattell used a factor analysis, which sounds similar but is not the same. 150. Which two researchers are associated with the Five Factor model, also known as the Big Five? a. Costa and McCrae b. Cattell and Allport c. Jung and Horney d. Erikson and Rogers Answer: a. Costa and McCrae Correct. The five factor model is attributed to the work of Costa and McCrae. b. Cattell and Allport Incorrect. Cattell and Allport were trait theorists, but they worked separately and came up with their own theories, not the five factor model. 151. What are the Big Five personality traits? a. conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, dominance b. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism c. sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, dominance d. neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness Answer: b. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism Correct. These are the five traits of the Big Five model. c. sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, dominance Incorrect. Neither sensation seeking nor dominance are among the Big Five personality traits. 152. An investigation of students’ housing preferences would probably show that single rooms are preferred by _______ whereas suites are preferred by _______. a. extraverts; introverts b. introverts; extraverts c. good students; poor students d. poor students; good students Answer: b. introverts; extraverts Correct. Introverts like to spend time alone and would enjoy the single room; extraverts are more outgoing and would probably prefer the suite. a. extraverts; introverts Incorrect. Extraverts are more outgoing and would probably not want to live in a single room; introverts like to spend time alone and would enjoy the single room. 153. Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits? a. START b. BEGIN c. DUNES d. OCEAN Answer: d. OCEAN Correct. The Big Five traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, which form the acronym OCEAN. b. BEGIN Incorrect. The Big Five traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, which form the acronym OCEAN. 154. Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure ______________. a. extraversion b. agreeableness c. conscientiousness d. openness Answer: d. openness Correct. Openness scores reflect imaginative and creative people. c. conscientiousness Incorrect. Conscientiousness refers to a person’s degree of organization and motivation, not to creativity. 155. Travis is a participant in the X-games every year, which features events that are high flying and exhilarating to watch or participate in, but also very dangerous to the competitors. Because Travis is willing to take chances with his health to get the adrenaline rush from these sorts of events, Cost and McCrae would argue that he ranks high on which of the five factors? a. openness b. neuroticism c. conscientiousness d. extraversion Answer: a. openness Correct. People who are high on this factor are daring, willing to try new things, and adventurous. d. extraversion Incorrect. One facet of being a competitor might be extraversion, but in this example openness is the best answer. 156. If Sylvia is described as trustworthy, altruistic and tender-minded, then she probably is fairly high on the Big Five superfactor known as ________. a. extraversion b. neuroticism c. openness d. agreeableness Answer: d. agreeableness Correct. An individual high on the agreeableness trait would be described like Sylvia is in this question. c. openness Incorrect. An individual high on the openness trait would be described with the following terms – fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, and value. 157. Ted is friendly, loves to tells jokes at parties, and is perceived by others as warm and considerate. On which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Ted to obtain high scores? a. agreeableness and extraversion b. extraversion and conscientiousness c. neuroticism and openness to experience d. openness to experience and conscientiousness Answer: a. agreeableness and extraversion Correct. Ted’s warmth, friendliness, and consideration for others mean he would score high for agreeableness; his friendliness and joke-telling at parties indicate he would score high for extraversion. b. extraversion and conscientiousness Incorrect. There is no indication that Ted is especially conscientious (i.e., organized or motivated). 158. What psychoanalytic theorist most notably influenced the Big Five theory of personality? a. Freud b. Jung c. Erikson d. Horney Answer: b. Jung Correct. Jung’s theory mentioned extraversion, which is one of the Big Five traits. a. Freud Incorrect. Freud’s views are not involved in trait theory. 159. Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories? a. No evidence has been found to support these theories. b. Research in this area is too new to report any findings. c. Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures. d. Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated. Answer: c. Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures. Correct. Research shows over 11 cultures with the five trait dimensions. b. Research in this area is too new to report any findings. Incorrect. Research shows over 11 cultures with the five trait dimensions. 160. The field of _____________ is devoted to the study of just how much of personality is due to inherited traits. a. behavioral genetics b. genetic microbiology c. genomanalysis d. geometric heredity Answer: a. behavioral genetics Correct. The field of behavioral genetics focuses on inherited aspects of behavior. b. genetic microbiology Incorrect. Genetic microbiology focuses on underlying microbes in biology, not behavior. 161. Monozygotic twins are __________, while dizygotic twins are __________. a. the result of mitosis; the result of meiosis b. fraternal; identical c. always the same gender; always the opposite genders d. identical; fraternal Answer: d. identical; fraternal Correct. Identical twins form from one zygote, while fraternal twins are the result of two zygotes. a. the result of mitosis; the result of meiosis Incorrect. The type of twins that are born has nothing to do with the difference between mitosis and meiosis. 162. What major conclusion about personality traits emerged from the Minnesota twin study? a. Identical twins are more similar than any other type of sibling. b. Siblings reared apart were much more similar than identical twins. c. Fraternal twins reared together were much more similar than identical twins. d. Personality scores for twins were not related in either case. Answer: a. Identical twins are more similar than any other type of sibling. Correct. Identical twins, who share the same genes, are more similar in personality than are any other type of siblings. c. Fraternal twins reared together were much more similar than identical twins. Incorrect. Identical twins, who share the same genes, are more similar in personality than are any other type of siblings. 163. Research on _____________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences. a. the heritability of traits b. peak experiences c. the use of defense mechanisms d. unconditional positive regard Answer: a. the heritability of traits Correct. Research on the heritability of traits supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences. c. the use of defense mechanisms Incorrect. The use of defense mechanisms has nothing to do with genetically determined aspects of personality. 164. Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits have _____________. a. disputed the findings of twin studies b. been attacked for ethical reasons c. confirmed what twin studies have shown d. shown that twin studies have methods that need to be reexamined Answer: c. confirmed what twin studies have shown Correct. Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits report findings similar to those of twin studies. a. disputed the findings of twin studies Incorrect. Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits report findings similar to those of twin studies. 165. Using Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural personality, how would you describe a culture characterized by loose ties between individuals, shared activities among friends, autonomy, and equality? a. individualistic b. high in power distance c. masculine d. high in uncertainty avoidance Answer: a. individualistic Correct. These are attributes that Hofstede attributed to individualistic cultures. d. high in uncertainty avoidance Incorrect. Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance are usually strict and one dimensional. 166. Which of the following choices describes the cultural personality of the United States, according to Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural personality? a. individualistic b. high in power distance c. low in individualism d. high in uncertainty avoidance Answer: a. individualistic Correct. The United States has an individualistic, not a collectivistic, culture. b. high in power distance Incorrect. Americans expect power to be well distributed rather than held by an elite few; democracies are typically low in power distance. 167. Which of the following is least likely to be associated with a collectivist culture? a. duty b. order c. respect for elders d. equality Answer: d. equality Correct. Equality is associated with an individualistic culture, not a collectivist culture. a. duty Incorrect. This is a quality associated with a collectivist culture. 168. Mei is Chinese American. She is very loyal to her family. Her sister lives with her, and she mails money back to China to her father and younger brother. Mei’s way of life is typical of someone who comes from a culture that is _________. a. collectivistic b. low in power distance c. feminine d. low in uncertainty avoidance Answer: a. collectivistic Correct. A collectivist culture is one in which family ties and obligations are very strong. b. low in power distance Incorrect. Power distance has to do with the distribution of power in a society. Mei’s example has to do with the strength of family bonds, not power distribution. 169. Which of the following is considered to be an individualistic culture? a. Japan b. Qatar c. Mexico d. Great Britain Answer: d. Great Britain a. Japan Correct: Great Britain is typically classified as an individualistic culture, characterized by values of independence, personal achievement, and individual autonomy. Incorrect. Japan, Qatar, and Mexico are often considered collectivistic cultures, emphasizing group harmony, social cohesion, and interdependence. 170. Which of the following choices describes the cultural personality of the United States? a. individualistic b. high in power distance c. low in individualism d. high in uncertainty avoidance Answer: a. individualistic Correct. The United States has an individualistic, not a collectivistic, culture. b. high in power distance Incorrect. Americans expect power to be well distributed rather than held by an elite few; democracies are typically low in power distance. 171. Using Hofstede’s terms, how would you describe a cultural personality in which the majority of the members of the culture accept that power is in the hands of the few? a. individualistic b. high in power distance c. masculine d. low in power distance Answer: b. high in power distance Correct. A culture in which the majority of the members of the culture accept that power is in the hands of the few is said to be high in power distance. d. low in power distance Incorrect. A culture low in power distance is one in which the majority of the members of the culture expect power to be widely distributed. 172. According to Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural personality, cultures that are __________ are assertive and competitive. a. collectivistic b. masculine c. high in power distance d. high in uncertainty avoidance Answer: b. masculine Correct. Masculine cultures are assertive and competitive. a. collectivistic Incorrect. Collectivistic cultures are not known for being especially competitive. 173. Karesh is from India and really cares about others’ welfare. His wife is Chinese and he is known for the fact that he does not adhere to strict rules and regulations. He is tolerant of others and plans to become a social worker. According to Hofstede, what type of cultural personality would Karesh be? a. highly individualistic b. low in uncertainty avoidance c. highly masculine d. feminine Answer: b. low in uncertainty avoidance Correct. Cultures low in uncertainty avoidance are tolerant of uncertainty, less rigid, and not rule based. a. highly individualistic Incorrect. Karesh is not individualistic because he is focused on others and wants to be a social worker. 174. When assessing personality, many psychologists take the eclectic view, which means they ________. a. use only one specific approach b. use a variety of approaches c. focus on behavior d. focus on unconscious motives Answer: b. use a variety of approaches Correct. When assessing personality, many psychologists take the eclectic view, which means they use a variety of approaches. a. use only one specific approach Incorrect. When assessing personality, many psychologists take the eclectic view, which means they use a variety of approaches. 175. Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as ______ interviews. a. unstructured b. structured c. global d. wide-focus Answer: a. unstructured Correct. Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as unstructured interviews. b. structured Incorrect. Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as unstructured interviews. 176. Freud’s refusal to believe his patients who said they were sexually molested as children is an example of _________. a. the horn effect b. unconscious motives c. interviewer bias d. the halo effect Answer: c. interviewer bias Correct. Freud chose to interpret these reports as fantasy rather than reality so his theory would be justified. b. unconscious motives Incorrect. This had nothing to with Freud’s refusal to believe the patients’ reports. 177. The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting is called the _____________. a. bias effect b. interview bias c. halo effect d. subject bias effect Answer: c. halo effect Correct. Our first impressions of someone can cause us to interpret future information that we receive from them with a positive of negative bias. a. bias effect Incorrect. The halo effect is a type of bias, but it specifically addresses the bias that results from first impressions. 178. Which assessment technique requires people to respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli? a. dynamic b. projective c. objective d. predictive Answer: b. projective Correct. A projective test is one in which a person is shown a series of ambiguous pictures or inkblots and is asked to describe what he or she perceives. c. objective Incorrect. Objective tests are structured and ask straightforward questions. 179. Projective tests make use of ________ stimuli. a. objective b. paper-and-pencil c. three dimensional d. ambiguous Answer: d. ambiguous Correct: Projective tests present ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or ambiguous pictures, which are open to interpretation by the individual being assessed. The responses are thought to reveal underlying aspects of personality. d. ambiguous Incorrect. Objective tests typically use clear and straightforward stimuli, while paper-and-pencil tests involve written responses to structured questions. Three-dimensional stimuli are not commonly used in psychological testing contexts. 180. Frank and Gina are looking at an abstract painting in a museum. Gina describes objects and people she thinks she sees in the painting. Frank says, “It’s a bunch of paint thrown on a canvas.” Gina responds, “No, there is so much here that you just don’t see.” During lunch they agree that their experience reminds them of what concept they learned in introductory psychology? a. social cognition b. trait theory c. projective testing d. the Big Five Answer: c. projective testing Correct. A projective test is one in which a person is shown a series of ambiguous pictures or inkblots and is asked to describe what he or she perceives. a. social cognition Incorrect. This theory of personality leaves little to interpret. 181. A person’s responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ____________. a. current events b. daydreaming themes c. maladaptive patterns of behavior d. unconscious thoughts and feelings Answer: d. unconscious thoughts and feelings Correct. Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli in the hope that the subject will project unconscious thoughts and feelings onto them. c. maladaptive patterns of behavior Incorrect. Many responses to projective tests are not maladaptive at all. 182. When Anna looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories to her friend, her friend says that the stories reflect Anna’s unconscious thoughts. In psychological terms, what Anna does is most similar to ______. a. classical conditioning b. a projective test c. behavior sampling d. an objective test Answer: b. a projective test Correct. Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli in the hope that the subject will project unconscious thoughts and feelings onto them. d. an objective test Incorrect. Objective tests ask straightforward questions that do not ask the subject to make up stories. 183. Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see. What type of test would psychologists call this? a. dynamic b. projective c. objective d. predictive Answer: b. projective Correct. A projective test is one in which a person is shown a series of ambiguous pictures or inkblots and is asked to describe what he or she perceives; clouds can be perceived as looking like various objects or figures. c. objective Incorrect. Objective tests are structured and do not ask for any creativity. 184. Ron often sees the shapes of animals in the clouds, and he tells his children stories about what the animals are doing. In psychological terms, what Ron is doing is most similar to ______. a. hallucinating b. taking a projective test c. having delusions d. taking an objective test Answer: b. taking a projective test Correct. A projective test is one in which a person is shown a series of ambiguous pictures or inkblots and is asked to describe what he or she perceives; clouds can be perceived as looking like various objects or figures. d. taking an objective test Incorrect. Objective tests are structured and do not ask for any creativity. 185. Which of the following is a projective test? a. MMPI-2 b. 16PF c. NEO-PI-R d. Rorschach Answer: d. Rorschach Correct: The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a classic projective test that presents individuals with a series of inkblots and asks them to describe what they see, allowing for the interpretation of underlying personality traits based on their responses. a. MMPI-2 Incorrect. MMPI-2, 16PF, and NEO-PI-R are examples of objective personality tests that do not involve interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. 186. Which of the following statements is a claim often made by critics of projective testing? a. The interpretation of projective tests is too subjective. b. These tests are effective in predicting job performance. c. People try to answer questions in ways that make them look better than they are. d. These tests create anxiety in those being tested. Answer: a. The interpretation of projective tests is too subjective. Correct. The interpretation of projective tests is subjective, which is a legitimate criticism. c. People try to answer questions in ways that make them look better than they are. Incorrect. The fact that people try to answer questions in ways that make them look better is a criticism of personality inventories, not projective tests. 187. Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality? a. MMPI b. 16PF c. TAT d. Rorschach Answer: d. Rorschach Correct. The Rorschach test is a projective test focusing on the interpretation of inkblots. c. TAT Incorrect. The TAT is a projective test in which a person sees a series of ambiguous pictures and is asked to make up a story. 188. Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on? a. Rorschach test b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) c. California Psychological Inventory (CPI) d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Answer: b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Correct. The TAT is a projective test that asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on. a. Rorschach test Incorrect. The Rorschach test is a projective test focusing on the interpretation of inkblots. 189. Cheri went to see a psychologist, who showed her several detailed black and white pictures and asked her to explain what was going on in them. The psychologist was using the ________. a. TAT b. MMPI-2 c. Cattell 16PF d. Blankenship Answer: a. TAT Correct. The Thematic Apperception Test involves telling a story related to a series of cards with an ambiguous scene on them. b. MMPI-2 Incorrect. The MMPI-2 is a personality inventory that uses a pencil and paper format. The correct answer to this question is the TAT. 190. What is one criticism of projective tests? a. They are inappropriate for use with children. b. They are too simple in their administration and scoring. c. They have low validity and reliability. d. They fail to take into account differences in the testing environments. Answer: c. They have low validity and reliability. Correct. Projective tests have low validity and reliability because there is so much interpretation involved. a. They are inappropriate for use with children. Incorrect. There are several projective tests used with children. 191. An assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior(s) that is/are listed on the assessment is called a ____________. a. rating scale b. frequency count c. projective test d. interview Answer: a. rating scale Correct. Rating scales are behavioral assessments that rate or score specific target behaviors. c. projective test Incorrect. A projective test involves the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli by a respondent. 192. Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists rely primarily on ____________. a. projective tests b. direct observation c. detailed analysis of dreams d. interviews Answer: b. direct observation Correct. Direct observation is the underlying mechanism for behaviorists. a. projective tests Incorrect. Assessors who are behaviorists just record what they see and do not look for projected unconscious thoughts and feelings. 193. Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists sometimes make use of _______. a. projective tests b. introjective tests c. reports by friends d. rating scales and frequency counts Answer: d. rating scales and frequency counts Correct. Rating scales and frequency counts are often used by behaviorists when they assess personality. c. reports by friends Incorrect. Reports by friends are of little value to behaviorists. 194. Probably the biggest problem with personality assessments by behaviorists is the _______. a. observer effect b. subject bias c. experimenter bias d. test bias Answer: a. observer effect Correct. The observer cannot help but be subjective. b. subject bias Incorrect. Subject bias is not a big problem in personality assessments by behaviorists. 195. If you are completing a paper/pencil test that requires you to read statements and indicate “true” or “false” as to whether or not they apply to you, then you are likely taking a(n)________. a. observational measure b. TAT c. projective test d. personality inventory Answer: d. personality inventory Correct. Personality inventories require you to answer questions like this in a paper/pencil type format. b. TAT Incorrect. The TAT, or Thematic Apperception Test, is a form of a projective test. 196. As part of an application for a job, Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as “I feel sad most of the time,” or “I had a good childhood.” What type of psychological test is Dan taking? a. a behavioral log b. the TAT c. a projective test d. an inventory Answer: d. an inventory Correct. Inventories typically ask a series of short questions. b. the TAT Incorrect. The TAT is a projective test. 197. All the following are projective tests EXCEPT the ______________. a. Rorschach test b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) c. House-Tree-Person Test d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Answer: d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Correct. The MMPI is an inventory that asks straightforward questions, not a projective test. b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Incorrect. The TAT is a projective test that asks the participant to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on. 198. Someone interested in an inventory that might be helpful for making a career choice should try _______. a. the TAT b. a Rorschach test c. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator d. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Answer: c. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Correct. The Myers-Briggs test is often used for career choice assessment. d. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Incorrect. The MMPI is more likely to be used for assessing abnormal behavior and personality dysfunction rather than career choice. 199. As part of the initial screening for possible employment, a nuclear power company administers a psychological test that yields scores on tendencies toward depression and schizophrenia. What is the name of this psychological test? a. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) b. Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator c. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (WAIS) d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Answer: d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Correct. The MMPI tests for abnormal behavior patterns. b. Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator Incorrect. The Myers-Briggs does not focus on abnormal behaviors. 200. The most commonly used personality inventory is the _____________. a. MMPI-2 b. MBTI c. TAT d. CPI Answer: a. MMPI-2 Correct. The MMPI-2 is used more often than any other inventory. b. MBTI Incorrect. The MMPI-2 is used more often than any other inventory. 201. What is one purpose of the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? a. to assess levels of current stressors b. to check the appropriateness of a particular diagnosis c. to detect tendencies of test takers to present themselves in a favorable light d. to distinguish items that incorrectly diagnose from those that correctly diagnose an individual Answer: c. to detect tendencies of test takers to present themselves in a favorable light Correct. The MMPI is one of the few tests that checks whether test takers are trying to present themselves in a favorable light. b. to check the appropriateness of a particular diagnosis Incorrect. The MMPI assesses, but it does not diagnose. 202. While taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Vince notices that it contains certain questions that are asked several times in different ways. He asks his daughter, who is a graduate student in psychology, why that is. What is his daughter likely to say? a. Truly psychotic individuals expect to find “strange” items on tests. b. Those items contain hidden content that is not apparent to normal people. c. Some items are used to determine if test takers are trying to “fake” the test by not reading. d. The MMPI contains a number of experimental items that are used in developing future versions of the test. Answer: c. Some items are used to determine if test takers are trying to “fake” the test by not reading. Correct. Repeating a certain question in different ways helps testers check for valid answers. b. Those items contain hidden content that is not apparent to normal people. Incorrect. Repeating a question will help check for valid answers. 203. The main advantage of personality inventories over projective tests and interviews is _____________. a. inventories are standardized b. interviews are standardized c. interviews have higher validity d. There are no major differences Answer: a. inventories are standardized Correct. Standardization is a positive aspect of inventories. c. interviews have higher validity Incorrect. Interviews are varied and often lack validity. 204. One of the dangers of taking online personality tests is ____________. a. they are all invalid b. there is a small normative group c. there are too few of them d. there is no face-to-face contact to help put the results in perspective Answer: d. there is no face-to-face contact to help put the results in perspective Correct. Putting the results in perspective is important and online tests do not do that. c. there are too few of them Incorrect. There are numerous online personality tests. TRUE OR FALSE 1. Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex. Answer: True Rationale: Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized the significance of unconscious conflicts, many of which were believed to stem from sexual and aggressive instincts. He posited that unresolved conflicts during psychosexual development could lead to various psychological disorders later in life. 2. The id operates according to the reality principle. Answer: False Rationale: The id operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of instinctual needs and desires without regard for consequences or reality. It is the ego that operates according to the reality principle, balancing the demands of the id with the constraints of the external world. 3. Steve is extremely uptight and compulsively neat and orderly. According to Freudian theory, he became fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development. Answer: False Rationale: According to Freudian theory, fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development is associated with issues related to dependency, trust, and aggression. Steve's traits of being uptight and compulsively neat and orderly may be more indicative of fixation at the anal stage, where conflicts regarding control, orderliness, and autonomy arise. 4. According to Freud, the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the phallic stage. Answer: True Rationale: In Freudian theory, the phallic stage (ages 3 to 6) is characterized by the development of the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls. During this stage, children form a strong attachment to the parent of the opposite sex (e.g., boys to their mothers) and may experience jealousy or rivalry with the same-sex parent. 5. According to Freud, girls have to go through the Oedipus complex, but boys don’t. Answer: False Rationale: According to Freud, both boys and girls go through psychosexual stages that involve conflicts related to sexual desires and parental relationships. Boys experience the Oedipus complex, while girls experience the Electra complex, both of which occur during the phallic stage of development. 6. Jung’s collective unconscious and Freud’s unconscious are very similar. Answer: False Rationale: While both Jung and Freud proposed the existence of unconscious processes, they conceptualized them differently. Freud's unconscious primarily contained repressed memories, desires, and instincts, whereas Jung's collective unconscious consisted of universal symbols and archetypes shared across cultures and inherited from ancestral experiences. 7. Karen Horney viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the basic anxiety all people share. Answer: True Rationale: Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian psychologist, emphasized the role of basic anxiety in personality development. She believed that basic anxiety, stemming from childhood experiences of helplessness and insecurity, could lead to the development of neurotic personality traits and coping mechanisms. 8. Freud’s psychodynamic theory has been completely disregarded since the advent of new technology that has allowed us to understand the brain differently. Answer: False Rationale: While Freud's psychoanalytic theory has faced criticism and undergone modifications over time, it has not been completely disregarded. Many aspects of psychodynamic theory, such as the influence of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences on personality, continue to be influential in psychology and psychotherapy. 9. Freud’s theories about how early childhood experiences impact later life personality came from his direct observation of children in his clinical practice. Answer: False Rationale: Freud's theories about early childhood experiences and their impact on personality development were largely based on his clinical observations of adult patients, rather than direct observation of children. Freud developed his theories through psychoanalytic therapy sessions and case studies involving adults recounting their childhood experiences. 10. Albert Bandura called the relationship of the three factors that influence personality psychic determinism. Answer: False Rationale: Albert Bandura introduced the concept of reciprocal determinism to describe the dynamic interplay between personal factors, behavior, and the environment in shaping personality and behavior. Psychic determinism is a term associated with Freudian psychoanalytic theory, referring to the belief that all mental processes, including personality, are determined by unconscious forces and childhood experiences. 11. Self-efficacy refers to the ability of a person to give unconditional positive regard. Answer: False Rationale: Self-efficacy, a concept introduced by Albert Bandura, refers to an individual's belief in their ability to accomplish specific tasks or goals. It is not related to giving unconditional positive regard, which is a concept in Carl Rogers' humanistic theory related to acceptance and empathy towards others. 12. According to Rogers, a person whose real self and ideal self are close has a better chance of reaching self-actualization. Answer: True Rationale: Carl Rogers proposed that self-actualization, the realization of one's potential and fulfillment of personal goals, is facilitated when there is congruence between the real self (one's current self-concept) and the ideal self (the self one aspires to be). When these selves are closely aligned, individuals experience greater psychological well-being and growth. 13. According to Rogers, one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be is called the real self. Answer: False Rationale: According to Carl Rogers, the real self refers to the individual's current self-concept, or how they perceive themselves to be. The perception of whom one should be or would like to be is termed the ideal self, representing the individual's aspirations and goals for personal growth and fulfillment. 14. Gordon Allport thought traits were wired into the brain. Answer: True Rationale: Gordon Allport, a prominent trait theorist, believed that traits were predispositions to behave in certain ways, and he suggested that these traits were innate and biologically determined. While contemporary perspectives acknowledge the role of both genetics and environmental influences on personality traits, Allport's emphasis on the biological basis of traits aligns with this statement. 15. A great way to remember the Big Five personality traits is with the acronym OAKEN. Answer: False Rationale: The Big Five personality traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism) are typically remembered using the acronym OCEAN, not OAKEN. OAKEN does not accurately represent the five dimensions of personality. 16. The Minnesota Twin Studies have determined, as a result of years of research, that personality is entirely genetic and is not influenced by our surroundings or environment. Answer: False Rationale: The Minnesota Twin Studies have contributed valuable insights into the heritability of personality traits, suggesting a significant genetic influence. However, these studies also recognize the role of environmental factors in shaping personality, highlighting the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental influences. 17. The Big Five personality dimensions are in direct competition with Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Answer: False Rationale: The Big Five personality dimensions and Hofstede's cultural dimensions are distinct frameworks used to understand different aspects of human behavior. The Big Five focuses on individual differences in personality traits, while Hofstede's cultural dimensions explore cultural variations in values and beliefs. They are not in direct competition but can complement each other in understanding human behavior across cultures. 18. The MMPI-2 and the TAT are both well-known projective tests. Answer: False Rationale: The MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2) is a well-known objective personality test, whereas the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) is a projective test. While both tests are used in personality assessment, they differ in their administration and scoring methods. 19. Projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test have a distinct advantage over other tests because of their high validity and reliability. Answer: False Rationale: Projective tests, including the Rorschach inkblot test, often face criticisms regarding their validity and reliability. Interpretations of responses can vary widely among clinicians, leading to concerns about the consistency and accuracy of results. Objective personality tests, such as the MMPI-2, typically demonstrate higher levels of validity and reliability. 20. The validity scales of the MMPI-2 are always able to detect when people are answering dishonestly. Answer: False Rationale: While the MMPI-2 includes validity scales designed to assess response patterns and detect potential response bias or faking, they are not foolproof and may not always accurately detect dishonesty. Individuals may still attempt to manipulate their responses, leading to challenges in accurately assessing their true psychological functioning. 21. The main advantage of personality inventories over projective tests and interviews is that inventories are standardized. Answer: True Rationale: Personality inventories, such as the MMPI-2 or the Big Five Inventory, are standardized assessments with established norms and scoring procedures, enhancing their reliability and validity. In contrast, projective tests and interviews may involve more subjective interpretation and scoring, potentially leading to greater variability in results. SHORT ANSWER 1. Briefly discuss Freud’s idea of the unconscious. Answer: Freud's idea of the unconscious revolves around the notion that a significant portion of human mental activity occurs outside of conscious awareness. According to Freudian theory, the unconscious mind contains repressed thoughts, desires, memories, and impulses that influence behavior and can cause psychological distress. Freud believed that accessing and understanding the unconscious was essential for treating mental disorders through psychoanalysis. 2. Define id, ego, and superego. Answer: • Id: The id is the primitive, instinctual part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and desires, regardless of consequences. It is present from birth and operates unconsciously. • Ego: The ego develops out of the id and operates on the reality principle. It mediates between the id's demands for immediate gratification and the superego's moral standards. The ego seeks to satisfy the id's desires in a socially acceptable manner. • Superego: The superego represents the internalized moral standards and values of society, as well as the individual's ideals and conscience. It develops during childhood through interactions with caregivers and societal influences. 3. Describe an adult who is fixated in the oral stage. Answer: An adult fixated in the oral stage, according to Freudian theory, may exhibit behaviors associated with dependency, such as overeating, smoking, or excessive dependence on others for emotional support. They may have difficulty forming secure attachments or maintaining independence. Additionally, they might display behaviors related to oral aggression, such as sarcasm or verbal hostility. 4. What did Carl Jung mean by collective unconsciousness? Answer: Carl Jung's concept of the collective unconscious refers to the part of the unconscious mind that contains inherited, universal symbols and themes shared by all humans across cultures. These symbols, or archetypes, represent fundamental human experiences and themes, such as birth, death, and the quest for meaning. Jung believed that the collective unconscious shapes individual behavior, personality, and cultural expression. 5. Discuss one major difference between modern psychoanalytic theory and Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis. Answer: One major difference between modern psychoanalytic theory and Freud's theory of psychoanalysis is the emphasis on interpersonal relationships and social factors in modern approaches. While Freud primarily focused on intrapsychic conflicts and early childhood experiences, modern psychoanalytic theorists, such as object relations theorists, emphasize the importance of relational dynamics, attachment patterns, and the social context in shaping personality development and mental health. 6. Briefly discuss how the behaviorists explain personality. Answer: Behaviorists explain personality through the principles of classical and operant conditioning. They propose that personality is primarily shaped by environmental influences and learned behaviors. According to behaviorist theory, individuals develop consistent patterns of behavior (personality traits) through the reinforcement and punishment of specific behaviors. Personality traits are seen as responses to environmental stimuli rather than innate characteristics. 7. Discuss the major similarity between the personality theories of Albert Bandura and Julian Rotter. Answer: A major similarity between the personality theories of Albert Bandura and Julian Rotter is their emphasis on the role of cognitive processes in shaping behavior. Both Bandura's social cognitive theory and Rotter's social learning theory highlight the importance of cognitive factors, such as beliefs, expectations, and self-efficacy, in influencing behavior. They argue that individuals actively process information about themselves, their environment, and the consequences of their actions, which in turn affects their behavior and personality development. 8. What does Carl Rogers mean by unconditional positive regard? Answer: Carl Rogers defined unconditional positive regard as an attitude of acceptance, warmth, and nonjudgmental understanding towards another person. It involves valuing and respecting individuals for who they are, regardless of their behavior or characteristics. Rogers believed that experiencing unconditional positive regard from others is essential for healthy psychological development and self-actualization. 9. What is a trait? Answer: A trait is a relatively stable and enduring characteristic or pattern of behavior that describes an individual's typical way of thinking, feeling, and acting across different situations. Traits represent consistent tendencies or predispositions that distinguish one person from another. Trait theory focuses on identifying and measuring these stable dimensions of personality to understand individual differences. 10. Define the term “trait-situation interaction” and give two examples of how this might appear in the real world. Answer: Trait-situation interaction refers to the idea that the expression of personality traits can vary depending on the specific situation or context. While individuals may possess certain traits, the way these traits manifest in behavior can be influenced by environmental factors or situational demands. Examples: • An introverted individual (trait) may behave more extraverted in social situations where they feel comfortable and accepted, but revert to introverted behavior in unfamiliar or threatening environments. • A highly conscientious person (trait) may demonstrate greater flexibility and spontaneity in leisure activities, but exhibit strict adherence to rules and routines in a work or academic setting where structure is emphasized. 11. Describe what is meant by a collectivist culture. Answer: A collectivist culture refers to a societal framework where the emphasis is placed on the group rather than the individual. In such cultures, people prioritize the needs and goals of the community, family, or social group over personal desires or ambitions. Values like cooperation, harmony, and interdependence are highly esteemed. Collectivist cultures often prioritize familial bonds, social cohesion, and maintaining group harmony. 12. Describe one projective test and list its advantages and disadvantages. Answer: One example of a projective test is the Rorschach Inkblot Test. In this test, individuals are presented with a series of inkblots and asked to describe what they see in each one. The responses are then analyzed by a trained psychologist to gain insights into the individual's personality traits, emotions, and thought processes. Advantages: 1. Depth of Exploration: The Rorschach test allows for a deep exploration of an individual's inner world, providing insights into subconscious thoughts and feelings. 2. Flexibility: The test's open-ended nature allows for a wide range of responses, providing a comprehensive view of the individual's psyche. 3. Clinical Utility: It can be useful in diagnosing certain psychological disorders and understanding complex personality dynamics. Disadvantages: 1. Subjectivity: Interpretation of responses can vary among clinicians, leading to subjectivity and potential bias. 2. Reliability and Validity Concerns: Critics argue that the test lacks consistent reliability and validity across different populations and settings. 3. Limited Standardization: There's limited standardization in administration and scoring, which can impact the test's reliability and comparability of results. ESSAY 1. Using any two of the different perspectives of personality theory, discuss your own personality. What are your positive and not-so-positive attributes? Have you ever stopped to wonder how you became the person you are? What do you think contributes to the personality you have developed? Are there ways you’d like to change your personality? Do you think those changes are possible? Answer: Drawing from the humanistic and trait perspectives of personality theory, I can reflect on my own personality. Positively, I exhibit traits such as conscientiousness, openness to experience, and empathy, which align with the humanistic view of self-actualization and personal growth. However, I also recognize not-so-positive attributes such as occasional procrastination and perfectionism, which could be viewed through the lens of trait theory. Reflecting on how I became the person I am involves considering various factors, including genetic predispositions, upbringing, social environment, and personal experiences. My family values, education, cultural background, and significant life events have all played a role in shaping my personality. While certain aspects of my personality may be deeply ingrained, I believe change is possible through self-awareness, effort, and personal growth strategies. I aim to work on managing perfectionism and procrastination by adopting healthier coping mechanisms and refining time management skills. 2. What is the main sticking point between the theories of Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney? How are their theories alike? Which do you agree with, if either? Answer: The main sticking point between Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Karen Horney's psychoanalytic social theory lies in their perspectives on the origins of personality development, particularly regarding the role of childhood experiences and the significance of the unconscious mind. Freud emphasized the importance of innate drives, such as the libido and aggressive instincts, and the influence of early childhood experiences, particularly the resolution of psychosexual conflicts. In contrast, Horney focused more on the impact of social and cultural factors, such as parental behavior and societal expectations, on personality development. Despite their differences, both Freud and Horney shared some similarities in their emphasis on the unconscious mind and the role of defense mechanisms in coping with anxiety. They also both contributed to the understanding of human behavior by exploring the complexities of the psyche. Regarding agreement, it depends on the aspect of personality theory being considered. While Freud's emphasis on unconscious processes has influenced many aspects of psychology, including psychotherapy, Horney's focus on cultural influences and interpersonal relationships resonates with contemporary perspectives on personality development. 3. Why does Freudian theory garner so much criticism? What are some positive qualities of Freud’s theory that might describe behavior in the twenty-first century? Answer: Freudian theory attracts criticism due to several reasons, including its emphasis on sexuality and aggression as primary motivators, its lack of empirical evidence, and its deterministic view of human behavior. Critics argue that Freud's theories are overly complex and difficult to test scientifically, leading to skepticism about their validity and applicability to modern psychology. However, Freud's theory also possesses positive qualities that remain relevant in the twenty-first century. For instance, his conceptualization of defense mechanisms, such as repression and projection, offers insights into how individuals cope with stress and anxiety. Additionally, Freud's recognition of the unconscious mind's influence on behavior has paved the way for contemporary psychodynamic approaches and therapies. Despite criticism, Freud's enduring impact on psychology underscores the continued relevance of certain aspects of his theory in understanding human behavior. 4. Take two of the main ideas of Carl Jung’s theory and apply them to any of the Harry Potter films. Be sure to include the ideas of archetypes and the collective unconscious. Answer: In Carl Jung's theory, archetypes represent universal symbols and themes that are deeply embedded in the collective unconscious of humanity. One prominent archetype is the "hero," symbolizing courage, resilience, and the journey toward self-discovery and transformation. In the Harry Potter series, the character of Harry Potter himself embodies the hero archetype as he navigates the challenges of his magical world, confronts his own fears and insecurities, and ultimately fulfills his destiny by defeating the dark wizard Voldemort. Another key concept in Jungian theory is the collective unconscious, which refers to the reservoir of shared, inherited experiences and symbols that are common to all human beings across cultures. In the Harry Potter films, the magical world depicted at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry serves as a metaphorical representation of the collective unconscious. It is a realm where archetypal themes such as the battle between good and evil, the quest for knowledge and self-realization, and the importance of friendship and loyalty are explored. 5. Discuss the similarities between Carl Jung and Carl Rogers. How do their theories explain the self? Answer: Carl Jung and Carl Rogers, despite differing in some aspects of their theories, share similarities in their emphasis on the importance of the self and its development. Both Jung and Rogers recognized the significance of the individual's subjective experience in shaping personality and behavior. Jung's concept of the self represents the striving for wholeness and integration of the various aspects of the psyche, including the conscious and unconscious elements. Similarly, Rogers emphasized the self-concept, which encompasses an individual's perceptions, beliefs, and values about oneself. Furthermore, both theorists highlighted the role of personal growth and self-actualization in psychological development. Jung viewed the process of individuation as the journey toward realizing one's true self and fulfilling one's potential, while Rogers described self-actualization as the innate tendency for individuals to move toward fulfillment and personal growth. Overall, while Jung focused more on the integration of the unconscious and the collective unconscious, and Rogers emphasized self-awareness and congruence in the therapeutic process, both theorists contributed to our understanding of the self and its significance in human experience. 6. What are the pros and cons of trait theories of personality? Answer: Pros: 1. Descriptive: Trait theories provide a systematic framework for describing and categorizing personality traits, facilitating communication and understanding among researchers and practitioners. 2. Predictive Validity: Traits identified through trait theories have demonstrated predictive validity in various domains, such as academic achievement, job performance, and interpersonal relationships. 3. Stability: Trait theories suggest that personality traits are relatively stable over time, providing a sense of continuity and consistency in individuals' behavior across different situations and contexts. Cons: 1. Lack of Explanation: Trait theories focus primarily on describing personality traits without delving into the underlying mechanisms or processes that give rise to these traits, limiting their explanatory power. 2. Situational Influences: Trait theories may overlook the impact of situational factors on behavior, as traits alone may not fully account for the variability in individuals' responses to different situations. 3. Measurement Challenges: Assessing personality traits can be challenging due to issues such as social desirability bias, response distortion, and the complexity of capturing the full range of human personality traits accurately. Overall, while trait theories offer valuable insights into the structure and organization of personality, they have limitations in explaining the dynamic and contextual nature of human behavior. 7. If you had to have a personality assessment, which type (projective, interview, inventory) would you prefer? Would you want more than one approach taken? What are the benefits and drawbacks of the approaches you selected? Answer: If I had to undergo a personality assessment, I would prefer the inventory approach. Specifically, I would opt for a well-validated self-report inventory like the Big Five Inventory (BFI) or the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI). These inventories provide a structured format for assessing personality traits, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of various dimensions of personality. Additionally, I would welcome the use of multiple approaches, including interviews or behavioral observations, to complement the inventory results and provide a more holistic understanding of my personality. Benefits of the inventory approach include: 1. Objectivity: Self-report inventories offer a standardized method of assessment, minimizing the subjective interpretation often associated with projective techniques. 2. Efficiency: Inventory-based assessments are typically time-efficient and can be administered to large groups of individuals simultaneously. 3. Quantifiability: The quantitative nature of inventory data allows for statistical analysis and comparison across individuals or groups. Drawbacks of the inventory approach include: 1. Social Desirability Bias: Respondents may provide socially desirable responses, leading to inaccuracies in self-report data. 2. Lack of Context: Inventories may not capture the nuances of personality dynamics or situational influences, as they rely on broad trait descriptions. 3. Limited Insight into Unconscious Processes: Unlike projective techniques, inventories may not uncover unconscious aspects of personality or underlying psychological conflicts. 8. If you were to design a personality test, what things would you have to consider? Which of the personality tests that you have studied would you use as a model and why? Answer: Designing a personality test requires careful consideration of several factors to ensure its validity, reliability, and practical utility. Some key considerations include: 1. Theoretical Framework: Selecting a theoretical framework that aligns with the goals and objectives of the personality test is essential. Whether drawing from trait theory, psychodynamic theory, or other perspectives, the theoretical foundation should inform the design and interpretation of the test. 2. Construct Definition: Clearly defining the constructs or dimensions of personality to be assessed is crucial. This involves identifying relevant traits, behaviors, or psychological constructs that the test aims to measure. 3. Item Development: Developing items that accurately capture the intended constructs while minimizing response bias and ambiguity is essential. Item selection should encompass a diverse range of content and ensure adequate coverage of the construct domain. 4. Psychometric Properties: Evaluating the reliability and validity of the test through rigorous psychometric analysis is necessary. This includes assessing internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity. 5. Standardization and Norming: Establishing standardized administration procedures and normative data is essential for interpreting test results and comparing individuals' scores to relevant reference groups. As for selecting a model, I would consider using the Big Five model as a framework for designing the personality test. The Big Five model offers a comprehensive and empirically supported taxonomy of personality traits, facilitating the development of a test that captures the broad dimensions of personality. Additionally, the Big Five traits have been linked to various outcomes and behaviors, enhancing the practical utility of the test for both research and applied purposes. 9. Which parts of the brain have been found to be associated with the different factors in the “Big Five” model. Answer: Research investigating the neural correlates of the Big Five personality factors has identified several brain regions associated with each trait: 1. Extraversion: Brain regions implicated in extraversion include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. These areas are involved in social behavior, reward processing, and emotional regulation. 2. Neuroticism: Neuroticism is associated with heightened activity in the amygdala, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex, which are involved in processing negative emotions, threat detection, and emotional reactivity. 3. Agreeableness: Brain regions linked to agreeableness include the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and temporoparietal junction, which are involved in empathy, social cognition, and moral decision-making. 4. Conscientiousness: Conscientiousness is associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum, which are implicated in executive functioning, impulse control, and goal-directed behavior. 5. Openness to Experience: Openness is related to activity in the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and temporal lobes, regions associated with cognitive flexibility, creativity, and novelty-seeking behavior. While these associations provide insights into the neural basis of personality, it's important to note that personality traits are complex and multifaceted constructs influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Chapter 13 - Quick Quiz 1 1. When one thinks of “value judgment” in relation to personality, one is thinking about ____________. a) soul b) character c) temperament d) conscience Answer: b Explanation: Character is value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior. 2. What is Freud’s term for the primitive, biological side of personality? a) id b) ego c) superego d) preconscious Answer: a Explanation: The id is the primitive, biological side of personality. 3. Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ________. a) collective b) animus c) anima d) preconscious Answer: a Explanation: Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the collective. 4. You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon. As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room, you hope the surgeon has a high level of _____. a) ego b) extraversion c) self-efficacy d) superego Answer: c Explanation: Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance and is related to confidence. 5. What do Abraham Maslow’s and Carl Rogers’s theories have in common? a) They are both stage theories. b) They focus on unconscious motivation. c) They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny. d) They both fit in the learning/cognitive perspective. Answer: c Explanation: Both Maslow and Rogers believed in the concept of innate human freedom. 6. What did Raymond Cattell call the underlying traits that direct surface traits? a) source traits b) secondary traits c) background traits d) subordinate traits Answer: a Explanation: According to Cattell, source traits underlie surface traits. 7. Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits have _____________. a) disputed the findings of twin studies b) been attacked for ethical reasons c) confirmed what twin studies have shown d) shown that twin studies have methods that need to be reexamined Answer: c Explanation: Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits report findings similar to those of twin studies. 8. Freud’s refusal to believe his patients who said they were sexually molested as children is an example of _________. a) the horn effect b) unconscious motives c) interviewer bias d) the halo effect Answer: c Explanation: Freud chose to interpret these reports as fantasy rather than reality so his theory would be justified. 9. Probably the biggest problem with personality assessments by behaviorists is the _____. a) observer effect b) subject bias c) experimenter bias d) test bias Answer: a Explanation: The observer cannot help but be subjective. 10. One of the dangers of taking online personality tests is ____________. a) they are all invalid b) there is a small normative group c) there are too few of them d) there is no face-to-face contact to help put the results in perspective Answer: d Explanation: Putting the results in perspective is important and online tests do not do that. Chapter 13 - Quick Quiz 2 1. Freud believed that the _____________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality. a) id b) preconscious mind c) manifest awareness d) unconscious mind Answer: d Explanation: Freud believed that the unconscious mind determined virtually everything about our behaviors and personality. 2. In Sigmund Freud’s theory, the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle. a) id b) ego c) thanatos d) superego Answer: a Explanation: The pleasure principle is the operative principle for the id.. 3. The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the ____ stage. a) oral b) anal c) phallic d) genital Answer: a Explanation: The need for oral gratification will be affected by weaning from breast feeding. 4. Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and, therefore, must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following will be at the top of your list? a) Children do not have sexual motives. b) Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test. c) Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. d) Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only. Answer: b Explanation: Lack of testability is the main problem with Freud’s theory. 5. _____________ theory is called the third force in personality theory. a) Psychoanalytic b) Behaviorist c) Cognitive d) Humanistic Answer: d Explanation: Humanistic theory is called the third force in personality theory; the first two are psychoanalytic theory and behaviorist theory. 6. Carl Rogers believed people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive ______. a) conditional esteem b) unconditional esteem c) conditional positive regard d) unconditional positive regard Answer: c Explanation: Conditional positive regard creates feelings of inadequacy in the person who does not live up to the expectations set for him or her. 7. Which of the following is correct concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories? a) No evidence has been found to support these theories. b) Research in this area is too new to report any findings. c) Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures. d) Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated. Answer: c Explanation: Research shows over 11 cultures with the five trait dimensions. 8. According to Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural personality, cultures that are __________ are assertive and competitive. a) collectivistic b) masculine c) high in power distance d) high in uncertainty avoidance Answer: b Explanation: Masculine cultures are assertive and competitive. 9. A person’s responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ____________. a) current events b) daydreaming themes c) maladaptive patterns of behavior d) unconscious thoughts and feelings Answer: d Explanation: Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli in the hope that the subject will project unconscious thoughts and feelings onto them. 10. As part of an application for a job, Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as “I feel sad most of the time,” or “I had a good childhood.” What type of psychological test is Dan taking? a) a behavioral log b) the TAT c) a projective test d) an inventory Answer: d Explanation: Inventories typically ask a series of short questions. Test Bank for Psychology: Dsm 5 Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White 9780205986378