CH-7 Cognition Thinking, Intelligence, and Language – Psychology: Dsm 5 : Exam Guide

7. Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language 1. On September 6, 2007, Alex the African gray parrot died. He was an important part of the work conducted by researcher Irene Pepperberg in _________________. a. cognition and communication research b. animal genetics c. motivation d. recall and recognition Answer: a. cognition and communication research Correct. Alex was a research animal in cognition and communication research. b. animal genetics Incorrect. Alex was a research animal in cognition and communication research. 2. The research involving Alex the African gray parrot was based on the groundbreaking work of researcher _______________. a. Premack b. Pepperdine c. Pepperberg d. Popplin Answer: c. Pepperberg Correct. The researcher’s name is Dr. Irene Pepperberg. b. Pepperdine Incorrect. The researcher’s name is Dr. Irene Pepperberg. 3. When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling, the amount of time people take to come up with the answer ______________. a. doesn’t depend on the number of windows b. depends on the number of windows c. depends on the size of the windows d. depends on whether the house had one or two stories, not the number of windows Answer: b. depends on the number of windows Correct. The more windows there are, the longer it takes for them to answer because people mentally walk through the house and count each one. Counting each mentally takes time just as it does in real life. a. doesn’t depend on the number of windows Incorrect. The more windows there are, the longer they take to answer. 4. You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to _________. a. recite a rote list of directions he memorized b. give you the GPS location of his dorm room c. walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it d. none of these Answer: c. walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it Correct. He is most likely to walk through a mental image of the path that he has in his head and describe it to you as he “moves” along it. a. recite a rote list of directions he memorized Incorrect. He is most likely to walk through a mental image of the path. 5. In Kosslyn’s “imaginary island” study, researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that _____________. a. is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact b. has more items in it c. has more colors in it d. contains living things as compared to nonliving items Answer: a. is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact Correct. Researchers did find it takes longer to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact. b. has more items in it Incorrect. Researchers were comparing size and distance, not numbers of items. 6. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image ____________. a. the image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex b. the image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain c. the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex d. there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of visual images Answer: c. the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex Correct. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex. d. there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of visual images Incorrect. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex. 7. Kosslyn asked subjects if frogs have lips and a stubby tail. What did the subjects report? a. They visualized a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and mentally rotated the image to look for the stubby tail. b. They visualized a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”), had it disappear, and then visualized a completely new frog for a second time with its backside to them. c. They knew the answer but did not have to generate an image. d. They felt that that task was impossible to accomplish. Answer: a. They visualized a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and mentally rotated the image to look for the stubby tail. Correct. The subjects reported visualizing a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and then visualizing the frog for a second time with its backside to them. d. They felt that that task was impossible to accomplish. Incorrect. The subjects reported visualizing a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and then visualizing the frog for a second time with its backside to them. 8. Concepts are ideas that represent ___________. a. a class or category of objects, events, or activities b. patterns of behavior c. higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers d. none of these Answer: a. a class or category of objects, events, or activities Correct. Concepts are defined as ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities. b. patterns of behavior Incorrect. Concepts are mental categories and do not involve behavior. 9. What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics? a. classes b. concepts c. attributes d. classifications Answer: b. concepts Correct. Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics are called concepts. c. attributes Incorrect. Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics are called concepts. 10. Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called ________. a. classes b. concepts c. attributes d. classifications Answer: b. concepts Correct. Ray is using mental categories called concepts, which are ideas that represent a category of objects or events. d. classifications Incorrect. Ray is using mental categories called concepts, which are ideas that represent a category of objects or events. Classifications is not a term used for this process. 11. Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary’s idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary’s idea of psychological disorders? a. Gary learned the value of algorithms. b. Gary now uses heuristics. c. The course increased Gary’s ability to use visual imagery. d. The course altered Gary’s concept of psychological disorders. Answer: d. The course altered Gary’s concept of psychological disorders. Correct. A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered his concept of psychological disorders because of the new information presented to him. b. Gary now uses heuristics. Incorrect. A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered his concept of psychological disorders. Heuristics are rules of thumbs used in problem solving. 12. Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be ____________. a. easier to learn b. very clear and well defined c. fuzzy with unclear boundaries d. good fits with a rigid classification system Answer: c. fuzzy with unclear boundaries Correct. Natural concepts tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries. b. very clear and well defined Incorrect. Natural concepts tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries. 13. Which is the most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle”? a. glider b. car c. scooter d. bicycle Answer: b. car Correct. The most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle” is a car, because it is most familiar to folks today. d. bicycle Incorrect. The most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle” is a car. Bicycles aren’t as commonly used as cars. 14. Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)? a. grape b. apple c. orange d. olive Answer: d. olive Correct. Most people would take longest to identify an olive as a fruit because it has the fewest characteristics of the prototype of fruit. c. orange Incorrect. An orange closely matches the prototype of fruit. 15. The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the ________. a. schema b. prototype c. concept marker d. category marker Answer: b. prototype Correct. A prototype refers to the most typical example of a concept. c. concept marker Incorrect. Concept markers are not discussed in this chapter. 16. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as ______________. a. the use of a heuristic device b. the use of algorithms c. the mechanical solution d. the A.I. solution Answer: c. the mechanical solution Correct. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as the mechanical solution. a. the use of a heuristic device Incorrect. A heuristic device is a rule of thumb. 17. What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists? a. heuristic method b. algorithmic method c. mnemonic device d. cognitive shortcut Answer: b. algorithmic method Correct. The systematic problem-solving method that guarantees a solution is the algorithmic method. For example, the Pythagorean theorem is algorithmic in a Euclidean space. a. heuristic method Incorrect. The heuristic strategy is called a “rule of thumb” and does not guarantee a solution. 18. Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what type of problem solving strategy? a. an algorithm b. a heuristic c. a means-end strategy d. a hunch Answer: a. an algorithm Correct. An algorithm is a set of steps that, if followed methodically, will guarantee that the correct solution to a problem will be achieved. b. a heuristic Incorrect. A heuristic is a rule-of-thumb strategy that does not guarantee the correct solution to a problem but offers a likely shortcut to that solution. 19. Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as “drawing figures and figuring drawings.” In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call ___________. a. heuristics b. logarithms c. algorithms d. convergence Answer: c. algorithms Correct. Sally is making use of algorithms because the rules will always produce a solution. a. heuristics Incorrect. Sally is making use of algorithms because the geometric rules always work. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution. 20. What problem-solving strategies don’t guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time? a. heuristics b. algorithms c. mnemonic devices d. cognitive shortcuts Answer: a. heuristics Correct. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution but make efficient use of time. d. cognitive shortcuts Incorrect. Cognitive shortcuts is an appealing term but it is not a definitional one used in the study of problem solving. 21. An advantage of algorithms over heuristic is ________ a. algorithms are much faster b. algorithms guarantee a correct answer c. algorithms are short-cuts d. algorithms use rules-of-thumb Answer: b. algorithms guarantee a correct answer Correct. Algorithms guarantee that if a correct solution is available, it will be achieved. Heuristics make no such guarantee. a. algorithms are much faster Incorrect. Generally speaking, heuristics are faster than algorithms. 22. An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________. a. the heuristic insures a correct answer b. the heuristic takes longer and is more accurate c. the heuristic can be quicker d. the heuristic always works the same way Answer: c. the heuristic can be quicker Correct. A heuristic is a mental shortcut, so it is often faster than an algorithm. a. the heuristic insures a correct answer Incorrect. A heuristic is a shortcut, but it does not guarantee that the correct answer to a problem will be achieved. 23. In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________. a. heuristics b. algorithms c. mnemonic devices d. cognitive shortcuts Answer: a. heuristics Correct. The term rule of thumb refers to heuristics. d. cognitive shortcuts Incorrect. The term rule of thumb refers to heuristics. 24. Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student? a. They are using the availability heuristic. b. They are using the representativeness heuristic. c. People seek only confirming information. d. People tend to make relative comparisons. Answer: b. They are using the representativeness heuristic. Correct. They are using the representativeness heuristic because being male and being ambitious, athletic, and assertive are more typical and, thus, representative. a. They are using the availability heuristic. Incorrect. Availability refers to whether an item is easy to remember. 25. Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter “k” than there are with the letter “k” in the third position due to the ________. a. representativeness heuristic b. availability heuristic c. planning fallacy d. confirmation bias Answer: b. availability heuristic Correct. The availability heuristic is a strategy in which we judge objects or events as more likely, common, or frequent if they are easier to retrieve from memory. d. confirmation bias Incorrect. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias. 26. In a heuristic called ___________, a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal and then tries to reduce that difference by various methods. a. means–end analysis b. availability heuristic c. representative heuristic d. rule of linked arms Answer: a. means–end analysis Correct. In a means–end analysis, a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal and then tries to reduce that difference by various means, or methods. d. rule of linked arms Incorrect. The correct heuristic is a means—end analysis. The rule of linked arms sounds like trying to reduce differences by linking items, but it is not a term that is used. 27. A seemingly arbitrary flash “out of the blue,” through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you “figured it out,” is called ______. a. brainstorming b. priming c. insight d. a mental set Answer: c. insight Correct. A flash of problem solving is called insight. d. a mental set Incorrect. A flash of problem solving is called insight. Mental set refers to being stuck in a problem-solving mode. 28. Kohler demonstrated “Aha!” or insight behavior with ______________. a. birds b. dogs c. cats d. chimps Answer: d. chimps Correct. Kohler used chimps. b. dogs Incorrect. Kohler used chimps. 29. What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it? a. confirmation bias b. convergent thinking c. availability heuristic d. representativeness heuristic Answer: a. confirmation bias Correct. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias. d. representativeness heuristic Incorrect. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias. 30. A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome? a. relative comparison b. functional fixedness c. poor problem representation d. the representative heuristic Answer: b. functional fixedness Correct. Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness. d. the representative heuristic Incorrect. Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness. 31. Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper clip. What has he most likely overcome in his new use of the paper clip? a. functional fixedness b. the representational problem c. the representative heuristic d. the confirmation bias Answer: a. functional fixedness Correct. Functional fixedness refers to getting mentally stuck in the idea that a particular object can only be used in a singular way. d. the confirmation bias Incorrect. The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to actively seek out information that supports our existing beliefs, while disregarding information that disconfirms our beliefs. 32. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called __________. a. mental set b. means–end analysis c. noncompensatory modeling d. prototypical idealization Answer: a. mental set Correct. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. d. prototypical idealization Incorrect. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. 33. Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the “bad guy” used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating ____________. a. mental set b. confirmation bias c. stereotype threat d. mindlessness Answer: b. confirmation bias Correct. Agatha is demonstrating confirmation bias by concerning herself only with information that backs up, or confirms, what she already believes. a. mental set Incorrect. Mental set is defined as the tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past, which is not relevant to what Agatha is demonstrating in this example. 34. The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe ________. a. the scientific method as true b. information that agrees with our thinking c. information that refutes our thinking d. logical thinking Answer: b. information that agrees with our thinking Correct. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias. d. logical thinking Incorrect. One of the greatest misfortunes of the confirmation bias is that one often takes leave of logic when applying this bias. 35. The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called ____________. a. creativity b. insight c. heuristics d. latent learning Answer: a. creativity Correct. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called creativity. b. insight Incorrect. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called creativity. Insight is a rapid solution to a problem. 36. ___________ thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed. a. Heuristic b. Divergent c. Insightful d. Convergent Answer: d. Convergent Correct. Convergent thinking works pretty well for routine problem solving but not when a more creative solution is needed. b. Divergent Incorrect. Divergent thinking is often the best thing to use when a more creative solution is needed. 37. A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in ______. a. functional thinking b. circular thinking c. convergent thinking d. divergent thinking Answer: d. divergent thinking Correct. The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point. c. convergent thinking Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. 38. What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question? a. decisive b. convergent c. heuristic d. divergent Answer: d. divergent Correct. Divergent thinking involves taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question. b. convergent Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of thinking converge on that one answer. 39. A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in ______. a. functional thinking b. circular thinking c. convergent thinking d. divergent thinking Answer: d. divergent thinking Correct. The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point. c. convergent thinking Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. 40. Coming up with as many different uses of a brick as possible, such as using them for doorstops, is a type of ________ thinking. a. disordered b. divergent c. associative d. convergent Answer: b. divergent Correct. Divergent thinking occurs when you come at a problem from a number of different angles. It often results in several answers to a single question. d. convergent Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when you narrow from the many options down to a single answer to a question. 41. Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking? a. “What is a stapler?” b. “How do you spell stapler?” c. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” d. “What does a stapler look like?” Answer: c. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” Correct. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” will produce more divergent thinking because there are many possible answers. d. “What does a stapler look like?” Incorrect. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” will produce more divergent thinking. 42. Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity? a. heuristic b. divergent c. insightful d. convergent Answer: b. divergent Correct. Divergent thinking is most closely related to creativity. d. convergent Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of thinking converge on that one answer. 43. A group of businessmen and women get together to try to solve the problem of decreased sales of their company’s products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called _____________. a. brainstorming b. keeping a journal c. free writing d. mind or subject mapping Answer: a. brainstorming Correct. The technique of generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them is called brainstorming. c. free writing Incorrect. Free writing is a literary technique to get someone started in writing an essay. 44. The divergent thinking technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a “map” with lines from the center to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as __________. a. brainstorming b. keeping a journal c. free writing d. mind or subject mapping Answer: d. mind or subject mapping Correct. The technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a “map” with lines from the center to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as mind or subject mapping. a. brainstorming Incorrect. Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. 45. The divergent thinking technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded and then organizing it later is known as _____________. a. brainstorming b. keeping a journal c. freewriting d. mind or subject mapping Answer: c. freewriting Correct. The technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded and then organizing it later is known freewriting. a. brainstorming Incorrect. Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. 46. Which is NOT a characteristic of creative people? a. They usually have a broad range of knowledge about a lot of subjects and are good at using mental imagery. b. They are often conventional in their personal lifestyles and take few social risks. c. They aren’t afraid to be different, are more open to new experiences than many people, and tend to have more vivid dreams and daydreams than others do. d. They value their independence. Answer: b. They are often conventional in their personal lifestyles and take few social risks. Correct. This is not mentioned in the text as a characteristic of creative people. d. They value their independence. Incorrect. They do value their independence. 47. The ability to think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist’s working definition of ____________. a. divergent problem solving b. creative thinking c. heuristic usage d. intelligence Answer: d. intelligence Correct. The ability to think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is a psychologist’s working definition of intelligence. b. creative thinking Incorrect. Creative thinking is a term that encompasses many types of problem solving. 48. Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________. a. the ability to speak different languages b. the Y chromosome c. the ability to adapt to the environment d. only accurate for males Answer: c. the ability to adapt to the environment Correct. Our ability to adapt to changes in our environments is a crucial aspect of intelligence. b. the Y chromosome Incorrect. If this ridiculous answer was correct, then only men would have intelligence. Certainly some of you reading this question would know that that is not a correct statement. If you believe it is a correct statement, you are probably a man. 49. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ____________. a. verbal and mathematical abilities b. crystallized and visual-motor abilities c. general intelligence and specific abilities d. analytical, creative, and practical intelligence Answer: c. general intelligence and specific abilities Correct. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of general intelligence and specific intelligence. a. verbal and mathematical abilities Incorrect. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of general intelligence and specific abilities. 50. Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences? a. poetic b. digital c. creative d. naturalistic Answer: d. naturalistic Correct. Naturalistic intelligence is one of Gardner’s intelligences. c. creative Incorrect. Creative intelligence is not one of Gardner’s intelligences. 51. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ______. a. the generalized theory of intelligence b. the Triarchic theory of intelligence c. the theory of multiple intelligences d. the theory of emotional intelligence Answer: c. the theory of multiple intelligences Correct. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing the theory of multiple intelligences. b. the Triarchic theory of intelligence Incorrect. Sternberg proposed the Triarchic theory of intelligence. 52. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ______ independent abilities. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine Answer: d. nine Correct. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities. a. three Incorrect. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities. 53. A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by ________. a. Gardner b. Spearman c. Sternberg d. Terman Answer: a. Gardner Correct. A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by Gardner. c. Sternberg Incorrect. Sternberg postulated a three-part theory of intelligence. 54. Criticisms of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences include ________. a. the fact that it relies too heavily on g b. there are no concerns c. it appears to describe only those with brain damage d. concerns over measuring and whether these intelligences only refer to talents and skills. Answer: d. concerns over measuring and whether these intelligences only refer to talents and skills. Correct. Some suggest that Gardner’s theory does not refer to concepts that should truly be considered intelligences. b. there are no concerns Incorrect. You would be hard-pressed to find a single theory in all of psychology that presents no concerns of any kind. 55. Sternberg has found that __________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ___________ intelligence. a. practical; analytical b. practical; creative c. analytical; practical d. academic; creative Answer: a. practical; analytical Correct. Sternberg has found that practical intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to analytical intelligence. c. analytical; practical Incorrect. Sternberg has found that practical intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to analytical intelligence. 56. What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence? a. global, intuitive, and special b. general, global, and specific c. analytical, creative, and practical d. mathematical, reasoning, and verbal Answer: c. analytical, creative, and practical Correct. Analytical, creative, and practical are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence. d. mathematical, reasoning, and verbal Incorrect. Analytical, creative, and practical are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence. 57. Which of the following is NOT one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg? a. analytical b. exponential c. practical d. creative Answer: b. exponential Correct. Exponential intelligence is not a term used by Sternberg. a. analytical Incorrect. Sternberg did consider analytical intelligence one of the three areas of intelligence. 58. According to Robert Sternberg, __________________ refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. none of these Answer: a. analytical intelligence Correct. Analytical intelligence is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests. b. creative intelligence Incorrect. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and come up with new ways of solving problems. 59. According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking, in other words). a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. none of these Answer: b. creative intelligence Correct. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems. c. practical intelligence Incorrect. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. 60. According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. none of these Answer: c. practical intelligence Correct. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. b. creative intelligence Incorrect. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and come up with new ways of solving problems. 61. An example of Sternberg’s practical intelligence is ________. a. academic achievement only b. knowing when to plant corn c. having interpersonal and emotional skills d. learning how to write clearly Answer: b. knowing when to plant corn Correct. This is something that might not be readily available in a textbook, but a farmer who knows his or her craft would be able to make this decision with high accuracy. a. academic achievement only Incorrect. This would demonstrate analytical intelligence. 62. Shalissa is described as being tactful and able to manipulate situations to her advantage. She is probably high in ______________. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. none of these Answer: c. practical intelligence Correct. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. b. creative intelligence Incorrect. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and come up with new ways of solving problems. 63. According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment? a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. none of these Answer: c. practical intelligence Correct. Practical intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment. a. analytical intelligence Incorrect. Practical intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment. 64. Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from _____________. a. France b. United States c. United Kingdom d. Soviet Union Answer: a. France Correct. The idea of such testing came from France. d. Soviet Union Incorrect. The idea of such testing came from France. 65. People began measuring intelligence through tests roughly __________ years ago. a. 50 b. 100 c. 200 d. 500 Answer: b. 100 Correct. Intelligence testing is roughly 100 years old. c. 200 Incorrect. Intelligence testing is roughly 100 years old. 66. Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test. a. aptitude b. performance-based c. perception d. intelligence Answer: d. intelligence Correct. Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test. a. aptitude Incorrect. Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test. 67. Binet and Simon considered children relatively slow if their ________. a. mental age equals their chronological age b. mental age is lower than their chronological age c. mental age is higher than their chronological age d. mental age does not equal their chronological age Answer: b. mental age is lower than their chronological age Correct. This was the essential theory that defines intelligence, even today. c. mental age is higher than their chronological age Incorrect. Such a child would be called “precocious” or ahead of their years. 68. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was ____________. a. MA/DA × 100 b. MA/CA ×100 c. MA/CA d. CA/MA × 100 Answer: b. MA/CA ×100 Correct. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was MA/CA × 100. d. CA/MA × 100 Incorrect. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was MA/CA × 100. 69. An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________. a. 8; 80 b. 8; 125 c. 10; 100 d. 10; 125 Answer: d. 10; 125 Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 125. a. 8; 80 Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 125. 70. Suppose Maria’s mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10. What is her IQ? a. 320 b. 80 c. 200 d. 100 Answer: c. 200 Correct. MA/CA*100 = IQ, so Maria’s IQ would be 20/10*100, or 200. b. 80 Incorrect. The correct application of Stern’s IQ formula could not lead to an IQ of 80 for Maria. 71. Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be ___________. a. 80 b. 100 c. 115 d. 130 Answer: b. 100 Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 100 for Dallas. d. 130 Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 100 for Dallas. 72. Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be ________. a. 80 b. 100 c. 125 d. 140 Answer: a. 80 Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 8 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 80 for Jordan. c. 125 Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 8 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 80 for Jordan. 73. To which of the following groups of people is the Stanford-Binet LEAST suited? a. children b. adolescents c. young adults d. older adults Answer: d. older adults Correct. It is least suited to older adults. a. children Incorrect. It is least suited to older adults. 74. Which of the following tests would be bested suited to an 8-year-old child? a. WAIS-IV b. WISC-IV c. WPPSI-III d. DSM-IVR Answer: b. WISC-IV Correct. The WISC-IV is best suited to an 8-year-old child. c. WPPSI-III Incorrect. The WISC-IV is best suited to an 8-year-old child. 75. Jane is 22 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group? a. WAIS-IV b. WISC-IV c. WPPSI-III d. DSM-IVR Answer: a. WAIS-IV Correct. The WAIS-IV is best suited to her age group. c. WPPSI-III Incorrect. The WAIS-IV is best suited to her age group. 76. Which of these might be an example of a perceptual reasoning item on the Wechsler intelligence tests? a. repeating a series of digits b. defining a word such as lunch c. adding a series of orally presented numbers d. using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture Answer: d. using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture Correct. Using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture is an example of a performance item. c. adding a series of orally presented numbers Incorrect. Perceptual reasoning items are usually nonverbal. 77. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be __________. a. valid b. normed c. reliable d. standardized Answer: c. reliable Correct. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be reliable. a. valid Incorrect. Validity refers to the degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure. 78. If you took the WAIS-IV when you were 18 and again when you were 25, and the scores were the same, what could you conclude? a. that you had increased your IQ b. that the WAIS-IV is reliable c. that your IQ has decreased d. that the WAIS-IV is flawed Answer: b. that the WAIS-IV is reliable Correct. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores on an assessment tool. d. that the WAIS-IV is flawed Incorrect. Because intelligence is a rather static concept, this consistency of scores does not indicate a flaw in the tool. 79. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ___________. a. valid b. normed c. reliable d. standardized Answer: a. valid Correct. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid. d. standardized Incorrect. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid. 80. On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack? a. reliability b. standardization c. predictive validity d. appropriate norms Answer: a. reliability Correct. The test lacks reliability because the scores were so different. b. standardization Incorrect. The test lacks reliability because the scores were so different. 81. A test is said to be reliable if _________________. a. a person’s score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it b. it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure c. its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict d. it is culture-fair Answer: a. a person’s score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it Correct. By test reliability, psychologists mean whether a person’s score on a test is dependable and consistent. c. its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict Incorrect. By test reliability, psychologists mean whether a person’s score on a test is dependable and consistent. 82. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that _________. a. follows the normal curve b. has a positive skew c. has a negative skew d. appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency Answer: a. follows the normal curve Correct. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that follows the normal curve; in other words, most of the scores are clustered around the mean, and the number of scores decreases the farther away from the mean they go in either direction. c. has a negative skew Incorrect. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that appears to follow the normal curve and is symmetrical. 83. What percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100? a. 75 percent b. 50 percent c. 35 percent d. 10 percent Answer: b. 50 percent Correct. Fifty percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100. a. 75 percent Incorrect. Fifty percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100. 84. Like most characteristics of a population, WAIS-IV scores are distributed in a bell or normal curve. Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of those types of curves? a. Scores are evenly distributed across the population. b. Scores are clumped around the midpoint. c. The curve resembles an “S.” d. Scores are more common at the ends of the distribution. Answer: b. Scores are clumped around the midpoint. Correct. The basic premise of a normal distribution is that approximately 2/3 of the population will appear within one standard deviation of the midpoint. c. The curve resembles an “S.” Incorrect. A normal distribution does not resemble an “S,” but rather a wide upside down “U.” 85. Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on _____________. a. mental age alone b. deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution c. giving extra points for older folks to compensate for their slower processing times d. none of these Answer: b. deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution Correct. Newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution. a. mental age alone Incorrect. Newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution. 86. Most researchers who study the role of race and IQ testing have concluded that ______________. a. there are strong genetically based differences between ethnic and racial groups in the area of IQ test performance b. explains these differences. b. although differences between ethnic and racial groups on standardized IQ tests may be demonstrated, the more likely factor in this difference is environmental c. the issue should not be studied because of its disruptive nature to society d. none of these Answer: b. although differences between ethnic and racial groups on standardized IQ tests may be demonstrated, the more likely factor in this difference is environmental Correct. Environment seems more important than heredity when looking at ethnic and racial groups. a. there are strong genetically based differences between ethnic and racial groups in the area of IQ test performance Incorrect. Choice 87. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ______. a. the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised b. the intelligence of people coming from inside the culture in which the test was devised c. cultural background d. the effects of culture on people’s intellectual and creative skills Answer: a. the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised Correct. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised. d. the effects of culture on people’s intellectual and creative skills Incorrect. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised. 88. Many items on a “culture-fair” test require the use of _______________. a. nonverbal abilities such as rotating objects b. verbal knowledge c. musical knowledge d. knowledge of major world historical figures Answer: a. nonverbal abilities such as rotating objects Correct. Nonverbal abilities, such as rotating objects, don’t depend on familiarity with a particular culture and language. d. knowledge of major world historical figures Incorrect. Ideas as to who are the world’s major historical figures will differ from culture to culture. 89. Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of culture-fair tests? a. They should minimize or eliminate the use of language. b. They should not attempt to measure intelligence. c. They should be composed of items that vary from culture to culture. d. They should measure values based on a person’s cultural background. Answer: a. They should minimize or eliminate the use of language. Correct. Culture-fair tests should minimize or eliminate the use of language because language has cultural biases. d. They should measure values based on a person’s cultural background. Incorrect. Culture-fair tests measure intelligence, not values. 90. Which of the following activities/sports is noted by your textbook as having a concerning number of head injuries and concussions? a. Lacrosse b. Ice hockey c. Women’s field hockey d. Cheerleading Answer: d. Cheerleading Correct. Cheerleading is indeed noted for its concerning number of head injuries and concussions due to the acrobatic and high-flying nature of the sport. Incorrect. All other are incorrect as cheerleading is specifically highlighted for its high incidence of head injuries and concussions in various studies and sports safety discussions. 91. When soldiers in the military sustain head injuries, there is a ____% likelihood that these injuries would be categorized as moderate to severe. a. 15% b. 30% c. 50% d. 85% Answer: c. 50% Correct. Approximately 50% of head injuries sustained by soldiers in the military are categorized as moderate to severe, indicating the significant impact of such injuries on military personnel. Incorrect. All other options are incorrect as the likelihood of moderate to severe head injuries among military personnel is around 50%, not 15%, 30%, or 85%. 92. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation? a. adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age b. evidence of brain damage c. slower than normal reflexes d. onset of deficits prior to age 6 Answer: a. adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age Correct. Adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation. c. slower than normal reflexes Incorrect. Reflexes have nothing to do with mental retardation. 93. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation? a. IQ below 70 b. evidence of brain damage c. slower than normal reflexes d. onset of deficits prior to age 6 Answer: a. IQ below 70 Correct. An IQ below 70 is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation. c. slower than normal reflexes Incorrect. Reflexes have nothing to do with mental retardation. 94. In familial retardation, the degree of retardation is typically _______________. a. severe b. deep c. indeterminate d. mild Answer: d. mild Correct. In familial retardation, the degree of retardation is typically mild. a. severe Incorrect. In familial retardation, the degree of retardation is typically mild. 95. According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), diagnosis of developmental disability should consider _________________. a. intellectual and adaptive behavior skills b. psychological and emotional factors c. physical health and environmental considerations d. all of these Answer: d. all of these Correct. The diagnosis of developmental disability should consider all these factors. a. intellectual and adaptive behavior skills Incorrect. The diagnosis of developmental disability should consider all these factors. 96. Poor nutrition and medical care, poor living conditions (older, cheaper buildings often have lead paint on the walls), and a lack of intellectual support are thought to lead to ________________. a. fragile X syndrome b. Down syndrome c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. familial retardation Answer: d. familial retardation Correct. Familial retardation is caused by living in poverty conditions. c. fetal alcohol syndrome Incorrect. Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by exposure to alcohol through the placenta, not by poor living conditions. 97. Rochelle is 38 years old, but her mental ability is measured as that of a second-grade child. Rochelle would be classified as ______ developmentally delayed. a. mildly b. moderately c. severely d. profoundly Answer: b. moderately Correct. Moderately developmentally delayed people can reach no more than about a second-grade skill level. d. profoundly Incorrect. Rochelle would be classified as moderately developmentally delayed. 98. Which of the following people would be classified as having a profound developmental delay? a. someone with an IQ in the 55—70 range b. someone with an IQ below 25 c. someone who can perform basic self-care without supervision d. someone who performs at only a second-grade educational level Answer: b. someone with an IQ below 25 Correct. A person with an IQ below 25 is classified as having a profound developmental delay. d. someone who performs at only a second-grade educational level Incorrect. Someone who performs at a second-grade educational level would be classified as having a moderate developmental delay. 99. Which classification of developmental delay affects most of the population classified in this fashion? a. mild b. moderate c. severe d. profound Answer: a. mild Correct. Ninety percent of developmentally delayed people are classified as mildly delayed. b. moderate Incorrect. Only 6 percent of developmentally delayed people are classified as moderately delayed. 100. A male has a thin, frail-looking area on his X chromosome of the 23rd pair. As children, people with this syndrome are typically mildly developmentally delayed but shift to severe or profound developmental delay as adults. This is known as _______. a. fragile X syndrome b. Down syndrome c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. familial retardation Answer: a. fragile X syndrome Correct. Fragile X syndrome results from a defective X chromosome on the 23rd pair and affects males. c. fetal alcohol syndrome Incorrect. Fetal alcohol syndrome is not the result of a genetic defect. 101. Which of the following is a true statement? a. The mildly retarded can reach the sixth grade level and live independently. b. The effects of mental retardation can be eliminated through education and training. c. Little can be done to reduce the effects of retardation. d. Nothing can be done to reduce the effects of retardation. Answer: a. The mildly retarded can reach the sixth grade level and live independently. Correct. It is true that the effects of mental retardation can be reduced through education and training. d. Nothing can be done to reduce the effects of retardation. Incorrect. It is true that the effects of mental retardation can be reduced through education and training. 102. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above _______. a. 120 b. 130 c. 140 d. 150 Answer: b. 130 Correct. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above 130. c. 140 Incorrect. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above 130. 103. What percentage of the population is described as gifted, according to IQ standards? a. .01 percent b. 1 percent c. 2 percent d. 10 percent Answer: c. 2 percent Correct. Two percent of the population is described as gifted. b. 1 percent Incorrect. Two percent of the population is described as gifted. 104. All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above __________. a. 120 b. 130 c. 140 d. 150 Answer: c. 140 Correct. The IQ of a genius is above 140. b. 130 Incorrect. The IQ of a genius is above 140. 105. Which of the following statements about gifted people is true? a. They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses. b. They are physically weaker than non-gifted persons. c. They are often skilled leaders. d. They are socially unskilled. Answer: c. They are often skilled leaders. Correct. It is true that gifted people are often skilled leaders. d. They are socially unskilled. Incorrect. Gifted people are generally socially well adjusted; only those with IQs above 180 were found to have had some social adjustment problems as children. 106. Beliefs that being gifted or a genius lead to being weird, socially awkward, or more likely to suffer from mental illnesses were put to rest by ___________. a. Binet’s development of the concept of IQ b. the development of the WAIS tests by Wechsler c. the Army Alpha tests study d. Terman’s longitudinal study of 1,528 gifted children Answer: d. Terman’s longitudinal study of 1,528 gifted children Correct. Terman’s longitudinal study put the myths about gifted people to rest. a. Binet’s development of the concept of IQ Incorrect. Terman’s longitudinal study put the myths about gifted people to rest. 107. Which was NOT a finding of the Terman and Oden (1947) study of gifted kids? a. They were socially well adjusted. b. They were more resistant to mental illness. c. They were clearly much more likely to be females. d. They were above average in weight, height, and physical attractiveness. Answer: c. They were clearly much more likely to be females. Correct. It was not found that they were more likely to be females. a. They were socially well adjusted. Incorrect. It was found that they were socially well adjusted. 108. The term Terman’s Termites refers to __________ . a. a set of developmentally delayed students that Terman studied intensively b. a group of Army soldiers who on the basis of their IQ were followed through their military career c. a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood d. none of these Answer: c. a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood Correct. The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. b. a group of Army soldiers who on the basis of their IQ were followed through their military career Incorrect. The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. 109. What did Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish? a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. b. It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other groups. c. It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures. d. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life. Answer: a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. Correct. Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. d. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life. Incorrect. Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. 110. According to the Terman “Termites” study, the gifted population had a median income that was __________________. a. equal to the national value b. less than the national value c. slightly above the national value d. about twice the national value Answer: d. about twice the national value Correct. The gifted population had a median income that was about twice the national value. a. equal to the national value Incorrect. The gifted population had a median income that was about twice the national value. 111. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children? a. The same children were followed over the length of their life span, and some are still being followed today. b. Gifted people of different ages were all studied at once and their personal values compared. c. The gifted were found to be socially awkward and had little social success in life. d. none of these Answer: a. The same children were followed over the length of their life span, and some are still being followed today. Correct. In Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children the same children were followed over the length of their life span, and some are still being followed today. c. The gifted were found to be socially awkward and had little social success in life. Incorrect. In Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children the same children were followed over the length of their life span and some are still being followed today. Overall, the children were relatively successful as adults. 112. Having a high IQ doesn’t always guarantee success. Terman and Oden examined the most and least successful men in their sample of gifted individuals. The most successful were ___________. a. more goal oriented and persistent b. introverted c. less interested in social relationships d. none of these Answer: a. more goal oriented and persistent Correct. The most successful were more goal oriented and persistent than the others. c. less interested in social relationships Incorrect. The most successful were not any less interested in social relationships than the others. 113. One might criticize the study of Terman’s termites because it _____________. a. might have been biased by the principal’s recommendations in the selection of the gifted children b. did not include students from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds c. Terman may have actively intervened in the lives of his subjects d. All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study. Answer: d. All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study. Correct. All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study. b. did not include students from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds Incorrect. All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study. 114. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by ______________. a. Wechsler b. Terman c. Binet d. Merill Answer: b. Terman Correct. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by Terman. c. Binet Incorrect. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by Terman. 115. ____________ intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views. a. Analytical intelligence b. Creative intelligence c. Emotional intelligence d. none of these Answer: c. Emotional intelligence Correct. Emotional intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views. b. Creative intelligence Incorrect. Emotional intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views. 116. If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a. fraternal twins b. identical twins c. brothers and sisters d. parents and children Answer: b. identical twins Correct. Identical twins should show the highest correlation because they are genetically identical. a. fraternal twins Incorrect. Fraternal twins would not show the highest correlation because they are not genetically identical. 117. Tim and Jim are identical twins who were raised apart. Ned and Ed are fraternal twins who were raised together. Which pair of twins will have more similar IQ scores, if either? a. Tim and Jim b. Ned and Ed c. It is impossible to answer based on the given information. d. All twins have the same IQ Answer: a. Tim and Jim Correct. Tim and Jim share genetic commonalities. Their IQs will probably be the most similar even though they did not share environments growing up. b. Ned and Ed Incorrect. Ned and Ed share environments, but identical genetics. 118. A group of psychologists reviews the literature on the heritability of intelligence. They conclude that most of the estimates indicate that _______ percent of intelligence is due to genetics. a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 80 Answer: c. 50 Correct. Most of the psychology literature on heritability of intelligence concludes that 50 percent of intelligence is due to genetics. d. 80 Incorrect. Most of the psychology literature on heritability of intelligence concludes that 50 percent of intelligence is due to genetics. 119. Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores? a. identical twins reared apart b. same-sex fraternal twins c. siblings reared together d. identical twins reared together Answer: d. identical twins reared together Correct. Identical twins reared together are most likely to have similar IQs because both their genetics and their environment are almost the same. a. identical twins reared apart Incorrect. Identical twins reared apart have the same genetics but a different environment; therefore, their IQs would not be as similar as those of identical twins reared together due to their different experiences and education. 120. Which of the following reduces the value of twin studies as evidence for the role of heredity in determining IQ? a. Children tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents. b. There have been so many studies of pairs of identical twins who were separated at birth that the results are unclear. c. Identical twins do not share the same prenatal environment. d. Identical twins who were not reared together usually have very different IQ scores. Answer: a. Children tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents. Correct. Children do tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents. d. Identical twins who were not reared together usually have very different IQ scores. Incorrect. Identical twins who were not reared together usually have similar IQ scores. 121. Which of the following statements about heredity and intelligence is TRUE? a. Similarities in intelligence between identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different houses must be due to heredity. b. Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments. c. If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet still have similar intelligence scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences. d. Prenatal influences have little, if any, influence on intelligence and need not be taken into account when studying environmental influences. Answer: b. Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments. Correct. Identical twin differences seem to be due to environment. c. If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet still have similar intelligence scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences. Incorrect. Identical twin differences seem to be due to environment. 122. When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although _______ sets limits on a child’s potential, it is the _______ that permits that potential to be actualized. a. learning; opportunity b. opportunity; learning c. heredity; environment d. environment; heredity Answer: c. heredity; environment Correct. It is important to remember that although heredity sets limits on a child’s potential, it is the environment that permits that potential to be actualized. d. environment; heredity Incorrect. It is important to remember that although heredity sets limits on a child’s potential, it is the environment that permits that potential to be actualized. 123. A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called ______. a. pragmatics b. language c. semantics d. grammar Answer: b. language Correct. Language enables infinite statements to be communicated. d. grammar Incorrect. Language enables infinite statements to be communicated. 124. According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called a. Syntax synthesizer (SS) b. Grammar grabber (GG) c. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) d. Language Learning System (LLS) Answer: c. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Correct. Chomsky said that this is “hard wired” in the developing brain. d. Language Learning System (LLS) Incorrect. Chomsky called this the LAD, the Language Acquisition Device. 125. The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ______. a. morphemic rules b. phonemic rules c. grammar d. linguistic relativity Answer: c. grammar Correct. Grammar is the collective set of rules that determines how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language. d. linguistic relativity Incorrect. Linguistic relativity refers to the concept that thought processes within a culture are determined by the culture’s words. 126. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called ____________. a. morphology b. phonics c. syntax d. morphology Answer: c. syntax Correct. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called syntax. a. morphology Incorrect. Morphology is the study of shapes and not of the creation of a meaningful sentence. 127. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called ______. a. syntax b. semantics c. morphology d. phonology Answer: a. syntax Correct. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called syntax. b. semantics Incorrect. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called syntax. 128. The sentences “The dog bit the boy” and “The boy was bit by the dog” have the same meaning, but differ in ________. a. syntax b. pragmatics c. semantics d. morphology Answer: a. syntax Correct. Syntax refers, in part, to the order in which words construct sentences. As you see in this example, there can be two different syntactically correct versions of the same sentence. c. semantics Incorrect. These sentences have the same meaning, which is another way of saying they share common semantics. 129. The basic meaningful units of any language are called ______. a. phonemes b. morphemes c. semantics d. sound bytes Answer: b. morphemes Correct. The basic meaningful units of any language are called morphemes. a. phonemes Incorrect. Phonemes are the basic units of sound. 130. What are the smallest units of meaning in a language? a. words b. syntax c. phonemes d. morphemes Answer: d. morphemes Correct. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language. c. phonemes Incorrect. The basic units of meaning in a language are morphemes. 131. The phrase “I tried” has ________. a. one morpheme b. two morphemes c. three morphemes d. four morphemes Answer: c. three morphemes Correct. The three morphemes are “I,” “try,” and “ed.” b. two morphemes Incorrect. In fact, there are three morphemes in this sentence. 132. How many morphemes are there in the sentence “I predicted it”? a. four b. six c. five d. seven Answer: a. four Correct. There are four morphemes: I, predict, ed, it. b. six Incorrect. There are four morphemes: I, predict, ed, it. 133. The sentence, “Colorless ideas sleep furiously” has ________. a. proper syntax but poor semantics b. proper syntax and good semantics c. improper syntax and poor semantics d. improper syntax but good semantics Answer: a. proper syntax but poor semantics Correct. The sentence adheres to the rules of syntax (grammar) but lacks meaningful semantics (meaning), rendering it nonsensical despite being grammatically correct. Incorrect. These options are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the sentence's characteristics. It has proper syntax but lacks coherent semantics. 134. The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called ______. a. syntax b. semantics c. phonology d. regularization Answer: b. semantics Correct. The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called semantics. a. syntax Incorrect. Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences. 135. The semantics of the sentence “He ran” refer to its ________. a. sound b. meaning c. comprehension d. syntactic structure Answer: b. meaning Correct. The semantics of a word, phrase, or sentence refer to its meaning. d. syntactic structure Incorrect. The syntax of a sentence refers to the rules of word order that make the sentence structurally correct. 136. Language is based on basic sound units called ______. a. phonemes b. morphemes c. semantics d. registers Answer: a. phonemes Correct. Language is based on basic sound units called phonemes. b. morphemes Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language. 137. The sounds t, th, and sh are ______. a. morphemes b. phonemes c. semantics d. sound bytes Answer: b. phonemes Correct. The sounds t, th, and sh are basic units of sound, or phonemes. a. morphemes Incorrect. The sounds t, th, and sh have no meaning, so they are not morphemes. 138. The words “care” and “bear” differ in one ________. a. morpheme b. phoneme c. gesture d. syntax Answer: b. phoneme Correct. The first “sound” of each word differs, and this reflects different phonemes. a. morpheme Incorrect. The words are actually morphemically identical. 139. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble? a. syntax b. phonemes c. morphemes d. audiograms Answer: b. phonemes Correct. Phonemes are the basic units of sound in a language. c. morphemes Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language; the problem in this case is with the sounds, not their meaning. 140. Which of the following statements is true about infants? a. They are not born with the ability to recognize all phonemes. b. By the time they are 2 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in. c. By the time they are 9 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in. d. By the time they are 12 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in. Answer: c. By the time they are 9 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in. Correct. By the time they are 9 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in. d. By the time they are 12 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in. Incorrect. By the time they are 9 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are being brought up in. 141. Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like “Do you know where your mommy is?” by answering “Yes.” They failed to understand the ________ of the question. a. pragmatics b. propositional representation c. syntax d. nativism Answer: a. pragmatics Correct. Pragmatics refers to the way that words in a sentence convey meaning indirectly, by implying rather than asserting. c. syntax Incorrect. Syntax refers to the order of words that are put together to correctly form a sentence. 142. The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as __________. a. syntax b. grammar c. morphemes d. pragmatics Answer: d. pragmatics Correct. The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as pragmatics. a. syntax Incorrect. Syntax is the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences. 143. Pragmatics are defined as _____________. a. the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language b. the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences c. the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language d. the language rules used to solve problems between people Answer: a. the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language Correct. The practical aspects of communicating with others or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as the pragmatics. d. the language rules used to solve problems between people Incorrect. Pragmatics are defined as the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language. 144. The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called ____________. a. intonation b. syntax c. morphemes d. phonemes Answer: a. intonation Correct. Intonation is the use of rhythm and emphasis in communication. b. syntax Incorrect. Intonation is the use of rhythm and emphasis in communication. 145. When adults who are speaking to infants change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their ____________. a. syntax b. grammar c. morphemes d. intonation Answer: d. intonation Correct. When speaking to infants, if adults change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their intonation. b. grammar Incorrect. When speaking to infants, if adults change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their intonation. 146. Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language? a. Vygotsky b. Piaget c. Sapir d. Whorf Answer: b. Piaget Correct. Piaget said that concepts are essential in language development. a. Vygotsky Incorrect. Vygotsky theorized that language helps to develop concepts. 147. What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think? a. the dynamic hypothesis b. the language reaction hypothesis c. the linguistic relativity hypothesis d. the cognitive linguistic hypothesis Answer: c. the linguistic relativity hypothesis Correct. The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis. b. the language reaction hypothesis Incorrect. The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis. There is no such thing as the reaction hypothesis. 148. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ______. a. one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world b. one’s thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one’s language c. we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand d. perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence Answer: a. one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world Correct. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world. c. we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand Incorrect. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world. 149. Which of the following statements, BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language? a. Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isn’t the sole basis of thought. b. Language is the sole basis of thought. c. When we think, we always make use of language. d. Language usually is not required in thought processes. Answer: a. Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isn’t the sole basis of thought. Correct. As your authors point out, we think partly by using language, but this is not always the case. b. Language is the sole basis of thought. Incorrect. There are thought processes that transcend the use of language. 150. Consistent with the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following would most likely be true? a. People from New England and England think very differently. b. People from New Mexico and New England think very differently. c. People from China and New England think very differently. d. People from China and New England think very similarly. Answer: c. People from China and New England think very differently. Correct. This hypothesis suggests that language shapes our perceptions and thoughts; as such, people who speak different languages will speak very differently. d. People from China and New England think very similarly. Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. 151. A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based on ______. a. the idealized prototype construct b. bottom-up processing c. deep structure elaboration d. the linguistic relativity hypothesis Answer: d. the linguistic relativity hypothesis Correct. This argument is based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which states that language determines thought patterns. b. bottom-up processing Incorrect. This argument is based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Bottom-up processing is a concept in perception and is not relevant here. 152. Researchers have found that despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive color are unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of ______________. a. Piccard and Worf b. Sapir and Whorf c. Skinner and Watson d. Tolman and Thorndike Answer: b. Sapir and Whorf Correct. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of Sapir and Whorf who predict that the color perceptions should change according to language usage. a. Piccard and Worf Incorrect. These are crew members of the starship Enterprise in a television show. 153. Researchers have found that ______ influenced by culture. a. neither language nor thought is b. language, but not thought, is c. thought, but not language, is d. both language and thought are Answer: d. both language and thought are Correct. Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture. a. neither language nor thought is Incorrect. Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture. 154. The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because ____________. a. bees are not animals b. bee communication seems to be instinctual c. bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system d. none of these Answer: b. bee communication seems to be instinctual Correct. Communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because bee communication seems to be instinctual. c. bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system Incorrect. The lack of a spoken communication system does not disqualify a method of communication as language, if it is used deliberately and has arbitrary symbols. 155. In order to conclusively show that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that _____________. a. the language had an auditory, or sound, component b. the language had a genetic or instinctual base c. the language used arbitrary symbols d. the animals have the same vocal abilities as people Answer: c. the language used arbitrary symbols Correct. In order to conclusively show that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that the behavior used arbitrary symbols. a. the language had an auditory, or sound, component Incorrect. A language does not have to have an auditory component. 156. Which of the following statement is true about Kanzi, the bonobo chimp? a. He was able to learn to understand 150 spoken English words. b. He could follow complex instructions equivalent to those of a 2-year-old child. c. He learned how to use the communication keyboard in part from his mother, Matala. d. all of these Answer: d. all of these Correct. Kanzi, the bonobo chimp, was able to do all of these a. He was able to learn to understand 150 spoken English words. Incorrect. Kanzi, the bonobo chimp, was able to do all of these. 157. Which of the following is NOT an animal that has been taught to produce behavior that some think is language like? a. chimpanzee b. parrot c. armadillos d. dolphin Answer: c. armadillos Correct. Armadillos have not been taught to use language. a. chimpanzee Incorrect. Chimps have been taught to use language. 158. Dolphins, according to TV and movies, are very intelligent and have strong language abilities. They might even be able to talk! However, which statement is true from the research? a. Dolphins have been shown to be able to master syntax. b. Dolphins have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. c. Dolphin communication with parrots has been firmly established. d. none of these Answer: d. none of these Correct. Dolphins have not been shown to master syntax or communicate with parrots; and they do not have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. b. Dolphins have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. Incorrect. None of the animals that have achieved success so far can compare to the level of language development of a 3-year-old human child. 159. Parrots seem to talk. They utter words that sound like human language. Thus, can this behavior be thought to be speech? Which statement about parrots is supported by the research? a. Parrots have been shown to be able to master syntax. b. Parrots have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. c. Parrot communication with dolphins has been firmly established. d. none of these Answer: d. none of these Correct. Parrots have not been shown to be able to master syntax or communicate with dolphins; and they do not have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. b. Parrots have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. Incorrect. None of the animals that have achieved success so far can compare to the level of language development of a 3-year-old human child. 160. Let’s say we could teach a dolphin to understand the difference between the sentences “The parrot kissed the dolphin” and “The dolphin kissed the parrot.” If this were demonstrated, it might mean the dolphin had an understanding of ____________. a. phonemes b. morphemes c. syntax d. none of these Answer: c. syntax Correct. Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences. b. morphemes Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language. 161. At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language? a. It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language. b. All animal communication is instinctual and, thus, is not language. c. Only primates, like monkeys and chimps, show any sign of language-like behavior. d. It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development. Answer: d. It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development. Correct. It is still unclear whether animals can use humanlike language. a. It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language. Incorrect. It is still unclear whether animals can use humanlike language. 162. Which of the following is one of the animals that has been taught to use language with some success? a. goat b. quail c. dog d. none of these Answer: d. none of these Correct. Goats, quails, and dogs have all not been taught to use language. a. goat Incorrect. Goats have not been taught to use language, but quails and dogs have also not been taught language. 163. Which of the following is suggested by your authors as helping to substantially improve cognitive health? a. physical exercise b. a diet high in beta-amyloids c. drinking one or two glasses of red wine at least twice each week. d. the cessation of cigarette smoking Answer: a. physical exercise Correct. Physical exercise is widely recognized as a significant factor in improving cognitive health, promoting brain function, and reducing the risk of cognitive decline. Incorrect. b, c, and d these options are incorrect as they are not suggested as substantial contributors to improving cognitive health. In fact, some may have adverse effects or lack empirical support for substantial cognitive health benefits. 164. Regular aerobic exercise has been found to increase neurogenesis in: a. the amygdala b. the cerebellum c. the prefrontal cortex d. the hippocampus Answer: d. the hippocampus Correct. Regular aerobic exercise has been shown to increase neurogenesis (the growth of new neurons) specifically in the hippocampus, a brain region associated with learning and memory. Incorrect. a, b, and c these options are incorrect as regular aerobic exercise primarily influences neurogenesis in the hippocampus, not in the amygdala, cerebellum, or prefrontal cortex. TRUE OR FALSE 1. When people are asked to relate how many windows they have in the place where they live, the amount of time to answer doesn’t depend on the number of windows. Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Research suggests that the time to answer such questions does depend on the number of windows. People typically take longer to answer when the number of windows is larger, indicating that processing time increases with the complexity of the question. 2. It would take the same amount of time to correctly identify an olive as a fruit as it would to correctly identify an apple as a fruit. Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. The time to correctly identify objects can vary based on factors such as familiarity, distinctiveness, and cognitive processing required. While both olives and apples are fruits, individuals may have different levels of familiarity or cognitive associations with each, leading to differences in identification time. 3. In school, you may have learned the rule of how to determine the area of a circle. The formula was πR2. This formula always guarantees a solution and that you will be able to determine the area. Thus, the formula is an example of an algorithm. Answer: True Rationale: An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula that guarantees a solution to a problem. The formula for calculating the area of a circle (πR2) is indeed an example of an algorithm because it provides a systematic method for determining the area of any circle, ensuring a solution every time. 4. Randall believes that aliens crashed in the western United States in the 1950s. When looking for information about this on the Internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits and talks with his friends about the sites that support his belief. This is an example of functional fixedness. Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Randall's behavior is an example of confirmation bias, not functional fixedness. Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions or hypotheses, while functional fixedness involves being unable to see new uses for familiar objects or concepts. 5. When a problem is seen as having only one answer, with all lines of thinking leading to that answer, this is known as divergent thinking. Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. When a problem is seen as having only one answer, with all lines of thinking converging on that answer, it is known as convergent thinking. Divergent thinking, on the other hand, involves generating multiple solutions or ideas in response to a problem, with many possible lines of thinking. 6. If you look at the professors whom you know, you might chuckle at them. They may be very smart but don’t understand the real world. According to Robert Sternberg, they may be lacking a bit of practical intelligence. Answer: True Rationale: Practical intelligence, as proposed by Robert Sternberg, refers to the ability to adapt to the environment and solve real-world problems effectively. Individuals high in practical intelligence demonstrate street smarts, common sense, and the ability to navigate everyday challenges. Professors, while academically intelligent, may not always excel in practical intelligence if they struggle with real-world problem-solving or lack common sense. 7. A 10-year-old child who scored like an average 8-year-old on an intelligence test would have an IQ of 80. Answer: True Rationale: IQ (intelligence quotient) is calculated by dividing a person's mental age (performance on the test) by their chronological age and multiplying by 100. In this case, if a 10-year-old child's IQ score is equivalent to that of an average 8-year-old, their mental age would be 8. Therefore, their IQ would be (8 ÷ 10) × 100 = 80. 8. An IQ test is developed that supposedly measures people’s intelligence. It is given to a large and random sample of college students. It is found that the test correlates in a highly positive manner with the students’ GPAs. The test designer may be justified in claiming that the test is valid. Answer: True Rationale: This statement is true. Construct validity refers to the extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct or trait it is intended to measure. If an IQ test correlates highly with students' GPAs, it suggests that the test is measuring something related to academic achievement and intelligence, supporting its construct validity. 9. A test can fail in validity while still being reliable. Answer: True Rationale: This statement is true. Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measurement tool. A test can be reliable (yielding consistent results) without being valid (measuring what it intends to measure). For example, a clock that consistently shows the wrong time is reliable (consistent) but not valid (accurate). 10. A test can fail in reliability while still being valid. Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. If a test is unreliable (inconsistent), it cannot be considered valid because validity requires consistency in measurement. A test must be reliable to some degree in order for it to be valid. 11. Fragile X, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all forms of mental retardation or developmental delay. Answer: True Rationale: Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all conditions associated with intellectual disabilities or developmental delays. Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome are genetic disorders that can lead to cognitive impairments, while fetal alcohol syndrome results from prenatal exposure to alcohol and can cause intellectual disabilities and developmental delays. 12. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ exceeds 130. Answer: True Rationale: The commonly accepted criterion for identifying gifted individuals in terms of intelligence is an IQ score above 130. This threshold represents approximately the top 2% of the population in terms of intellectual ability. 13. Terman’s study of gifted children over a long period of their lives clearly demonstrated that the gifted were lacking in social skills, had poor health, and were generally unhappy. Answer: False Rationale: Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children, known as the Genetic Studies of Genius, did not support the notion that gifted individuals were lacking in social skills, had poor health, or were generally unhappy. Instead, the study found that many of the gifted individuals led successful and fulfilling lives, with above-average achievements in various domains. 14. Language is based on sound units called morphemes. Answer: False Rationale: Language is based on units of meaning called morphemes, not sound units. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning, including words and parts of words such as prefixes and suffixes. Sounds are organized into phonemes, which are the basic units of sound in language. 15. Animals such as dolphins or chimps have shown some language-like behavior but have not been seen to demonstrate the language skills equal to that of a 5-year-old human child. Answer: True Rationale: While some animals, such as dolphins and chimpanzees, have demonstrated language-like behavior and communication abilities, their linguistic capabilities do not typically match those of a 5-year-old human child. Human language is characterized by its complexity, flexibility, and productivity, which have not been replicated in animal communication systems. While animals may exhibit some level of symbolic communication, it is generally less sophisticated than human language. SHORT ANSWER 1. Give a brief definition of the term concept. Answer: A concept is a mental representation or category used to organize and understand information, objects, events, or experiences based on shared characteristics or features. 2. Give an example of an algorithm. Answer: An example of an algorithm is the process of solving a Rubik's Cube by following a specific sequence of moves that guarantee a solution. 3. Give an example of a heuristic. Answer: An example of a heuristic is the "trial and error" approach used in problem-solving, where one tries different solutions until finding one that works. 4. Give a definition and example of mental set. Answer: Mental set refers to a tendency to approach problem-solving with a fixed mindset or strategy, even when it may not be the most effective. For example, if someone always solves math problems using the same method, even when a different approach might be more efficient, they are exhibiting a mental set. 5. What are the three parts of Sternberg’s theory of intelligence? Answer: Sternberg's theory of intelligence comprises three parts: analytical intelligence (problem-solving and critical thinking), practical intelligence (adaptability to real-life situations), and creative intelligence (ability to generate novel ideas and solutions). 6. What is the IQ formula first constructed by William Stern, and what does each term in the formula mean? Answer: The IQ formula, first constructed by William Stern, is IQ = (mental age / chronological age) * 100. In this formula, "mental age" represents the level of cognitive functioning typically associated with a certain chronological age, and "chronological age" refers to the individual's actual age in years. 7. What is a “twin study”? Answer: A twin study is a research method used to investigate the influence of genetics and environment on traits or behaviors by comparing the similarities between monozygotic (identical) twins, who share 100% of their genes, and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, who share approximately 50% of their genes. 8. What is a morpheme? Give an example of a morpheme. Answer: A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language that carries semantic information. For example, in the word "unhappiness," "un-" is a morpheme indicating negation, "-happy-" is a morpheme conveying the root meaning "happy," and "-ness" is a morpheme indicating a state or quality. 9. What is the major premise behind the linguistic relativity hypothesis? Answer: The major premise behind the linguistic relativity hypothesis, also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, is that the structure and vocabulary of a language significantly influence or determine the way its speakers perceive and think about the world. ESSAY 1. Explain the techniques used when someone tries to solve a problem. How might a person be blocked in trying to find a solution? Answer: When solving a problem, individuals often use techniques such as trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insight. However, they may encounter obstacles or mental blocks that impede their progress. These blocks could stem from factors like fixation on incorrect strategies, lack of relevant information, or cognitive biases. 2. Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go the library and research this, using the social science literature. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies where the “bad guy” used a firearm. Agatha is using a heuristic device that is impeding or obstructing her thinking. Define this heuristic device. What might be a better way for her to examine the issue and avoid this mistake? Answer: Agatha Harkness-Smythe is exhibiting confirmation bias, a heuristic device where individuals seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs or hypotheses while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence. A better approach for her to examine the issue would involve conducting thorough research using a variety of credible sources, including social science literature, to consider all perspectives and evidence on the relationship between gun ownership and crime rates. 3. It is commonly thought that people who are “gifted” have various physical, psychological, and personality problems. What is really known about this common idea and what did a famous study find out about the gifted? Answer: Contrary to common belief, research has shown that being "gifted" or possessing high intelligence does not necessarily lead to physical, psychological, or personality problems. In fact, many gifted individuals lead healthy and successful lives. A famous study known as the Terman Study followed gifted children throughout their lives and found that they generally exhibited positive outcomes, including higher educational attainment, career success, and overall well-being, compared to the general population. 4. Discuss how heredity is related to intelligence and IQ scores. What is the controversy about the role of race and ethnicity in IQ and intelligence? Evaluate the claims of those who think race is related to IQ and intelligence. Answer: Heredity plays a significant role in shaping individual differences in intelligence, as evidenced by studies of twins, adoptees, and family members which suggest a genetic component to IQ scores. However, the controversy arises when discussing the role of race and ethnicity in IQ and intelligence. Some argue that differences in IQ scores among racial and ethnic groups are partly attributable to genetic factors, citing studies that show variations in average IQ scores across different racial and ethnic populations. However, critics argue that such claims overlook the complex interplay of social, cultural, and environmental factors that contribute to IQ differences, including socioeconomic status, educational opportunities, and systemic inequalities. Additionally, attributing IQ differences solely to genetic factors can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and ignore the impact of systemic racism and discrimination on cognitive development and performance. Thus, while heredity may contribute to individual differences in intelligence, the controversy surrounding race and IQ underscores the need for cautious interpretation and consideration of multiple factors. 5. What is the definition of language? What is the evidence, pro and con, as to whether nonhuman animals have a capacity for language? Answer: Language is a complex system of communication that involves the use of symbols (such as words or gestures) to convey meaning, express thoughts, and share information among individuals within a community. Proponents of nonhuman animal language argue that certain species exhibit behaviors suggestive of linguistic abilities, such as the use of symbols, syntax-like structures, and the ability to communicate with humans in meaningful ways. Examples include the use of sign language by great apes like chimpanzees and bonobos, as well as the vocal mimicry and learned communication of some bird species like parrots. However, critics argue that while nonhuman animals may demonstrate impressive communication skills, their abilities lack the complexity, generativity, and rule-governed nature characteristic of human language. Additionally, some argue that what appears to be language in animals may be better explained as learned behaviors or conditioned responses rather than true linguistic capabilities. Thus, while evidence suggests that some nonhuman animals possess communication systems with certain similarities to human language, the extent to which they truly exhibit language remains a topic of debate among researchers in the field of animal cognition. Chapter 7 - Quick Quiz 1 1. What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics? a) classes b) concepts c) attributes d) classifications Answer: b Explanation: Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics are called concepts. 2. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ______. a) mental set b) means–end analysis c) noncompensatory modeling d) prototypical idealization Answer: a Explanation: The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. 3. What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question? a) decisive b) convergent c) heuristic d) divergent Answer: d Explanation: Divergent thinking involves taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question. 4. The ability to think rationally or logically and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist’s working definition of ____________. a) divergent problem solving b) creative thinking c) heuristic usage d) intelligence Answer: d Explanation: The ability to think rationally or logically and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is a psychologist’s working definition of intelligence. 5. Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test. a) aptitude b) performance-based c) perception d) intelligence Answer: d Explanation: Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test. 6. Poor nutrition and medical care, poor living conditions (older, cheaper buildings often have lead paint on the walls), and a lack of intellectual support are thought to lead to ________________. a) fragile X syndrome b) Down syndrome c) fetal alcohol syndrome d) familial retardation Answer: d Explanation: Familial retardation is caused by living in poverty conditions. 7. The term Terman’s Termites refers to __________. a) a set of developmentally delayed students that Terman studied intensively b) a group of Army soldiers who on the basis of their IQ were followed through their military career c) a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood d) none of these Answer: c Explanation: The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. 8. Language is based on basic sound units called ______. a) phonemes b) morphemes c) semantics d) registers Answer: a Explanation: Language is based on basic sound units called phonemes. 9. Researchers have found that ______ influenced by culture. a) neither language nor thought is b) language, but not thought, is c) thought, but not language, is d) both language and thought are Answer: d Explanation: Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture. 10. Which of the following is suggested by your authors as helping to substantially improve cognitive health? a) physical exercise b) a diet high in beta-amyloids c) drinking one or two glasses of red wine at least twice each week. d) the cessation of cigarette smoking Answer: a Explanation: Physical activity has repeatedly been demonstrated to be associated with improved cognitive function. Chapter 7 - Quick Quiz 2 1. In Kosslyn’s “imaginary island” study, researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that _____________. a) is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact b) has more items in it c) has more colors in it d) contains living things as compared to nonliving items Answer: a Explanation: Researchers did find it takes longer to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact. 2. What problem-solving strategies don’t guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time? a) heuristics b) algorithms c) mnemonic devices d) cognitive shortcuts Answer: a Explanation: Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution but make efficient use of time. 3. A seemingly arbitrary flash “out of the blue,” through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you “figured it out,” is called ______. a) brainstorming b) priming c) insight d) a mental set Answer: c Explanation: A flash of problem-solving is called insight. 4. A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in ______. a) functional thinking b) circular thinking c) convergent thinking d) divergent thinking Answer: d Explanation: The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point. 5. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ______________. a) valid b) normed c) reliable d) standardized Answer: a Explanation: A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid. 6. All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above __________. a) 120 b) 130 c) 140 d) 150 Answer: c Explanation: The IQ of a genius is above 140. 7. ____________ intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views. a) Analytical intelligence b) Creative intelligence c) Emotional intelligence d) none of these Answer: c Explanation: Emotional intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views. 8. When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although _______ sets limits on a child’s potential, it is the _______ that permits that potential to be actualized. a) learning; opportunity b) opportunity; learning c) heredity; environment d) environment; heredity Answer: c Explanation: It is important to remember that although heredity sets limits on a child’s potential, it is the environment that permits that potential to be actualized. 9. What are the smallest units of meaning in a language? a) words b) syntax c) phonemes d) morphemes Answer: d Explanation: Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language. 10. At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language? a) It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language. b) All animal communication is instinctual and, thus, is not language. c) Only primates, like monkey and chimps, show any sign of language-like behavior. d) It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development. Answer: d Explanation: It is still unclear whether animals can use humanlike language. Test Bank for Psychology: Dsm 5 Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White 9780205986378