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Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Felix, a record-holder in the area of memory skills, amazed the 150-member audience at his show when he accurately recalled all their names in correct alphabetical order. Which of the following processes of memory has Felix demonstrated in this scenario? A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Elaboration Answer: C 2. In the context of the processes involved in memory, which of the following best describes encoding? A. Storing the information B. Retaining the information C. Retrieving the information D. Taking in the information Answer: D 3. In the context of the processes involved in memory, storage refers to the process of _____ information. A. retaining B. activating C. retrieving D. taking in Answer: A 4. The first step in memory is _____. A. encoding B. retrieval C. storage D. priming Answer: A 5. In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of encoding information? A. Alex, a five-year-old boy, is reciting his alphabets. B. Deborah is watching a movie in the theater. C. Daniel is writing an essay on the dinosaurs he learnt about last week. D. Mike is painting a picture of a woman he used to know. Answer: B 6. In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of retrieving information? A. Daniel is watching a play in a theater. B. Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school. C. Vivian is reading a book on insects. D. Jack is listening to his professor’s lecture. Answer: B 7. Albert is listening intently to his principal's lecture on the advancement of scientific research. In this scenario, Albert is most likely _____. A. retrieving information from his memory B. encoding information into his memory C. activating the information in his memory D. chunking the information in his memory Answer: B 8. Sarah is reading a book on the different species of insects found in the Amazon Basin. In this scenario, Sarah is primarily _____. A. activating the information in her memory B. repressing information in her memory C. retrieving information from her memory D. encoding information into her memory Answer: D 9. _____ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage. A. Retrieval B. Recall C. Encoding D. Priming Answer: C 10. In the context of memory encoding, sustained attention is _____. A. the process of dividing attention not just between two activities but among three or more activities B. the ability to maintain concentration to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time C. especially detrimental to encoding information D. most likely to make a person less vigilant Answer: B 11. Ashley is in the habit of listening to music while studying. She usually puts her headphones on when she’s reading through a textbook. In this scenario, Ashley is demonstrating _____. A. divided attention B. sustained attention C. vigilance D. chunking Answer: A 12. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates divided attention? A. Kyle increases the volume on the television while watching his favorite show. B. Maria is watching two characters fight with each other in a martial arts program. C. Kenny is listening to music on his laptop with headphones on. D. Riley is trying to pay attention to her teacher while talking to her friend in class. Answer: D 13. Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding? A. Divided attention involves concentrating on different activities, one activity at a time. B. Divided attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. C. Divided attention is not likely to impede an individual's ability to pay attention to a specific aspect of an experience. D. Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information. Answer: D 14. _____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. A. Multitasking B. Divided attention C. Sustained attention D. Chunking Answer: C 15. _____ first suggested that encoding can be influenced by levels of processing. A. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin B. Eric Kandel and James Schwartz C. Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart D. Martin Conway and David Rubin Answer: C 16. Which of the following is true of the term “levels of processing” in memory? A. It negates the role of deep processing in memory. B. It emphasizes shallow processing as the key step in memory retrieval. C. It asserts that deeper processing produces poorer memory. D. It refers to a continuum of memory processing. Answer: D 17. Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory? A. Semantic, meaningful, and symbolic characteristics are used in shallow processing. B. Physical and perceptual features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing. C. The brain’s prefrontal cortex is involved in shallow processing. D. A stimulus is recognized and labeled in shallow processing. Answer: B 18. Roger witnesses a burglary. On being questioned by the police, Roger provides a vague description of the burglar, mentioning his approximate build and height, but he is unable to recall specific details. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Roger has engaged in while encoding information about the burglar? A. Intermediate B. Intimate C. Deep D. Shallow Answer: D 19. Intermediate processing in memory is the level at which _____. A. physical and perceptual features are analyzed B. a stimulus is recognized and labeled C. semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used D. meaning is assigned to a stimulus Answer: B 20. Moments before his exam, Daniel glances through a chapter on bioreactors in his textbook—a chapter that he has not looked at before. When he starts the exam, he is surprised to find a question on bioreactors. All Daniel can remember is the physical appearance of bioreactors and how they were labeled in the textbook. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Daniel has engaged in while encoding the information on bioreactors? A. Shallow B. Intermediate C. Deep D. Intimate Answer: B 21. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory? A. It involves analyzing physical and perceptual features. B. It involves recognizing and labeling a stimulus. C. It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus. D. It involves mainly using the amygdala of the human brain. Answer: C 22. Vivian visits the public aquarium in her city. While looking at the fish tank, she notices an apple snail stuck to the glass wall of the tank. She feels nostalgic because she remembers collecting apple snails with her brothers when they were younger. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing Vivian has engaged in to encode her childhood memory about apple snails? A. Shallow B. Intermediate C. Deep D. Impersonal Answer: C 23. Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word “braggart,” he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy acted whenever Billy was given a new toy. Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding the word “braggart”? A. Shallow B. Intermediate C. Deep D. Impersonal Answer: C 24. Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store, looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that has enabled Matt to accurately encode all of these details? A. Deep processing B. Shallow processing C. Intermediate processing D. Impersonal processing Answer: A 25. _____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding. A. Connectionism B. Selective attention C. Elaboration D. Priming Answer: C 26. Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory? A. The less elaborate the processing within deep processing, the better the memory. B. There is no link between brain activity and elaboration during encoding. C. Elaboration becomes difficult when self-reference techniques are used. D. Elaboration can occur at any level of processing. Answer: D 27. Jane loves to read. However, she remembers books only if she can draw comparisons from the stories to her own experiences. If she cannot associate a story with her own life, she is unable to recall it at a later stage. In this scenario, Jane is primarily relying on the process of _____ to encode her memories. A. divided attention B. self-reference C. serial positioning D. shallow processing Answer: B 28. While preparing for a biology test, Aaron studies the human heart by closing his eyes and forming a picture of it in his mind, just as it is shown in the textbook. He also labels each part in his mind as it is in the textbook. Which of the following encoding processes is Aaron using in this scenario? A. Divided attention B. Serial position effect C. Mental imagery D. Chunking Answer: C 29. Jacob is a waiter at Alpines, a five-star restaurant. He is known for his excellent memory with regard to customer orders. He recalls each customer’s order perfectly by associating the order with where the customer is seated and with the clothes the customer is wearing. In this scenario, which of the following encoding processes is Jacob most likely using to help him remember his orders? A. Mental imagery B. Echoic memory C. Serial position effect D. Divided attention Answer: A 30. According to Allan Paivio, in which of the following ways is memory stored in the process of encoding? A. As a thought or a feeling B. As a verbal code or an image code C. As a word or a sentence D. As a tactile code or a kinesthetic code Answer: B 31. Allan Paivio has documented how imagery can improve memory. Which of the following theories proposed by him claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words? A. Dual-code hypothesis B. Frequency theory C. Opponent-process theory D. Two-factor hypothesis Answer: A 32. _____ were responsible for formulating an early popular theory of memory that acknowledged the varying life span of memories. A. Eric Kandel and James Schwartz B. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin C. Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart D. Martin Conway and David Rubin Answer: B 33. _____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds. A. Short-term memory B. Working memory C. Long-term memory D. Sensory memory Answer: D 34. Which of the following is true of sensory memory? A. Sensory memory holds information within time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds. B. Sensory memory is brief and without detail. C. Sensory memory holds information in time frames of 30 seconds or more. D. Sensory memory processes all the information encountered by a person. Answer: A 35. Jackie walks through her neighborhood park every evening because she finds the experience stimulating. She hears dogs barking, children laughing, and people talking. She smells flowers, trees, and sometimes, rain. She sees couples in love, families together, and nature in full bloom. Which of the following systems of memory is responsible for holding this information from the world in its original form? A. Semantic memory B. Sensory memory C. Explicit memory D. Long-term memory Answer: B 36. Jennifer had a very enjoyable time at the amusement park one week ago. Most of the visual and auditory stimuli that she experienced and has now forgotten were initially processed in her _____ memory. A. sensory B. implicit C. episodic D. semantic Answer: A 37. Which element of sensory memory would be most useful to Stan, who is quickly scanning a map of the United States to learn where each state fits? A. Echoic memory B. Implicit memory C. Iconic memory D. Procedural memory Answer: C 38. Short-term memory can store information for a longer period of time than _____ memory. A. long-term B. sensory C. implicit D. explicit Answer: B 39. A person is most likely to store a seven digit phone number in his or her _____ memory. A. sensory B. short-term C. working D. echoic Answer: B 40. Which of the following is a way to improve short-term memory? A. Chunking B. Visuo-spatial sketchpad C. Priming D. Connectionism Answer: A 41. Unrehearsed information stored in short-term memory lasts no more than _____. A. 30 seconds B. 3 minutes C. 30 minutes D. 3 hours Answer: A 42. Which of the following is true of short-term memory? A. It is made up of explicit and implicit memory. B. It is a relatively permanent type of memory. C. It holds perceptions of the world for just an instant. D. It is a limited-cAPAcity memory system. Answer: D 43. George Miller’s classic paper on “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” refers to a person’s _____. A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. sensory memory D. semantic memory Answer: A 44. Which of the following correctly differentiates between sensory memory and short-term memory? A. Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory is limited in cAPAcity. B. Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory stores information for a shorter time. C. Compared with short-term memory, sensory memory retains all information from the environment. D. Compared with short-term memory, sensory memory can store smaller amounts of information. Answer: A 45. After hearing a friend’s telephone number for the first time, Harold was immediately able to recite all seven digits of the phone number in perfect order. Harold most likely used his _____ to recite these digits. A. procedural memory B. sensory memory C. long-term memory D. short-term memory Answer: D 46. As Mitch walks through the conference hall before his conference, he greets approximately 50 new people. Based on his short-term association with these people, Mitch will most likely remember the names of _____ individuals. A. 50 B. 20 C. 15 + 2 D. 7 + 2 Answer: D 47. Chunking is the process of _____. A. activating information that an individual already has in storage to help him remember new information faster B. packing information that exceeds the 7 + 2 memory span into higher order units C. repeating the information over and over again in one’s head in order to keep it in memory D. drawing mental links between aspects of one’s own life and new information Answer: B 48. When asked to memorize the ten letters, D, R, S, S, A, Y, N, R, A, and B, Debbie reorganized them into the words BARNS and YARDS. This helped her remember the letters accurately at a later time. Which of the following tactics has Debbie used in order to simplify the process of memorizing the letters? A. Priming B. Chunking C. Self-reference D. Rehearsal Answer: B 49. When John was asked to memorize 15 alphabets in a particular order, he organized them into groups of three letters each and memorized them in the same given order. In this scenario, John has used the tactic of _____. A. self-reference B. priming C. rehearsal D. chunking Answer: D 50. Mary was challenged by her friend, Kate, to memorize 15 letters, C, I, A, C, B, S, A, B, C, F, B, I, I, R, and S, in the same order, within half a minute. Mary arranged these alphabets into groups: CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. This made it easier for her to meet Kate’s challenge. In this scenario, Mary has used the tactic of _____. A. self-reference B. chunking C. rehearsal D. priming Answer: B 51. Jeff is trying to remember a list of 10 letters, grouped into the following chunks: XA BDF TRI UX. In the context of chunking, which of the following is most likely to improve his recollection of the letters? A. Waiting at least a few hours before trying to recall the letters B. Reading them only once and trying to recall them later C. Re-chunking the letters to form meaningful words D. Removing the chunks and arranging the letters alphabetically Answer: C 52. In the context of short-term memory, which of the following is true of rehearsal? A. Information stored in short-term memory lasts half a minute or less with rehearsal. B. Rehearsal can only be verbal, giving the impression of an inner voice. C. Information can be retained indefinitely if rehearsal is not interrupted. D. Rehearsal is the best strategy for retaining information over longer periods of time. Answer: C 53. Minutes before her biology test, Katie tries to learn the definition of “osmosis” from her class notes. She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it. Which of the following methods is Katie using to help her memorize the definition? A. Chunking B. Rehearsal C. Mental imagery D. Elaboration Answer: B 54. _____ is the method of improving short-term memory that involves the conscious repetition of information. A. Chunking B. Mental imagery C. Rehearsal D. Elaboration Answer: C 55. Which of the following is one of the main reasons that rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term? A. It involves the unconscious repetition of information. B. It can only be verbal. C. It always results in distortion of memories. D. It often involves mechanically repeating information. Answer: D 56. _____ memory refers to a combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks. A. Implicit B. Working C. Sensory D. Procedural Answer: B 57. Which of the following is true of working memory? A. Working memory allows individuals to hold information permanently as they perform cognitive tasks. B. Working memory functions as a passive storehouse with shelves to store information until it moves to long-term memory. C. Working memory capacity is strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, such as intelligence. D. Working memory’s storage capacity is virtually unlimited. Answer: C 58. Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory. A. Short-term memory functions as a passive storehouse, while working memory functions as an active memory system. B. Short-term memory can be used to solve problems, while working memory can be used to rehearse information. C. Measures of working memory capacity are not strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, whereas short-term memory capacity is. D. Working memory has a limited capacity, while short-term memory has a virtually unlimited capacity to store information. Answer: A 59. Who is responsible for proposing an influential model of working memory featuring a three-part system that allows individuals to hold information temporarily “in mind” as they perform cognitive tasks? A. Richard Atkinson B. Alan Baddeley C. George Sperling D. Allan Paivio Answer: B 60. Which of the following is true of the different components of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory? A. The phonological loop stores visual and spatial information. B. The phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad function independently. C. The central executive integrates information only from the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad and not from long-term memory. D. Unlike the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, the central executive has an unlimited capacity. Answer: B 61. In the context of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, which of the following is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language? A. The visuo-spatial sketchpad B. The phonological loop C. The central executive D. The procedural memory Answer: B 62. At the top level, long-term memory is divided into the substructures of _____. A. episodic memory and semantic memory B. explicit memory and implicit memory C. phonological loop and central executive D. sensory memory and short-term memory Answer: B 63. Which of the following is true of long-term memory? A. Long-term memory is a temporary type of memory. B. Long-term memory stores small amounts of information for long periods of time. C. Long-term memory has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited. D. Long-term memory is relatively simple. Answer: C 64. _____ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated. A. Declarative memory B. Nondeclarative memory C. Procedural memory D. Implicit memory Answer: A 65. Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of _____. A. iconic memory B. implicit memory C. declarative memory D. procedural memory Answer: C 66. _____ refers to a person’s knowledge about the world, his or her areas of expertise, general knowledge, and everyday knowledge. A. Semantic memory B. Episodic memory C. Procedural memory D. Implicit memory Answer: A 67. _____ refers to the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life’s happenings. A. Semantic memory B. Procedural memory C. Episodic memory D. Implicit memory Answer: C 68. Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn’t talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate’s recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory. A. implicit B. semantic C. episodic D. procedural Answer: C 69. Jack, a father of two, still remembers how his mother and he shared an entire tub of ice cream whenever Jack did well on a test. In this scenario, Jack’s recollection of this memory best exemplifies the use of his _____ memory. A. semantic B. flashbulb C. episodic D. procedural Answer: C 70. Jacob asks his little brother Boris to play a game of chess with him. As Boris has never played chess before, Jacob explains the rules of the game to him. What type of long-term memory has primarily helped Jacob to recount his knowledge of chess to Boris? A. Semantic memory B. Flashbulb memory C. Episodic memory D. Sensory memory Answer: A 71. David’s little brother Jeremy asks him about the Cold War. David recollects what he studied in history and recounts the events of the Cold War to Jeremy in detail. What type of long-term memory has primarily helped David to recount his knowledge of the Cold War? A. Procedural memory B. Sensory memory C. Semantic memory D. Flashbulb memory Answer: C 72. While sending her daughter off to her school prom, Eve recollects the events of her own prom. She even remembers the moment that her name was announced as Prom Queen. Eve’s recollection of this moment best reflects her _____ memory. A. semantic B. episodic C. flashbulb D. procedural Answer: B 73. Daisy, a sixteen-year-old, was in a car accident in which she suffered a serious brain injury. Since then, Daisy is unable to remember anything of her past life. She cannot recall what she did last week, how the accident happened, or anything about her childhood experiences. However, she is able to read, write, and speak accurately and remembers the names of countries, things, places, and famous people. In the context of long-term memory, which of the following is most likely true in this scenario? A. Daisy’s sensory memory is completely impaired. B. Daisy’s procedural memory is impaired, but her episodic memory remains intact. C. Daisy’s long-term memory is completely impaired. D. Daisy’s episodic memory is impaired, but her semantic memory remains intact. Answer: D 74. _____ memory is a type of long-term memory in which an individual’s behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. A. Sensory B. Semantic C. Implicit D. Explicit Answer: C 75. Which of the following is true of implicit memory? A. Implicit memory is related to nonconsciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions. B. Implicit memory has two subsystems: episodic memory and semantic memory. C. Implicit memory is also known as declarative memory. D. Implicit memory does not influence an individual’s behavior. Answer: A 76. Which of the following is NOT a subsystem of implicit memory? A. Semantic memory B. Procedural memory C. Classical conditioning D. Priming Answer: A 77. _____ is an implicit memory process that involves memory for skills. A. Procedural memory B. Vigilance C. Episodic memory D. Priming Answer: A 78. Jeremiah, an eight-year-old boy, did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old. Now, he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet. Such skills are associated with _____ memory. A. flashbulb B. procedural C. episodic D. semantic Answer: B 79. Jackie is amazed at how fast Eric’s fingers move over the keyboard when he plays computer games. Eric doesn’t have to look at the keypad to recall the placement of each key. His fingers automatically move to the keys meant for controlling his in-game character while he focuses on game strategies. Which type of memory is primarily responsible for Eric’s dexterity with the keyboard? A. Semantic memory B. Flashbulb memory C. Procedural memory D. Episodic memory Answer: C 80. People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting. This preexisting mental framework that tells people how to behave in church is an example of _____. A. priming B. a schema C. a frame D. vigilance Answer: B 81. A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is called a(n) _____. A. prototype B. frame C. schema D. archetype Answer: C 82. In the context of how memory is organized, which of the following is true of schemas? A. Schemas from prior encounters with the environment have no influence on the way individuals handle information. B. Schemas support the reconstruction process, helping individuals fill in gaps between their fragmented memories. C. According to the schema theory, memories cannot be viewed as large knowledge structures. D. According to the schema theory, memories are organized sets of neurons that are routinely activated together. Answer: B 83. Jeremy visits a new coffee shop. Even though the arrangement of seats and counters at this coffee shop is different from every other coffee shop he has been to, he automatically knows that he must stand in line in front of the counter and get his sugar and cream from the counter on the side. In this scenario, Jeremy has a(n) _____ for how coffee shops work. A. prototype B. frame C. script D. archetype Answer: C 84. _____ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in networks among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory. A. Cognitive dissonance B. Schema theory C. Connectionism D. Frequency theory Answer: C 85. In the context of how memory is organized, which of the following is true of the connectionist view? A. It has little or nothing to say about the role of the physical brain in memory. B. It maintains that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons. C. It maintains that neurons function independently in processing memories. D. It states that memories are perceived as large knowledge structures. Answer: B 86. What has research in neuroscience revealed about where memories are stored and how they are processed? A. Memories are stored in a single structure in the brain. B. Neurons work independently to process memories and represent information. C. Memory is located in specific sets or circuits of neurons. D. Brain chemicals play no part in forging the connections that represent memory. Answer: C 87. _____ is a concept that states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them—and thus the memory—may be strengthened. A. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon B. Long-term potentiation C. Chunking D. Priming Answer: B 88. Which of the following is true of brain structures and memory functions in long-term memory? A. The amygdala, a part of the limbic system, is involved in emotional memories. B. The hippocampus and the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex play a role in implicit memory, not in explicit memory. C. The parietal lobes of the brain are involved in both retrospective memory and prospective memory. D. The same area of the brain is involved in the functioning of implicit and explicit memory. Answer: A 89. Margaret fell down her basement stairs and severely injured her head. The doctor said that the limbic system in her brain was badly damaged, specifically the amygdala. Keeping this information in mind, which of the following memory difficulties is Margaret most likely to experience? A. She will find it difficult to remember her address and telephone number. B. She will find it difficult to add and subtract numbers. C. She will find it difficult to process emotional memories. D. She will find it difficult to remember how to drive a car. Answer: C 90. Vince injured his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. Consequently, Vince’s implicit memory was affected. In the context of memory, which of the following is most likely to happen? A. Vince will not remember how to ride his motorcycle. B. Vince will not remember his name and age. C. Vince will not be able to recognize his wife. D. Vince will not be able to recollect his childhood memories. Answer: A 91. Jack doesn't need to look at his keyboard while typing. His fingers automatically move over the keys as he types information into the computer. In the context of memory storage, which part of Jack's brain is active in the memory required to perform these skills? A. The temporal lobes B. The hippocampus C. The cerebellum D. The amygdala Answer: C 92. Every time Alice drives by the hospital where her grandmother died, she thinks of her late grandmother. She often gets emotional when she recollects how long her grandmother suffered after being diagnosed with a terminal disease. In the context of memory storage, which of the following brain structures is responsible for evoking such memories in Alice? A. The cerebellum B. The amygdala C. The left frontal lobe D. The parietal lobe Answer: B 93. Jenna is in an accident a week before her wedding. Due to injury to her head, Jenna’s memory is affected even though she can speak and read clearly. She remembers that she is getting married in a week and remembers her appointments for the week, but she has no memory of how she met her fiancé or how long they were dating. In this scenario, Jenna’s _____ memory is most likely impaired. A. retrospective B. semantic C. prospective D. flashbulb Answer: A 94. Darren injures himself in a skiing accident and is in a coma for three months. When he awakens, he clearly remembers what he was doing when the accident happened and events that date back to many years ago. However, he is unable to recall that he is getting married in a week. In this scenario, Darren’s _____ memory is most likely impaired. A. retrospective B. episodic C. prospective D. sensory Answer: C 95. In the context of memory storage, which of the following structures of the brain is especially active when an individual retrieves information from memory? A. The right temporal lobe B. The right frontal lobe C. The left temporal lobe D. The left frontal lobe Answer: B 96. In the context of memory storage, which of the following structures of the brain is especially active when an individual encodes new information into memory? A. The right temporal lobe B. The right frontal lobe C. The left frontal lobe D. The left temporal lobe Answer: C 97. Hillary is recalling details from her most recent trip to an amusement park. In the context of the brain structures involved in long-term memory, which lobe of Hillary’s brain is most active in this instance? A. The right frontal lobe B. The left frontal lobe C. The right temporal lobe D. The left temporal lobe Answer: A 98. Which of the following statements about the retrieval of memory is true? A. Retrieval precedes the process of information rehearsal. B. Retrieval takes place after the information is encoded and before it is stored. C. Retrieval is heavily dependent on the way a memory was retained. D. Retrieval is not affected by how a memory was encoded. Answer: C 99. _____ refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. A. The serial position effect B. The placebo effect C. Chunking D. Priming Answer: A 100. In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list? A. The primacy effect B. The recency effect C. Proactive interference D. Retroactive interference Answer: A 101. Kate is on the phone talking to her friend Paul, who is referring her for a job interview. Paul gives Kate a phone number, but before Kate can write it down, the call is disconnected. Kate can only recall the last three digits of the number that Paul gave her. This scenario best illustrates the _____ effect. A. primacy B. placebo C. recency D. echo Answer: C 102. Juanita is one of the finalists in a televised game show. Juanita is able to remember the names of the contestants she met on the first day of the show but cannot remember the names of the contestants she met after that day. In the context of memory retrieval, Juanita’s ability to recall only the names of the contestants she met on the first day exemplifies _____. A. the recency effect B. retroactive interference C. retrograde amnesia D. the primacy effect Answer: D 103. George, a fresh college graduate, is going to attend his first job interview. He has learned that he is one among six other candidates who have applied for the same job. Applying his knowledge of the serial position effect, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why? A. Either the first or the last candidate is most likely to be best remembered. B. The middle candidate will most likely be viewed less favorably. C. The middle candidate will most likely be rushed through the interview. D. The first and last candidates will most likely be asked relatively easier questions. Answer: A 104. Janet has memorized one of John Keats’s poems for an upcoming school play. The poem has four verses, and Janet can recite the entire poem verbatim. With reference to the serial position effect in memory retrieval, which of the following verses is Janet most likely to remember in the future? A. The first and fourth verse of the poem B. The first and third verse of the poem C. The second and fourth verse of the poem D. The third and fourth verse of the poem Answer: A 105. Two years ago, Naomi played the part of Lady Macbeth in a talent show. She recited an entire monologue from one of the scenes of the play. Now, Naomi can only recollect the opening lines of the same monologue. Which of the following tendencies is Naomi displaying in this scenario by recalling only the opening lines? A. The recency effect B. Proactive interference C. Retroactive interference D. The primacy effect Answer: D 106. Which of the following statements best explains the primacy effect? A. It occurs because the first few items in a list receive more elaborate processing. B. It occurs because the first few items in a list drop out of working memory before being encoded. C. It occurs because the last few items in a list are never encoded. D. It occurs because the last few items in a list are more likely to be encoded successfully into long-term memory. Answer: A 107. Which of the following statements best explains the recency effect? A. It occurs because the first few items in a list receive less elaborate processing. B. It occurs because the first few items in a list drop out of working memory before being encoded. C. It occurs because the last few items in a list may still be in working memory when they are recalled. D. It occurs because the last few items in a list are more likely to be encoded successfully into long-term memory. Answer: C 108. While auditioning for a play, Theodore insists that he will audition either first or last. He believes that there are greater chances of him making a lasting impression if he is either first or last. In this scenario, Theodore is adhering to the _____. A. absentmindedness phenomenon B. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon C. placebo effect D. serial position effect Answer: D 109. In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following is true of recognition? A. Recognition tests such as essay tests have poor retrieval cues. B. In the task of recognition, an individual has to retrieve previously learned information. C. In the task of recognition, an individual only has to identify learned items. D. Recognition of a stimulus is far more difficult than recall of a stimulus. Answer: C 110. Jennifer and Stacey go to different schools but study the same text books. Jennifer’s end-of-semester tests include only essay questions, whereas Stacey’s end-of-semester tests include only multiple-choice questions. In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following statements is accurate? A. Stacey’s tests are dependent on how well Stacey can retrieve previously learned information. B. Jennifer’s tests have poorer retrieval cues than Stacey’s tests. C. Jennifer’s tests are based on recognition. D. Stacey’s tests are based on recall. Answer: B 111. Donna prides herself on being able to remember a face after seeing it just once. However, she is not good with remembering the names that match the faces. In the context of memory retrieval, it can be said that: A. Donna is good with recognition but poor with recall. B. Donna is good at retrieving previously learned information. C. Donna is not good at identifying learned items. D. Donna is not good at memory-related tasks. Answer: A 112. David’s roommate, Ryan, asks David for advice on how to study for his final exams. Applying his knowledge of context-dependent memory, David will be most likely to recommend that Ryan study _____. A. in the Apartment, alone B. in the library with his friends C. quietly in the classroom in which he is to take his exam D. outside, in the pavilion near the basketball court Answer: C 113. Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide. In which of the following ways can he use the process of context-dependent memory to his advantage? A. By interviewing all potential witnesses B. By questioning witnesses as a group C. By taking witnesses back to the crime scene D. By interviewing only eye witnesses Answer: C 114. _____ memory refers to a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person’s recollections of his or her life experiences. A. Procedural B. Autobiographical C. Prospective D. Sensory Answer: B 115. Which of the following statements is true about autobiographical memory? A. It is a special form of episodic memory. B. Autobiographical memories are the least complex of all. C. Autobiographical memories cannot be categorized. D. It is a special form of semantic memory. Answer: A 116. Ashton is forty-five years old. He has vivid memories of the significant events that took place in his youth. However, he finds it difficult to recollect the events that took place in the first and fourth decades of his life. In the context of memory retrieval, this ability to recall events from certain phases of his life is known as _____. A. the reminiscence bump B. the serial position effect C. absentmindedness D. interference Answer: A 117. _____ memory is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events. A. Working B. Flashbulb C. Procedural D. Prospective Answer: B 118. On the way home from her senior prom, Mary’s date ran a red light and crashed into another vehicle, causing severe injuries to all those involved. Twenty years later, Mary still remembers the song that was playing on the radio at the time of the crash. In the context of memory retrieval, such a memory is best described as a(n) _____ memory. A. flashbulb B. iconic C. procedural D. prospective Answer: A 119. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a flashbulb memory? A. Joseph remembers what he was doing when he heard that his wife was in an accident. B. Anna suddenly remembers that she has to study for a geography test. C. Eva remembers the math formula that she studied in class and is able to apply it in her math test. D. All of these. Answer: A 120. Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories? A. Such memories lack accuracy and vivid imagery. B. Such memories are only associated with negative events. C. Such memories are usually not associated with emotionally significant events. D. Such memories are more durable than memories of day-to-day happenings. Answer: D 121. Cathy, a fourteen-year-old girl, is one of the few survivors of a plane crash that killed 247 passengers. She survived with severe injuries that took almost six months to heal. Three years after the occurrence, Cathy remembers the details of the plane crash with alarming accuracy. This is most likely because her memory is _____. A. a prospective memory B. of a traumatic event C. of a fictional event D. a procedural memory Answer: B 122. _____ can be considered a special case of motivated forgetting. A. Tip-of-the-tongue B. Repression C. Decay D. Interference Answer: B 123. Motivated forgetting is usually associated with _____ memories. A. prospective B. semantic C. implicit D. traumatic Answer: D 124. Which of the following procedures, used by law enforcement officials, is most likely to reduce eyewitness errors? A. Encouraging witnesses to speak to each other before talking to the police B. Strongly opposing the use of double-blind procedures C. Presenting the suspects to the witness in a sequential fashion, one at a time D. Giving the witnesses background information on the suspect Answer: C 125. Kyle was one of the eyewitnesses for a robbery that took place in a convenience store. When called in to the police headquarters to identify the suspect in a lineup, which of the following is most likely to elicit the most accurate response from Kyle? A. Encouraging Kyle to discuss the event with other eyewitnesses immediately before viewing the lineup B. Strongly opposing the use of double-blind procedures C. Presenting the suspects to Kyle in a sequential fashion, one at a time D. Letting Kyle know which suspect was identified by the other eyewitnesses Answer: C 126. A store run by Mr. Mathers was robbed by three armed men. Mr. Mathers and his staff are waiting for the police to arrive. While doing so, they discuss the robbery and decide on a common story to tell the police. Which of the following is a likely outcome of this collaborative sharing of information by the eyewitnesses? A. The dialogue between the eyewitnesses will contaminate their memories. B. The dialogue between the eyewitnesses will enable them to accurately recall the exact details. C. The eyewitnesses will be less prone to display bias while identifying the perpetrator. D. The eyewitnesses will be better able to help the police solve the crime. Answer: A 127. According to Hermann Ebbinghaus’s scientific research on forgetting, _____. A. motivated forgetting protects an individual from threatening information B. an individual never actually forgets what he learns C. autobiographical memories are the easiest to forget D. most forgetting takes place soon after an individual learns something Answer: D 128. _____ was the first person to conduct scientific research on forgetting. A. Alan Baddeley B. Karl Lashley C. Hermann Ebbinghaus D. Allan Paivio Answer: C 129. Encoding failure occurs when _____. A. an individual is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it B. memories are lost from storage over a passage of time C. the information never entered the long-term memory D. other information gets in the way of what an individual wants to remember Answer: C 130. According to the _____ theory, people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. A. decay B. interference C. connectionist D. schema Answer: B 131. _____ refers to a situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later. A. Retroactive interference B. Priming C. Proactive interference D. Repression Answer: C 132. _____ refers to a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier. A. Priming B. Retroactive interference C. Motivated forgetting D. Repression Answer: B 133. Belinda and John were best friends through their school years. Belinda now works in a café and has become good friends with her colleague, Jim. However, Belinda often finds herself referring to Jim as John, even though she has not spoken to John for at least four years. Belinda’s confusion with these names may be attributed to the occurrence of _____. A. proactive interference B. retroactive interference C. retrograde amnesia D. anterograde amnesia Answer: A 134. Charlie has opted for both Spanish and French in school this semester. As he studies the list of words for his French test, he realizes that he has forgotten the list of Spanish words he learnt the day before. In the context of retrieval failure, this is an example of _____. A. anterograde amnesia B. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon C. prospective memory D. retroactive interference Answer: D 135. Jillian, a flight attendant, is fluent in Spanish. Ever since she has learnt French, however, Jillian finds it difficult to remember Spanish words and phrases. In this scenario, Jillian’s failure to retrieve Spanish words and phrases is most likely caused by _____. A. absentmindedness B. retroactive interference C. tip-of-the-tongue phenomena D. anterograde amnesia Answer: B 136. In the context of retrieval failures, the decay theory states that memories fade because _____. A. of the occurrence of retroactive interference B. the cerebellum reduces in size over a period of time C. old memories are constantly replaced by new memories D. a neurochemical memory trace disintegrates over time Answer: D 137. Aaron is solving a crossword puzzle. The clue for a seven-letter word says “prose literature, not based on facts.” Aaron is confident that he knows the word, but keeps coming up with other words like “faction,” “friction,” and “fraction.” After saying these few words out loud, Aaron suddenly remembers the correct word: “fiction.” In this scenario, Aaron has just experienced the _____. A. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon B. recency effect C. primacy effect D. retrograde amnesia phenomenon Answer: A 138. _____ memory involves remembering information about doing something in the future. A. Flashbulb B. Retrospective C. Prospective D. Explicit Answer: C 139. Rachel remembers that she has an important meeting with her advisor right after her English class on Tuesday. This is an example of _____ memory. A. retrospective B. prospective C. procedural D. autobiographical Answer: B 140. Yvette remembers the time that she and her brother got lost in the park. This is an example of _____ memory. A. retrospective B. prospective C. procedural D. semantic Answer: A 141. Garret, a young boy, remembers that he has to pick up his little brother from school in a few hours. This is an example of _____ memory. A. prospective B. procedural C. retrospective D. semantic Answer: A 142. James is required to attend a conference with his supervisor, Alan, next Sunday. Even though Alan tells James to make a note of it in his diary, James does not do so. On the day of the conference, James is at home talking to a friend who mentions a conference that she attended. James is immediately reminded of the conference he is supposed to attend and just about makes it on time. This scenario best illustrates _____ memory. A. procedural B. event-based prospective C. time-based prospective D. autobiographical Answer: B 143. Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan’s condition best exemplifies _____. A. anterograde amnesia B. retrograde amnesia C. the primacy effect D. the recency effect Answer: B 144. Derek is suffering from anterograde amnesia. Which of the following is most likely to be true of Derek in this case? A. He cannot recall his past memories, but he can create new memories. B. He can neither recall his past memories nor create new memories. C. He can recall his past memories, but he cannot process new memories. D. He can recall his past memories and can process new memories. Answer: C 145. Jennifer suffered a stroke at the age of forty-nine years. Since the stroke, she has not been able to form any new memories or process new information. However, she remembers all her friends and family members and can recount stories from her past with great accuracy. In this scenario, Jennifer most likely has _____. A. Alzheimer disease B. retrograde amnesia C. anterograde amnesia D. Parkinson’s disease Answer: C 146. Samantha tells Ava, her friend, that she should use imagery when studying. In the context of the science of memory, this tip will be most useful to Ava when she is _____ information. A. retrieving B. encoding C. organizing D. rehearsing Answer: B 147. Sheila is preparing for her end-of-semester tests. In the context of using study tips from the science of memory, which of the following practices will help her encode information more effectively? A. Using chunking B. Avoiding the use of imagery C. Avoiding making associations to her life D. Dividing attention Answer: A 148. Tim is studying for his final exams. In the context of using study tips from the science of memory, which of the following practices would help Tim improve the task of rehearsing information? A. Avoiding asking himself questions while reading B. Rewriting or retyping his study material C. Avoiding talking to people about what he has learned D. Using mind-altering substances Answer: B 149. _____ allows individuals to understand themselves and provides them with a source of identity. A. Chunking B. Retroactive interference C. Vigilance D. Autobiographical memory Answer: D 150. Suzie’s parents suffered from Alzheimer disease before they died. Although Suzie is still in her early forties, she is concerned about her own cognitive functioning. Her niece, Diana, is a medical student. What helpful advice is Diana most likely to give Suzie based on her knowledge of Alzheimer disease? A. Suzie should avoid all physical activity. B. Suzie should start taking medication in order to prevent the onset of the disease. C. Suzie should stop engaging in activities that cause intellectual stimulation. D. Suzie should engage in challenging cognitive tasks as frequently as possible. Answer: D Short Answer Questions 151. Robert is a server in a restaurant and is expected to take orders from customers and remember them without writing anything down. List the different phases of memory and explain how each of these phases of memory is crucial to Robert’s job. Answer: The three phases of memory include encoding, storage, and retrieval. Robert has to attend to the orders he receives—who is asking for what and how the person would like it prepared. To do so, he must encode the information about each customer and each order. He might look at each customer and associate the person’s face with the menu items requested. Without writing anything down, Robert must retain the information, at least until he gets the orders to the kitchen or onto the computer. Robert might rehearse the orders in his mind as he walks to the kitchen or to the computer. When delivering the food to the table, Robert must accurately retrieve the information about who ordered what. 152. With the help of an example, explain the shallow, intermediate, and deep levels of processing in memory. Answer: The term “levels of processing” refers to a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep. Imagine that a person is asked to memorize a list of words, including the word “mom.” Shallow processing includes noting the physical features of a stimulus, such as the shapes of the letters in the word “mom.” Intermediate processing involves giving the stimulus a label, as in reading the word “mom.” The deepest level of processing entails thinking about the meaning of a stimulus—for instance, thinking about the meaning of the word “mom” and about the person’s own mother, her face, and her special qualities. 153. In the context of memory encoding, describe the concept of elaboration. Answer: Elaboration refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding. Elaboration is like creating a huge spider web of links between some new information and everything one already knows, and it can occur at any level of processing. The more elaborate the processing, the better memory will be. Deep, elaborate processing is a powerful way to remember. 154. Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory. Answer: Short-term memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer. Working memory can be thought of as a mental blackboard, a place where individuals can imagine and visualize. In this sense, working memory is the context for conscious thought. In working memory, the brain manipulates (works with) and assembles information to help people understand, make decisions, and solve problems. Working memory is not the same thing as short-term memory. Short-term memory is a passive storehouse with shelves to store information until it moves to long-term memory. Working memory, in contrast, is an active memory system. For instance, a person can hold a list of words in short-term memory by rehearsing them over and over. But a person cannot solve a problem while rehearsing information using short-term memory, and he or she cannot rehearse information while trying to solve a problem. Furthermore, working memory capacity is separable from short-term memory capacity. Because short-term memory capacity can rely on rehearsal, 7 + 2 chunks are generally manageable. However, in working memory, if the chunks are relatively complex, most young adults can only remember 4 + 1, that is, 3 to 5 chunks. This might explain why measures of short-term memory capacity are not strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, such as intelligence, whereas working memory capacity is. 155. What are the functions of the three components of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory? Answer: The three components of Baddeley’s model are the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive. The phonological loop is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language. The phonological loop contains two separate components: an acoustic code, which decays in a few seconds, and rehearsal, which allows people to repeat the words in the phonological store. The visuo-spatial sketchpad stores visual and spatial information, including visual imagery. The central executive integrates information not only from the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad but also from long-term memory. The phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive all have limited capacities. 156. Describe the concepts of declarative memory and nondeclarative memory. Answer: Declarative memory and nondeclarative memory are components of long-term memory. Declarative memory, also known as explicit memory, is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated. Nondeclarative memory, also known as implicit memory, is memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. 157. Define implicit memory and briefly describe the three subsystems of implicit memory. Answer: Implicit memory refers to memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. The three subsystems of implicit memory are procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming. • Procedural memory is an implicit memory process that involves memory for skills. • Classical conditioning involves the automatic learning of associations between stimuli, so that one comes to evoke the same response as the other. • Priming is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster. 158. Using the principles of encoding, explain why the primacy effect and recency effect occur. Answer: In the context of the serial position effect, the first few items in a list are easily remembered (primacy effect) because they are rehearsed more or because they receive more elaborative processing than do words later in the list. Working memory is relatively empty when the items enter, so there is little competition for rehearsal time. Moreover, because the items get more rehearsal, they stay in working memory longer and are more likely to be encoded successfully into long-term memory. In contrast, many items from the middle of the list drop out of working memory before being encoded into long-term memory. The last several items on the list are remembered for different reasons (recency effect). First, when these items are recalled, they might still be in working memory. Second, even if these items are not in working memory, the fact that they were just encountered makes them easier to recall. 159. In the context of retrieval cues, differentiate between recall and recognition, with the help of examples. Answer: Student answers will vary. The presence or absence of good cues and the retrieval task required are factors in an important memory distinction: recall versus recognition. • Recall is a memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned information, as on essay tests. • Recognition is a memory task in which the individual only has to identify (recognize) learned items, as on multiple-choice tests. Recall tests such as essay tests have poor retrieval cues. A student is told to try to recall a certain class of information (“Discuss the factors that caused World War I”). In recognition tests such as multiple-choice tests, the student merely judges whether a stimulus is familiar (such as that Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914). Some people say that they never forget a face. However, recognizing a face is far simpler than recalling a face “from scratch,” as law enforcement officers know. In some cases, police bring in an artist to draw a suspect’s face from witnesses’ descriptions. Recalling faces is difficult, and artists’ sketches of suspects are frequently not detailed or accurate enough to result in apprehension. 160. Provide one example each of a flashbulb memory, an autobiographical memory, and a repressed memory. Answer: • Flashbulb memories are typically associated with very traumatic or emotionally charged events. For example, a person clearly remembers where he was or what he was doing when he heard about the massive earthquake in a neighboring city. • Autobiographical memory, a special form of episodic memory, is a person’s recollections of his or her life experiences. For example, a seventy-year-old man reminisces about all the major events of his life when he discovers that he has only a few months to live. • Repression is a defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it and then forgets the act of forgetting. For example, a girl cannot recall entire phases of her childhood because it was in those years that she was sexually abused. 161. Already fluent in Spanish, Benny attempts to learn French. Benny realizes that he is too accustomed to Spanish to really pick up a language like French. In the context of retrieval failure, explain which type of interference Benny is experiencing and why. Answer: Benny is experiencing proactive interference. Proactive interference occurs when material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later. In this case, Benny is not forgetting because his memories of Spanish are lost from storage but because his knowledge of Spanish is getting in the way of remembering French. 162. How does retrospective memory differ from prospective memory? Answer: Retrospective memory refers to remembering information from the past, while prospective memory refers to remembering information about doing something in the future. 163. Differentiate between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. Answer: Anterograde amnesia refers to a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events. “Antero” indicates amnesia that moves forward in time. On the other hand, retrograde amnesia involves memory loss for a segment of the past events. “Retro” indicates amnesia that moves back in time. 164. Robert has one week to prepare for a very important history exam. Jacob, his friend, is a psychology major. Robert has well-organized study notes, but he asks Jacob for tips on how to rehearse the information in his notes. What study tips is Jacob most likely to give Robert? Answer: The tips that Jacob gives Robert may include the following: 1. He must rewrite, type, or retype his notes. 2. He should talk to people about what he has learned and how it is important to real life in order to reinforce memory. 3. He should test himself. 4. While reading and studying, he must ask himself questions. 5. He must treat his brain kindly (he should rest, eat well, and not use mind-altering substances). 165. According to research done on Alzheimer disease, how does an active mental life affect the occurrence of the disease? Answer: Research has shown that intellectual pursuits such as playing chess and reading reduce the severity of Alzheimer symptoms. However, more recent research demonstrates that although maintaining an active mental life can reduce the speed of cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer disease, it can also be related to more rapid decline once a person is diagnosed. True/False Questions 166. Psychologists define memory as the retention of information or experience over time. Answer: True 167. Attention is selective because the brain’s resources are limited—they cannot attend to everything. Answer: True 168. In the context of short-term memory, the process of chunking works by making large amounts of information more manageable. Answer: True 169. Compared with short-term memory, sensory memory can store information for a longer time. Answer: False 170. Short-term memory is the same as working memory. Answer: False 171. Unlike the short-term memory system, Baddeley’s working memory system has unlimited capacity. Answer: False 172. Short-term memory is divided into substructures of explicit memory and implicit memory. Answer: False 173. A young girl recounting the events in a movie she has just seen is an example of implicit memory. Answer: False 174. Ryan remembers the time he drove past several acres of cotton fields, on the way to his hometown. Such a memory is an example of an episodic memory. Answer: True 175. Memory pertaining to general knowledge and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words, famous individuals, important places, and common things is called procedural memory. Answer: False 176. Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way people handle information—how they encode it, the inferences they make about it, and how they retrieve it. Answer: True 177. Parallel distributed processing is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons. Answer: True 178. The connectionist view of memory argues that changes in the strength of synaptic connections are the fundamental bases of memory. Answer: True 179. The hippocampus is the part of the brain involved in emotional memories. Answer: False 180. In the context of the brain structures involved in memory storage, the amygdala is active in the implicit memory required to perform skills. Answer: False 181. The term “reminiscence bump” refers to the fact that adults remember more events from the fourth decade of their lives than they do from the second and third decades. Answer: False 182. Flashbulb memories are extremely accurate. Answer: False 183. According to decay theory, people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. Answer: False 184. It is not useful for a person to test himself or herself while rehearsing information. Answer: False 185. Autobiographical memory allows individuals to understand themselves and provides them with a source of identity. Answer: True Test Bank for The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View Laura A. King 9780078035401, 9781260500523, 9780073532066, 9781259255533
