CH-12 Social Psychology – Psychology: Dsm 5 : Exam Guide

12 Social Psychology 1. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. a. cognition b. mental processes c. the real, imagined, or implied presence of others d. psychology Answer: c. the real, imagined, or implied presence of others Correct. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by a group. d. psychology Incorrect. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes; social psychology is a separate field that focuses on an individual within the social world. 2. Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______. a. people’s susceptibility to clever advertising b. the influences of the social world in which we exist c. abnormal behavior d. conformity Answer: b. the influences of the social world in which we exist Correct. Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on the way we are influenced by others around us and the way we, in turn, influence others. d. conformity Incorrect. Conformity is one aspect of social psychology, but social psychology’s main distinction from psychology is its focus on the individual within a group. 3. “Look! Up in the sky! It’s a bird. It’s a plane. It’s Superman!” If you looked up, would you be conforming? a. Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. b. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. c. Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. d. No. Looking up only means you are curious. Answer: b. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. Correct. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told what to do. a. Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. Incorrect. Looking up because you are being told to look up is more like compliance. You have to look up because everyone else is if it is to be considered conformity. 4. Which of the following is NOT a form of social influence? a. conformity b. compliance c. obedience d. altruism Answer: d Correct. Altruism, option d, is not a form of social influence. Altruism refers to selfless concern for the well-being of others, driven by a desire to help others without expecting anything in return. It is not about influencing others' behaviors or attitudes but rather about acting in a way that benefits others. a. conformity Incorrect. Conformity refers to adjusting one's behavior or beliefs to match those of a larger group. It involves going along with the majority even if one's own beliefs or actions differ. Conformity is a significant aspect of social influence, as individuals often conform to societal norms, group pressure, or social expectations. 5. Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince’s behavior is an example of _______________________. a. compliance b. persuasion c. conformity d. obedience Answer: c. conformity Correct. Conformity involves going along with the group despite one’s real opinion. a. compliance Incorrect. Compliance would be the case if someone had asked him to voice an opinion in keeping with the previous speakers. In this case, Vince did it on his own as a result of internal pressure to conform. 6. The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was ____________________. a. selecting paint colors b. judging line sizes c. rating new fashions d. taste-testing new candies Answer: b. judging line sizes Correct. Solomon Asch asked participants to rate the size of a comparison line to standard lines. a. selecting paint colors Incorrect. Solomon Asch’s studies had nothing to do with paint or choosing colors. 7. It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying _____________________. a. bystander apathy b. social loafing c. groupthink d. conformity Answer: d. conformity Correct. Asch studied conformity by using a 10-inch line. c. groupthink Incorrect. Asch studied conformity, not groupthink, by using the 10-inch line. 8. Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one’s own preference, is called ______. a. obedience b. submission c. conformity d. compliance Answer: c. conformity Correct. Conformity involves yielding to social norms despite one’s true preference. a. obedience Incorrect. Obedience occurs when someone changes behavior in response to a command by an authority figure. 9. Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by ______. a. Asch b. Milgram c. Luchens d. Singer Answer: a. Asch Correct. Solomon Asch first did experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity. b. Milgram Incorrect. Milgram studied obedience. 10. In what way is compliance different from conformity? a. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. b. Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female. c. Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. d. Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion. Answer: a. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. Correct. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. c. Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. Incorrect. Conformity does not involve direct group pressure. The group pressure is always indirect. 11. Asch’s studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time. a. one-fifth b. one-third c. one-half d. three-fourths Answer: b. one-third Correct. Asch’s studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about one-third of the time. c. one-half Incorrect. Asch’s studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about one-third of the time. 12. In Solomon Asch’s study, which factor increased the rate of conformity? a. The task difficulty was increased b. The confederates were all adults c. The number of confederates increased d. The participants were given two chances at responding Answer: c. The number of confederates increased Correct. The more confederates, the greater was the rate of conformity. b. The confederates were all adults Incorrect. The factor that increased the rate of conformity was the addition of confederates. 13. Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until ______ confederates were present. a. three b. four c. five d. six Answer: b. four Correct. Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until four confederates were present. c. five Incorrect. Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until four confederates were present. 14. In Solomon Asch’s study on conformity, the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants’ likelihood of giving an incorrect answer. How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 12 Answer: b. 4 Correct. Asch found that four confederates produced the most conformity and that any more did not increase the effect. d. 12 Incorrect. While a dozen jurors are needed for a decision in a court case, Asch found that only four confederates were needed to maximize conformity in his study. 15. Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch’s studies? a. the task difficulty was increased b. the confederates were all adults c. one confederate gave a correct response d. the participants were given two chances at responding Answer: c. one confederate gave a correct response Correct. If even one confederate gave a correct response, the likelihood of conformity decreased. b. the confederates were all adults Incorrect. The factor that decreased the likelihood of conformity was having one confederate who gave a correct response. 16. Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____. a. the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming b. people today are more obedient c. people in the 1950s had less money d. people today watch more television Answer: a. the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming Correct. The culture of the 1950s was more conformist than is today’s culture. b. people today are more obedient Incorrect. The decrease in conformity since the 1950s is believed to be due to the change of American culture into one that is less conformist. 17. Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity? a. sex-role stereotypes b. low socioeconomic status c. high level of individualism d. high levels of societal dependence Answer: c. high level of individualism Correct. People in individualistic cultures are less likely to conform than are people in collectivist cultures. b. low socioeconomic status Incorrect. Low socioeconomic status actually increases conformity. 18. Research has found support for Asch’s findings in countries including Hong Kong, Japan, and Zimbabwe. In fact, in these locations the conformity effect was even higher than Asch reported. What might explain this increase in conformity? a. These three countries are all located in warmer climates, which Asch found leads to more conformity. b. These three countries have generally collectivist cultures. c. These three countries have generally individualistic cultures. d. These three countries did not have access to Asch’s work so their findings were not influenced by the original study. Answer: b. These three countries have generally collectivist cultures. Correct. The collectivistic nature of these cultures is thought to lead to greater levels of conformity. c. These three countries have generally individualistic cultures. Incorrect. In an individualistic culture, conformity should decrease, not increase. 19. A group of four friends, two men and two women, are out for an evening on the town. “I’d like to go to the bookstore and get coffee,” one of the women says. “Nah, lets go over to that club and have drinks while we listen to the band,” one of the men replies. What does Solomon Asch’s research suggest will be the likely outcome? a. The group will probably go to the club, as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required. b. The group will end up going in two separate ways – the women to the bookstore and the men to the club – as Asch found that women prefer quieter environments and men prefer louder environments. c. The group will probably go to the bookstore, as Asch found that men are more willing to comply to the demands of women then the demands of other men. d. The group will probably do both tasks, as Asch found that in a group with both men and women compromise tends to be the likely outcome. Answer: a. The group will probably go to the club, as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required. Correct. Asch found that in private there are no gender effects for conformity, but when the decisions are public women tend to conform more then men. b. The group will end up going in two separate ways – the women to the bookstore and the men to the club – as Asch found that women prefer quieter environments and men prefer louder environments. Incorrect. Asch’s research investigated the phenomenon of conformity, not gender differences related to the noise level of social environments. 20. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____. a. groupthink b. mass thought c. consumerism d. solidarity think Answer: a. groupthink Correct. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in groupthink. b. mass thought Incorrect. Mass thought sounds plausible but is not the term social psychologists use. 21. Close, friendly groups usually work well together, but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________. a. fundamental attribution error b. groupthink c. generational identity d. self-serving bias Answer: b. groupthink Correct. Members of a close, friendly group may engage in groupthink (i.e., give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation). a. fundamental attribution error Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. 22. After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case? a. social influence b. prosocial behavior c. altruism d. groupthink Answer: d. groupthink Correct. Groupthink explains why the cohesiveness of the group, in this case a gang, overwhelmed the individuals’ ability to consider facts in the death of their friend. b. prosocial behavior Incorrect. Prosocial behavior refers to actions that serve the better of society. Planning a revenge killing is not prosocial behavior. 23. The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues, such as arms control. She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in ______. a. latent obedience b. intrinsic reinforcement c. latent learning d. groupthink Answer: d. groupthink Correct. Members of a close, friendly group may engage in groupthink (i.e., give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation). a. latent obedience Incorrect. This is a fictitious term. The tendency of the advisors to give priority to the group rather than pay attention to facts of a situation is known as groupthink. 24. An example of ________ is the decision by NASA to launch the space shuttle Challenger despite widespread concerns about its booster rockets. a. group polarization b. groupthink c. social loafing d. social facilitation Answer: b. groupthink Correct. Groupthink occurs when individual group members all make the same decision, even though they may be inclined to go in a different direction. c. social loafing Incorrect. This example does not demonstrate the concept of social loafing. 25. Which of the following is NOT an example of “groupthink”? a. the Challenger disaster b. the Titanic c. the Boston Red Sox d. Bay of Pigs Answer: c. the Boston Red Sox Correct. This is a group that works together as a team and considers facts realistically. d. Bay of Pigs Incorrect. The Bay of Pigs fiasco IS an example of groupthink. 26. Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group, and they usually work well together. However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________. a. fundamental attribution error b. generational identity c. groupthink d. self-serving bias Answer: c. groupthink Correct. Members of a close, friendly group may engage in groupthink (i.e., give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation). a. fundamental attribution error Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation; it is not a form of conformity. 27. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT ____________. a. the belief that the group can do no wrong b. the belief that the group is invulnerable c. the belief that those who oppose the group have no worthwhile opinions d. openness to differing opinions Answer: d. openness to differing opinions Correct. Groupthink results in lack of differing opinions. a. the belief that the group can do no wrong Incorrect. This is a cause of groupthink. 28. In order to reduce groupthink, which of the following strategies would NOT be employed? a. making sure that group leaders remain impartial b. finding holes in all arguments that go against the group’s desires c. seeking opinions of people outside of the group d. voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands Answer: b. finding holes in all arguments that go against the group’s desires Correct. This would actually increase groupthink rather than decrease it. d. voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands Incorrect. The chance to vote in secret reduces the groupthink effect, so this would not be a correct answer. 29. Of the following, a ________ would probably not be viewed as a ‘compliance professional.’ a. advertiser b. door-to-door salesperson c. teacher d. fundraiser Answer: c. teacher Correct. Because a teacher is encouraging students to think for themselves, and not accept a particular line of thinking without careful and critical analysis, he or she would not be viewed as a compliance professional. a. advertiser Incorrect. the agenda of an advertiser is to sell products, and this makes them a compliance professional. 30. Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______. a. obedience b. compliance c. conformity d. persuasion Answer: b. compliance Correct. Compliance is a response to a request. a. obedience Incorrect. Obedience is a response to a command or order that comes from an outside source in a position of authority. 31. ______ is a change of behavior in response to a direct request. a. Conformity b. Obedience c. Compliance d. Deindividuation Answer: c. Compliance Correct. Compliance is a change of behavior in response to an explicit request. b. Obedience Incorrect. Obedience is a change of behavior in response to a command or direct order. 32. Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon. a. risky shift b. polarization c. foot-in-the-door d. door-in-the-face Answer: c. foot-in-the-door Correct. The foot-in-the door phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has complied with a small request (to listen to the pitch), that person is more likely to then comply with a larger request that follows (buying the product) because he or she wants to behave consistently. d. door-in-the-face Incorrect. The door-in-the-face phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has turned down a large request, that person is more likely to then comply with a smaller request that follows because he or she wants to make up for refusing the first request. 33. After agreeing to Nat’s request to share her lecture notes from one class, Maria now agrees to Nat’s request to share her notes from three classes. This example illustrates the ________ technique. a. lowball b. foot-in-the-mouth c. door-in-the-face d. foot-in-the-door Answer: d. foot-in-the-door Correct. The foot-in-the door phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has complied with a small request, that person is more likely to then comply with a larger request that follows because he or she wants to behave consistently c. door-in-the-face Incorrect. The door-in-the-face phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has turned down a large request, that person is more likely to then comply with a smaller request that follows because he or she wants to make up for refusing the first request. 34. “Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday,” your friend Ben asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben. “Oh, that’s great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I’ll have to be be at the airport by 6:30 am. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then,” Ben adds. You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique. a. lowball b. norm of reciprocity c. door-in-the-face d. obedience Answer: a. lowball Correct. Once Ben got you to agree to a deal, he changed the request at the last minute and increased your commitment. That makes this an example of lowballing. b. norm of reciprocity Incorrect. In order for the norm of reciprocity to apply, Ben would have to give you something first and then try to call in the favor by asking for the ride. 35. What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? a. risky shift b. foot-in-the-door effect c. door-in-the-face effect d. polarization phenomenon Answer: b. foot-in-the-door effect Correct. The foot-in-the door effect occurs when someone complies with a small request and then with a larger request that follows. c. door-in-the-face effect Incorrect. The door-in-the-face effect occurs when someone complies with a small request after having refused an initial large request. 36. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique. a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. response cue Answer: c. foot-in-the-door Correct. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the foot-in-the-door effect. b. door-in-the-face Incorrect. The door-in-the-face effect occurs when someone complies with a small request after having refused an initial large request. 37. You are in the market for a new car. You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive. Which two psychological techniques are behind the offer of the soda and the test drive? a. that’s-not-all and foot-in-the-door b. norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door c. social facilitation and norm of reciprocity d. groupthink and social facilitation Answer: b. norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door Correct. The soda is an example of the norm of reciprocity, as you are supposed to feel as though you owe the salesperson something in return; the test drive is an example of the foot-in-the-door technique because you agree to a small request that the salesperson hopes will be followed by an agreement to buy the car. c. social facilitation and norm of reciprocity Incorrect. Social facilitation refers to a positive effect on one’s performance due to the presence of others. There is no social facilitation in the car dealership example. 38. The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique. a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. bait-and-switch Answer: b. door-in-the-face Correct. The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the door-in-the-face effect. c. foot-in-the-door Incorrect. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small one is called the foot-in-the-door effect. 39. “Mommy, mommy, mommy,” your young son asks frantically. “Can we please buy a new PlayStation®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don’t have to sit near the television?” “No,” you reply, “we can’t afford to buy all of that!” Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection, your son comes back with “Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®2?” “Okay, I guess so,” you answer, not realizing that your precocious son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted. a. door-in-the-face b. foot-in-the-door c. that’s-not-all d. lowball Answer: a. door-in-the-face Correct. Your savvy child knows that by asking for a large request first, he was more likely to get his smaller request approved. c. that’s-not-all Incorrect. Your child has not offered you an extra incentive before making his own request. Therefore it is not the that’s-not-all technique. 40. A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique. a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. bait-and-switch Answer: b. door-in-the-face Correct. The door-in-the-face effect occurs when someone complies with a small request (the zoo trip) after having refused an initial large request (two years of volunteer work). c. foot-in-the-door Incorrect. The foot-in-the-door effect would occur if you were first asked to supervise the zoo trip and said yes and then were asked to do the two years of volunteer work and said yes. 41. Hannah asks Jin to babysit her daughter for five hours each on both Saturday and then Sunday. Once Jin declines, Hannah asks Jin to babysit for four hours on Saturday only and Jin agrees to do it. This example demonstrates the ________ technique. a. foot-in-the-door b. foot-in-the-mouth c. door-in-the-face d. lowball Answer: c. door-in-the-face Correct. The door-in-the-face phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has turned down a large request, that person is more likely to then comply with a smaller request that follows because he or she wants to make up for refusing the first request. a. foot-in-the-door Incorrect. The foot-in-the door phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has complied with a small request, that person is more likely to then comply with a larger request that follows because he or she wants to behave consistently 42. You get a free sample of a new cereal in the mail. The company hopes you will try the cereal and then feel obligated to buy it. What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon? a. norm of reciprocity b. indebtedness c. augmented return d. social facilitation Answer: a. norm of reciprocity Correct. The norm of reciprocity involves the tendency of people to feel obligated to give something in return after they have received something. d. social facilitation Incorrect. Social facilitation is an increase in performance caused by greater arousal. 43. While walking through an airport, a well-dressed lady walks up to you and pins a flower on your shirt, saying “I’d like you to have this flower on behalf of the Brotherhood of Friends. Would you like to make a donation to our cause?” This lady is attempting to use the _____________ to get your money. a. foot-in-the-door technique b. that’s-not-all technique c. norm of reciprocity d. lowball technique Answer: c. norm of reciprocity Correct. The lady has given you a favor first and then asked you to repay that favor. This is the norm of reciprocity. b. that’s-not-all technique Incorrect. The lady has not asked for a small task followed by a larger task. Therefore this is not the that’s-not-all technique. 44. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of ________ to increase sales. a. the norm of reciprocity b. deindividuation c. group polarization d. social facilitation Answer: a. the norm of reciprocity Correct. The norm of reciprocity involves the tendency of people to feel obligated to give something in return after they have received something. d. social facilitation Incorrect. Social facilitation is an increase in performance caused by greater arousal. 45. A consultant was telling newly hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales. At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation. Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology, you recognize the concept as ________________. a. the norm of reciprocity b. indebtedness c. foot-in-the-door effect d. returning a favor Answer: a. the norm of reciprocity Correct. The norm of reciprocity involves the tendency of people to feel obligated to give something in return after they have received something. c. foot-in-the-door effect Incorrect. Foot-in-the-door effect occurs when you comply with a lesser request first and then feel obligated to comply with a larger one that follows. 46. A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. a. lowball b. foot-in-the-door c. primacy d. bait-and-switch Answer: a. lowball Correct. Lowball occurs when the cost of something increases after the commitment to buy has been made. b. foot-in-the-door Incorrect. Foot-in-the-door effect occurs when you comply with a lesser request before complying with a greater one. 47. Car salespersons are notorious for using the ________ technique, which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made. a. foot-in-the-door b. foot-in-the-mouth c. door-in-the-face d. lowball Answer: d. lowball Correct. As pointed out by your authors, car salespersons often change the rules of the sale after you have set down to sign the final papers. a. foot-in-the-door Incorrect. While car salespeople may use the foot in the door techniques to get you to their lot, their primary method for gaining compliance is the lowball technique. 48. One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ___________ technique. a. that’s-all-folks b. one-mo’-time c. that’s-not-all d. there’s-still-more Answer: c. that’s-not-all Correct. The that’s-not-all technique occurs when the merchant throws in something extra that the consumer did not even ask for to make the consumer feel obligated to buy the product. d. there’s-still-more Incorrect. There’s-still-more sounds like it could mean the same thing as that’s-not-all, but it is not a term social psychologists use. 49. When watching an infomercial offering the latest and greatest in laundry soap products the pitchman continually asks how much you’d be willing to pay, but immediately after telling you the price he yells, “plus, if you act now, we’ll double your order absolutely free!” This is a classic example of the _____________ technique. a. lowballing b. that’s-not-all c. order-now d. door-in-the-face Answer: b. that’s-not-all Correct. The strategy of offering a person more of a product for the same price to entice the consumer into making a purchase is the that’s-not-all technique. c. order-now Incorrect. There is no such thing as the order-now technique discussed in social psychology. 50. Which of the strategies for gaining compliance discussed by your textbook is least likely to influence an individual from a collectivist culture, such as Japan? a. That’s-not-all technique b. Lowballing technique c. Norm of reciprocity d. Foot-in-the-door technique Answer: d. Foot-in-the-door technique Correct. Because people from collectivist cultures do not focus as much on their own motivations, the need to be consistent in behaviors is less present. Therefore the foot-in-the-door technique is less effective. b. Lowballing technique Incorrect. No research regarding the effectiveness of the lowballing technique in collectivist cultures is discussed in the textbook. 51. The study of obedience took on a renewed importance in the wake of ________. a. the September 11, 2001 attacks b. President Clinton’s impeachment c. President Kennedy’s assassination d. the Holocaust during World War II Answer: d. the Holocaust during World War II Correct. After the war, many Nazi soldiers tried for war atrocities claimed that they were only “following orders,” and thus were not responsible for their actions. b. President Clinton’s impeachment Incorrect. This very important historical event did not have a particular impact on the study of obedience. 52. What is a difference between obedience and conformity? a. In obedience there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. b. Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules whereas obedience does not. c. Obedience is an indirect request whereas conformity is a direct request. d. In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. Answer: a. In obedience there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. Correct. Obedience occurs when one individual has some sort of status or authority that allows them to compel the actions of a second individual. d. In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. Incorrect. Conformity refers to a person’s decision to alter their behavior to be like others when there has been no direct request for such a behavioral change. 53. Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram’s study of obedience? a. Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts. b. Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners. c. Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs. d. A learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine. Answer: a. Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts. Correct. Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts; they were told it was real. b. Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners. Incorrect. The assignments were not random: The learner was always a confederate. 54. A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram’s research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate? a. “Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn” b. “Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority” c. “Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience” d. “Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours” Answer: b. “Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority” Correct. Milgram found that more people obeyed than he expected. a. “Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn” Incorrect. Milgram did not find that obedience and aggression are inborn. 55. In the Stanley Milgram obedience experiment, the teachers were given a “sample shock” of _______ volts. a. 10 b. 25 c. 30 d. 45 Answer: d. 45 Correct. Each teacher got a sample shock of 45 volts on their arm. a. 10 Incorrect. The smallest shock that could be produced by the shock box was 15 volts, so a sample shock of 10 volts would be impossible. 56. Naïve subjects in the Stanley Milgram experiment were given the opportunity to administer shocks to helpless victims. What was the maximum voltage that could be administered in one shock? a. 100 volts b. 450 volts c. 625 volts d. 999 volts Answer: b. 450 volts Correct. The shock box went up to 450 volts, which was labeled with the letters “X X X” a. 100 volts Incorrect. A shock of 100 volts would fall into the category of “moderate shock” on the shock box, while the most severe shock, labeled “X X X” was 450 volts. 57. Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram’s classic research? a. Individuals easily conform to group norms. b. The presence of other people makes aggression more likely. c. People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others. d. Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request. Answer: c. People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others. Correct. Milgram did find that people will easily obey authority and do harm to others. a. Individuals easily conform to group norms. Incorrect. Milgram’s study focused on obedience, not conformity. 58. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram’s famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? a. The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. b. The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave. c. Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. d. Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment. Answer: a. The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Correct. The Milgram experiment has been repeated at various times, in the United States and in other countries, and the percentage of participants who went all the way consistently remained between 61 and 66 percent. c. Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. Incorrect. The Milgram study showed few sex differences. 59. Analysis of the participants in Milgram’s obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient? a. Hostility b. Submissiveness c. Aggressiveness d. No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience. Answer: d. No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience. Correct. No one trait or group of traits has been found to predict obedience in Milgram’s study. b. Submissiveness Incorrect. While one might assume that a person with a submissive nature would be more likely to obey, Milgram’s study did not demonstrate this phenomenon. 60. Some have suggested that the results of Milgram’s obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect. a. reciprocity b. indebtedness c. foot-in-the-door d. returning-a-favor Answer: c. foot-in-the-door Correct. Some thought the participants felt obliged to continue with each level of shock because they had already complied with the previous ones. a. reciprocity Incorrect. The situation was not one in which the participant was made to feel he or she owed anyone anything. 61. What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching? a. social loafing b. social idleness c. social facilitation d. social productivity Answer: c. social facilitation Correct. Social facilitation is the term for the positive effect on one’s performance caused by the perception that others are watching. d. social productivity Incorrect. There is no such term as social productivity to refer to the positive effect on performance caused by the perception that others are watching. 62. Marco accepts a request to play the piano at his church’s Sunday services even though he is still learning how to play the piano. He plays a well-learned, simple piece. Happily, he performs very well in front of his congregation. Marco’s behavior illustrates ________. a. social facilitation b. social compensation c. social loafing d. the bystander effect Answer: a. social facilitation Correct. Social facilitation is the term for the positive effect on one’s performance caused by the perception that others are watching. c. social loafing Incorrect. Social loafing is what occurs when someone slacks off of a task to let others carry the workload. 63. Kwan really doesn’t feel like riding the stationary bicycle today, but he doesn’t want the people around him to think he is a slacker. If he decides to continue exercising, what concept might explain his actions? a. social loafing b. social idleness c. social facilitation d. social productivity Answer: c. social facilitation Correct. Social facilitation is the term for the positive effect on one’s performance caused by the perception that others are watching. Kwan does more exercise because of this perception. a. social loafing Incorrect. Social loafing is what occurs when someone slacks off of a task to let others carry the workload. 64. John has practiced his difficult trumpet solo over and over before his performance. He has played it perfectly in his practice room. However, when he performs in public he makes mistakes due to his anxiety. John is a victim of ______. a. performance-in-public syndrome b. social impairment c. social facilitation d. social loafing Answer: b. social impairment Correct. Social impairment occurs when a task is not as well performed due to arousal caused by the perception that others are watching. c. social facilitation Incorrect. Social facilitation is the term for the positive effect on performance caused by the perception that others are watching. 65. On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. During an interview afterward, he stated, “I’ve made that putt a thousand times on the practice green. I can’t believe that I missed it!” Based on your knowledge of social psychology, which phenomenon may have contributed to the errant putt? a. social impairment b. social loafing c. social facilitation d. diffusion of ability Answer: a. social impairment Correct. Social impairment explains why an action that was so simple in private may become more difficult in the public setting of a major golf tournament. d. diffusion of ability Incorrect. Diffusion of ability is not a term that is studied by social psychologists. 66. During the finals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) LeBron James misses a foul shot to give his team the lead with 10 seconds left in the game. Even though LeBron usually makes those shots during practice, he missed it at a crucial time. Why do you think this might have happened? a. social loafing b. diffusion of responsibility c. social facilitation d. social impairment Answer: d. social impairment Correct. LeBron’s awareness that millions of people may have been watching live and on television may have led to social impairment, which is a negative impact on performance caused by the presence of other people. c. social facilitation Incorrect. Social facilitation suggests that the presence of others has a positive effect on performance, while this example demonstrates a negative effect. Social impairment is the best answer. 67. In both social facilitation and social impairment, the key factor is ___________. a. time b. the number of people c. arousal d. task difficulty Answer: c. arousal Correct. Arousal interferes with performance. b. the number of people Incorrect. The number of people is important only if it affects arousal. 68. People who exert less effort on a task when working in a group than they do when working individually are engaging in ___________. a. groupthink b. social loafing c. social conformity d. malingering Answer: b. social loafing Correct. People who exert less effort on a task when working in a group than when working individually are engaging in social loafing. c. social conformity Incorrect. Social conformity occurs when people behave according to group norms as opposed to their own preferences. 69. An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called _____. a. social loafing b. social idleness c. social facilitation d. the goof-off phenomenon Answer: a. social loafing Correct. An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in social loafing. c. social facilitation Incorrect. Social facilitation is the term for the positive effect on one’s performance caused by the perception that others are watching. 70. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? a. conformity b. social loafing c. social influence d. social facilitation Answer: b. social loafing Correct. The teacher knows that some students will slack off if they are not being evaluated for their individual performance due to a phenomenon known as social loafing. d. social facilitation Incorrect. Social facilitation is the term for the positive effect on one’s performance caused by the perception that others are watching. 71. How can a coach get his football team to perform better if he suspects they are exhibiting social loafing? a. introduce new challenges b. get the captain to apply pressure c. grade their individual performances d. ignore the behavior Answer: c. grade their individual performances Correct. Social loafers stop their loafing when they are being evaluated on their individual performance. b. get the captain to apply pressure Incorrect. Getting the captain to apply pressure might help but is not the solution specifically for the problem of social loafing. 72. Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition? a. thinking about others b. action c. obedience d. objective Answer: a. thinking about others Correct. The way we think about others is a central feature of social cognition. b. action Incorrect. Action is a part of social behavior, not social cognition. 73. A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________. a. bystander apathy b. an attitude c. groupthink d. conformity Answer: b. an attitude Correct. Attitude is a response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, or object. d. conformity Incorrect. Conformity is indirect compliance due to group pressure. 74. What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? a. cognitions b. stereotypes c. attitudes d. attributions Answer: c. attitudes Correct. Attitudes are responses, or judgments, either positive or negative, toward people, ideas, or objects. d. attributions Incorrect. Attributions are the explanations one comes up with for one’s own or other people’s behavior. 75. Attitudes are __________________. a. innate b. generally positive c. learned d. unchangeable Answer: c. learned Correct. Attitudes are learned from experience with the environment. b. generally positive Incorrect. Attitudes tend to be both positive and negative. 76. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? a. Bea feels recycling is a great concept. b. Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home. c. Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant. d. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Answer: d. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Correct. Writing is an action, or behavior. c. Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant. Incorrect. The fact that Bill struggles to understand indicates that what he is doing is cognitive. 77. Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her trust of the candidate represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational Answer: a. affective Correct. Trust is emotional and, therefore, is an affective component of attitude. b. cognitive Incorrect. Trust is emotional and, therefore, is an affective, not a cognitive, component of attitude. 78. Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her sending a donation to the campaign represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational Answer: c. behavioral Correct. Since sending a donation is an action, it is a behavioral component of attitude. b. cognitive Incorrect. Sending a donation is an action and is, therefore, a behavioral, not a cognitive, component of attitude. 79. Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________. a. learning b. intuition c. reinforcement d. conformity Answer: a. learning Correct. You learn the components of the attitude you have. c. reinforcement Incorrect. Reinforcement is only one part of a learning process. 80. An attitude has ______ major components. a. one b. two c. three d. four Answer: c. three Correct. An attitude has three major components: thinking, feeling, and behaving. b. two Incorrect. An attitude has three major components: thinking, behaving, and feeling. 81. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of attitudes? a. thoughts b. feelings c. goals d. behaviors Answer: c. goals Correct. An attitude has three major components: thinking, behaving, and feeling. a. thoughts Incorrect. The cognitive component of attitude involves thoughts and beliefs. 82. You want to visit Argentina but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected? a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational Answer: b. cognitive Correct. You are developing new thoughts as you read facts about Argentina. c. behavioral Incorrect. Reading the newspaper is changing your thinking, not behavior. 83. If Professor Jameson is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic, then she is focusing on the ________ component of attitudes. a. behavioral b. affective c. cognitive d. informational Answer: c. cognitive Correct. The cognitive component of an attitude refers to what we know or believe about the subject of the attitude. b. affective Incorrect. The affective component of an attitude refers to how we feel about the subject of the attitude. 84. Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. a. cognitive b. feeling c. intuition d. behavioral Answer: a. cognitive Correct. Roberta’s thought process in evaluating the candidate’s qualifications is a cognitive one. b. feeling Incorrect. Roberta’s positive feeling about the candidate is affective, but her evaluation of his qualifications is cognitive. 85. Your attitudes are most likely to influence specific behaviors when the attitudes are: a. only moderately important b. very specific c. not relevant to the behavior d. difficult to access from memory Answer: b. very specific Correct. When attitudes are very specific, they will be most likely to impact behaviors in a consistent way. c. not relevant to the behavior Incorrect. As the textbook points out, only attitudes that are relevant to a particular behavior will be effective at predicting that action. 86. “I hate Walt Disney World. Whenever I take the kids there, I realize how much I hate that place.” Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. vicarious conditioning d. observational learning Answer: a. direct contact Correct. The phrase “whenever I take the kids” shows that direct contact is the cause of the attitude. d. observational learning Incorrect. The attitude comes from a direct experience, not an observation of someone else’s attitude. 87. Kerry’s positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. interaction with others d. classical conditioning Answer: c. interaction with others Correct. The fact that Kerry’s mother talks about China all the time with Kerry and is Chinese indicates that her attitude is the result of interaction with her mother. d. classical conditioning Incorrect. Classical conditioning occurs when someone learns through repetition to respond in a certain way to a stimulus. 88. Jaquan’s parents have been talking to him about the negative aspects of drugs ever since he was a youngster. Now that he is a teenager, he knows that some of his friends smoke marijuana. At a party one night, a friend offers Jaquan a joint. Jaquan declines the offer, stating that he hates drugs. Even though he has never tried drugs to form his own opinion of them, which method of attitude formation has kept him from making a mistake? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. interaction with others d. vicarious conditioning Answer: b. direct instruction Correct. Jaquan’s parents have given him direct instruction about the negative aspects and dangers of drugs, and he has adopted an attitude based on that teaching. a. direct contact Incorrect. Because Jaquan has never tried drugs, his attitude is not the result of direct contact. 89. Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive? a. an attractive person who is an expert b. a moderately attractive person who is an expert c. an attractive person who has moderate expertise d. a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise Answer: a. an attractive person who is an expert Correct. Attractiveness and expertise have been shown to increase persuasiveness. d. a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise Incorrect. The more expertise and the more attractive someone is, the more effective he or she can be as a persuader. 90. Which of the following statements about persuasion is correct? a. Fast speakers are less persuasive than slow speakers. b. Arousal of strong emotions, such as fear, is not persuasive if the message includes specific advice about how to produce a positive outcome. c. People with high self-esteem are more susceptible to persuasion. d. People who are perceived as honest are more persuasive. Answer: d. People who are perceived as honest are more persuasive. Correct. As your textbook points out, the perception of honesty goes a long way toward enhancing persuasiveness. a. Fast speakers are less persuasive than slow speakers. Incorrect. In fact, as your authors state, fast speakers tend to be more persuasive than slow speakers. 91. What is the relationship between expertise and persuasion? a. Expertise has no effect on persuasion. b. Nonexperts tend to be the most persuasive. c. Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion. d. Communicators with moderate expertise are the most persuasive. Answer: c. Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion. Correct. Expertise makes the persuader credible. d. Communicators with moderate expertise are the most persuasive. Incorrect. The more expertise, the better for the persuader. 92. Expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness all relate to which factor of persuasion? a. channel b. message c. source d. audience Answer: c. source Correct. Attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness are source characteristics, that is, characteristics of the persuader. b. message Incorrect. Attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness are aspects of the person trying to persuade, not aspects of the message. 93. Which of the following qualities would make members of a target audience easier to persuade? a. highly educated members b. experts in the field c. younger members d. older members Answer: c. younger members Correct. A younger target audience seems to be more likely to be easily persuaded. d. older members Incorrect. Older members of an audience seem to be harder to persuade. 94. Central route is to peripheral route as ________. a. careful is to superficial b. superficial is to careful c. right is to wrong d. error is to correct Answer: a. careful is to superficial Correct. When the central route processing is used, the listener pays careful attention to the message. When peripheral route processing is used, superficial aspects of the speaker are attended to. b. superficial is to careful Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. 95. A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they have that company’s insurance. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing? a. central-route b. tertiary-route c. secondary-route d. peripheral-route Answer: d. peripheral-route Correct. The advertisement is using factors of the message source (dancers, celebrities) to sell the product. This is peripheral-route processing. a. central-route Incorrect. Central-route processing involves getting an audience to pay attention to the content of the message rather than the features of the message source. 96. When George Bush said, “Everything in Iraq is going as planned. Trust me, I am the president,” he was using what form of the elaboration likelihood model? a. under-route processing b. peripheral route processing c. central-route processing d. classic-route processing Answer: b. peripheral route processing Correct. In peripheral-route processing one focuses on the source of the message rather than the content. c. central-route processing Incorrect. In central-route processing one focuses on the content rather than the source. 97. The advice to “keep it simple stupid” suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model? a. under-route processing b. peripheral-route processing c. central-route processing d. classic-route processing Answer: c. central-route processing Correct. In central-route processing one focuses on the content rather than the source. b. peripheral-route processing Incorrect. In peripheral-route processing one focuses on the source of the message rather than the content. 98. What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? a. enticement b. persuasion c. conversion d. affectance Answer: b. persuasion Correct. Persuasion is the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior. c. conversion Incorrect. Conversion is the actual process of changing. The use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior is persuasion. 99. Which of the following is the correct definition of cognitive dissonance? a. a state of tension that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to the his or her attitude b. the tendency for members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so c. the tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement d. a belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and over again Answer: a. a state of tension that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to the his or her attitude Correct. Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to the person’s attitude. b. the tendency for members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so Incorrect. The tendency for members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so is called diffusion of responsibility. 100. A state of tension that occurs when a person’s attitudes do not match the person’s actions is called __________. a. cognitive dissonance b. the validity effect c. the fundamental attribution error d. routinization Answer: a. cognitive dissonance Correct. Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to the person’s attitude. c. the fundamental attribution error Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the situation. 101. Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? a. changing the behavior to match the attitude b. changing the thought to justify the behavior c. developing new thoughts to justify the behavior d. continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts Answer: d. continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts Correct. This activity will do nothing to reduce cognitive dissonance. b. changing the thought to justify the behavior Incorrect. This activity will reduce cognitive dissonance. 102. Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, “Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health.” Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance? a. “I’ve been smoking my whole life and I don’t have health problems.” b. “No one I know who smokes is sick.” c. “I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can’t stop.” d. “That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful.” Answer: c. “I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can’t stop.” Correct. Luis is demonstrating that there is a clear conflict between what he is doing and what he is thinking. a. “I’ve been smoking my whole life and I don’t have health problems.” Incorrect. There is no conflict between what Luis is doing and how he thinks. 103. The World-Will-End-on-June-7 group got together on June 7 to pray as the world ended. The next day the world did not end. The leader of the group said, “Our prayers saved the world.” What process was responsible for the attitude change? a. operant conditioning b. cognitive dissonance c. classical conditioning d. positive reinforcement Answer: b. cognitive dissonance Correct. The dissonance of the world not ending and their original beliefs made the necessity of reducing the dissonance. Saying that their prayers saved the world served that purpose. a. operant conditioning Incorrect. There was no reinforcement or punishment in effect in this situation. 104. Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? a. You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes. b. You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. c. You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. d. You are polite and civil to people you dislike. Answer: b. You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. Correct. If you believe that reality TV is for morons, then you must think that you yourself are a moron for watching American Idol. Cognitive dissonance occurs when your actions don’t match your attitudes. c. You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. Incorrect. There is no cognitive dissonance in doing exercise even though you don’t like to; you know that you are doing it solely for the health benefit, not for enjoyment. 105. Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? a. I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke. b. I believe exercising is healthy; I love to exercise. c. I believe dresses are feminine; Nicole Kidman sometimes wears pants. d. I believe profanity is childish; my father uses profanity. Answer: a. I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke. Correct. These statements are dissonant. d. I believe profanity is childish; my father uses profanity. Incorrect. There is no conflict between attitude and actions in this example, since it is the father who uses profanity, not the person who believes profanity is childish. 106. Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? a. Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. b. Dresses are feminine; Britney Spears wears dresses. c. Pink shirts are effeminate; Bruce Willis wears pink shirts. d. Orange juice is healthy; I love orange juice. Answer: c. Pink shirts are effeminate; Bruce Willis wears pink shirts. Correct. Bruce Willis is not effeminate so the first statement creates dissonance. b. Dresses are feminine; Britney Spears wears dresses. Incorrect. Britney Spears is feminine so these are consistent statements. 107. You’ve always`s disliked a particular coworker who strikes you as dishonest, but he is nice to you and does you favors, so you become friendly with him despite your misgivings. One day you learn that he stole personal items from your desk. You now decide to discontinue the friendship. Your negative attitude toward this coworker is strengthened through ___________. a. operant conditioning b. instrumental learning c. classical conditioning d. reduction of cognitive dissonance Answer: d. reduction of cognitive dissonance Correct. Cognitive dissonance occurred due to the conflict between your attitude (i.e., mistrust of this person) and your actions (i.e., being friendly). Once your suspicion about his dishonesty is confirmed and you discontinue acting friendly, there is no longer any cognitive dissonance. c. classical conditioning Incorrect. Classical conditioning applies to the kind of learning that occurs with involuntary, reflexive behavior; befriending a coworker requires voluntary behavior. 108. In Festinger and Carlsmith’s (1959) classic study on cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those who were paid $1 for doing the same task, ________. a. liked the task more b. liked the task less c. liked the task equally as much d. were more likely to tell their friends to do the task Answer: b. liked the task less Correct. Those who were paid $20 for doing the tasks could justify doing it, even though they disliked it, because of the higher level of pay. a. liked the task more Incorrect. In fact, those who were paid one dollar for the task reported enjoying it more. This was a very important finding in the area of cognitive dissonance. 109. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? a. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. b. Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. c. Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups. d. Women performed the tasks for less money than men. Answer: a. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. Correct. They used cognitive dissonance to justify their poor pay. b. Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. Incorrect. Contrary to popular belief, cognitive dissonance was supported.. 110. Dr. Cirillo divided her first-period class into two groups. One group had to read 20 pages in a boring psychology text but would get 2 extra points on the next test. The other group also read 20 pages but were given 25 points added to the next test. The class members were then asked to tell the second-period class how interesting the book was. According to the results of the Festinger and Carlsmith study, what predictions could one make about the remarks of the first-period class? a. Both groups would say the pages were boring. b. The first-period class would say the pages were boring but the second-period class would not. c. Both groups would say the pages were interesting. d. The first-period class would say the pages were interesting but the second-period class would say the pages were boring. Answer: d. The first-period class would say the pages were interesting but the second-period class would say the pages were boring. Correct. The group that got such a small reward would reduce dissonance and say it was not so bad reading the pages. a. Both groups would say the pages were boring. Incorrect. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, there would be differences in how the groups perceived the reading. 111. Which part of the brain has been identified as being particularly active when people experience cognitive dissonance? a. the left frontal cortex b. the anterior amygdala c. the ascending pyramidal tracks d. the dorsolateral hypothalamus Answer: a. the left frontal cortex Correct. The left frontal cortex, which is involved in language and decision-making, is particularly involved in the experience of cognitive dissonance. d. the dorsolateral hypothalamus Incorrect. The dorsolateral hypothalamus is involved in the activation of eating and plays no role in cognitive dissonance. 112. What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? a. social interaction b. stereotyping c. impression formation d. interpersonal judgment Answer: c. impression formation Correct. Impression formation is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person. b. stereotyping Incorrect. Although stereotyping may be a component of impression formation, it is not the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person. 113. What is the the primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, more commonly known as? a. first impression b. negative attribution c. situational bias d. altruism Answer: a. first impression Correct. The primacy effect refers to our very first impression of a person. d. altruism Incorrect. Altrusim, or prosocial behavior, is not directly related to impression formation. 114. Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? a. it occurs without conscious awareness b. it is deliberate and conscious c. people who do it tend to be young and naïve d. social categorization is a relatively new phenomenon Answer: a. it occurs without conscious awareness Correct. Social categorization does occur without conscious awareness, which is the reason so many people don’t think they do it. b. it is deliberate and conscious Incorrect. Social categorization does occur without conscious awareness. 115. Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? a. stereotype b. expectation c. classification d. categorization Answer: a. stereotype Correct. The term stereotype refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group. b. expectation Incorrect. Expectation may be a component in stereotyping but it is only one part of a bigger process. 116. “We” have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas “they” all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ______________. a. mindlessness b. a stereotype c. a fundamental attribution error d. mental set Answer: b. a stereotype Correct. Stereotyping helps us to reduce the complexity of our perceptions. c. a fundamental attribution error Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. 117. Dave believes all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of _______________. a. consensus b. impressions c. an attitude d. a stereotype Answer: d. a stereotype Correct. A stereotype is a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group. b. impressions Incorrect. Dave has taken his impressions and created a stereotype, or a set of characteristics that he believes are shared by all college professors. 118. The issue of racial profiling has been a controversial topic in the United States for many years, and it was particularly widespread after the events of September 11, 2001. When an individual engages in profiling and assumes that one person must possess certain qualities because of their race or ethnicity, (s)he is engaging in _____________. a. attributing b. discrimination c. stereotyping d. social loafing Answer: c. stereotyping Correct. The assumption that all members of a particular group must share some common features or attributes is stereotyping. a. attributing Incorrect. Attribution, which involves explanations for behaviors, is not the best answer. 119. Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory? a. the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits b. personal insights c. objective ideas about maladaptive behavior d. unconscious motives for aggressive behavior Answer: a. the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits Correct. This is the correct definition of implicit personality theory. d. unconscious motives for aggressive behavior Incorrect. Implicit personality theory is the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits. 120. According to the research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing? a. Mark, an Irish American born in Kansas b. Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong c. Tony, an Italian American born in New York d. Shireese, an African American born in New Jersey Answer: b. Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong Correct. People native to Honk Kong seem to believe that personality is changeable. d. Shireese, an African American born in New Jersey Incorrect. American-born individuals do not seem to believe personality is changeable. 121. Attributions are __________________. a. explanations that account for one’s own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others. b. innate personality traits c. genetic predispositions to behave a certain way d. physical qualities people have such as attractiveness Answer: a. explanations that account for one’s own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others. Correct. Attributions are reasons people have to explain the behavior of themselves and others. c. genetic predispositions to behave a certain way Incorrect. Attributions are reasons people have to explain the behavior of themselves and others. 122. Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________________. a. attribution b. causal analysis c. ascribing values d. nonverbal communication Answer: a. attribution Correct. You are coming up with explanations for your friend’s behavior. b. causal analysis Incorrect. Causal analysis is not a term used in social psychology. 123. A group of Ray’s friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, “He never remembers anything.” Another says, “He’s probably caught in rush hour traffic.” What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? a. They are making attributions. b. They are reducing dissonance levels. c. They are conforming to the group’s norms. d. They are forming initial impressions of Ray. Answer: a. They are making attributions. Correct. They are speculating about explanations for Ray’s behavior. d. They are forming initial impressions of Ray. Incorrect. They are making attributions for Ray’s behavior. 124. The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else’s behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person’s situation is called ______. a. the primacy effect b. cognitive dissonance c. attribution theory d. stereotyping Answer: c. attribution theory Correct. The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else’s behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person’s situation is called attribution theory. b. cognitive dissonance Incorrect. Cognitive dissonance theory focuses on how people justify their behavior. 125. “Look, Officer, I didn’t see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes.” The police officer responds, “You were not paying attention.” How would a social psychologist describe this situation? a. Both individuals were making fundamental attribution errors. b. Both individuals were making situational attributions. c. The driver was making a dispositional attribution; the officer was making a situational attribution. d. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Answer: d. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Correct. The driver attributed his error to something in his situation, that is, the sun, whereas the officer attributed his error to something internal to him, that is, his lack of attention. c. The driver was making a dispositional attribution; the officer was making a situational attribution. Incorrect. The driver attributed his error to something in his situation, that is, the sun, whereas the officer attributed his error to something internal to him, that is, his lack of attention. 126. Which of the following is an example of a situational attribution? a. “I did a good job because I’m smart.” b. “I did a good job because the task was easy.” c. “I did a bad job because I’m inept.” d. “She did a good job because she’s talented.” Answer: b. “I did a good job because the task was easy.” Correct. Recall that a situational attribution places the behavior on events outside of the actor. c. “I did a bad job because I’m inept.” Incorrect. This response would be an example of a dispositional attribution. 127. Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Alex says to his friend, “That man is incredibly rude.” A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. What does she write concerning Alex? a. he made a situational attribution b. he made a dispositional attribution c. his remark is based on a stereotype d. his remark is considered a collectivistic remark Answer: b. he made a dispositional attribution Correct. Alex’s judgment that “the man is rude” is a dispositional attribution, as it assumes his behavior is due to his character. a. he made a situational attribution Incorrect. A situational attribution would be an assumption that the man had an external reason why he had to cut the line. 128. When we make situational attributions we are identifying the cause of an action as something _____. a. in the environment b. in the person’s disposition c. that is a biological trait d. with an unconscious motivation Answer: a. in the environment Correct. When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something “out there” in the environment. b. in the person’s disposition Incorrect. Identifying the cause of an action as something in a person’s disposition is what we do when we make a dispositional attribution. 129. You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier. Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error? a. the yeller is a mean, angry person b. the cashier is overworked c. the yeller has had a bad day d. the cashier has had a bad day Answer: a. the yeller is a mean, angry person Correct. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. In this case, it may be an error to assume that the person is mean and angry and overlook the possibility that he/she has a good reason to be angry and/or that he/she had a horrible day c. the yeller has had a bad day Incorrect. Making a situational attribution is not a fundamental attribution error. 130. Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error? a. We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. b. We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. c. We are more likely to attribute another’s behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. d. We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and failures to the shortcomings of others. Answer: c. We are more likely to attribute another’s behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. Correct. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. d. We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and failures to the shortcomings of others. Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. 131. What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? a. availability heuristic b. augmenting principle c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. fundamental attribution error Answer: d. fundamental attribution error Correct. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. c. self-fulfilling prophecy Incorrect. A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when you believe others’ expectations about you and live up to them. 132. While watching Jeopardy, your roommate says, “Alex Trebek knows all the answers. He must be a genius.” You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of ______. a. social facilitation b. stereotyping illusions c. internal attribution biases d. fundamental attribution errors Answer: d. fundamental attribution errors Correct. Your roommate attributed something that is situational (Trebek gets the answers ahead of time) to an internal characteristic (genius). c. internal attribution biases Incorrect. Internal attribution bias is not a term used in social psychology. 133. Which statement is correct concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error? a. Fundamental attribution error appears to be universal. b. Most cultures attribute behavior to dispositional causes. c. Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States. d. Western cultures seem to make more situational attributions than Eastern cultures. Answer: c. Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States. Correct. There seems to be a tendency for Eastern cultures to make situational rather than dispositional attributions. a. Fundamental attribution error appears to be universal. Incorrect. There does seem to be differences in the way cultures make attributions. 134. Which statement is more likely to be true concerning attributions made by Americans versus Chinese people? a. they both tend to make situational cause errors b. they both tend to make dispositional cause errors c. Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Chinese people. d. Chinese people are more likely to make dispositional errors, whereas Americans are more likely to make situational errors. Answer: c. Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Chinese people. Correct. People from cultures that are individualistic, such as American culture, are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are people from cultures that are collectivistic, such as Chinese culture. b. they both tend to make dispositional cause errors Incorrect. Americans are more likely than Chinese people to erroneously attribute behavior to disposition. 135. Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error? a. Maggie, a 24-year old Caucasian woman b. Jethro, a 18-year old Caucasian man c. Anut, a 46-year old Pakistani woman d. Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman Answer: d. Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman Correct. Research suggests that older adults show a stronger bias toward internal causes than do younger people. a. Maggie, a 24-year old Caucasian woman Incorrect. Younger people tend to be less likely to make internal attributions, according to research. 136. Ralph, a white student who grew up in Maine, is about to enter the University of Southern California on an athletic scholarship. He is aware that many of his teammates will be black and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him. Ralph’s attitude is BEST described as an example of ______. a. prejudice b. ambiguity c. nonconformity d. discrimination Answer: a. prejudice Correct. Prejudice is an unsupported, often negative attitude about members of a group. d. discrimination Incorrect. Discrimination is a behavior, not an attitude. 137. Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________. a. dislike; hatred b. hatred; dislike c. behavior; attitude d. attitude; behavior Answer: d. attitude; behavior Correct. Prejudice is a thought process, whereas discrimination is an action against a person or group. a. dislike; hatred Incorrect. Prejudice is a thought process, whereas discrimination is an action against a person or group that is often motivated by prejudice. 138. Prejudice is to discrimination as ________. a. attitude is to behavior b. behavior is to attitude c. neutral is to negative d. stereotype is to feeling Answer: a. attitude is to behavior Correct. A prejudice is a type of attitude, while discrimination refers to specific actions. b. behavior is to attitude Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. 139. Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African American singing groups. He actively discourages white couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther’s behavior is BEST described as an example of ______. a. prejudice b. ambiguity c. discrimination d. oppression Answer: c. discrimination Correct. Discrimination is a behavior toward an entire group of people. a. prejudice Incorrect. Prejudice is an attitude, not a behavior. 140. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer’s belief is an example of _____ . His refusal to grant them loans is an example of _____. a. discrimination; prejudice b. stereotyping; attribution c. attribution; stereotyping d. prejudice; discrimination Answer: d. prejudice; discrimination Correct. Prejudice is an unsupported, often negative belief about all people in a particular group, whereas discrimination is an action taken that is based on this belief. In this case, the action is the refusal to grant loans. a. discrimination; prejudice Incorrect. Prejudice is an unsupported, often negative belief about all people in a particular group, whereas discrimination is an action taken that is based on this belief. 141. A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) ______. a. pariah b. in-group c. threat-group d. out-group Answer: d. out-group Correct. A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is an out-group. b. in-group Incorrect. An in-group is a social group viewed as friends who are worthy of respect. 142. The social group viewed as the one a person identifies with is called a (an) ________. a. pariah b. in-group c. threat-group d. out-group Answer: b. in-group Correct. The social group with which a person identifies is an in-group. d. out-group Incorrect. An out-group is a social group with which one does not identify. 143. Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________. a. learned behavior b. competition over scarce resources c. social categorization d. self-fulfilling prophecies Answer: b. competition over scarce resources Correct. Good housing, schools, and jobs would be examples of the scarce resources that leads to prejudice according to the realistic conflict theory. a. learned behavior Incorrect. This theory suggests that prejudice comes from competition for scarce resources. 144. The realistic conflict theory focuses on conflict ______. a. within an in-group b. between two groups c. within an out-group d. between two members of an in-group Answer: b. between two groups Correct. Most conflict occurs between different groups. a. within an in-group Incorrect. Most conflict occurs between different groups. 145. There is currently a long history of fighting between the Israelis and Palestinians, and many attempts to resolve these conflicts have failed. According to the ____________ theory, the prejudice and discrimination that exists between the two groups will continue to rise as the conflict over limited land in Israel continues. a. realistic conflict b. social diffusion c. prosocial inhibition d. genesis of bias Answer: a. realistic conflict Correct. The realistic conflict theory states that prejudice and discrimination increase when two groups fight over limited resources. c. prosocial inhibition Incorrect. This is a fictitious term that is not studied in social psychology. 146. What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration? a. kindergarten b. first grade c. second grade d. third grade Answer: c. second grade Correct. The second-grade students spent two days learning about the dangers of racism, prejudice, and discrimination. a. kindergarten Incorrect. The project was conducted with children in the second grade. 147. What historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye-brown eye project with her students? a. The Vietnam War b. The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. c. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy d. The assassination of John Lennon Answer: b. The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Correct. Jane Elliott wanted to teach her children about racism, prejudice, and discrimination in the aftermath of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. d. The assassination of John Lennon Incorrect. The shooting of John Lennon was not related to Jane Elliott’s project with her students. 148. What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group? a. groupthink b. pariah formation c. deindividuation d. scapegoating Answer: d. scapegoating Correct. The term social psychologists use for the process of making a people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group is scapegoating. b. pariah formation Incorrect. The term social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group is scapegoating. 149. Scapegoats are usually the group of people with _________. a. the most annoying customs b. the most unusual appearance c. the most money d. the least power Answer: d. the least power Correct. Groups with the least power are typically used as scapegoats. a. the most annoying customs Incorrect. Groups can get away with having annoying customs as long as they have power. 150. Which social psychology theory best explains the fact that the majority of the riots that took place following the trial of the police officers accused of beating Rodney King did not take place in white neighborhoods, but rather in the neighborhoods of Asian Americans and Asians who had recently immigrated to the United States? a. scapegoating b. social diffusion c. the bystander effect d. prejudice Answer: a. scapegoating Correct. Scapegoating is a term that refers to targeting one person or group of people for the release of frustrations. d. prejudice Incorrect. Prejudice may have been a factor in this phenomenon, but scapegoating is the best answer. 151. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes associated with social identity theory? a. social categorization b. identification c. authoritarianism d. social comparison Answer: c. authoritarianism Correct. Authoritarianism is not a process in social identity theory. b. identification Incorrect. This is a process in social identity theory. 152. According to social identity theory, individuals view their own group favorably so as to ________. a. create prejudice toward members of the other group. b. think of themselves more favorably c. promote their outgroup d. expand the boundaries of social categorization Answer: b. think of themselves more favorably Correct. One of the values of an ingroup suggests that it helps people think of themselves more favorably. c. promote their outgroup Incorrect. In this theory, one would promote the ingroup, not the outgroup. 153. Social comparison occurs when _______________. a. someone asks you to give them directions b. two people order food in a restaurant c. two people enter a beauty contest d. playing solitaire Answer: c. two people enter a beauty contest Correct. A beauty contest would be a good example of a situation in which people compare themselves to others. b. two people order food in a restaurant Incorrect. Social comparison involves comparing oneself to another to improve one’s own self-esteem. Ordering food does not create this comparison; a beauty contest is a more accurate example. 154. Which of the following statements supports the idea of social identity? a. My name is Dan and I play the trumpet. b. My name is Mario and I like tuna fish. c. My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus. d. I am Sam and I own a car. Answer: c. My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus. Correct. Tony is expressing social identity and being a part of an in-group. a. My name is Dan and I play the trumpet. Incorrect. Playing the trumpet does not tell us about Dan’s social identity and group. 155. The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called _____________. a. the fundamental attribution error b. self-serving bias c. ethnocentrism d. social identity Answer: d. social identity Correct. Social identity is the part of a person’s self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society. c. ethnocentrism Incorrect. Ethnocentrism is an overidentification with people who share one’s ethnic background or nationality to the exclusion of others. 156. All of the following terms are used in social identity theory EXCEPT _______________. a. in-group b. control group c. identification d. social comparison Answer: b. control group Correct. Control group is a term used in the area of experimentation, not in social identity theory. a. in-group Incorrect. One’s perception of an in-group is essential to identification, a key process of social identity theory. 157. A college instructor’s schedule has her teaching an honors section of psychology. Halfway through the semester, she is told that her class was NOT an honors section after all. She responds, “This is the best class I have ever taught and the grades prove it.” What concept might a social psychologist use to explain the high grades this class obtained and the teacher’s high opinion of the class? a. subject bias b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. covert sensitization d. collectivism Answer: b. self-fulfilling prophecy Correct. Her expectations set a high standard that caused the class members to perform better than they would have otherwise. a. subject bias Incorrect. Subject bias refers to the tendency of subjects in an experiment to behave a certain way. 158. When the expectations of one person bring about the expected behavior in another person, the expectation has become a(n) ______. a. attribution b. response characteristic c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. primary drive Answer: c. self-fulfilling prophecy Correct. When the expectations of one person bring about the expected behavior in another person, the expectation has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. a. attribution Incorrect. An attribution is an explanation a person comes up with about the motivations behind someone else’s behavior. 159. Stereotype threat is anxiety related to the phenomenon known as _____. a. attribution b. response characteristic c. primary drive d. self-fulfilling prophecy Answer: d. self-fulfilling prophecy Correct. People worry that they may bring about a self-fulfilling prophecy by behaving in ways that confirm the stereotype about their group. b. response characteristic Incorrect. Stereotype threat occurs when you believe the stereotype about your group. 160. The Robber’s Cave experiment showed that _____________. a. playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us–them hostility b. watching movies together, and similar quiet interactions, reduces us–them hostility c. engaging in mutually exciting activities, such as tug-of-war, reduces us–them hostility d. interdependence in solving crises together reduces us–them hostility Answer: d. interdependence in solving crises together reduces us–them hostility Correct. The Robber’s Cave experiment showed that interdependence in solving crises together reduces us–them hostility. a. playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us–them hostility Incorrect. Playing athletic games tends to increase us–them hostility. 161. The classic Robber’s Cave study showed that prejudice can be reduced by ________. a. mere exposure b. relearning social norms c. cooperating to meet a mutually beneficial goal d. rethinking one’s stereotypes Answer: c. cooperating to meet a mutually beneficial goal Correct. In the Robber’s Cave study, two different groups had to work cooperatively in order to solve their common problem. a. mere exposure Incorrect. The two groups involved in this study did not have mere exposure, but rather extensive exposure to each other. 162. All of the following are ways to reduce prejudice EXCEPT ______________. a. mutual interdependence b. equal status contact c. scapegoating d. intergroup contact Answer: c. scapegoating Correct. Scapegoating, which involves taking out one’s hostility on an entire group that is not necessarily the source of one’s anger, only increases prejudice. a. mutual interdependence Incorrect. Mutual interdependence is a great way to decrease prejudice. 163. Increased contact between two warring groups has a tendency to ________. a. reinforce the belief that the outgroup is homogenous b. solidify preexisting stereotypes c. showcase similarities between the groups d. prevent prejudicial beliefs from worsening at best Answer: c. showcase similarities between the groups Correct. This was the basic premise of the jigsaw classroom. b. solidify preexisting stereotypes Incorrect. In fact, increased contact helps to break through stereotypes. 164. How does the jigsaw classroom operate? a. Students compete to win a top award. b. Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. c. Students are told that one student holds the key to solving a problem and they must find out who it is. d. Students are all given separate puzzles to solve. Answer: b. Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. Correct. In the jigsaw classroom, students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. c. Students are told that one student holds the key to solving a problem and they must find out who it is. Incorrect. In the jigsaw classroom, students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. 165. What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people? a. love b. appeal c. interpersonal attraction d. cognitive dissonance Answer: c. interpersonal attraction Correct. Psychologists use the term interpersonal attraction to describe our liking of other people. a. love Incorrect. This is a strong emotional affection for another person. 166. We tend to _________ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. a. like b. dislike c. ignore d. hate Answer: a. like Correct. Social psychologists have found that we tend to like attractive people more than unattractive people. b. dislike Incorrect. Social psychologists have found that we tend to like attractive people more than unattractive people. 167. How are proximity to others and attraction correlated? a. not correlated b. positively correlated c. negatively correlated d. inversely correlated Answer: b. positively correlated Correct. We tend to like those who are nearby. c. negatively correlated Incorrect. We tend to like those who are nearby. 168. The term psychologists use for how close two people live to each other is ______. a. similarity b. proximity c. propinquity d. complimentarity Answer: b. proximity Correct. Proximity means physical nearness. a. similarity Incorrect. Similarity has to do with how people are alike. The term psychologists use for how close people live to each other is proximity. 169. Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate, you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is. “I miss her so much and I can’t wait to see her during Thanksgiving break,” he comments. Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction, what are you most likely to think to yourself? a. This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away. b. I’m going to have to listen to this all year, because relationships that have some distance usually get stronger in the long run. c. I wish he’d realize that everything he’s saying makes it sound like they are too similar for each other, and people who date others with whom they share a lot of similarities usually end up breaking up. d. This relationship will never work out because research suggests that students going away to college change so much that they become unrecognizable to those with whom they formerly had relationships. Answer: a. This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away. Correct. The rule of proximity suggests that distance between people in a relationship does not facilitate attraction. b. I’m going to have to listen to this all year, because relationships that have some distance usually get stronger in the long run. Incorrect. The distance between the roommate and his girlfriend do not make it likely that their relationship will last, according to the rule of proximity. 170. “I adore the girl next door.” This phrase refers to what rule of attraction? a. saturation effect b. proximity c. birds-of-a-feather effect d. foot-in-the-door effect Answer: b. proximity Correct. Proximity refers to being near someone else. c. birds-of-a-feather effect Incorrect. This refers to similarity, not proximity. 171. “Out of sight, out of mind” is a cliché that is consistent with the _____________ rule of interpersonal attraction. a. physical attractiveness b. similarity c. proximity d. reciprocal liking Answer: c. proximity Correct. The proximity rule states that we tend to like people who are physically close to us, so one who is away, or out of sight, may lose favor in our eyes. a. physical attractiveness Incorrect. This cliché is not related to the concept of physical attractiveness. 172. The cliché “familiarity breeds contempt” contradicts which of the rules of interpersonal attraction? a. reciprocal liking b. physical attractiveness c. similarity d. proximity Answer: d Correct. The proximity theory states that we are most attracted to people who are close to us, not that being close causes us to dislike each other. b. physical attractiveness Incorrect. This cliché is unrelated to the topic of physical attractiveness. c. similarity d. proximity 173. “Birds of a feather” is a phrase that refers to __________. a. similarity b. reinforcement c. self-disclosure d. emotional expression Answer: a. similarity Correct. “Birds of a feather” refers to similarity, as birds with the same kinds of feathers are likely to be of the same species. c. self-disclosure Incorrect. “Birds of a feather” refers to similarity, as birds with the same kinds of feathers are likely to be of the same species. 174. When opposites attract, it is said that they have __________ characteristics. a. proximal b. complementary c. rewarding d. reciprocal Answer: b. complementary Correct. Things that “complement” each other tend to be opposites. a. proximal Incorrect. Proximity means nearness. 175. Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? a. A dominant woman marries a submissive man. b. A girl marries the boy next door. c. Two tennis players become good friends. d. A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love. Answer: a. A dominant woman marries a submissive man. Correct. Dominance and submissiveness are opposite qualities. b. A girl marries the boy next door. Incorrect. Marrying the person next door illustrates the power of proximity, not complementary traits. 176. Which of the following examples describes the rule of attraction called reciprocity of liking? a. Mary likes Julio because he is so different from her. b. Sabrina loves Clark because he lives next door to her. c. Tameka likes Raphael because he likes her. d. Marcia likes Donald because he is rich. Answer: c. Tameka likes Raphael because he likes her. Correct. Reciprocity of liking means that we like those who like us. b. Sabrina loves Clark because he lives next door to her. Incorrect. Liking someone who lives close to you is the proximity rule. 177. All of the following are Sternberg’s components of love EXCEPT ________________. a. passion b. intimacy c. loyalty d. commitment Answer: c. loyalty Correct. According to Sternberg, the three components of love are passion, intimacy, and commitment. d. commitment Incorrect. According to Sternberg, the three components of love are passion, intimacy, and commitment. 178. Which type of love is defined as passion only? a. seduction b. infatuation c. romantic d. companionate Answer: b. infatuation Correct. Infatuation is passion without intimacy or commitment. c. romantic Incorrect. Romantic love is passion and intimacy but no commitment. 179. Which type of love is defined as commitment only? a. infatuation b. consummate love c. companionate love d. empty love Answer: d. empty love Correct. Empty love involves commitment alone. c. companionate love Incorrect. Companionate love includes intimacy as well as commitment. 180. Herbie and Irene have been married for almost 55 years. Through it all they have remained committed to each other and have been as close as two people can be. Over the years the passion has waned but they still stayed together. Sternberg would call this type of love ________________. a. consummate b. romantic c. intimate d. companionate Answer: d. companionate Correct. Companionate love has the components of intimacy and commitment but not passion. a. consummate Incorrect. Consummate love has intimacy, commitment, AND passion. 181. Which type of love is defined as having only intimacy and commitment? a. seduction b. empty c. infatuation d. companionate Answer: d. companionate Correct. Companionate love has commitment and intimacy but no passion. b. empty Incorrect. In empty love there is only commitment, no intimacy. 182. Which of the following parts of the brain are related to aggression? a. the amygdala b. the limbic system c. neither A nor B d. both A and B Answer: d. both A and B Correct. The amygdala and certain parts of the limbic system trigger aggressive responses in humans and other animals. a. the amygdala Incorrect. The amygdala is responsible for aggressive responding, but the limbic system also plays a role, so d is the best answer. 183. The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ___________. a. testosterone b. estrogen c. MDH d. peptone Answer: a. testosterone Correct. The hormone associated with aggression seems to be testosterone, and it’s the one males have the most of. b. estrogen Incorrect. Estrogen, the hormone found in higher amounts among females, is not associated with aggression. 184. In Zimbardo’s prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that _______________. a. the guards became more aggressive b. all of the guards decided to quit the experiment c. the guards tried to be “tough but fair” d. the experimenters had everyone switch roles Answer: a. the guards became more aggressive Correct. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that the guards became more aggressive, and the study had to be stopped. d. the experimenters had everyone switch roles Incorrect. The participants never switched roles. 185. What actual event could have been predicted based on the results of Zimbardo’s classic prisoner study at Stanford University? a. the prison break at Attica prison in New York b. the events in Waco, Texas, in which followers of a cult were killed by government agents c. the events at Abu Gharib prison in Iraq d. the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 Answer: c. the events at Abu Gharib prison in Iraq Correct. These events seem to mirror Zimbardo’s examination of social roles. a. the prison break at Attica prison in New York Incorrect. The impact of social roles was not as evident in the prison break. 186. One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that ____________. a. TV causes violence b. aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children c. TV tends to make nonaggressive children become aggressive d. violent TV programs are responsible for over 75 percent of aggression among children Answer: b. aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children Correct. This makes sense because there is a predisposition to be aggressive. c. TV tends to make nonaggressive children become aggressive Incorrect. This popular misconception has been proven unreliable many times. 187. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding research into the relationship between violent video games and aggression in children? a. Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in physical aggression. b. Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in verbal aggression. c. Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will have aggressive thoughts and emotions. d. Playing violent video games causes increased aggression. Answer: d. Playing violent video games causes increased aggression. Correct. The relationship between violent video games and aggression is correlational, and therefore a causal relationship has not been established. a. Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in physical aggression. Incorrect. Researchers have found such a relationship. 188. In March of 1964, Kitty Genovese was the victim of a brutal assault that led to her death in the entryway of her apartment complex. Police reports indicate that out of the 38 people who observed the attack happening, ________ called 911 to request assistance. a. 0 b. 10 c. 19 d. 38 Answer: a. 0 Correct. Option a (0) is the correct answer. Despite the attack being witnessed by 38 individuals, none of them called 911 for assistance, as per police reports. This incident became a prominent case in psychology, illustrating the bystander effect, where individuals are less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when others are present. b. 10 Incorrect. This option implies that 10 out of the 38 witnesses called 911 for assistance. However, according to police reports, none of the witnesses called for help, which highlights the bystander effect, where individuals are less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when others are present. 189. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward? a. altruism b. collectivism c. interdependence d. humanitarianism Answer: a. altruism Correct. Altruism is defined as helping others for no personal benefit. d. humanitarianism Incorrect. Humanitarianism means almost the same thing as altruism but is not the term social psychologists use for the helping behavior described by the term altruism. 190. The Kitty Genovese case depicts ________. a. social loafing b. group polarization c. the bystander effect d. obedience to authority Answer: c. the bystander effect Correct. The bystander effect is the phenomenon that occurs when people don’t help because they think others will do so. a. social loafing Incorrect. Social loafing is what occurs when someone slacks off on a task to let others carry the workload. 191. What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers? a. bystander effect b. sole-witness effect c. subtle aggressive effect d. antisocial behavior effect Answer: a. bystander effect Correct. The bystander effect is the phenomenon that occurs when people don’t help because they think others will do so. d. antisocial behavior effect Incorrect. There is no such term as antisocial behavior effect in social psychology. 192. A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John’s reaction is an example of ______. a. the bystander effect b. pluralistic compliance c. obedience to authority d. conformity to social norms Answer: a. the bystander effect Correct. The bystander effect is the phenomenon that occurs when people don’t help because they think others will do so. d. conformity to social norms Incorrect. Conformity to social norms does not explain John’s inaction, as it would be considered normal to call for help. 193. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, “He’s killing me!” Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané? a. People are too busy to respond. b. Most people “do not want to become involved.” c. The fight-or-flight response is not activated when others are in danger. d. Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond. Answer: d. Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond. Correct. Diffusion of responsibility is what happens because each person thinks someone else will take responsibility (e.g., call for help) b. Most people “do not want to become involved.” Incorrect. According to Latané and Darley, very few people say they do not want to become involved. 194. According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help? a. person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour b. person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot c. person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it d. a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom Answer: c. person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it Correct. Latané and Darley predict that the fewer number of people present the more likely someone will help. d. a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom Incorrect. Latané and Darley predict that the fewer number of people present the more likely someone will help. The full classroom would lower the chance of someone helping. 195. Which of the following individuals would be the LEAST likely to help? a. Carrie, who sees Carl’s car is on fire b. Leah, who while walking alone sees a young boy caught in a sewer drain pipe c. Susanna, who is in a bad mood and sees a car flip over on a crowded intersection d. Jessica, who is a nurse and sees a man having a heart attack in his car in a deserted parking lot Answer: c. Susanna, who is in a bad mood and sees a car flip over on a crowded intersection Correct. Bad mood and crowds lower the chances that someone will help. d. Jessica, who is a nurse and sees a man having a heart attack in his car in a deserted parking lot Incorrect. Being alone as well as noticing the event and having the skills to help would increase the likelihood of helping. 196. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT ____________. a. noticing b. defining an emergency c. taking responsibility d. diffusion of responsibility Answer: d. diffusion of responsibility Correct. Diffusion of responsibility stops a person from helping. a. noticing Incorrect. Noticing is a decision point. 197. In Darley and Latane’s (1970) five step model of bystander intervention, help will be offered if the answer is “yes” to ________ of the five steps. a. one b. two c. three d. all Answer: d. all Correct. Darley and Latane’s five steps all must be answered “yes” if an individual is to offer assistance. c. three Incorrect. Three steps are not enough. If help is to be offered, all five steps must be answered “yes.” 198. Judy, alone, sees a person who appears to be drowning in the ocean. She wants to help but questions whether her swimming ability will allow her to rescue the individual. It appears that Judy is stuck at the ________ step of Darley and Latane’s (1970) model of bystander intervention. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth Answer: d. fourth Correct. The fourth step of this model suggests that the bystander must know what to do and have the skills to be helpful c. third Incorrect. The third step of this model suggests that the bystander is willing to assume some responsibility to intervene. 199. Which of the following individuals is the most likely candidate to join a cult? a. Dan who just got a job, has a great marriage but is unhappy with his religion b. Jane who is a straight A student and has a great relationship with her parents but just broke up with her boyfriend c. Glenn who lives with his strict parents, never fights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood d. Brenda who is disappointed with the president, lives with her sister, and has a great job Answer: c. Glenn who lives with his strict parents, never fights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood Correct. Unassertive and stressed individuals who are idealistic are great candidates for cults. a. Dan who just got a job, has a great marriage but is unhappy with his religion Incorrect. Being dissatisfied with religion is not enough. Dan is also in a good relationship and has a job, making him an unlikely candidate for a cult. TRUE OR FALSE 1. Sociology and social psychology are basically the same disciplines, since they mostly study identical things. Answer: False Rationale: Sociology and social psychology are distinct disciplines within the field of social sciences, although they may overlap in some areas of study. Sociology focuses on the study of society, social institutions, and social structures, while social psychology examines individual behavior within social contexts, including topics such as attitudes, group dynamics, and interpersonal relationships. 2. Giving in to pressure to change your behavior and thoughts to be like others is called obedience. Answer: False Rationale: Obedience refers specifically to following the commands or orders of someone perceived as having authority or power. Giving in to pressure to change one's behavior or thoughts to be like others is actually a form of conformity, where individuals adjust their actions or beliefs to align with those of a larger group. 3. Research has found a substantial difference in the tendency of men and women to show conformity, with women being far more likely to demonstrate conformity in all situations. Answer: False Rationale: Research does not consistently support the idea that one gender is significantly more likely to demonstrate conformity than the other in all situations. While there may be some differences in conformity between genders depending on various factors such as cultural norms or context, it is not accurate to generalize that women are far more likely to conform in all situations. 4. Collectivist cultures seem to be more conducive to conformity than individualistic cultures. Answer: True Rationale: Collectivist cultures place a strong emphasis on group harmony, social cohesion, and fitting in with the collective norms. As a result, individuals in collectivist cultures are more likely to conform to group expectations and norms. In contrast, individualistic cultures value independence, autonomy, and personal choice, which may lead to lower levels of conformity compared to collectivist cultures. 5. Invulnerability, rationalization, and insularity are three characteristics of groupthink. Answer: True Rationale: Groupthink is a phenomenon where group members prioritize harmony and consensus over critical thinking and decision-making, leading to flawed or irrational outcomes. Invulnerability, rationalization, and insularity are indeed three characteristics commonly associated with groupthink. Invulnerability refers to the group's belief in its inherent correctness and invincibility, rationalization involves justifying decisions despite evidence to the contrary, and insularity refers to the group's isolation from external viewpoints or criticism. 6. You receive a call at home from a telemarketer who wants you to listen to a pitch for aluminum siding. If you agree to listen, you are more likely to buy siding—a phenomenon known as the foot-in-the-door technique. Answer: True Rationale: The foot-in-the-door technique is a persuasion strategy where compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request later on. In this scenario, agreeing to listen to the telemarketer's pitch for aluminum siding represents the initial, small request. By complying with this request, individuals become more inclined to agree to the larger request of purchasing the siding during or after the pitch. 7. A common strategy for gaining compliance used by car salespeople is the door-in-the-face technique. Answer: False Rationale: The door-in-the-face technique involves making a large initial request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request. This technique relies on the principle of reciprocity, where individuals feel compelled to agree to the smaller request after having refused the larger one. While it is a common strategy for gaining compliance, it is not typically used by car salespeople. Instead, car salespeople often utilize techniques such as lowballing or the "limited-time offer" to persuade customers. 8. The purpose of Milgram’s study on obedience was to find out how many people would obey an authority figure when directly ordered to violate their own ethical standards. Answer: True Rationale: Stanley Milgram's study on obedience aimed to investigate the extent to which ordinary people would obey an authority figure's commands, even when those commands conflicted with their own conscience or ethical standards. The study revealed alarming levels of obedience, with many participants willing to administer what they believed to be potentially lethal electric shocks to an innocent person simply because an authority figure instructed them to do so. 9. The participants of Milgram’s obedience study played the role of “learner” in the experiment. Answer: False Rationale: In Milgram's obedience study, the participants were assigned the role of "teacher," while a confederate of the experimenter played the role of the "learner." The participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to the learner whenever they answered questions incorrectly, with the voltage increasing with each incorrect response. However, unbeknownst to the participants, the learner was not actually receiving electric shocks, and the experiment was designed to investigate the participants' obedience to authority. 10. Upon review of their participation in Milgram’s obedience study, 84% of the participants reported that they regretted having been involved, and that they felt that their discovery that they were, in fact, cruel people had lasting damage on their self-esteem. Answer: False Rationale: While Milgram's obedience study did raise ethical concerns and caused distress for some participants, the statement presented here exaggerates the reported negative effects. While some participants expressed regret or discomfort after the study, not all participants reported lasting damage to their self-esteem or feelings of being cruel. Additionally, the percentage provided in the statement is not accurate and may misrepresent the actual responses of the participants. 11. Social loafing occurs when a member of a team slows down, letting others work harder. Answer: True Rationale: Social loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively in a group compared to when working individually. This phenomenon can occur due to diffusion of responsibility, where individuals feel less accountable for their contributions in a group setting. As a result, some members may indeed slow down or exert less effort, relying on others to pick up the slack. 12. An attitude has four major components. Answer: False Rationale: An attitude typically consists of three major components: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive component involves beliefs or thoughts about the attitude object, the affective component involves emotional reactions or feelings toward the attitude object, and the behavioral component involves tendencies or actions related to the attitude object. While some models may include additional components, such as the conative component (related to behavioral intentions), the statement that attitudes have four major components is not accurate. 13. Research suggests that we are more easily influenced by an attractive speaker than by an unattractive speaker. Answer: True Rationale: Research in social psychology has consistently shown that attractiveness can influence persuasion. Generally, people tend to be more positively predisposed toward attractive individuals and may be more likely to accept their messages or recommendations. This phenomenon is known as the attractiveness stereotype, where attractive individuals are perceived as more persuasive, competent, and trustworthy. 14. Research suggests that we are more easily influenced by an unattractive speaker than by an attractive speaker, because we assume that attractive people got their status for reasons other than being intelligent. Answer: False Rationale: While attractiveness can indeed influence persuasion, the rationale provided in the statement is inaccurate. Research suggests that attractive individuals are generally perceived as more persuasive and competent, regardless of assumptions about the reasons for their attractiveness. Furthermore, attributions about intelligence or other qualities may vary based on individual perceptions and biases, but they do not necessarily override the influence of attractiveness on persuasion. 15. The greater the level of fear in a message, the more effective it will be in changing attitudes. Answer: False Rationale: While fear appeals can be effective in changing attitudes and behaviors, the statement that the greater the level of fear in a message, the more effective it will be, is not universally true. The effectiveness of fear appeals depends on various factors, including the audience's characteristics, the perceived severity and susceptibility of the threat, the efficacy of the recommended response, and the ability of the message to evoke fear without overwhelming or paralyzing the audience. 16. One technique that a person may use to reduce cognitive dissonance is changing their conflicting behaviors to match their attitudes. Answer: True Rationale: Cognitive dissonance theory posits that individuals experience discomfort when they hold conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. To reduce this discomfort, individuals may change their attitudes or behaviors to bring them into alignment. Changing conflicting behaviors to match attitudes is one strategy that individuals may employ to reduce cognitive dissonance and restore consistency. 17. Following their classic study, Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) reported that those who got $1 for a boring task said it was more interesting than those who got $20. Answer: True Rationale: In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic study on cognitive dissonance, participants were asked to complete a boring and monotonous task. Afterward, they were paid either $1 or $20 to tell another participant (who was actually a confederate) that the task was enjoyable and interesting. Participants who were paid $1 experienced greater cognitive dissonance because the inadequate payment conflicted with their assertion that the task was enjoyable. To reduce this dissonance, they adjusted their attitudes and reported finding the task more interesting compared to those who were paid $20. 18. Social categorization occurs without conscious awareness. Answer: True Rationale: Social categorization is the process of categorizing individuals into groups based on shared characteristics, such as race, gender, age, or occupation. This process often occurs automatically and without conscious awareness, as individuals quickly and effortlessly categorize others based on perceptual cues. These categorizations can influence perceptions, judgments, and behaviors toward members of different social groups. 19. Stereotypes assume that members of the same group must have distinct differences between them. Answer: False Rationale: Stereotypes are oversimplified and generalized beliefs about the characteristics, attributes, or behaviors of members of a particular group. While stereotypes may highlight perceived differences between groups, they do not necessarily assume that members within the same group must have distinct differences between them. Stereotypes often involve assumptions or exaggerations about group traits or characteristics, which may not accurately reflect the diversity or individual variability within the group. 20. Because of the way that they lead to discrimination, stereotypes are always negative. Answer: False Rationale: While stereotypes can indeed lead to discrimination in some cases, not all stereotypes are inherently negative. Stereotypes can encompass both positive and negative attributes or traits attributed to a particular group. Additionally, stereotypes may vary in their impact and influence on discriminatory behaviors, depending on factors such as societal norms, intergroup relations, and individual attitudes. Therefore, it is not accurate to assert that stereotypes are always negative or always lead to discrimination. 21. Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Alex says, “That man is incredibly rude." Alex just made a situational attribution. Answer: False Rationale: Alex's statement reflects a dispositional attribution rather than a situational one. He attributes the man's behavior (cutting in line) to his personal disposition or character trait (being rude) rather than considering situational factors that might have influenced his behavior, such as being in a hurry, misunderstanding the line, or facing an emergency. Situational attributions involve explaining behavior based on external circumstances or context rather than internal traits or qualities. 22. People from collectivist cultures are more likely to make attributions based on dispositions than are people in more individualistic cultures. Answer: False Rationale: The statement is incorrect. In fact, individuals from collectivist cultures are more likely to make situational attributions rather than dispositional attributions. In collectivist cultures, where group harmony and social cohesion are prioritized, individuals tend to attribute behavior to external factors such as social norms, roles, or situational demands, rather than internal traits or dispositions. In contrast, individuals from individualistic cultures, which emphasize personal autonomy and independence, may be more inclined to attribute behavior to internal dispositions or personality traits. 23. The basis of the realistic conflict theory is that arguments that occur over genuine problems lead to more violence than arguments that occur over petty or irrelevant issues. Answer: False Rationale: The realistic conflict theory posits that intergroup conflict arises when groups compete for scarce resources. It suggests that competition over real or perceived economic, political, or social resources can lead to hostility and conflict between groups, regardless of the relevance or significance of the issues involved. Therefore, the statement is false because the theory focuses on competition for resources rather than the nature of the arguments themselves. 24. The Robber’s Cave experiment showed that playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us–them hostility. Answer: False Rationale: The Robber's Cave experiment, conducted by Muzafer Sherif and colleagues in 1954, actually demonstrated the escalation of intergroup hostility rather than its reduction. The study involved boys at a summer camp who were divided into two groups, and competition between the groups led to increased hostility and conflict. While cooperative activities were eventually introduced to reduce tension, athletic games did not necessarily decrease us-them hostility; rather, they sometimes intensified it as competition continued between the groups. 25. The “Jigsaw Classroom” refers to an experiment aimed at reducing prejudice by forcing people from different ethnic backgrounds to work on a jigsaw puzzle together. Answer: False Rationale: The statement is false. The "Jigsaw Classroom" is not an experiment but rather a cooperative learning technique developed by psychologist Elliot Aronson. In the jigsaw classroom, students from diverse backgrounds work together in small groups to complete a task or project, each contributing a unique piece of information or expertise. This cooperative structure is aimed at reducing prejudice, promoting empathy, and fostering positive intergroup relations by encouraging cooperation and interdependence among group members. 26. Research supports the idea that we tend to be most attracted to people who are our opposites instead of people to whom we are very similar. Answer: False Rationale: Contrary to the statement, research generally suggests that individuals are more attracted to people who are similar to them rather than those who are their opposites. Similarity in attitudes, values, interests, and personality traits is often associated with attraction and relationship compatibility. While some differences may initially attract individuals, long-term relationships tend to be based on shared values and mutual understanding, rather than stark differences. 27. According to Sternberg, consummate love requires only passion and intimacy. Answer: False Rationale: The statement is incorrect. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, consummate love involves the presence of all three components: passion, intimacy, and commitment. Consummate love represents the ideal form of love characterized by intense emotional connection (intimacy), physical attraction and desire (passion), and long-term commitment to maintaining the relationship. 28. According to Darley and Latané, the main factor causing people to refrain from helping is not wanting to get involved. Answer: False Rationale: The statement is incorrect. Darley and Latané's bystander intervention model suggests that the main factor causing people to refrain from helping in emergency situations is the diffusion of responsibility. This phenomenon occurs when individuals believe that others present in the situation will or should take responsibility for helping, leading to a decrease in individual accountability and a reduced likelihood of intervention. While not wanting to get involved may be a factor for some individuals, the diffusion of responsibility is considered a more central explanation for bystander apathy. SHORT ANSWER 1. What is the difference between sociology and social psychology? Answer: Sociology is the study of society, social institutions, and social structures, focusing on how groups, cultures, and societies influence individual behavior and vice versa. Social psychology, on the other hand, is the study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts, examining topics such as attitudes, group dynamics, interpersonal relationships, and social influence. 2. List three factors that are related to an increased tendency to conform. Answer: Three factors related to an increased tendency to conform include: 1. Group Size: Larger groups tend to elicit more conformity because individuals may feel a greater pressure to conform when surrounded by more people who share a similar belief or behavior. 2. Group Cohesion: Groups with higher levels of cohesion, where members feel a stronger sense of belonging and identity, are more likely to generate conformity among their members. 3. Normative Influence: Norms, or socially accepted standards of behavior, can influence conformity. Individuals may conform to avoid social rejection or to gain social approval, especially when they perceive that deviating from the norm may result in negative consequences. 3. What is groupthink? Answer: Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs within a cohesive group when the desire for consensus and harmony overrides critical thinking and decision-making. Group members prioritize unanimity and conformity over objective evaluation of alternatives, leading to flawed or irrational decision-making processes. Symptoms of groupthink include invulnerability, rationalization, stereotyping of out-groups, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, and direct pressure on dissenters. 4. Give an example of how you might use the foot-in-the-door technique. Answer: An example of using the foot-in-the-door technique could be a charity organization asking individuals to sign a petition supporting a cause they believe in (small request). Later, the organization might follow up with those individuals and ask for a larger commitment, such as making a donation to the cause. By agreeing to the initial, smaller request, individuals are more likely to comply with the larger request, as they have already committed to supporting the cause to some extent. 5. What is the difference between compliance and obedience? Answer: Compliance refers to changing one's behavior in response to a direct request or command from another person or group, often without necessarily agreeing with or internalizing the request. Compliance can be influenced by factors such as authority, reciprocity, or social norms. Obedience, on the other hand, involves following the commands or orders of someone perceived as having authority or power, even if those commands go against one's own morals or beliefs. Obedience often entails a higher degree of submission to authority figures compared to compliance. 6. Give two ethical dilemmas that one might cite about Milgram’s obedience experiment. Answer: 1. Deception: One ethical dilemma of Milgram's obedience experiment is the use of deception. Participants were misled about the true nature of the experiment and the level of harm inflicted on the "learner." This raises concerns about informed consent and psychological harm, as participants may have experienced distress or trauma upon learning the truth. 2. Psychological Harm: Another ethical dilemma is the potential for psychological harm inflicted on participants. The intense stress and discomfort experienced by participants, including feelings of guilt, anxiety, and confusion, raise questions about the ethical treatment of human subjects and the long-term impact of such experiments on mental well-being. 7. Describe one of the components of attitude. Answer: One component of attitude is the affective component, which involves emotional reactions or feelings toward an attitude object. This component reflects an individual's likes, dislikes, preferences, or emotional associations with the attitude object. For example, someone's affective component of attitude toward dogs might involve feelings of warmth, affection, and happiness when interacting with dogs. 8. What are the three factors involved in rating the effectiveness of an attempt to persuade? Answer: The three factors involved in rating the effectiveness of an attempt to persuade include: 1. Source Characteristics: The credibility, expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness of the communicator delivering the persuasive message. 2. Message Content: The content, structure, clarity, and persuasiveness of the message itself, including the use of evidence, logic, emotional appeals, and framing techniques. 3. Audience Characteristics: The characteristics, attitudes, beliefs, values, and predispositions of the target audience, including their receptivity, resistance, intelligence, education level, and cultural background. 9. What should a message accomplish to be effective? Answer: To be effective, a message should accomplish several goals, including: • Attracting attention: The message should capture the audience's attention and make them receptive to its content. • Generating interest: The message should stimulate interest and curiosity about the topic or issue being presented. • Creating comprehension: The message should be clear, understandable, and easy to comprehend, ensuring that the audience grasps the intended message. • Eliciting acceptance: The message should persuade or convince the audience to accept its central arguments, claims, or recommendations. • Motivating action: The message should inspire the audience to take action, whether it involves changing attitudes, adopting new behaviors, or making decisions aligned with the message's objectives. 10. Give an example of what happens when a person’s attitude does not match his or her behavior. Answer: An example of when a person's attitude does not match their behavior is when someone expresses strong environmental values (attitude) but regularly engages in environmentally harmful behaviors, such as excessive consumption, wastefulness, or pollution (behavior). This inconsistency between attitude and behavior is known as attitude-behavior inconsistency or attitude-behavior discrepancy. It may occur due to various factors, including social norms, situational constraints, lack of motivation, or cognitive dissonance. 11. Briefly describe social categorization. Answer: Social categorization is the cognitive process by which individuals classify people into groups based on shared characteristics such as race, gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, or social status. This categorization helps simplify and organize the social environment, facilitating understanding and interaction with others. However, it can also lead to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination when individuals perceive exaggerated differences between groups. 12. What is a stereotype? Answer: A stereotype is a widely held and oversimplified belief, image, or idea about a particular group of people. Stereotypes are often based on assumptions, generalizations, or misconceptions about the characteristics, behaviors, traits, or abilities of group members. While stereotypes may sometimes contain kernels of truth, they tend to be overly simplistic and can lead to biased judgments, attitudes, and behaviors toward individuals based solely on their group membership. 13. What is the difference between a situational and a dispositional attribution? Answer: Situational attribution involves explaining behavior based on external circumstances, context, or environmental factors. In contrast, dispositional attribution involves attributing behavior to internal traits, characteristics, or personality of the individual. Situational attributions focus on factors outside the individual's control, such as the influence of the situation, social pressure, or environmental cues. Dispositional attributions, on the other hand, emphasize individual characteristics, traits, or tendencies as the primary determinants of behavior. 14. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Answer: Prejudice refers to prejudgment or preconceived opinions, attitudes, or beliefs held about individuals or groups based on their membership in a particular social category. Prejudice involves negative feelings, stereotypes, or judgments directed toward others without adequate knowledge, understanding, or experience. Discrimination, on the other hand, involves the unfair treatment, exclusion, or disadvantage of individuals or groups based on their perceived or actual group membership. Discrimination can manifest in various forms, including unequal opportunities, harassment, exclusion, or violence, and it often reflects the enactment of prejudiced attitudes and beliefs in behavior. 15. Give two ways in which prejudice can be stopped. Answer: 1. Education and Awareness: Increasing awareness and understanding of diversity, multiculturalism, and social justice issues through education and advocacy can help combat prejudice. Promoting empathy, empathy, and perspective-taking can challenge stereotypes, reduce prejudice, and foster positive intergroup relations. 2. Intergroup Contact: Encouraging positive interactions and cooperative experiences between members of different social groups can help reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. Contact hypothesis suggests that meaningful contact between groups under certain conditions, such as equal status, common goals, and institutional support, can reduce prejudice and promote empathy, cooperation, and mutual understanding. 16. List and define Sternberg’s components of love. Answer: Sternberg's triangular theory of love proposes three components of love: 1. Passion: Passion refers to the intense physical attraction, desire, and arousal experienced in romantic relationships. It encompasses feelings of longing, infatuation, and sexual attraction toward one's partner. 2. Intimacy: Intimacy involves emotional closeness, connection, and sharing between partners. It encompasses feelings of warmth, trust, openness, and bonding, as well as the desire for emotional support, understanding, and companionship. 3. Commitment: Commitment refers to the decision to maintain a long-term, enduring relationship with one's partner. It involves dedication, loyalty, and investment in the relationship, as well as the willingness to overcome challenges, conflicts, and obstacles to maintain the relationship. 17. Give one reason why televised violence may cause a child to be aggressive. Answer: One reason why televised violence may cause a child to be aggressive is through observational learning or social learning processes. Children often imitate behaviors they observe in media, including aggressive actions and violence. When they see characters engaging in violent acts without facing consequences or receiving punishment, children may internalize and model those behaviors in real life. Exposure to repeated depictions of violence on television can desensitize children to aggression, normalize violent behavior, and increase the likelihood of aggressive attitudes and actions in real-world interactions. 18. Define altruism. Answer: Altruism refers to selfless concern for the well-being, welfare, or happiness of others, often expressed through acts of kindness, generosity, or helping behaviors without expecting anything in return. Altruistic actions are motivated by genuine care, empathy, compassion, or moral principles, rather than personal gain, recognition, or reward. Altruism involves sacrificing one's own interests, resources, or comfort to benefit others or contribute to the greater good of society. ESSAY 1. Some may argue that the findings of the Solomon Asch experiment are not terribly valuable because conformity is being assessed on a relatively innocuous task (i.e., choosing line sizes). What kind of situation might you use to test conformity that would be immune to this criticism? Can you think of a way to test conformity in the real world in a way that would be both useful and ethical? Answer: One situation that might be used to test conformity in a way that addresses this criticism is a scenario involving ethical decision-making or moral judgments. For example, researchers could present participants with a series of ethical dilemmas where they must decide whether to follow a group consensus or adhere to their own moral principles. This could involve scenarios such as witnessing workplace misconduct, environmental conservation, or social justice issues. In the real world, conformity could be tested in contexts such as jury deliberations, where individuals must reach a unanimous decision on a legal verdict or sentencing. By observing how jurors influence each other's opinions and conform to group norms, researchers could gain insights into the dynamics of conformity in important decision-making processes. This approach would be both useful and ethical as long as participants are fully informed about the nature of the study, their rights, and the potential impact of their decisions. 2. The obedience study conducted by Stanley Milgram has become world famous. More than 1,000 people at several American universities went through replications of the study. In addition, researchers in other countries, such as Spain and the Netherlands, have used Milgram’s procedures. Explain in detail the procedures that Milgram used in his study and then discuss his results. What conclusions did Milgram reach? How have critics reacted to his research? Answer: Stanley Milgram's obedience study aimed to investigate the extent to which individuals would obey authority figures even when instructed to perform actions that conflicted with their personal conscience. The study involved three participants: the experimenter (authority figure), the "teacher" (participant), and the "learner" (confederate). The "teacher" was instructed to administer increasingly intense electric shocks to the "learner" whenever they answered incorrectly to a memory task. However, the "learner" did not actually receive shocks, and the study focused on how far the "teacher" would go in delivering the shocks based on the authority's commands. Milgram's results showed that a significant proportion of participants (65%) continued to administer shocks up to the maximum voltage level, despite the "learner" expressing distress, pleas for mercy, and apparent signs of harm. Milgram concluded that ordinary individuals could be easily swayed to commit harmful actions under the influence of authority, highlighting the power of situational factors in shaping behavior. Critics of Milgram's research have raised ethical concerns about the psychological harm inflicted on participants, the use of deception, and the lack of fully informed consent. Some have also questioned the generalizability of the findings to real-world situations and the implications for understanding obedience in different cultural contexts. 3. Discuss the ethical dilemmas that resulted from Stanley Milgram’s obedience research. Do you think that the ends justified the means, in this case? Does the fact that nobody was really physically shocked make a difference? What if you wanted to conduct a replication of the experiment but wanted to actually administer shocks? Do you think that the findings would change regarding the obedience of the participants? Answer: Stanley Milgram's obedience research raised several ethical dilemmas, particularly regarding participant welfare, deception, and psychological harm. The study involved significant levels of stress and emotional distress for participants, who believed they were administering harmful electric shocks to another person. Additionally, the use of deception compromised participants' ability to provide fully informed consent, raising concerns about ethical conduct in research. Whether the ends justified the means in this case remains a matter of debate. While Milgram's research shed light on the powerful influence of authority and obedience in social behavior, the ethical costs associated with the study's methodology have been widely criticized. The fact that nobody was physically shocked may mitigate concerns about physical harm but does not alleviate the psychological distress experienced by participants. If one wanted to conduct a replication of the experiment involving actual administration of shocks, significant ethical considerations would need to be addressed. Such a study would likely face substantial ethical barriers due to the potential for harm to participants and violations of ethical principles, such as beneficence and nonmaleficence. Additionally, it is uncertain whether the findings would significantly differ from Milgram's original study, as the power of obedience to authority figures may still exert a strong influence on behavior, regardless of the actual physical harm inflicted. However, the ethical implications of such a study would outweigh any potential scientific contributions. 4. Consider the way that most children feel about eating spinach. Unless the child is very unusual, you will probably not get a favorable reaction when you put a plate of spinach in front of that youngster. Discuss the child’s responses from all three of the components of attitudes. Do you think a child’s attitude would change if (s)he were served spinach immediately following a viewing of the movie Popeye? Answer: The child's responses to eating spinach can be analyzed through all three components of attitudes: 1. Affective Component: The child's emotional reaction to eating spinach likely involves negative feelings or aversion, as spinach is often perceived as unpalatable or unpleasant. The child may experience disgust, reluctance, or even fear at the prospect of consuming spinach, reflecting the affective component of attitude. 2. Behavioral Component: The child's behavior towards spinach may include avoidance, refusal, or reluctance to eat it. The child may express refusal verbally, physically push the spinach away, or exhibit avoidance behaviors such as covering their mouth or expressing disgust facially. 3. Cognitive Component: The child's cognitive beliefs or thoughts about spinach may involve perceptions of it being unappetizing, unhealthy, or undesirable. These beliefs may stem from social influences, personal experiences, or cultural norms surrounding spinach consumption. It is possible that a child's attitude towards spinach could change if they were served spinach immediately following a viewing of the movie Popeye. The movie portrays the protagonist, Popeye, gaining superhuman strength and abilities after consuming spinach. This positive portrayal of spinach consumption could influence the child's attitudes by associating spinach with positive outcomes, strength, and heroism. The child may develop more positive affective responses, behavioral inclinations, and cognitive beliefs towards spinach as a result of this positive reinforcement. 5. How do advertisers use the principles of persuasion discussed in your chapter? Pick a television commercial and use it as an example of the components of persuasion. Answer: Advertisers often employ various principles of persuasion to influence consumer behavior and attitudes. One example of persuasion techniques used in television commercials is the Coca-Cola "Share a Coke" campaign. This campaign utilizes several components of persuasion: • Affective Component: The commercial evokes positive emotions such as joy, happiness, and nostalgia by featuring people sharing personalized Coca-Cola bottles with their names or the names of loved ones. Viewers may associate these positive emotions with the product and feel compelled to purchase Coca-Cola to experience similar feelings. • Behavioral Component: The commercial encourages viewers to engage in social behavior by sharing Coca-Cola with others. By showcasing individuals sharing the product in social settings, the commercial promotes the behavioral component of persuasion, encouraging viewers to emulate the behavior depicted in the advertisement. • Cognitive Component: The commercial reinforces cognitive beliefs about the product's value and social significance. By associating Coca-Cola with personalization, connection, and social interaction, the advertisement may influence viewers' cognitive perceptions of the product, leading them to believe that Coca-Cola is a meaningful and enjoyable beverage to share with others. Overall, the "Share a Coke" campaign effectively utilizes affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of persuasion to influence consumer attitudes and behavior towards Coca-Cola. 6. It is, perhaps, a safe assumption that most people who smoke know that it is not good for their health. Using the principle of cognitive dissonance, describe three examples of several things that a smoker might do to reduce their dissonance, making sure to include at least one example from each of the three actions noted by the textbook. Answer: Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals experience discomfort or psychological tension when their beliefs or attitudes are inconsistent with their behaviors. Smokers may engage in various strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance: 1. Change the Behavior: A smoker may attempt to quit smoking or reduce the frequency of smoking to align their behavior with the knowledge that smoking is harmful to their health. By taking concrete steps to change their behavior, such as using nicotine patches or attending smoking cessation programs, the smoker reduces the inconsistency between their behavior and their awareness of smoking's health risks. 2. Change the Belief: Alternatively, a smoker may reinterpret or downplay the health risks associated with smoking to justify their behavior. They may convince themselves that smoking is not as harmful as commonly believed, rationalizing their continued smoking behavior to alleviate cognitive dissonance. This cognitive strategy involves changing their beliefs or attitudes to align with their behavior, minimizing the perceived inconsistency. 3. Add Consonant Beliefs: The smoker may seek out or emphasize information that supports their smoking behavior, such as anecdotes of individuals who smoked for decades without experiencing severe health consequences. By adding consonant beliefs that reinforce their smoking habit, the smoker reduces cognitive dissonance by maintaining consistency between their behavior and their beliefs about smoking's effects. 7. Do you hold any stereotypes? If so, are they positive or negative assumptions about a group of people? Where do you think your stereotypes came from, and what factors may be involved in maintaining these beliefs? Answer: Yes, individuals may hold stereotypes, which are often generalized beliefs or assumptions about a particular group of people. Stereotypes can be both positive and negative, depending on the specific characteristics attributed to the group. My stereotypes may come from various sources, including personal experiences, cultural influences, media portrayals, and social interactions. Factors involved in maintaining these beliefs may include confirmation bias, social categorization processes, cognitive shortcuts, and the influence of societal norms and attitudes. 8. According to attribution theory, the explanations we create for our behavior and the behavior of others generally fall into two categories. Describe these two categories. In your essay, discuss key concepts in attribution theory, such as the fundamental attribution error. Answer: Attribution theory proposes that individuals explain behavior through two main categories of attributions: 1. Internal (Dispositional) Attribution: Internal attributions involve explaining behavior based on personal characteristics, traits, or dispositions of the individual. When making internal attributions, individuals attribute behavior to inherent qualities or characteristics of the person, such as personality, attitudes, abilities, or intentions. For example, if someone performs well on a test, an internal attribution may involve attributing their success to their intelligence or effort. 2. External (Situation) Attribution: External attributions involve explaining behavior based on situational factors, circumstances, or environmental influences. When making external attributions, individuals attribute behavior to factors outside the individual's control, such as the influence of the situation, social norms, peer pressure, or environmental cues. For example, if someone performs poorly on a test, an external attribution may involve attributing their performance to the difficulty of the test or distractions in the testing environment. A key concept in attribution theory is the fundamental attribution error, which refers to the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal factors (dispositions) while overlooking the impact of external factors (situations). This bias leads individuals to overemphasize personality or character traits when explaining the behavior of others, while underestimating the role of situational influences. The fundamental attribution error highlights the importance of considering both internal and external factors in understanding behavior. 9. If you had young children who were attending Jane Elliott’s class in the second grade, would you want them to undergo her blue eye-brown eye project? Why or why not? Do you think parents should have the right to prevent their children from going through such an experience? Is the pain that the children may experience worth the lessons they may learn from the project? Answer: Whether I would want my children to undergo Jane Elliott's blue eye-brown eye project would depend on various factors, including the educational objectives of the project, the age and maturity of my children, and my personal beliefs about the effectiveness of such interventions. While the project may offer valuable lessons about prejudice, discrimination, and social justice, the potential emotional distress and pain experienced by children should be carefully considered. Parents should have the right to decide whether their children participate in such experiences, considering the potential impact on their well-being and emotional development. While the lessons learned from the project may be valuable, it is essential to weigh the potential benefits against the emotional toll it may take on children. 10. Using Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, describe two relationships in your life (e.g., your parents or your current love relationship) and discuss how these relationships fit into one or more of Sternberg’s forms of love. Answer: In my relationship with my parents, I would characterize the love as encompassing all three components of Sternberg's triangular theory: • Passion: While the romantic passion may not be the central aspect of the relationship with my parents, there is still a sense of emotional intensity, attachment, and affection. This passion is expressed through acts of care, support, and concern for each other's well-being. • Intimacy: The relationship with my parents is characterized by a deep emotional connection, trust, and mutual understanding. We share our thoughts, feelings, and experiences openly, fostering a sense of closeness and intimacy. • Commitment: There is a strong sense of commitment and dedication in the relationship with my parents, built on years of shared experiences, sacrifices, and mutual support. We are committed to each other's happiness, growth, and success, and we prioritize maintaining the bond despite challenges or disagreements. Similarly, in my current love relationship, Sternberg's triangular theory applies: • Passion: The relationship is characterized by romantic passion, desire, and physical attraction. There is a strong emotional and sexual connection between partners, expressed through affectionate gestures, intimacy, and shared experiences. • Intimacy: There is a deep emotional bond and closeness between partners, marked by trust, honesty, and vulnerability. We share our innermost thoughts, dreams, and fears, fostering a sense of emotional intimacy and connection. • Commitment: Both partners are committed to building a future together, sharing goals, and supporting each other's aspirations. There is a mutual dedication to the relationship, reflected in efforts to overcome challenges, communicate effectively, and prioritize each other's well-being. 11. If you saw someone on the side of the road with a flat tire, would you help that person? What factors would influence whether you would help or not? Include terminology discussed in the Latané and Darley study discussed in your text. Answer: Whether I would help someone on the side of the road with a flat tire would depend on various factors, including situational cues, personal characteristics, and social influences. Factors influencing my decision to help or not help may include: • Bystander Effect: If I am the only person present at the scene, I may feel a stronger sense of responsibility to help (diffusion of responsibility is reduced), increasing the likelihood of assistance. However, if there are other bystanders present, I may experience diffusion of responsibility, assuming that someone else will intervene, leading to a decreased likelihood of helping. • Pluralistic Ignorance: If other bystanders are present but do not offer assistance, I may interpret their inaction as a signal that help is not needed or that it is inappropriate to intervene, influencing my decision not to help. • Evaluation Apprehension: If I am concerned about how my actions will be perceived by others, I may hesitate to offer assistance due to fear of embarrassment, social judgment, or negative evaluation. • Perceived Competence: If I feel confident in my ability to help effectively (e.g., changing a tire), I may be more likely to offer assistance. However, if I lack the necessary skills or resources to provide meaningful help, I may be less inclined to intervene. • Empathy and Altruism: If I feel empathy towards the person in need and possess altruistic motivations, I may be more inclined to offer assistance, regardless of situational factors or social influences. Overall, my decision to help someone with a flat tire would depend on a complex interplay of situational, social, and personal factors, including the presence of bystanders, my perceptions of the situation, my level of competence and confidence, and my empathic concern for the individual in need. Chapter 12 - Quick Quiz 1 1. Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______. a) people’s susceptibility to clever advertising b) the influences of the social world in which we exist c) abnormal behavior d) conformity 1. b Explanation: Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on the way we are influenced by others around us and the way we, in turn, influence others. 2. You get a free sample of a new cereal in the mail. The company hopes you will try the cereal and then feel obligated to buy it. What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon? a) norm of reciprocity b) indebtedness c) augmented return d) social facilitation 2. a Explanation: The norm of reciprocity involves the tendency of people to feel obligated to give something in return after they have received something. 3. In both social facilitation and social impairment, the key factor is ___________. a) time b) the number of people c) arousal d) task difficulty 3. c Explanation: Arousal interferes with performance. 4. Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? a) Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. b) Dresses are feminine; Britney Spears wears dresses. c) Pink shirts are effeminate; Bruce Willis wears pink shirts. d) Orange juice is healthy; I love orange juice. 4. c Explanation: Bruce Willis is not effeminate so the first statement creates dissonance. 5. Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________________. a) attribution b) causal analysis c) ascribing values d) nonverbal communication 5. a Explanation: You are coming up with explanations for your friend’s behavior. 6. The realistic conflict theory focuses on conflict ______. a) within an in-group b) between two groups c) within an out-group d) between two members of an in-group 6. b Explanation: Most conflict occurs between different groups. 7. All of the following terms are used in social identity theory EXCEPT _______________. a) in-group b) control group c) identification d) social comparison 7. b Explanation: Control group is a term used in the area of experimentation, not in social identity theory. 8. Which type of love is defined as commitment only? a) infatuation b) consummate love c) companionate love d) empty love 8. d Explanation: Empty love involves commitment alone. 9. What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers? a) bystander effect b) sole-witness effect c) subtle aggressive effect d) antisocial behavior effect 9. a Explanation: The bystander effect is the phenomenon that occurs when people don’t help because they think others will do so. 10. According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help? a) person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour b) person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot c) person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it. d) a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom 10. c Explanation: Latané and Darley predict that the fewer number of people present the more likely someone will help. Chapter 12 - Quick Quiz 2 1. Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one’s own preference, is called ______. a) obedience b) submission c) conformity d) compliance 1. c Explanation: Conformity involves yielding to social norms despite one’s true preference. 2. Which of the following is NOT an example of “groupthink”? a) the Challenger disaster b) the Titanic c) the Boston Red Sox d) Bay of Pigs 2. c Explanation: This is a group that works together as a team and considers facts realistically. 3. Some have suggested that the results of Milgram’s obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect. a) reciprocity b) indebtedness c) foot-in-the-door d) returning-a-favor 3. c Explanation: Some thought the participants felt obliged to continue with each level of shock because they had already complied with the previous ones. 4. How can a coach get his football team to perform better if he suspects they are exhibiting social loafing? a) introduce new challenges b) get the captain to apply pressure c) grade their individual performances d) ignore the behavior 4. c Explanation: Social loafers stop their loafing when they are being evaluated on their individual performance. 5. What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? a) cognitions b) stereotypes c) attitudes d) attributions 5. c Explanation: Attitudes are responses, or judgments, either positive or negative, toward people, ideas, or objects. 6. What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? a) enticement b) persuasion c) conversion d) affectance 6. b Explanation: Persuasion is the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior. 7. Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? a) stereotype b) expectation c) classification d) categorization 7. a Explanation: The term stereotype refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group. 8. Attributions are __________________. a) explanations that account for one’s own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others. b) innate personality traits c) genetic predispositions to behave a certain way d) physical qualities people have such as attractiveness 8. a Explanation: Attributions are reasons people have to explain the behavior of themselves and others. 9. What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people? a) love b) appeal c) interpersonal attraction d) cognitive dissonance 9. c Explanation: Psychologists use the term interpersonal attraction to describe our liking of other people. 10. The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ___________. a) testosterone b) estrogen c) MDH d) peptone 10. a Explanation: The hormone associated with aggression seems to be testosterone, and it’s the one males have the most of. Test Bank for Psychology: Dsm 5 Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White 9780205986378