CH-11 Stress and Health – Psychology: Dsm 5 : Exam Guide

11 Stress and Health 1. _________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. a. Stress b. Burnout c. Dysphoria d. Distress Answer: a. Stress Correct. Stress is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. d. Distress Incorrect. Distress is the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors. 2. Which of the following are considered emotional, as opposed to mental, symptoms of stress? a. sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, nausea b. depression, fear, anger c. difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating on tasks d. eating too much, smoking or drinking more than usual, hitting people or throwing things Answer: b. depression, fear, anger Correct. Depression, fear, and anger are emotional symptoms of stress. c. difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating on tasks Incorrect. Difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, and difficulty concentrating on tasks are mental/cognitive, not emotional, symptoms of stress. 3. Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________. a. hassles b. catastrophies c. eustresses d. stressors Answer: d. stressors Correct. Stressors are defined as events that cause a stress reaction. a. hassles Incorrect. Hassles may indeed cause stress, but sometimes stress is caused by factors that would not be described as hassles. 4. Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress? a. sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, anger b. depression, fear, irritability c. difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating d. chest pains, nausea, memory loss Answer: c. difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating Correct. Difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, and difficulty concentrating are all mental symptoms of stress. b. depression, fear, irritability Incorrect. Depression, fear, and irritability are emotional symptoms of stress. 5. When thinking about GREs, applying to graduate school, and studying for mid-terms, Nichole starts to have sweaty palms and a racing heart. It is MOST probable that Nichole is responding to ________. a. T cells b. the pressure c. stressors d. lymphocytes Answer: c. stressors Correct. Stressors are stimuli that throw the body’s equilibrium out of balance. b. the pressure Incorrect. Pressure, either that to perform or that to conform, can be one important type of stressor. 6. Hachi is working against a deadline. She must have a term paper written by 8 am tomorrow. The deadline is an example of a ________. a. stress b. stressor c. stress response d. stress reaction Answer: b. stressor Correct. A stressor is a stimulus that throws the body’s equilibrium out of balance. a. stress Incorrect. Stress refers to the psychological and physical response to a stimulus that alters the body’s equilibrium. 7. _________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. a. Acute stress b. Eustress c. Distress d. Catastrophic stress Answer: c. Distress Correct. Distress occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. b. Eustress Incorrect. Eustress results from positive events. 8. _________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. a. Acute stress b. Eustress c. Distress d. Catastrophic stress Answer: b. Eustress Correct. Eustress is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. c. Distress Incorrect. Distress results from unpleasant events. 9. Professor Willoughby assigns his class a term paper that is to make up 30% of their final grade. The students are given clear guidelines about what is expected in this assignment, and are given two months to complete the assignment. Because students know that this paper is important but not the only thing upon which their grades will be based, this assignment would be likely to cause _____________. a. frustration b. distress c. aggression d. eustress Answer: d. eustress Correct. Because this paper is important it will motivate the students’ best work without becoming destructive to their ability to get the job done. a. frustration Incorrect. Students might indeed feel frustrated at the need for a term paper to be written, but eustress is the best answer. 10. Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat? a. major life changes b. catastrophes c. hassles d. eustress Answer: b. catastrophes Correct. Unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat are called catastrophes. a. major life changes Incorrect. Major life changes are important personal events that are both positive and negative, such as marriage, job loss, or the loss of a spouse. 11. An assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person’s life resulting from major life changes over one year is called the __________. a. secondary appraisal b. primary appraisal c. Social Readjustment Rating Scale d. College Undergraduate Stress Scale Answer: c. Social Readjustment Rating Scale Correct. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale is an assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person’s life resulting from major life changes over one year. d. College Undergraduate Stress Scale Incorrect. The College Undergraduate Stress Scale measures the amount of stress in a college student’s life. 12. Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to ________. a. natural disasters b. major life changes c. social difficulties d. negative life events Answer: b. major life changes Correct. Holmes and Rahe developed the SRRS to measure change due to major life changes, both positive and negative, that are associated with stress. d. negative life events Incorrect. Holmes and Rahe developed the SRRS to measure change due to life events that were both positive and negative. 13. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures stress related to _________. a. positive and negative life events b. only negative life events c. only positive life events d. internal stressors Answer: a. positive and negative life events Correct. The SRRS measures both positive and negative events associated with stress. b. only negative life events Incorrect. The SRRS measures stress related to both positive and negative events. 14. According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? a. more frequent changes of job b. a divorce c. commission of a crime d. a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident Answer: d. a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident Correct. A score of over 300 suggests a high level of stress and, therefore, the possibility of experiencing more health problems than usual or an accident. b. a divorce Incorrect. Divorce does cause stress, but it is not likely to be the result of stress. 15. Which of the following life events is not found in the list of major life changes that cause a significant amount of stress according to the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)? a. pregnancy b. marriage c. going on vacation d. All of the above are found on the SRRS. Answer: d. All of the above are found on the SRRS. Correct. Each of these three events, although generally happy and positive events, can cause a significant amount of stress. c. going on vacation Incorrect. While going on vacation may seem like a stress-free event, many report that a vacation actually causes them stress. 16. Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of life change units? a. divorce b. marriage c. death of a spouse d. damage to the home Answer: c. death of a spouse Correct. Death of a spouse is perceived to require the most adjustment. a. divorce Incorrect. Divorce is associated with 75 units, whereas the death of a spouse is associated with 100. 17. __________ measures the amount of stress in a college student’s life over a one-year period resulting from major life changes. a. University Students Stress Assessment (USSA) b. College Students New Experiences Assessment Scale (CSNEAS) c. Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) d. College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) Answer: d. College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) Correct. The CUSS is a scale that measures stressors in a student’s life. c. Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Incorrect. This assessment may not include the most common life events of a college student. 18. Which of the following major life changes on the College Undergraduate Stress Scale has the highest number of life change units? a. death of a close friend b. falling asleep in class c. being raped d. getting straight As Answer: c. being raped Correct. Rape is associated with 100 units and is perceived to require the most adjustment. a. death of a close friend Incorrect. Death of a close friend is associated with 97 units, whereas rape is associated with 100. 19. The term hassles refers to _________. a. minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work b. personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal c. the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals d. minor annoyances of everyday life Answer: d. minor annoyances of everyday life Correct. Hassles are minor annoyances of everyday life. a. minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work Incorrect. Hassles are minor annoyances in our everyday lives. 20. Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. a. uplifts b. hassles c. downturns d. distress Answer: b. hassles Correct. Burning toast and breaking a glass are considered hassles, which are daily annoyances in everyday life. d. distress Incorrect. Distress is the effect of stress, whereas hassles are a cause of stress. 21. Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ___________. a. colds and headaches b. cancer and heart disease c. hypertension and obesity d. heart disease and schizophrenia Answer: a. colds and headaches Correct. The stress caused by lots of hassles is associated with minor, short-term illnesses. c. hypertension and obesity Incorrect. The more serious conditions of hypertension and obesity are associated with major life changes, not with mere hassles. 22. According to Lazarus, hassles _______________. a. do not arise from major life changes b. arise from major life changes c. nullify the stress that arises from major life changes d. are unrelated to stress Answer: b. arise from major life changes Correct. According to Lazarus, hassles arise from major life changes. a. do not arise from major life changes Incorrect. According to Lazarus, hassles arise from major life changes. 23. Researchers found that the __________ of daily hassles was a better predictor of headaches than were scores on a life events scale. a. duration b. type c. negative quality d. perceived severity Answer: d. perceived severity Correct. Researchers found that the perceived severity of daily hassles was a better predictor of headaches than were scores on a life events scale. a. duration Incorrect. Researchers found that it was not the duration of daily hassles but their perceived severity that was a better predictor of headaches than were scores on a life events scale. 24. According to a recent study, what is the biggest hassle reported by children between the ages of 11 and 15? a. feeling pressure to use drugs b. not having the clothing styles they want c. fear of new school situations d. fear of getting into trouble at school or home. Answer: a. feeling pressure to use drugs Correct. The correct answer is a. Feeling pressure to use drugs was reported as the biggest hassle by children between the ages of 11 and 15 according to the study mentioned. This indicates a significant concern among this age group regarding substance use. b. not having the clothing styles they want Incorrect. b. Not having the clothing styles they want - While clothing styles may be a source of concern for some children, the study mentioned did not identify it as the biggest hassle among children aged 11 to 15. 25. Min-Jee is currently very concerned about a recent increase in fighting among her family members. When talking with her therapist, she notes that this has been her biggest concern lately. According to the research into the severity of different hassles, which of the following statements is probably true about Min-Jee’s age? a. Min-Jee is 4 years old b. Min-Jee is an adult c. Min-Jee is an adolescent d. Min-Jee is elderly Answer: b. Min-Jee is an adult Correct. Research suggests that fighting among family members is the greatest source of stress for adults. a. Min-Jee is 4 years old Incorrect. Fighting among family members is probably very stressful for toddlers, but kids between the ages of 3 and 5 report that being teased is their biggest concern. 26. Which of the following statements is NOT true about hassles at different developmental stages? a. Elderly people are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor’s appointments, and bad weather than are children and younger adults. b. Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor’s appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people. c. For children ages 3 to 5, the biggest hassle is getting teased. d. Youth 11 to 15 years old report feeling pressure to use drugs. Answer: b. Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor’s appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people. Correct. The statement is not true because elderly people are more affected than young people by the hassles of going shopping, doctor’s appointments, and bad weather. c. For children ages 3 to 5, the biggest hassle is getting teased. Incorrect. The statement is true because children ages 3 to 5 reported their biggest hassle is getting teased. 27. An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________. a. anxiety b. pressure c. overload d. cognitive dissonance Answer: b. pressure Correct. An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called pressure. a. anxiety Incorrect. A feeling of anxiety is perhaps the result of an urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source. 28. Gloria is a tax accountant who is very busy from January to April 15, which is the tax return filing deadline. She feels that she must work very long hours during this time to meet the April 15 deadline for all of her clients. Gloria is experiencing _______. a. anxiety b. pressure c. frustration d. cognitive dissonance Answer: b. pressure Correct. Gloria is experiencing pressure as a result of her need to meet a deadline. a. anxiety Incorrect. Anxiety may be a result of pressure. Gloria is experiencing pressure as a result of her need to work longer hours to meet a deadline. 29. Jacob’s father has always wanted him to be a lawyer. He has encouraged him to get good grades, graduate college earlier than his peers, and work as hard as he can. Jacob does not care about going to law school, but he does so to please his father. Jacob is responding to ______. a. anxiety b. pressure c. overload d. cognitive dissonance Answer: b. pressure Correct. Jacob is responding to pressure, or expectations for his behavior from an outside source—in this case, his father. a. anxiety Incorrect. Jacob is responding to his father’s expectations, which are causing him to feel pressure. 30. Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________ impact on one’s ability to be creative. a. no b. a positive c. a negative d. some Answer: c. a negative Correct. Amabile found that creativity and innovation decrease when time pressure is applied. b. a positive Incorrect. Amabile found that creativity and innovation decrease when time pressure is applied. 31. The _______ control one has, the _______ the degree of stress. a. more; greater b. less; greater c. less; lower d. Control has nothing to do with stress. Answer: b. less; greater Correct. The less control one has, the greater the degree of stress. d. Control has nothing to do with stress. Incorrect. The less control one has, the greater the degree of stress. 32. Jacinta finds applying for graduate school to be frustrating. She believes that the entire process is random. As such, this example highlights the role of ________ in coping. a. uncontrollability b. self-monitoring c. action d. optimism Answer: a. uncontrollability Correct. Research has found that higher levels of perceived control are related to lower levels of stress. d. optimism Incorrect. There is certainly a relationship between perceived control and optimism, but optimism is not the best answer to this question. 33. Fabiana is beginning to realize that so-called “surprise quizzes” in her math class really aren’t too much of a surprise at all since they tend to occur every week. Accordingly, she accepts that fact and regularly reviews the course material. This example best illustrates that _______. a. there can be a mismatch between perceived control and the preferred level of control b. coping is a whimsical process c. perceiving a lack of control typically produces stress d. events beyond our control can still be predictable Answer: d. events beyond our control can still be predictable Correct. Even if we don’t have the immediate ability to control circumstance, we can often still be aware of things to come. c. perceiving a lack of control typically produces stress Incorrect. This statement is true, but it does not apply to Fabiana’s circumstance. 34. ______ occurs when a person is blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. a. Uncontrollability b. Conflict c. Pressure d. Frustration Answer: d. Frustration Correct. Frustration occurs when a person is prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. a. Uncontrollability Incorrect. Uncontrollability refers specifically to lack of control over events rather than to the general problem of being blocked from achieving a goal. However, lack of control might be the cause of a person’s inability to achieve a goal. 35. Which of the following is NOT an example of an external frustration? a. uncontrollability b. losses c. rejections d. delays Answer: a. uncontrollability Correct. Uncontrollability is a factor that contributes to a person’s level of stress, but it is not an example of frustration. d. delays Incorrect. Delays are a classic example of external frustration, in which external factors are blocking an individual from achieving a goal. 36. Desiring to purchase a book and finding it is out of stock is an example of a(n)________. a. external frustration b. internal conflict c. external conflict d. internal frustration Answer: a. external frustration Correct. External frustrations come from blockage by an outside source. d. internal frustration Incorrect. The unavailability of the book is a frustration that is coming from an outside source. 37. All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT______. a. pressure b. frustration c. uncontrollability d. aggression Answer: d. aggression Correct. Aggression may be a reaction to the stress of frustration but is not a source of stress. b. frustration Incorrect. Frustration is a source of stress. 38. Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called ________. a. external frustration b. internal conflict c. a hassle d. personal frustration Answer: d. personal frustration Correct. Internal, also known as personal, frustration is due to personal characteristics. a. external frustration Incorrect. External frustration comes from blockage by an outside source. 39. Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height. Bettina is experiencing __________. a. external frustration b. internal conflict c. external conflict d. internal frustration Answer: d. internal frustration Correct. Bettina’s frustration is not due to an outside source but rather to a personal characteristic—her height. a. external frustration Incorrect. External frustration comes from blockage by an outside source. 40. The first response that people typically make to frustration is ________. a. persistence b. increasing efforts c. varying efforts d. aggression Answer: a. persistence Correct. Persistence is the first response people make to frustration. d. aggression Incorrect. People tend to resort to aggression only if persistence does not pay off. 41. Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in the hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Joey’s behavior is called ____________. a. persistence b. increasing efforts c. varying efforts d. aggression Answer: a. persistence Correct. Persistence is the continuation of efforts to get what is wanted. In this case, Joey continued to turn the dial. d. aggression Incorrect. Aggression is the commission of acts meant to harm or destroy. 42. Actions meant to harm or destroy are referred to as __________. a. persistence b. displacement c. varying efforts d. aggression Answer: d. aggression Correct. Aggression is action meant to harm or destroy. b. displacement Incorrect. Displacement refers to taking out one’s feelings on someone less threatening than the person or people who are the sources of frustration. 43. Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Unfortunately, after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial he still did not retrieve a gumball. As a result, he kicked the machine several times. Kicking the machine is an example of ____________. a. persistence b. increasing efforts c. varying efforts d. aggression Answer: d. aggression Correct. Kicking the machine is an act meant to harm or destroy and is, therefore, a form of aggression. a. persistence Incorrect. Persistence is the continuation of efforts to get what is wanted. Kicking the machine is not a serious effort to achieve a goal; it is just a form of aggression. 44. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding Berkowitz’s frustration-aggression hypothesis? a. Frustration creates an internal readiness to aggress. b. Aggression will not follow frustration unless certain external cues are present. c. Frustration does not always lead to aggression. d. Frustration always leads to aggression. Answer: d. Frustration always leads to aggression. Correct. The statement that frustration always leads to aggression is not accurate. Aggression is seldom the first response to frustration. c. Frustration does not always lead to aggression. Incorrect. It is true that frustration does not always lead to aggression. 45. Jordan is very frustrated because another patron at the bar is talking to the woman with whom Jordan was just dancing. According to Berkowitz’s reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors makes Jordan unlikely to lash out in a physically aggressive manner? a. Jordan already has a criminal charge for assault. b. The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan. c. The woman makes it clear that she is not interested in Jordan d. Jordan is alone and has no friends to back him up. Answer: b. The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan. Correct. Berkowitz noted that if a human source of frustration is larger and stronger then the frustrated person, aggression is an unlikely outcome. a. Jordan already has a criminal charge for assault. Incorrect. While Jordan might think twice about getting into a fight given his criminal history, Berkowitz’s work did not address this factor. 46. _________ are habitual targets of displaced aggression. a. Scapegoats b. Internal conflicts c. Relationships d. Bullies Answer: a. Scapegoats Correct. Scapegoats typically are seen as having less power and, therefore, easier to attack. d. Bullies Incorrect. Bullies are usually the ones who displace their aggression. Their targets are the scapegoats. 47. After weeks of being taunted by her so-called “friends” at school and asking them to stop taunting her, Alyssa begins to actively avoid them whenever possible. Her reaction to this frustration is best described as ______. a. confrontation b. compromise c. withdrawal d. rationalization Answer: c. withdrawal Correct. Alyssa chose to escape, or withdraw from, her stressor. b. compromise Incorrect. A compromise would mean there was some sort of discussion and agreement, but Alyssa chose to avoid, or withdraw from, her friends. 48. The most extreme form of escape or withdrawal from frustration is ________. a. suicide b. anhedonia c. leaving the country d. divorce Answer: a. suicide Correct. Suicide is the most extreme because it is permanent. b. anhedonia Incorrect. Anhedonia is the inability to feel pleasure or enjoyment, whereas suicide is the most extreme form of escape from frustration. 49. In a(n) __________ conflict, a person must choose between two desirable goals. a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. double approach-avoidance Answer: c. approach-approach Correct. Approach-approach conflicts occur when a person must choose between two desirable goals. a. approach-avoidance Incorrect. Approach-avoidance conflicts occur when only one goal or event is involved and that goal or event has both positive and negative attributes. 50. For someone who likes both movies and concerts, choosing between going to one or the other represents an ______ conflict. a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. incompatible demands Answer: c. approach-approach Correct. In an approach-approach conflict, there are two goals or events, the routes to the goals are easy, and both goals have only positive attributes. a. approach-avoidance Incorrect. In an approach-avoidance conflict, there is only one goal or event, which has both positive and negative attributes. In this case, there are two events and both have only positive attributes. 51. Qimat must decide between two equally good choices for his weekend activity. He can either go fishing with his dad or go to an amusement park with his friends. This is an example of a _______ conflict. a. positive-positive b. approach-avoidance c. avoidance-avoidance d. approach-approach Answer: d. approach-approach Correct. Approach-approach conflict occurs when one must choose between two attractive options. c. avoidance-avoidance Incorrect. An avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when one must choose between two unattractive options. 52. Since Melinda is attempting to make a difficult choice as whether to file for divorce, she is probably experiencing ________. a. learned helplessness b. conflict c. burnout d. little perceived control Answer: b. conflict Correct. Conflicts occur when we have to choose between two alternate courses of action. c. burnout Incorrect. Burnout refers to a specific type of stress occurs when one becomes overwhelmed and overloaded at their job. 53. A conflict in which a person must choose between two undesirable routes to a goal or goals is called _________. a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. multiple approach-avoidance Answer: b. avoidance-avoidance Correct. Avoidance-avoidance is a conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable routes to a goal or goals. a. approach-avoidance Incorrect. Approach-avoidance conflicts occur when only one goal or event is involved and that goal or event has both positive and negative attributes. 54. Bluma hates making decisions, especially about things she does not like. Her mom wants her to either mow the lawn or clean her room this weekend. This is an example of ________ conflict. a. avoidance-avoidance b. good-evil c. negative-negative d. approach-approach Answer: a. avoidance-avoidance Correct. An avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when one must choose between two unattractive options. d. approach-approach Incorrect. Approach-approach conflict occurs when one must choose between two attractive options. 55. Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict? a. A person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti. b. A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points. c. A person has to choose between wanting to eat some cake but not wanting the calories. d. A person who loves chocolate must choose between eating chocolate cake or chocolate ice cream. Answer: b. A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points. Correct. An avoidance-avoidance conflict involves having to choose between two undesirable alternatives. a. A person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti. Incorrect. A choice between two desirable alternatives is called an approach-approach conflict. 56. Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose or not choose one goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects? a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. multiple approach-avoidance Answer: a. approach-avoidance Correct. Approach-avoidance is the term for a conflict in which a person must choose or not choose one goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects. d. multiple approach-avoidance Incorrect. A multiple approach-avoidance conflict involves more than two goals or events. 57. Which of the following is the most stressful of all conflicts, causing many people to go back and forth between one decision and the other, or be unable to decide for or against the event? a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. incompatible demands Answer: a. approach-avoidance Correct. An approach-avoidance conflict has both positive and negative attributes, causing people to continually rethink the situation. c. approach-approach Incorrect. An approach-approach conflict is the least stressful of all conflicts since both choices have only positive attributes. 58. Ken wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income. However, he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost. Ken is faced with a(n) ______ conflict. a. approach-approach b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-avoidance d. double approach-avoidance Answer: c. approach-avoidance Correct. Ken is faced with one goal—attending law school—with both positive and negative attributes. d. double approach-avoidance Incorrect. In a double approach-avoidance conflict there are two goals or events, but in Ken’s case there is only one—attending law school. 59. When faced with an approach-avoidance conflict, some people tend to go back and forth with their choice because they cannot decide for or against the goal or event. This mind-changing behavior is called _____________. a. vacillating b. alternating c. dichotomizing d. avoiding Answer: a. vacillating Correct. To vacillate is to go back and forth between one decision and another. d. avoiding Incorrect. The failure to make a decision may, in fact, be a form of avoidance, but vacillating is the best answer. 60. Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two goals that have both positive and negative aspects? a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. double approach-avoidance Answer: d. double approach-avoidance Correct. Double approach-avoidance conflicts arise due to the need to choose between two goals that have both positive and negative aspects. a. approach-avoidance Incorrect. Approach-avoidance conflicts involve only one goal. 61. Lizzie is a freshman in college who needs to declare her major. She is interested in history, psychology, medicine, and law. As she thinks about each of these potential majors, she considers both the positive and negative aspects of each, which cause her to go back and forth in her decision. Lizzie is experiencing a(n)__________ conflict. a. double approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. multiple approach-avoidance Answer: d. multiple approach-avoidance Correct. Lizzie is considering several major options, all of which have positive and negative attributes. a. double approach-avoidance Incorrect. A double approach-avoidance conflict involves two choices. Lizzie is considering more than two majors. 62. Which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress? a. parasympathetic b. somatic c. sympathetic d. central Answer: c. sympathetic Correct. The sympathetic nervous system causes heart rate to increase, digestion to slow down, and energy to be sent to the muscles to help deal with whatever action the stressful situation requires. a. parasympathetic Incorrect. The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to normal after a stressful period. 63. The _________ nervous system returns the body to normal, day-to-day functioning after a stressful period. a. parasympathetic b. somatic c. sympathetic d. central Answer: a. parasympathetic Correct. The parasympathetic system returns the body to normal functioning after a stressful period. c. sympathetic Incorrect. The sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to increase, digestion to slow down, and energy to be sent to the muscles to help deal with whatever action the stressful situation requires. 64. Which parts of the nervous system are associated with the general adaptation syndrome? a. somatic and parasympathetic b. autonomic and sympathetic c. sympathetic and parasympathetic d. central and somatic Answer: c. sympathetic and parasympathetic Correct. The sympathetic nervous and the parasympathetic systems are associated with the general adaptation syndrome. a. somatic and parasympathetic Incorrect. The somatic nervous system does not play a role in stress reactions. 65. When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little. Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the _________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by way of the _________. a. parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system c. somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system d. autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system Answer: b. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system Correct. The sympathetic nervous system becomes activated during times of stress and once the stressful period has ended the parasympathetic system works to bring the body back to a normal state. a. parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system Incorrect. The parasympathetic nervous system works to bring the body back to a normal state and the sympathetic nervous system becomes activated during times of stress. 66. Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome? a. Hans Selye b. Berkowitz c. Holmes and Rahe d. Lazarus Answer: a. Hans Selye Correct. Hans Selye proposed the general adaptation syndrome. c. Holmes and Rahe Incorrect. Holmes and Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Selye proposed the general adaptation syndrome. 67. During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,_________. a. the central and somatic systems are activated b. synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles c. the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones d. neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated Answer: c. the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones Correct. During the alarm stage, the sympathetic nervous system becomes activated. d. neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated Incorrect. The sympathetic nervous system is activated during the alarm stage. 68. During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, all of the following EXCEPT _______________ are reactions that can be seen. a. headaches b. nausea c. fever d. hemorrhaging Answer: d. hemorrhaging Correct. The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system can cause headaches, nausea, or fevers, but hemorrhaging is not an associated physical response. c. fever Incorrect. The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system can induce a fever. 69. Saadat is walking to the front of the classroom in preparation for his class presentation. He notices his heart starting to beat fast, his palms are sweaty, and has a general sense of increase in energy. According to the general adaptation syndrome, which phase of the stress response is he in? a. alarm phase b. adaptation phase c. reactive phase d. muscle preparation phase Answer: a. alarm phase Correct. This initial reaction to the stressful situation is called the alarm phase. c. reactive phase Incorrect. There is no reactive phase in the general adaptation syndrome. 70. Adelaida hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the __________. a. chronic stress phase b. alarm phase c. exhaustion phase d. resistance phase Answer: b. alarm phase Correct. In the alarm phase, the sympathetic nervous system responds to the threatening sound by activating and causing the adrenal glands to release hormones that increase heart rate and blood pressure. d. resistance phase Incorrect. The resistance phase would follow the alarm phase, which is the initial response to the threatening sound. 71. What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? a. resistance, alarm, exhaustion b. exhaustion, resistance, alarm c. alarm, exhaustion, resistance d. alarm, resistance, exhaustion Answer: d. alarm, resistance, exhaustion Correct. The correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is alarm, resistance, exhaustion. a. resistance, alarm, exhaustion Incorrect. The alarm stage comes before the resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome. 72. According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. a. alarm b. resistance c. exhaustion d. collapse Answer: c. exhaustion Correct. The third stage of the general adaptation syndrome is exhaustion, during which our resistance to stress is lowest. d. collapse Incorrect. This is not a stage of the general adaptation syndrome model. 73. A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor. a. alarm b. resistance c. exhaustion d. termination Answer: b. resistance Correct. During the resistance stage, a person may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor. c. exhaustion Incorrect. During the exhaustion stage, the body’s resources are so depleted that stress-related disease can develop. 74. In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? a. alarm b. collapse c. exhaustion d. resistance Answer: c. exhaustion Correct. During the exhaustion stage, the body has reached its limit. d. resistance Incorrect. During the resistance stage, the body fights off the stressor until its resources give out. 75. According to Selye, some people may develop illnesses such as high blood pressure or a weakened immune system during the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. a. alarm b. collapse c. exhaustion d. resistance Answer: c. exhaustion Correct. During the exhaustion stage, the body’s resources are so depleted that stress-related diseases can develop. d. resistance Incorrect. During the resistance stage, the body uses its resources to fight off the stressor. It is not until the next stage, exhaustion, that bodily resources are so depleted that stress-related diseases can develop. 76. For the past six months, Dahlia’s job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn’t feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. a. alarm b. collapse c. exhaustion d. resistance Answer: c. exhaustion Correct. Dahlia has experienced prolonged stress, and her bodily resources are so depleted that stress-related diseases, such as chronic headaches, can develop. d. resistance Incorrect. During the resistance stage, the body uses its resources to fight off the stressor. It is not until the next stage, exhaustion, that bodily resources are so depleted that stress-related diseases, such as chronic headaches, can develop. 77. Octavious is under a lot of stress. He is always tired and feels overwhelmed by his work load. Which phase of the stress response is he most likely in? a. alarm phase b. resistance phase c. exhaustion phase d. persistence phase Answer: c. exhaustion phase Correct. The fatigue he is experiencing indicates that he is in the third phase, or the exhaustion phase, of the general adaptation syndrome. a. alarm phase Incorrect. The stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system that is associated with the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome would not cause Octavious to feel fatigued. 78. The system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases and injuries is called the ________. a. immune system b. endocrine system c. sympathetic nervous system d. respiratory system Answer: a. immune system Correct. The immune system is defined as the system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries. b. endocrine system Incorrect. The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete chemicals; it is not involved in the immune response. 79. The field of ______ studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, and behavior on the immune system. a. social psychology b. organic medicine c. psychoneuroimmunology d. interactive psychology Answer: c. psychoneuroimmunology Correct. Psychoneuroimmunology is concerned with the effects of stress on the immune system. a. social psychology Incorrect. Social psychology is concerned with how the presence of others influences thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals. 80. People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise. How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon? a. The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. b. The stress response in the long run leads to a lowering of the heart rate, which makes the heart inefficient. c. The stress response makes muscles stronger, which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems. d. The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and, thus, future responses are not as strong as before. Answer: a. The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. Correct. Researchers in psychoneuroimmunology believe that the stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. d. The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and, thus, future responses are not as strong as before. Incorrect. The body’s future responses to stress tend to be just as strong as past ones. 81. Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists? a. Stress compromises the body’s immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. b. Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. c. Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer. d. Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications. Answer: a. Stress compromises the body’s immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. Correct. While stress has not been found to directly cause illness, it does appear to rob the body of its ability to fight illness effectively. b. Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. Incorrect. Stress reduces the production of natural killer cells, which your body needs to fight off viruses and tumor cells. 82. Researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of stress on the immune system by measuring immune system chemicals. To accomplish this goal, they compared college students who were undergoing a stressful series of exams to a group of similar students relaxing during a time of no classes and no exams. Results of this study indicate ____________. a. the exam group tested higher for immune system chemicals b. the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals c. the relaxed group tested lower for immune system chemicals d. the relaxed group showed no change over the course of the study Answer: b. the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals Correct. Researchers found that the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals, meaning that their immune systems were suppressed. c. the relaxed group tested lower for immune system chemicals Incorrect. Researchers found that the relaxed group tested higher for immune system chemicals. 83. Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following? a. The immune system is not affected by stress. b. Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system. c. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends. d. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over. Answer: d. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over. Correct. Research reveals that immune system suppression can continue after the stress has subsided. c. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends. Incorrect. Suppression can continue even as long as 14 days after the stressful period has ended. 84. Which part of the body filters fat and cholesterol from the bloodstream, preventing clogged arteries and reducing the likelihood of heart attacks and strokes? a. the pancreas b. the spleen c. the liver d. the colon Answer: c. the liver Correct. The liver may be deactivated by the parasympathetic nervous system during the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome, increasing the chance of heart attacks and strokes. a. the pancreas Incorrect. The pancreas is not responsible for these functions. 85. In a recent study, researchers questioned middle-aged men about stress, diet, and lifestyle factors. They were also examined for four biological risk factors for heart disease including obesity, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, and low levels of HDL. As a result of this study, which of the following were strongly linked to the four biological risk factors? a. The more stress these men were exposed to, the more likely they were to have these risk factors. b. The less stress these men were exposed to, the more likely they were to have these risk factors. c. The more stress these men were exposed to, the less likely they were to have these risk factors. d. The less stress these men were exposed to, the less likely they were to have these risk factors. Answer: a. The more stress these men were exposed to, the more likely they were to have these risk factors. Correct. Stress contributes to obesity, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, and low levels of HDL. b. The less stress these men were exposed to, the more likely they were to have these risk factors. Incorrect. Stress contributes to obesity, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, and low levels of HDL. 86. Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for _______. a. unplanned pregnancy b. heart attack and stroke c. promotions at work d. schizophrenia Answer: b. heart attack and stroke Correct. Stress is linked with risk for heart attacks and stroke. d. schizophrenia Incorrect. Stress is linked with risk for heart attack and stroke but not for schizophrenia. 87. A name for one type of immune system cell that helps to fight cancerous tumors is ________. a. B cell b. activator cell c. natural killer cell d. neuroimmunological cell Answer: c. natural killer cell Correct. The correct answer is c. Natural killer cell is a type of immune system cell that plays a crucial role in fighting cancerous tumors by targeting and destroying abnormal cells. a. B cell Incorrect. a. B cell - B cells are involved in antibody production and immune memory but are not specifically known for fighting cancerous tumors. 88. How might stress assist in the growth of a tumor? a. Actually, it doesn’t. b. by causing a reduction in the effectiveness of NK cells c. by causing the tumor to develop in the first place d. by destroying brain cells Answer: b. by causing a reduction in the effectiveness of NK cells Correct. Because stress inhibits the natural killer cells that fight off precancerous invaders, stress can leave us vulnerable to the growth of a cancerous tumor. a. Actually, it doesn’t. Incorrect. The research is unequivocal in its finding of a strong relationship between stress and the development of cancer; however, this does not mean that stress causes cancer. 89. Prolonged stress has been shown to ______ cancer. a. decrease vulnerability to b. be unrelated to one’s vulnerability to c. increase vulnerability to d. cause Answer: c. increase vulnerability to Correct. Stress has been shown to depress the release of natural killer cells making unchecked growth for cancer more likely. d. cause Incorrect. Stress has been shown to depress the release of natural killer cells, making unchecked growth for cancer more likely. 90. _____________ psychology is the field of study devoted to understanding the relationship between physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships and overall health and rates of illness. a. Physiological b. Developmental c. Health d. Medicinal Answer: c. Health Correct. This is the correct definition of health psychology. a. Physiological Incorrect. Physiological psychology may be interested in these topics, but health psychology explores these relationships from approaches other than the physiological perspective. 91. Kirima has her doctorate in health psychology. Which of the following research questions might she be most likely to investigate? a. Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? b. What is the relationship between one’s ethnicity and their political affiliation? c. Are men or women better drivers? d. What is the relationship between a person’s age and the number of years it takes them to get an undergraduate degree? Answer: a. Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? Correct. Health psychologists are interested in the factors that lead us to lead healthy lives, so the relationship between classes and the tendency to take drugs would be an appropriate topic for Kirima to research. b. What is the relationship between one’s ethnicity and their political affiliation? Incorrect. The effects of a social category like ethnicity would be more applicable to experts from other fields, which might include sociology, political science, or social psychology. 92. According to Lazarus, our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to estimate its severity and to determine whether it is a challenge or threat. This evaluation is referred to as _____________. a. primary appraisal b. secondary appraisal c. stress-related decision d. hassle-related decision Answer: a. primary appraisal Correct. Primary appraisal is the first step we take when facing a potential threat; it involves estimating its severity and determining whether it is a challenge or a threat. b. secondary appraisal Incorrect. Secondary appraisal is the second step we take when facing a potential threat; it involves estimating the resources available for coping with a stressor. 93. Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a __________. a. primary appraisal b. secondary appraisal c. stress-related decision d. hassle-related decision Answer: a. primary appraisal Correct. A primary appraisal involves evaluating the level of stress or threat in a situation. In this case, Mary decided the ticket was not very important. b. secondary appraisal Incorrect. A secondary appraisal involves estimating the resources available for coping with a stressor. 94. Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her. As such, this example illustrates ________. a. a stress reaction b. coping c. primary appraisal d. secondary appraisal Answer: c. primary appraisal Correct. The primary appraisal is when we assess a stimulus for the likelihood of danger. d. secondary appraisal Incorrect. A secondary appraisal occurs when we determine what resources we have to deal with a stressor. 95. Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made __________. a. a primary appraisal only b. both a primary and a secondary appraisal c. a stress-related decision d. a hassle-related decision Answer: b. both a primary and a secondary appraisal Correct. You have made both a primary appraisal (the decision that flunking the class is important) and a secondary appraisal (to deal with it by repeating the class). a. a primary appraisal only Incorrect. You have made both a primary appraisal (the decision that flunking the class is important) and a secondary appraisal (to deal with it by repeating the class). 96. After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called _______. a. primary appraisal b. secondary appraisal c. tertiary appraisal d. distress-eustress dichotomy Answer: b. secondary appraisal Correct. Secondary appraisal involves deciding how to deal with a stressor and estimating the resources available for coping with it. a. primary appraisal Incorrect. Primary appraisal is the first step we take when facing a potential threat; it involves estimating its severity and determining whether it is a challenge or a threat. 97. Which of the following traits is associated with people who live to be very old? a. aggressiveness b. being easygoing c. inflexibility d. tenseness Answer: b. being easygoing Correct. Being easygoing is associated with living till old age. a. aggressiveness Incorrect. Aggressiveness is associated with not living as long as the average life expectancy. 98. ______________ people typically do not live as long as the average life expectancy. a. Aggressive b. Easygoing c. Cheerful d. Active Answer: a. Aggressive Correct. Aggressive people tend not to live to the average life expectancy. d. Active Incorrect. Being active is associated with living a longer life. 99. A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. a. Type A b. Type S c. Type B d. Type C Answer: a. Type A Correct. The Type A personality is described as one who is ambitious, hardworking, and is easily annoyed. c. Type B Incorrect. A Type B personality is relaxed and laid back, less driven and competitive, and slower to anger than a Type A. 100. People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ____________ personality. a. Type A b. Type S c. Type B d. Type C Answer: c. Type B Correct. Type B personality is characterized as laid back and relaxed. a. Type A Incorrect. Type A personality is characterized by hostility, competitiveness, ambitiousness, and being easily annoyed. 101. Levon has a Type B personality. Which of the following is most likely? a. Levon is determined to achieve. b. Levon is competitive. c. Levon gets easily upset. d. Levon is slow to anger. Answer: d. Levon is slow to anger. Correct. Slow to anger is a characteristic of a Type B personality. b. Levon is competitive. Incorrect. Individuals with a Type B personality are not necessarily competitive or driven. 102. The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________. a. mental illness b. coronary heart disease c. cancer d. respiratory illnesses Answer: b. coronary heart disease Correct. Studies show that people with Type A behavior patterns have an increased risk of coronary heart disease. c. cancer Incorrect. The Type A behavior pattern is a main predictor of coronary heart disease in both men and women, whereas Type C behavior is a predictor of cancer. 103. The Framingham Heart Study found that the risk of coronary heart disease ____________. a. for women who work and are also Type A is four times that of Type B women who work b. for women who work and are also Type A is no greater than that of Type B working women c. is greater for Type B women who work than Type A women who work d. is greater for Type A women who do not work than for Type B women who do work Answer: a. for women who work and are also Type A is four times that of Type B women who work Correct. The study found that the risk of coronary heart disease is four times greater for Type A women who work than for Type B women who work. d. is greater for Type A women who do not work than for Type B women who do work Incorrect. The study compared women who work. 104. Which type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? a. hostility b. compulsiveness c. competitiveness d. chronic irritability Answer: a. hostility Correct. Hostility is the most significant factor linked to hardening of the arteries to the heart. c. competitiveness Incorrect. Competitiveness is a characteristic of Type A personalities, but hostility is the most significant factor linked to heart disease. 105. Jerry, a hostile person, is likely to have a higher heart rate and blood pressure ________. a. only when he is angry b. at all times c. only when he is in any negative mood d. only during the daytime Answer: b. at all times Correct. Hostility has been found to increase our pulse and blood pressure on a continual basis. a. only when he is angry Incorrect. Anger will certainly increase pulse and blood pressure more, but people who tend to be hostile have a higher level of these vital signs at all times. 106. The Type C behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ______. a. mental illness b. coronary heart disease c. cancer d. respiratory illnesses Answer: c. cancer Correct. Type C behavior pattern is a main predictor of cancer due to the internalized negative emotions that may increase the levels of harmful stress hormones and weaken the immune system. b. coronary heart disease Incorrect. Type A behavior patterns have an increased risk of coronary heart disease. 107. Seira is very pleasant and likes to keep the peace. She finds it difficult to express emotions and internalizes her anger. She has few friends and spends a lot of time alone. According to research, Seira ________. a. is at high risk for coronary heart disease b. is a hardy personality c. is a Type B personality d. is a Type C personality Answer: d. is a Type C personality Correct. Seira’s traits are characteristic of a Type C behavior pattern. a. is at high risk for coronary heart disease Incorrect. Seira is a Type C personality, which is associated with cancer, not heart disease. 108. A person who thrives on stress but lacks the anger and hostility typical of some others who have the Type A personality is said to have a _________ personality. a. Type C b. Type B c. hardy d. optimistic Answer: c. hardy Correct. A hardy personality thrives on stress but lacks anger and hostility. b. Type B Incorrect. Type B personality does not thrive on stress. 109. Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a ________ personality. a. stressed b. Type B c. Type C d. hardy Answer: d. hardy Correct. Hardy personalities thrive on challenge and feel in control. a. stressed Incorrect. Tad is thriving on the challenges in his life rather than being stressed by them. 110. Which of the following are the three terms used to describe the way in which hardy people differ from many other Type A people and others who suffer more ill effects due to stress? a. commitment, control, challenge b. commitment, control, competitiveness c. competitiveness, control, compassion d. compassion, challenge, commitment Answer: a. commitment, control, challenge Correct. Commitment, control, and challenge are traits of hardy individuals. b. commitment, control, competitiveness Incorrect. Competitiveness is a trait common to Type A people and others who suffer more ill effects due to stress. 111. When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say “that glass is half full,” while a(n) ____________ might say “ no, that glass is half empty!” a. pessimist; optimist b. realist; pessimist c. optimist; realist d. optimist; pessimist Answer: d. optimist; pessimist Correct. An optimist views things positively, while a pessimist views things negatively. a. pessimist; optimist Incorrect. A pessimist views things negatively, while an optimist views things positively. 112. Which of the following is NOT one of the methods that people should use to keep a positive outlook? a. alternative thinking b. downward social comparison c. scapegoating d. relaxation Answer: c. scapegoating Correct. Scapegoating is an undesirable aggressive technique used by frustrated individuals who displace their anger. b. downward social comparison Incorrect. Downward social comparison is a method used to maintain a positive outlook by comparing one’s performance to that of less competent others. 113. Matthew compares his performance at work with that of a co-worker who is less competent than himself. When he engages in this behavior, he feels better and experiences a boost to his self-esteem. Matthew is using ______ to maintain an optimistic outlook. a. alternative thinking b. downward social comparison c. scapegoating d. relaxation Answer: b. downward social comparison Correct. Downward social comparison is a method used to maintain a positive outlook by comparing one’s performance to that of less competent others. c. scapegoating Incorrect. Scapegoating is an undesirable aggressive technique used by frustrated individuals who displace their anger. 114. Optimists tend to use alternative thinking to _________. a. come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur b. make themselves feel better by comparing their performance to that of less competent others c. find a scapegoat d. improve their cognitive abilities Answer: a. come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur Correct. Coming up with explanations that do not reflect badly on themselves enables optimists to take things that happen less personally. b. make themselves feel better by comparing their performance to that of less competent others Incorrect. Making oneself feel better by comparing one’s performance to that of less competent others is called downward social comparison, not alternative thinking. 115. One contributing factor for the increasing rise of road rage is ____________. a. acculturation b. overcrowding c. assimilating d. integration Answer: b. overcrowding Correct. Overcrowding may be one contributing factor for the increasing rise in road rage. c. assimilating Incorrect. Although assimilating can cause stress, it is not considered a reason for the increasing rise of road rage. 116. Which external factors might increase the likelihood of experiencing high levels of stress according to your textbook? a. depression b. noisy environments c. pain d. the presence of young children Answer: b. noisy environments Correct. The correct answer is b. Noisy environments are mentioned in the textbook as an external factor that can increase the likelihood of experiencing high levels of stress. Loud or chaotic environments can contribute to feelings of overwhelm and heightened stress levels. c. pain Incorrect. c. Pain - Pain can certainly contribute to stress levels, but it is not specifically mentioned as an external factor in the context of the question. 117. _______ is the term used to describe the excessive anger exhibited by drivers in response to ordinary traffic frustration. a. Road rage b. Conflict c. Driving stress d. Frustration Answer: a. Road rage Correct. Road rage is the term for excessive anger over ordinary traffic frustration. c. Driving stress Incorrect. Driving stress may be what a person with road rage feels, but road rage is the term for excessive anger exhibited by some drivers over ordinary traffic frustration. 118. Which of the following is one reason why living in poverty is stressful? a. lack of meaningfulness of work. b. too many hours of unpleasant shift work c. increased rates of disabilities due to poor prenatal care d. difficulty assimilating to the majority culture’s ways Answer: c. increased rates of disabilities due to poor prenatal care Correct. Poverty is associated with lack of prenatal care, which places a child more at risk for being born with disabilities. a. lack of meaningfulness of work. Incorrect. Lack of meaningfulness of work is associated with job stress. 119. It is time for a game of Jeopardy. The category is “Social Factors That Contribute to Stress.” The revealed answer is “Lack of variety or meaningfulness of work.” What will you say right before the buzzer sounds? a. “What is one cause of job stress?” b. “What is one cause of poverty?” c. “What is road rage?” d. “What is overcrowding?” Answer: a. “What is one cause of job stress?” Correct. Lack of variety or meaningfulness of work is a source of job stress. b. “What is one cause of poverty?” Incorrect. Lack of variety or meaningfulness of work is a source of job stress but is not a cause of poverty. 120. The negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration are called _________. a. eustress b. burnout c. dysphoria d. epidemiology Answer: b. burnout Correct. Burnout is defined as changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration. a. eustress Incorrect. Eustress is a kind of stress that results from positive events. 121. Sasha is experiencing stress in her workplace that is causing her to feel dissatisfied and pessimistic. As a result, she has a desire to quit her job. Sasha is experiencing _______. a. road rage b. eustress c. poverty-related stress d. burnout Answer: d. burnout Correct. Some symptoms of burnout include dissatisfaction, pessimism, and a desire to quit. b. eustress Incorrect. Eustress is a kind of stress that results from positive events. 122. The stress resulting from the need to change and adapt to the dominant, or majority, culture is called __________. a. acculturative stress b. acculturation c. integration d. assimilation Answer: a. acculturative stress Correct. Acculturative stress is stress resulting from the need to change and adapt to the dominant, or majority, culture. b. acculturation Incorrect. Acculturation is the process of adapting to a new or different culture. 123. Which individual is most likely to experience acculturative stress? a. Joie who has moved from New York to Boston b. Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States c. Mary who is switching jobs from manufacturing to the service industry d. Min-Shek who is leaving home for the first time to attend the state college 100 miles away Answer: b. Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States Correct. Acculturative stress occurs when someone must adapt to a dominant or majority culture different from one’s own. a. Joie who has moved from New York to Boston Incorrect. Acculturative stress occurs when someone must adapt to a dominant or majority culture different from one’s own. There is not much difference between the cultures of New York and Boston. 124. Pepe moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak and write French, continues to maintain his old culture’s styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Pepe has used which method of entering the majority culture? a. integration b. assimilation c. separation d. marginalization Answer: c. separation Correct. Separation occurs when a person tries to maintain his or her original cultural identity. b. assimilation Incorrect. Assimilation occurs when a person completely gives up his or her old cultural identity and completely adopts the majority culture’s ways. 125. The method in which the minority person tries to maintain a sense of original cultural identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the dominant culture is called ____________. a. integration b. assimilation c. separation d. marginalization Answer: a. integration Correct. Integration involves maintaining one’s original culture while adopting characteristics of the majority culture. b. assimilation Incorrect. Assimilation occurs when a person completely gives up his or her old cultural identity and completely adopts the majority culture’s ways. 126. Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the lowest degree of acculturative stress? a. completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture b. living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs c. rejecting the majority culture’s ways and maintaining one’s original cultural identity d. developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures Answer: d. developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures Correct. Developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures, or integration, tends to be the least stressful method of acculturation. a. completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture Incorrect. Completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture, or assimilation, tends to result in a higher level of acculturative stress than does integration. 127. Which of the following methods of acculturation will likely result in a moderate degree of acculturative stress? a. completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture b. living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs c. rejecting the majority culture’s ways and maintaining one’s original cultural identity d. developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures. Answer: a. completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture Correct. Completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture, or assimilation, tends to result in moderate levels of stress. d. developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures. Incorrect. Developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures, or integration, tends to result in the lowest level of stress compared to separation and assimilation. 128. Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the highest degree of acculturative stress? a. completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture b. living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs c. rejecting the majority culture’s ways and maintaining one’s original cultural identity d. developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures Answer: c. rejecting the majority culture’s ways and maintaining one’s original cultural identity Correct. Rejecting the majority culture’s ways and maintaining one’s original cultural identity, or separation, tends to result in the highest degree of stress, compared to assimilation and integration. a. completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture Incorrect. Completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture, or assimilation, tends to result in less stress than does separation. 129. Individuals who choose to neither maintain contact with their original culture nor join the majority culture are considered _______. a. separated b. acculturated c. integrated d. marginalized Answer: d. marginalized Correct. Marginalized individuals choose to neither maintain contact with their original culture nor join the majority culture. a. separated Incorrect. Separated individuals reject the majority culture’s ways and try to maintain their original culture’s identity. 130. What is the term for the network of friends, family members, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer help to a person in need? a. friendship b. camaraderie c. peer counseling d. social support system Answer: d. social support system Correct. A social support system is defined as the network of friends, family members, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer help to a person in need. b. camaraderie Incorrect. Camaraderie is defined as a feeling of close friendship and trust among a particular group of people. 131. Research has consistently shown that having a good _________ is of critical importance in a person’s ability to cope with stressors. a. friendship b. camaraderie c. therapist d. social support system Answer: d. social support system Correct. Having a good social support system is correlated with a person’s ability to cope. a. friendship Incorrect. People need more than just one friendship to cope with stressors. Research has focused on the entire social support system. 132. People with a good _________ are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it. a. occupation b. camaraderie c. income d. social support system Answer: d. social support system Correct. Having a good social support system is correlated with good health. a. occupation Incorrect. An occupation is not enough; an entire supportive network of people from many aspects of life is correlated with good health. 133. Coping strategies can be either __________ -focused or ________ -focused in nature. a. problem; emotion b. distress; eustress c. physiological; spiritual d. internally; externally Answer: a. problem; emotion Correct. Coping strategies can be either problem-focused or emotion-focused. b. distress; eustress Incorrect. Distress and eustress are not forms of coping with stress. 134. Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of _________. a. problem-focused coping b. emotion-focused coping c. distraction d. reappraisal Answer: a. problem-focused coping Correct. Problem-focused coping is aimed at reducing the impact of a stressor as in the case of the example of credit card bills. b. emotion-focused coping Incorrect. Emotion-focused coping involves changing the way a person emotionally reacts to a stressor. 135. Steven doesn’t think that his actions will help change his stressful job. Instead, he adopts the “smile - the world looks brighter when you do” coping style to deal with his stress. He uses what type of coping style? a. emotion-focused b. problem-focused c. decision-focused d. avoidance-focused Answer: a. emotion-focused Correct. Emotion- focused coping involves changing your emotional response to a stressor. b. problem-focused Incorrect. Problem-focused coping involves changing the environment itself, or the way you interact with your environment. 136. Vanna’s mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother’s illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________. a. problem-focused coping b. emotion-focused coping c. distraction d. reappraisal Answer: b. emotion-focused coping Correct. Emotion-focused coping involves changing the way a person emotionally reacts to a stressor. Writing in the journal helps Vanna cope with her mother’s illness. a. problem-focused coping Incorrect. Problem-focused coping is aimed at eliminating the stressor. Writing in the journal cannot eliminate Vanna’s mother’s illness. 137. Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of _________________. a. problem-focused coping b. emotion-focused coping c. avoidance d. reappraisal Answer: b. emotion-focused coping Correct. Emotion-focused coping involves changing the way a person emotionally reacts to a stressor. Deep breathing helps Edgar feel less stressed about his bad experience. a. problem-focused coping Incorrect. Problem-focused coping is aimed at eliminating the stressor. Deep breathing cannot change what happened to Edgar. 138. The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as _________. a. a defense mechanism b. problem-focused coping c. self-focused coping d. emotion-focused coping Answer: d. emotion-focused coping Correct. Emotion-focused coping involves changing the way a person emotionally reacts to a stressor. b. problem-focused coping Incorrect. Problem-focused coping involves eliminating or reducing the source of stress. 139. Which of the following is a mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trance-like state of consciousness? a. meditation b. biofeedback c. relaxation response d. progressive relaxation Answer: a. meditation Correct. Meditation is defined as a mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trance-like state of consciousness. d. progressive relaxation Incorrect. There is no such term as progressive relaxation. 140. Research shows that ____________ lowers blood pressure in adolescents and adults. a. sensory deprivation b. concentrative meditation c. sublimation d. implosive meditation Answer: b. concentrative meditation Correct. Concentrative meditation places one in a state of relaxation and lowers blood pressure. d. implosive meditation Incorrect. There is no such term as implosive meditation. 141. Research suggests that as little as _____ minutes of meditation can produce lowered blood pressure in those with hypertension. a. 20 b. 30 c. 45 d. 60 Answer: a. 20 Correct. 20 minutes of meditation can lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. d. 60 Incorrect. The desired effects can be achieved in one third of this amount of time. 142. If Drew is practicing a relaxation technique called receptive meditation, he is most likely _______. a. trying to expand consciousness outward b. using biofeedback equipment c. focusing on the sound of his breathing d. sleeping Answer: a. trying to expand consciousness outward Correct. Receptive meditation involves trying to expand consciousness outward. c. focusing on the sound of his breathing Incorrect. The technique that involves focusing on the sound of some repetitive stimulus, such as one’s breathing, is called concentrative meditation. 143. You are a psychologist working with a new client, an immigrant from China, who is experiencing adjustment problems due to stress. Which of the following are you first going to consider when assessing your client’s ability to cope? a. meditative strategies b. psychological defense mechanisms c. ability to use biofeedback equipment d. cultural background Answer: d. cultural background Correct. Cultural background is an important factor regarding the kinds of coping strategies a person may adopt. b. psychological defense mechanisms Incorrect. Psychological defense mechanisms are significant but would not be as important in your initial assessment as would cultural background, especially since the client is from a country with a very different culture. 144. Coping with stress in the Vietnamese culture typically includes which of the following? a. eating certain foods b. using biofeedback c. exercising d. engaging in a hobby Answer: a. eating certain foods Correct. The Vietnamese do advocate eating certain foods to cope with stress. d. engaging in a hobby Incorrect. Engaging in a hobby is more typical of Western cultures than Eastern ones. 145. Kim is Vietnamese. Currently she is experiencing stress due to juggling many roles, such as taking care of her children, working full time, coping with financial difficulties, and attending night school. Kim’s culture suggests which of the following to help cope with these many stressors? a. consulting a fortune-teller b. using biofeedback c. exercising d. engaging in a hobby Answer: a. consulting a fortune-teller Correct. The Vietnamese culture advocates visiting fortune-tellers to cope with stress. b. using biofeedback Incorrect. The Vietnamese culture advocates visiting fortune-tellers to cope with stress. 146. Membership in a religious organization and regular attendance at religious functions ________________. a. can be a vital part of a person’s social support system b. will definitely extend one’s life expectancy c. are a psychological defense mechanism d. promote one’s cognitive abilities Answer: a. can be a vital part of a person’s social support system Correct. Membership in a religious organization makes a person feel less alone and provides a support system to cope with life’s struggles. b. will definitely extend one’s life expectancy Incorrect. Although there is some correlation between religiosity and longer life expectancy, this does not mean that one causes the other or that any individual will live longer by participating in a religion. 147. According to studies, people who are involved in a religion and attend services regularly are more likely to ________. a. live a shorter life than are those who do not have religious beliefs b. lack a social support system c. live longer than do those who do not have religious beliefs d. feel alone with their struggles Answer: c. live longer than do those who do not have religious beliefs Correct. Some researchers suggest that people with religious commitments live longer than those who have no such beliefs. a. live a shorter life than are those who do not have religious beliefs Incorrect. Some researchers suggest that people with religious commitments live longer than those who have no such beliefs. 148. Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? a. Religion can provide a strong social support system. b. Religion includes rituals that get people to dwell on their failings. c. Most religions promote psychological defense mechanisms. d. Religion isolates people from those who are different. Answer: a. Religion can provide a strong social support system. Correct. Membership in a religious organization assists in not feeling alone with one’s struggles. d. Religion isolates people from those who are different. Incorrect. Isolation from people who are different is not a means of reducing stress. 149. Iram made a New Year’s resolution to promote wellness in his life. Which of the following are ways in which he can begin to incorporate wellness into his life? a. exercise regularly b. eat fatty foods c. take on more responsibility at work d. spend more time alone Answer: a. exercise regularly Correct. Exercise is associated with health and wellness. d. spend more time alone Incorrect. Spending a lot of time alone is not associated with wellness. 150. Which type of immune system cells can actually be increased as a result of getting regular exercise? a. basophils b. lymphocytes c. natural killer cells d. red blood cells Answer: c. natural killer cells Correct. The correct answer is c. Natural killer cells can be increased as a result of regular exercise. Exercise has been shown to enhance the activity of natural killer cells, boosting the body's immune response against infections and cancer. a. basophils Incorrect. a. Basophils - Basophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and inflammation but are not typically increased by exercise. 151. Which of the following activities is specifically mentioned by your authors as “counting” as a form of exercise? a. cleaning the house b. dancing c. packing for a vacation d. joyous laughter Answer: d. joyous laughter Correct. The correct answer is d. Joyous laughter is specifically mentioned as "counting" as a form of exercise by the authors. Laughter can engage various muscles in the body and increase heart rate, contributing to a brief workout-like effect. a. cleaning the house Incorrect. a. Cleaning the house - While cleaning can be physically demanding, it is not specifically mentioned as "counting" as a form of exercise in the context of the question. TRUE OR FALSE 1. Stress is the process of responding physically, emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally to events that are perceived to be threatening or challenging. Answer: True Rationale: Stress indeed involves a complex interplay of physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to perceived threats or challenges. It encompasses a wide range of reactions and experiences. 2. Research in health psychology finds that most people live stress-free on a regular basis, and those who encounter daily stress are more likely to develop medical and psychological problems. Answer: False Rationale: Research in health psychology indicates that stress is a common experience for many individuals. While some individuals may experience stress less frequently, it's not accurate to suggest that most people live stress-free regularly. Furthermore, encountering daily stress doesn't necessarily mean a person will develop medical or psychological problems; it depends on various factors including coping mechanisms and support systems. 3. Research into the amount of stress that people generally experience suggests that even small amounts of stress inhibit our best performance, and that zero stress is optimal for promoting health and well-being. Answer: False Rationale: While excessive stress can indeed impair performance and contribute to health problems, research suggests that some level of stress, often referred to as "optimal stress" or "eustress," can actually enhance performance and motivation. Zero stress is not considered optimal as it can lead to boredom and lack of stimulation. 4. Hurricane Katrina and its various effects on the cities near the Gulf of Mexico are classic examples of what Selye calls hassles. Answer: False Rationale: Hassles, as defined by Selye, are minor irritants or inconveniences of everyday life rather than major traumatic events like natural disasters. Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath would be more accurately categorized as a major life event or a stressor of significant magnitude. 5. According to Holmes and Rahe’s Social Readjustment Rating Scale, going on vacation is about as stressful as changing to a different line of work. Answer: False Rationale: Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale ranks life events based on their potential to cause stress. Going on vacation typically ranks much lower on the scale compared to changing jobs, as it's often perceived as a positive event associated with relaxation and enjoyment, rather than the significant life changes and adjustments that come with changing employment. 6. Studies conducted on the relationship between stress and accidents in the workplace have shown that people under a lot of stress tend to be more distracted, less cautious, and, therefore, place themselves at a greater risk for having an accident. Answer: True Rationale: Numerous studies support the notion that stress can impair concentration, increase distraction, and lead to decreased vigilance, all of which can contribute to accidents and errors in various settings, including the workplace. 7. Hassles are correlated with increased short-term illnesses such as colds, flu, and headaches. Answer: True Rationale: Hassles, the minor daily stressors, have been linked to negative health outcomes including increased susceptibility to minor illnesses such as colds, flu, and headaches. Chronic exposure to hassles can weaken the immune system and exacerbate health problems. 8. An unpredictable situation is one that is not controllable, which may at least partially explain the stress it causes. Answer: True Rationale: Unpredictable situations often lead to stress because they undermine a person's sense of control and ability to anticipate and prepare for outcomes. Lack of control is a significant contributor to stress in various situations. 9. Traffic jams are an example of an internal source of frustration. Answer: False Rationale: Traffic jams are typically considered an external source of frustration, as they are caused by factors outside of an individual's control, such as road conditions, accidents, or congestion. Internal sources of frustration stem from personal goals, desires, or conflicts within oneself. 10. After a particularly rough day at work during which she got screamed at by her boss, Anja came home and started yelling at her daughter for not putting her laundry away. This is an example of displaced aggression. Answer: True Rationale: Displaced aggression occurs when an individual redirects their frustration or anger from one source onto another target that may be less threatening or more accessible. In this scenario, Anja is displacing her frustration from her boss onto her daughter, who is not the original cause of her stress. 11. Dropping out of school, engaging in fantasy, and using drugs are all examples of withdrawal from frustration. Answer: True Rationale: Withdrawal from frustration refers to behaviors or actions individuals may engage in to escape or avoid the source of frustration. Dropping out of school, engaging in fantasy, and using drugs are all potential ways individuals might attempt to cope with or avoid frustrating situations or feelings. 12. Once seated at his favorite restaurant, Malik was torn between ordering a turkey sandwich and ordering a plate of lasagna. He loves both equally, and is struggling to make a choice. Malik is experiencing an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Answer: False Rationale: Malik's situation describes a classic approach-avoidance conflict, not an avoidance-avoidance conflict. In an approach-avoidance conflict, an individual is faced with a decision involving both positive and negative aspects, causing ambivalence about whether to approach or avoid the situation. In this case, Malik is torn between the positive aspects of both food choices (approach) and potentially negative consequences such as regret or missing out on the other option (avoidance). 13. When the body’s resources are gone, the parasympathetic nervous system activates and the individual is in the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome. Answer: False Rationale: In the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), the resistance stage is characterized by the body's attempt to cope with ongoing stressors by adapting and using its resources efficiently. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system is not typical during this stage; instead, it's the sympathetic nervous system that is often more active in response to stressors. 14. Research reveals that there is a relationship between prolonged stress and certain diseases of adaptation such as high blood pressure and ulcers. Answer: True Rationale: Prolonged stress can contribute to the development or exacerbation of certain health problems, including high blood pressure and ulcers, through various physiological mechanisms. Research in the field of psychosomatic medicine and stress-related illnesses has provided evidence supporting the link between chronic stress and these diseases of adaptation. 15. The field of psychoneuroimmunology studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, and behavior on the immune system. Answer: True Rationale: Psychoneuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary field that investigates the interactions between psychological processes (such as stress, emotions, cognition, and behavior), the nervous system (neuro), and the immune system (immunology). It explores how these factors influence immune function and overall health. 16. The primary concern of a health psychologist is focusing on how various factors, including physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships, affect our overall health and rate of illnesses. Answer: True Rationale: Health psychologists are concerned with understanding how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence health outcomes. This includes investigating the impact of physical activities, psychological traits (such as personality), social relationships, and other lifestyle factors on health and illness. 17. Because AIDS is caused by a virus (HIV), psychoneuroimmunologists have determined that there is no relationship between stress and AIDS. Answer: False Rationale: While HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, psychoneuroimmunologists recognize that stress can still play a role in influencing the progression of HIV infection to AIDS and in affecting the overall health and well-being of individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Stress can impact immune function and may affect how individuals cope with the disease and adhere to treatment regimens. 18. Secondary appraisal involves classifying the stressor as a threat or challenge. Answer: False Rationale: Secondary appraisal involves evaluating one's resources and options for coping with a stressor, not simply classifying the stressor as a threat or challenge. It includes assessing how controllable the situation is and what potential strategies can be employed to manage the stressor effectively. 19. Type B personality is characterized by competitiveness, high ambition, hostility, and irritability. Answer: False Rationale: Type B personality is characterized by traits such as relaxedness, lower levels of competitiveness, and a more laid-back attitude compared to Type A personality. Type B individuals are often described as more easygoing, less hostile, and less driven by time urgency and competitiveness. 20. Because Markita has difficulty expressing her emotions, even when they are really bothering her, she would be described as having a Type C personality. Answer: True Rationale: Type C personality is associated with a tendency to suppress emotions, particularly negative ones, and difficulty expressing feelings or seeking social support. Individuals with Type C personality traits may be prone to internalizing stress and have a higher risk of developing certain health problems due to their inhibited emotional expression. 21. Research has found that something as simple as reading a good book can help individuals to keep a positive and optimistic outlook. Answer: True Rationale: Numerous studies have shown that engaging in activities like reading, particularly uplifting or inspiring content, can have positive effects on mood, mindset, and overall well-being. Reading can provide a form of escapism, relaxation, and cognitive stimulation, contributing to a more positive and optimistic outlook. 22. One of the more serious effects of workplace stress is a condition called burnout. Answer: True Rationale: Burnout is a significant consequence of chronic workplace stress characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. It can have profound effects on mental health, job performance, and overall quality of life, making it a serious concern in occupational settings. 23. Guillermo has recently moved to the United States, but has decided to live in a part of Chicago that is very similar to his native Philippines. He does not embrace or involve himself in American culture any more than is absolutely necessary. Guillermo is experiencing marginalization from the majority culture of his new home. Answer: False Rationale: Guillermo's situation describes cultural encapsulation or separation, where he maintains his cultural identity and avoids interaction with the dominant culture. Marginalization typically refers to being excluded or pushed to the fringes of society, which doesn't apply to Guillermo's situation since he's not necessarily excluded but rather chooses not to engage extensively with the dominant culture. 24. Concentrative meditation emphasizes focusing on a spot on the wall as a means of clearing the mind and relaxing the body. Answer: True Rationale: Concentrative meditation involves directing one's attention to a single point of focus, which can include a physical object, such as a spot on the wall, or an internal focal point like the breath. The goal is to quiet the mind, reduce distractions, and induce a state of relaxation and mental clarity. 25. Religion helps people cope with rituals and rites that help them feel better about personal weaknesses, failures, or feelings of inadequacy. Answer: True Rationale: Religion often provides individuals with a framework of beliefs, values, and rituals that offer comfort, support, and meaning in times of distress or difficulty. Engaging in religious practices and rituals can provide a sense of community, purpose, and spiritual solace, helping individuals cope with personal challenges and feelings of inadequacy. 26. Exercise is actually very likely to increase stress, rather than decrease it. Answer: False Rationale: While exercise can temporarily elevate stress levels due to the physiological response of the body to physical exertion, regular exercise is associated with numerous stress-reducing benefits. Exercise helps to release endorphins, improve mood, promote relaxation, and enhance overall physical and mental well-being. It is considered a vital component of stress management and can effectively decrease stress levels over time when practiced consistently. SHORT ANSWER 1. Give an example of at least two of each of the following symptoms of stress: Physical, behavioral, emotional, and mental symptoms. Answer: Physical symptoms: Headaches (e.g., tension headaches), Muscle tension (e.g., clenched jaw) Behavioral symptoms: Increased irritability (e.g., snapping at others), Changes in eating habits (e.g., overeating or undereating) Emotional symptoms: Anxiety (e.g., feelings of worry or nervousness), Mood swings (e.g., sudden shifts between happiness and sadness) Mental symptoms: Difficulty concentrating (e.g., struggling to focus on tasks), Memory problems (e.g., forgetting important details or appointments) 2. Define two types of stressors. Give two examples for each type of stressor. Answer: Types of stressors: 1. Acute stressors: These are short-term stressors that occur suddenly and are typically resolved relatively quickly. • Examples: Getting stuck in traffic, Giving a presentation in front of a large audience 2. Chronic stressors: These are long-term stressors that persist over an extended period, often leading to ongoing stress and strain. • Examples: Financial difficulties, Caregiving for a chronically ill family member 3. Describe the differences between the terms distress and eustress. Answer: Distress: Distress refers to negative or harmful stress that can result in feelings of anxiety, discomfort, or suffering. It typically arises from situations perceived as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming. Eustress: Eustress, on the other hand, is positive or beneficial stress that results from situations perceived as exciting, motivating, or challenging in a positive way. Eustress can lead to feelings of fulfillment, accomplishment, and growth. 4. List four of the top ten major life changes that are at the top of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Answer: Four major life changes from the top of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale include: 1. Death of a spouse 2. Divorce 3. Marital separation 4. Imprisonment 5. Define the term frustration and describe two types of frustration. Provide one example of each type of frustration. Answer: Frustration: Frustration refers to the emotional response that arises when an individual is blocked from achieving a desired goal or outcome. Types of frustration: 1. External frustration: This occurs when the obstacle preventing goal attainment originates from external sources or circumstances beyond the individual's control. • Example: Being stuck in a traffic jam when trying to get to an important meeting. 2. Internal frustration: This occurs when the obstacle stems from internal factors such as personal limitations, conflicts, or insecurities. • Example: Feeling frustrated with oneself for repeatedly procrastinating on important tasks. 6. Identify and define two types of conflicts. Give one example for each conflict. Answer: Types of conflicts: 1. Approach-avoidance conflict: In this type of conflict, an individual is simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal or decision. • Example: Feeling torn between accepting a high-paying job offer (approach) that requires relocating to a city far away from family and friends (avoidance). 2. Interpersonal conflict: This type of conflict arises between individuals or groups due to differing opinions, goals, or behaviors. • Example: A disagreement between coworkers about how to allocate project resources leads to tension and conflict within the team. 7. What are the two parts of the nervous system that are activated during the general adaptation syndrome? Which part is activated during each of the three stages? Answer: Two parts of the nervous system activated during the general adaptation syndrome (GAS): 1. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS): The SNS is activated during the alarm stage of GAS, preparing the body to respond to the perceived threat or stressor by initiating the "fight or flight" response. 2. Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS): The PNS is activated during the exhaustion stage of GAS, helping to restore the body to a state of equilibrium and conserve energy after the stressor has been dealt with or endured. 8. List three types of physical illnesses that can be exacerbated by the presence of chronically elevated stress. Answer: Three types of physical illnesses exacerbated by chronically elevated stress include: 1. Hypertension (high blood pressure) 2. Cardiovascular disease 3. Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome) 9. How does health psychology differ from medicine? Answer: Health psychology: Health psychology focuses on understanding how psychological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, and healthcare delivery. It emphasizes promoting health and preventing illness through interventions targeting psychological and behavioral factors. Medicine: Medicine primarily focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of physical illnesses and diseases. While medical professionals address the physiological aspects of health and illness, health psychologists consider the broader biopsychosocial factors that impact overall well-being. 10. List and explain the three qualities that make up a hardy personality. Answer: Qualities of a hardy personality: 1. Commitment: Hardy individuals demonstrate a strong sense of commitment and purpose in their lives, feeling deeply invested in their goals, values, and activities. 2. Control: Hardy individuals believe they have a significant degree of control over their lives and outcomes, even in challenging or uncertain situations. They tend to approach problems with a proactive and problem-solving mindset. 3. Challenge: Hardy individuals view life's stressors and obstacles as opportunities for growth and learning rather than insurmountable threats. They thrive on facing challenges and see them as a natural part of life's journey. 11. What are the major differences between optimists and pessimists? Answer: Optimists and pessimists differ primarily in their outlook and approach to life: • Optimists tend to have a positive outlook on life, expecting favorable outcomes even in challenging situations. They often view setbacks as temporary and manageable, believing in their ability to overcome obstacles and achieve their goals. • Pessimists, on the other hand, have a negative outlook and anticipate unfavorable outcomes. They may dwell on failures or difficulties, expecting the worst even in relatively benign situations. Pessimists may be more prone to feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. 12. Identify and describe three sources of stress in the workplace. Answer: Three common sources of stress in the workplace include: 1. Workload: Heavy workloads, tight deadlines, and excessive job demands can contribute to stress. Feeling overwhelmed by the volume or complexity of tasks can lead to feelings of pressure and anxiety. 2. Interpersonal conflicts: Conflict with coworkers, supervisors, or management can create tension and stress in the workplace. Differences in communication styles, work styles, or conflicting goals may contribute to interpersonal conflicts. 3. Job insecurity: Concerns about job stability, layoffs, or downsizing can cause significant stress among employees. Fear of losing one's job or uncertainty about the future can undermine job satisfaction and contribute to anxiety and stress. 13. What are three positive benefits of social support? Answer: Social support provides numerous positive benefits for individuals: 1. Emotional support: Social support networks offer emotional reassurance, empathy, and understanding during times of stress or difficulty. Having someone to talk to and confide in can help individuals cope with emotional challenges. 2. Practical assistance: Social support networks can provide tangible assistance with tasks, responsibilities, or practical needs. This may include help with childcare, household chores, or financial support during times of need. 3. Enhanced coping: Social support can bolster resilience and coping mechanisms, helping individuals better manage stress and adversity. Knowing that one has people to turn to for support and guidance can increase feelings of confidence and self-efficacy in handling life's challenges. 14. Describe the positive health benefits that have been associated with concentrative meditation. Answer: Concentrative meditation, which involves focusing attention on a single point or object, has been associated with several positive health benefits: 1. Stress reduction: Concentrative meditation can help induce a state of relaxation and calmness, reducing physiological arousal and lowering levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. 2. Improved concentration and attention: Regular practice of concentrative meditation can enhance concentration, attentional control, and cognitive function. It may help individuals become more focused and attentive in their daily activities. 3. Emotional well-being: Concentrative meditation can promote emotional stability, resilience, and a greater sense of inner peace. It may help individuals regulate emotions, reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, and cultivate a more positive outlook on life. 4. Physical health benefits: Some studies suggest that concentrative meditation may have positive effects on physical health outcomes, such as lowering blood pressure, improving immune function, and reducing inflammation. These effects contribute to overall well-being and may have implications for long-term health. ESSAY 1. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) was developed to measure the effect of major life changes in adults, and the College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) was different because it measured the impact of life events in college students. Do you think that both scales are needed? Give examples of how adults and college students might react differently or similarly to the same stressors. Answer: Both the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and the College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) serve distinct purposes and are necessary. While the SRRS focuses on major life changes experienced by adults, the CUSS targets stressors specific to college students. The differences in stressors experienced by adults and college students warrant separate measurement scales. For instance, adults may experience stress due to factors such as job loss, financial instability, or divorce. These stressors can significantly impact their overall well-being and functioning. On the other hand, college students may face stressors related to academic pressures, peer relationships, and career uncertainties. While the nature of stressors may differ, both adults and college students can experience similar physiological and psychological responses to stress, such as anxiety, irritability, and impaired concentration. In summary, both scales are essential as they cater to the unique stressors encountered by adults and college students, respectively, and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of stress and its effects across different life stages. 2. Janel is stuck in a major traffic jam, and has gone nowhere in over 45 minutes. Based on what you know about the psychological factors that contribute to stress (e.g., pressure, frustration, etc.) discuss the factors that are contributing to her rising stress levels and note how she might respond to the stress if the traffic doesn’t clear up soon. Answer: Janel's rising stress levels in the traffic jam can be attributed to various psychological factors. Firstly, the feeling of pressure mounts as she realizes she's stuck and unable to progress despite her efforts. This pressure can intensify as she considers potential consequences such as being late for appointments or missing important events. Secondly, frustration builds as she experiences a sense of helplessness, unable to control the situation or find an immediate solution. Additionally, boredom may set in due to the monotony of the situation, further exacerbating her stress. If the traffic doesn't clear up soon, Janel might respond to the stress by attempting various coping strategies. Initially, she might try to remain calm by practicing deep breathing or listening to calming music. However, as time passes and the situation persists, her stress levels may continue to escalate. She might become more agitated, potentially engaging in behaviors like honking or attempting risky maneuvers to escape the traffic. In extreme cases, prolonged exposure to the stress of being stuck in traffic could lead to feelings of despair or even panic. 3. Describe the stages of the general adaptation syndrome. What problems occur with continued exposure to stress? Answer: The general adaptation syndrome (GAS), proposed by Hans Selye, describes the body's response to stressors in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. 1. Alarm Stage: In this initial phase, the body recognizes the presence of a stressor and activates the "fight or flight" response. Physiological changes occur, such as increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. 2. Resistance Stage: If the stressor persists, the body enters the resistance stage. Here, physiological responses adapt to the ongoing stress, attempting to cope with the demands placed upon it. Hormone levels remain elevated, and the body works to maintain homeostasis despite the stress. 3. Exhaustion Stage: Prolonged or chronic exposure to stress can lead to the exhaustion stage. At this point, the body's resources become depleted, and it can no longer maintain heightened levels of physiological arousal. This stage is characterized by increased vulnerability to illness, decreased energy levels, and impaired cognitive functioning. Continued exposure to stress can lead to various problems, including physical and mental health issues. Chronic stress has been linked to conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, weakened immune function, anxiety, depression, and burnout. Additionally, prolonged activation of the stress response system can contribute to the development of unhealthy coping mechanisms such as substance abuse or maladaptive behaviors. 4. Compare the general adaptation syndrome to a group of volunteer firefighters sitting around their station house when a fire call comes in. Describe how the stages might be reflected in the actions or characteristics of the firefighters. Answer: The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) can be compared to the experiences of volunteer firefighters upon receiving a fire call. 1. Alarm Stage: When the fire call comes in, the firefighters experience the alarm stage. Physiological responses such as increased heart rate, heightened alertness, and the release of stress hormones occur as they recognize the presence of a stressor (the fire call). 2. Resistance Stage: As the firefighters prepare to respond to the call, they enter the resistance stage. They adapt to the ongoing stress by mobilizing resources, coordinating efforts, and focusing on the task at hand. Despite the stress of the situation, they remain composed and function effectively as a team to address the emergency. 3. Exhaustion Stage: If the firefighting situation becomes prolonged or particularly challenging, the firefighters may eventually reach the exhaustion stage. At this point, their resources may become depleted, and they may experience fatigue, decreased performance, or emotional strain. Overall, the actions and characteristics of the firefighters during each stage of the general adaptation syndrome reflect their physiological and psychological responses to the stress of responding to emergency calls. 5. Differentiate between the primary and secondary appraisals given in a stressful situation. Give an example of a stressful situation that you have encountered and describe your processes of using primary and secondary appraisals. Answer: Primary and secondary appraisals are two components of the cognitive appraisal process in response to a stressful situation. 1. Primary Appraisal: Primary appraisal involves evaluating the significance of the stressor. It assesses whether the stressor is perceived as a threat, harm, or challenge. In this stage, individuals determine the potential impact of the stressor on their well-being and goals. 2. Secondary Appraisal: Secondary appraisal involves evaluating one's coping resources and options for dealing with the stressor. It assesses the individual's perceived ability to cope with the stressor and the available strategies for managing the situation. For example, imagine encountering a sudden deadline at work. During the primary appraisal, you might perceive the deadline as a threat to completing your tasks on time and achieving your goals. In the secondary appraisal, you would evaluate your resources and coping strategies. This may include assessing your time management skills, seeking assistance from colleagues, or prioritizing tasks to meet the deadline effectively. By utilizing both primary and secondary appraisals, individuals can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the stressor and determine appropriate coping strategies. 6. What is Type A personality? Based on current evidence, what is the main personality characteristic involved with heart disease and Type A behavior? How can such a person decrease the possibility of heart disease? Describe a person who has a hardy personality. Answer: Type A personality refers to a set of behavioral characteristics associated with competitiveness, time urgency, impatience, and hostility. Research suggests that the main personality characteristic involved with heart disease and Type A behavior is hostility. Hostility, which encompasses feelings of anger, cynicism, and distrust towards others, has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular problems, including heart disease and hypertension. To decrease the possibility of heart disease, individuals with Type A behavior can adopt various strategies: 1. Stress management techniques: Engaging in relaxation exercises, meditation, or mindfulness practices can help reduce stress levels and mitigate the negative effects of hostility on cardiovascular health. 2. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): Participating in therapy aimed at modifying negative thought patterns and coping with stress more effectively can be beneficial for individuals with Type A behavior. 3. Healthy lifestyle choices: Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise routine, adequate sleep, and avoiding harmful habits like smoking can contribute to overall cardiovascular health and offset the risk associated with Type A behavior. A person with a hardy personality exhibits resilience in the face of stress and challenges. They possess three key traits: commitment, control, and challenge. A hardy individual is committed to their goals and values, feels a sense of control over their circumstances, and views challenges as opportunities for growth rather than threats. Despite facing stressful situations, they maintain a positive outlook and actively seek solutions to overcome adversity. 7. Do you think that a person has to have only one personality style (A, B, or C), or can people have facets of more than one style at different times? If you think this is possible, what has to happen to bring out qualities of a different personality style in one individual? Give an example of a time when you acted in a way that was not consistent with your own personality style. Answer: It is possible for individuals to exhibit facets of more than one personality style at different times rather than strictly adhering to a single style (A, B, or C). Personality traits are dynamic and can be influenced by various situational factors and life experiences. To bring out qualities of a different personality style in one individual, certain triggers or circumstances may be necessary. For example, stressors such as work deadlines, conflicts with others, or unexpected events can evoke different responses from individuals, leading them to exhibit behaviors associated with different personality styles. Additionally, personal growth, therapy, or self-awareness exercises can help individuals develop and express qualities aligned with different personality styles as they navigate different life situations. An example of a time when I acted in a way that was not consistent with my typical behavior might be when I faced a particularly challenging situation at work. Despite usually maintaining a calm and composed demeanor (consistent with a Type B personality), I found myself becoming impatient and assertive, displaying characteristics more commonly associated with a Type A personality. The high-pressure circumstances of the situation brought out these qualities as I felt the need to take charge and assert myself to resolve the issue effectively. 8. Two economically-based social factors that create stressful living conditions are poverty and job stress. Discuss both of these factors and comment on the various issues related to both factors that may contribute to the increase of stress that they cause. Answer: Both poverty and job stress are significant contributors to stress and can have detrimental effects on individuals' physical and mental well-being. Poverty: Living in poverty creates stressful living conditions due to financial instability, lack of access to resources, and limited opportunities for socioeconomic advancement. Individuals living in poverty often face difficulties meeting basic needs such as food, housing, and healthcare, leading to chronic stress and anxiety. Additionally, the stigma and social exclusion associated with poverty can exacerbate feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, further contributing to stress. Job Stress: Job stress arises from various factors such as high workload, unrealistic deadlines, interpersonal conflicts, and job insecurity. The pressure to meet job demands and expectations can lead to physical symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and sleep disturbances, as well as psychological issues like anxiety and depression. Moreover, job stress can spill over into other areas of life, affecting relationships, health behaviors, and overall quality of life. Issues related to poverty and job stress that contribute to increased stress levels include: 1. Lack of control: Individuals may feel powerless in their ability to change their circumstances, leading to feelings of helplessness and increased stress. 2. Uncertainty: Uncertain economic prospects or job instability can create a sense of insecurity and anxiety about the future. 3. Social support: Limited social support networks or strained relationships due to financial strain or work-related stressors can further isolate individuals and exacerbate stress. 4. Health consequences: Chronic stress associated with poverty and job stress can increase the risk of developing physical health problems such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and obesity, as well as mental health disorders like depression and anxiety. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive strategies that address both the individual and systemic factors contributing to poverty and job stress, including access to affordable healthcare, supportive social policies, and workplace interventions aimed at reducing job strain and promoting employee well-being. 9. Compare and contrast the four methods that a minority person might use to deal with the acculturative stress they may experience after moving to a new country. Answer: Acculturative stress refers to the psychological distress experienced by individuals as they adapt to a new cultural environment. Minority individuals may employ various coping strategies to deal with acculturative stress: 1. Assimilation: In assimilation, individuals adopt the cultural norms, values, and behaviors of the dominant culture while relinquishing aspects of their own cultural identity. This may involve adopting the language, customs, and lifestyle of the new country to fit in and reduce feelings of isolation. 2. Integration: Integration involves maintaining ties to one's cultural heritage while also engaging with the dominant culture. Individuals who integrate actively seek to learn about and participate in both cultures, allowing them to preserve aspects of their identity while also adapting to their new environment. 3. Separation: In separation, individuals maintain a strong connection to their own cultural identity while avoiding interaction with the dominant culture. This may involve seeking out ethnic enclaves or communities where individuals can feel a sense of belonging and support from others who share their cultural background. 4. Marginalization: Marginalization occurs when individuals experience a loss of connection to both their own cultural identity and the dominant culture. This can lead to feelings of alienation, identity confusion, and a lack of belonging. While assimilation and integration involve active engagement with the new cultural environment, separation and marginalization reflect varying degrees of disengagement or rejection of the dominant culture. Each coping strategy has its own advantages and challenges, and individuals may employ different strategies depending on their personal preferences, cultural background, and the specific demands of their acculturative experiences. 10. Compare and contrast the problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Is one necessarily better than the other? Can you give an example where either might be useful, stating the specific way in which each coping skill might be employed?** Answer: Problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping are two distinct strategies individuals use to manage stressors. While neither approach is inherently better than the other, their effectiveness depends on the nature of the stressor and the individual's resources and preferences. Problem-focused coping involves addressing the stressor directly by taking action to solve the problem or change the situation causing distress. This approach aims to exert control over the stressor and reduce its impact. Examples of problem-focused coping include problem-solving strategies, seeking information or advice, and taking proactive steps to resolve the issue. Emotion-focused coping, on the other hand, focuses on regulating emotions and managing the emotional distress caused by the stressor. This approach does not directly change the external circumstances but instead aims to alleviate emotional discomfort through strategies such as seeking social support, expressing emotions, or engaging in relaxation techniques. In some situations, problem-focused coping may be more appropriate and effective. For example, if a student is stressed about an upcoming exam, utilizing problem-focused coping would involve creating a study schedule, seeking tutoring assistance, or practicing problem-solving techniques to improve academic performance. Conversely, emotion-focused coping may be more suitable in situations where the stressor cannot be easily changed or controlled. For instance, if an individual is grieving the loss of a loved one, employing emotion-focused coping may involve seeking comfort from friends or family, engaging in self-care activities, or expressing emotions through journaling or therapy. Ultimately, the effectiveness of coping strategies depends on the context of the stressor and the individual's ability to implement them successfully. Both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping have their place in managing stress, and individuals may benefit from utilizing a combination of both approaches depending on the circumstances. Chapter 11 - Quick Quiz 1 1. _________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. a) Acute stress b) Eustress c) Distress d) Catastrophic stress Answer: c Explanation: Distress occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. 2. Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. a) uplifts b) hassles c) downturns d) distress Answer: b Explanation: Burning toast and breaking a glass are considered hassles, which are daily annoyances in everyday life. 3. The most extreme form of escape or withdrawal from frustration is ________. a) suicide b) anhedonia c) leaving the country d) divorce Answer: a Explanation: Suicide is the most extreme because it is permanent. 4. For someone who likes both movies and concerts, choosing between going to one or the other represents an ______ conflict. a) approach-avoidance b) avoidance-avoidance c) approach-approach d) incompatible demands Answer: c Explanation: In an approach-approach conflict, there are two goals or events, the routes to the goals are easy, and both goals have only positive attributes. 5. The field of ______ studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, and behavior on the immune system. a) social psychology b) organic medicine c) psychoneuroimmunology d) interactive psychology Answer: c Explanation: Psychoneuroimmunology is concerned with the effects of stress on the immune system. 6. Which of the following is one reason why living in poverty is stressful? a) lack of meaningfulness of work. b) too many hours of unpleasant shift work c) increased rates of disabilities due to poor prenatal care d) difficulty assimilating to the majority culture’s ways Answer: c Explanation: Poverty is associated with lack of prenatal care, which places a child more at risk for being born with disabilities. 7. Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of _________. a) problem-focused coping b) emotion-focused coping c) distraction d) reappraisal Answer: a Explanation: Problem-focused coping is aimed at reducing the impact of a stressor as in the case of the example of credit card bills. 8. Coping with stress in the Vietnamese culture typically includes which of the following? a) eating certain foods b) using biofeedback c) exercising d) engaging in a hobby Answer: a Explanation: The Vietnamese do advocate eating certain foods to cope with stress. 9. According to studies, people who are involved in a religion and attend services regularly are more likely to ________. a) live a shorter life than are those who do not have religious beliefs b) lack a social support system c) live longer than do those who do not have religious beliefs d) feel alone with their struggles Answer: c Explanation: Some researchers suggest that people with religious commitments live longer than those who have no such beliefs. 10. Iram made a New Year’s resolution to promote wellness in his life. Which of the following are ways in which he can begin to incorporate wellness into his life? a) exercise regularly b) eat fatty foods c) take on more responsibility at work d) spend more time alone Answer: a Explanation: Exercise is associated with health and wellness. Chapter 11 - Quick Quiz 2 1. _________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. a) Stress b) Burnout c) Dysphoria d) Distress Answer: a Explanation: Stress is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. 2. Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________. a) hassles b) catastrophes c) eustresses d) stressors Answer: d Explanation: Stressors are defined as events that cause a stress reaction. 3. Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of life change units? a) divorce b) marriage c) death of a spouse d) damage to the home Answer: c Explanation: Death of a spouse is perceived to require the most adjustment. 4. Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________ impact on one’s ability to be creative. a) no b) a positive c) a negative d) some Answer: c Explanation: Amabile found that creativity and innovation decrease when time pressure is applied. 5. Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two goals that have both positive and negative aspects? a) approach-avoidance b) avoidance-avoidance c) approach-approach d) double approach-avoidance Answer: d Explanation: Double approach-avoidance conflicts arise due to the need to choose between two goals that have both positive and negative aspects. 6. Which parts of the nervous system are associated with the general adaptation syndrome? a) somatic and parasympathetic b) autonomic and sympathetic c) sympathetic and parasympathetic d) central and somatic Answer: c Explanation: The sympathetic nervous and the parasympathetic systems are associated with the general adaptation syndrome. 7. ______________ people typically do not to live as long as the average life expectancy. a) Aggressive b) Easygoing c) Cheerful d) Active Answer: a Explanation: Aggressive people tend not to live to the average life expectancy. 8. The stress resulting from the need to change and adapt to the dominant, or majority, culture is called __________. a) acculturative stress b) acculturation c) integration d) assimilation Answer: a Explanation: Acculturative stress is stress resulting from the need to change and adapt to the dominant, or majority, culture. 9. The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as _________. a) a defense mechanism b) problem-focused coping c) self-focused coping d) emotion-focused coping Answer: d Explanation: Emotion-focused coping involves changing the way a person emotionally reacts to a stressor. 10. Research shows that ____________ lowers blood pressure in adolescents and adults. a) sensory deprivation b) concentrative meditation c) sublimation d) implosive meditation Answer: b Explanation: Concentrative mediation places one in a state of relaxation and lowers blood pressure. Test Bank for Psychology: Dsm 5 Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White 9780205986378