CH-10 Sexuality and Gender – Psychology: Dsm 5 : Exam Guide

10 Sexuality and Gender 1. ____________ consists of the physiological changes in the sex organs and reproductive system that occur during adolescence. a. Sexual identity assignment b. Plateau development c. The male and female menarche d. Puberty Answer: d. Puberty Correct. Puberty refers to the physical changes in the sex organs. a. Sexual identity assignment Incorrect. Puberty refers to the physical changes in the sex organs, not sexual identity. 2. Puberty is defined as _________. a. the production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland b. the stage of identity versus role confusion c. the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development is stimulated by hormonal changes. d. the time when a child becomes a teenager Answer: c Correct. Puberty refers to the period during which adolescents undergo significant physical changes, including the development of sexual characteristics, driven by hormonal changes. a. the production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland Incorrect. Option a describes the physiological process of hormone production, which is a component of puberty but does not encompass its entirety. 3. Which female sex organ or process is present at birth? a. breasts b. pubic hair c. vagina d. menarche Answer: c. vagina Correct. The vagina is present at birth, whereas the others develop at puberty. a. breasts Incorrect. The vagina is present at birth, whereas the others develop at puberty. 4. Which of the following is immediately present to doctors and nurses when a baby is born? a. Secondary sexual characteristics b. Sex chromosomes c. Primary sexual characteristics d. Gender Answer: c. Primary sexual characteristics Correct. Primary sexual characteristics refer to those reproductive organs that are present at birth. In this example, the appearance of the penis or vagina would indicate the primary sexual characteristics. b. Sex chromosomes Incorrect. As your textbook points out, the sex chromosomes that we have are not a perfect predictor of the primary sexual characteristics that will be present at birth. 5. Sex organs and traits that develop at puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction are known as __________ sexual characteristics. a. primary b. secondary c. pubescent d. tertiary Answer: b Correct. Secondary sexual characteristics are traits that develop during puberty but are not directly related to reproduction, such as facial hair in males and breast development in females. Incorrect. Option a refers to primary sexual characteristics, which include reproductive organs like the testes and ovaries. 6. Female sex organs that are present at birth are called ___________. a. primary sex characteristics b. innate sex characteristics c. secondary sex characteristics d. hormonally determined sex characteristics Answer: a. primary sex characteristics Correct. Primary sex characteristics is the correct term for sex organs present at birth. b. innate sex characteristics Incorrect. The correct term for sex organs present at birth is primary sex characteristics. 7. Which of the following is a female primary sex characteristic? a. breasts b. pubic hair c. vagina d. prostate gland Answer: c. vagina Correct. The vagina is a primary sex characteristic. a. breasts Incorrect. Breasts are a secondary sex characteristic. 8. The primary male sex characteristic is the ______________. a. penis b. scrotum c. prostate gland d. All of these are primary sex characteristics. Answer: d. All of these are primary sex characteristics. Correct. The penis, scrotum, and prostate gland are all present in males at birth and, thus, are primary male sex characteristics. a. penis Incorrect. The penis is a primary male sex characteristic, but so is the scrotum and the prostate gland. 9. The growth spurt for girls typically begins at what age? a. 9 b. 12 c. 10 d. 15 Answer: c. 10 Correct. The growth spurt for girls typically begins at age 10. b. 12 Incorrect. Girls typically experience a growth spurt earlier, at age 10. 10. Female secondary sex characteristics consist of ______________. a. the growth spurt b. menstrual cycle c. breast development d. All of these are female secondary sex characteristics. Answer: d. All of these are female secondary sex characteristics. Correct. All of these are secondary sex characteristics. c. breast development Incorrect. All of these are secondary sex characteristics. 11. Johnny is taking a class in human sexuality, and he has been asked to make a list of body parts that would be considered primary sexual characteristics. Which of the following would not appear on that list? a. Uterus b. Testicles c. Ovaries d. Breasts Answer: d. Breasts Correct. Breasts are considered a secondary sexual characteristic because they are not directly involved with reproduction, and they are not present at birth. a. Uterus Incorrect. Because a girl is born with a uterus, and it is an essential part of the reproductive system, it is a primary sexual characteristic. 12. At about age 12, a girl comes to her mother and says that she is going through a great deal of bodily changes. Most likely the girl is talking about ______________. a. diminishment of the primary sex characteristics b. development of secondary sex characteristics c. changes in the tertiary sex characteristics d. getting too fat Answer: b. development of secondary sex characteristics Correct. The secondary sex characteristics are developing in most 12-year-old girls. a. diminishment of the primary sex characteristics Incorrect. The primary sex characteristics mature, not diminish, in 12-year-old girls. 13. The breasts contain the _________ glands for milk production. a. prostate b. thyroid c. mammal d. mammary Answer: d. mammary Correct. The mammary glands are for milk production. c. mammal Incorrect. The mammary glands are for milk production, and almost all mammals have them. 14. One secondary male sex characteristic is __________. a. the penis b. an enlarged larynx c. the testicles d. the prostate gland Answer: b. an enlarged larynx Correct. An enlarged larynx is a secondary male sex characteristic. d. the prostate gland Incorrect. The prostate gland is present in males at birth and, thus, is a primary sex characteristic. 15. One secondary male sex characteristic is __________. a. the penis b. a deep voice c. testicles d. prostate gland Answer: b. a deep voice Correct. A deep voice is a secondary male sex characteristic, since it doesn’t appear until puberty. d. prostate gland Incorrect. The prostate gland is present in males at birth and, thus, is a primary sex characteristic. 16. The development of pubic hair, though located around the external genitalia which are involved in reproduction, is still considered to be a __________ sexual characteristic. a. tertiary b. pubescent c. primary d. secondary Answer: d. secondary Correct. These pubertal features that develop are called secondary sexual characteristics because they are not directly involved in reproduction and are not present at birth. c. primary Incorrect. The primary sexual characteristics are present at birth, and are directly involved in reproduction. 17. Chastity and Shane are fraternal twins, born 17 minutes apart. They go through many of life’s trials and tribulations together, but if their developmental schedules hold true to average, Chastity will start going through her pubescent development approximately ___________ her brother. a. 2 years earlier than b. 5 years earlier than c. 3 years later than d. at the same time as Answer: a. 2 years earlier than Correct. Girls, on average, hit the growth spurt about two years earlier than boys. b. 5 years earlier than Incorrect. It would be a very unusual developmental event for a girl to hit a growth spurt five years earlier than a boy. 18. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age ______. a. 9 b. 12 c. 10 d. 15 Answer: b. 12 Correct. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age 12. c. 10 Incorrect. Girls typically experience a growth spurt earlier, around age 10. 19. One secondary male sex characteristic is __________. a. the penis b. facial and chest hair c. the testicles d. the prostate gland Answer: b. facial and chest hair Correct. Facial and chest hair is a secondary male sex characteristic, since it doesn’t appear until puberty. d. the prostate gland Incorrect. The prostate gland is present in males at birth and, thus, is a primary sex characteristic. 20. A young boy develops facial and chest hair, pubic hair, and an enlarged Adam’s apple. This happens because puberty is stimulating the development of his ___________. a. primary sex characteristics b. secondary sex characteristics c. male attachment characteristics d. reproductive signaling characteristics Answer: b. secondary sex characteristics Correct. Puberty stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics, such as facial and chest hair and an enlarged Adam’s apple in males. a. primary sex characteristics Incorrect. Puberty stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics. 21. The primary sex characteristics develop as _______________. a. the fetus is growing in the womb, when the chromosomes of the 23rd pair cause the release of the proper hormones to stimulate the growth of the sex organs b. proper hormones in the mother’s milk stimulate the growth of the sex organs c. the baby is raised as a male or female. The behavioral cues stimulate the baby to release the appropriate male or female hormones and develop as such d. none of these Answer: a. the fetus is growing in the womb, when the chromosomes of the 23rd pair cause the release of the proper hormones to stimulate the growth of the sex organs Correct. The release of the proper hormones in the womb stimulates the growth of the sex organs. b. proper hormones in the mother’s milk stimulate the growth of the sex organs Incorrect. The release of the proper hormones in the womb, not the milk, is responsible for the development of primary sex characteristics. 22. Margot is pregnant with her first child, and she is deliriously happy! She and her husband have some tests taken, but before the doctor can come in and review the results, Jim sneaks a peak at the file with the test results. He sees that the baby has “two X chromosomes.” He looks at his wife and says: a. Congratulations, honey, we’re having a boy! b. Congratulations, honey, it looks like we are having twins! c. Congratulations, honey, we’re having a girl! d. Congratulations, honey, I need to take a biology class! Answer: c. Congratulations, honey, we’re having a girl! Correct. A girl has the genetic code of XX. a. Congratulations, honey, we’re having a boy! Incorrect. A boy has the genetic code of XY 23. A set of characteristics that defines individuals as boys and men or girls and women is called __________. a. gender b. sex c. sex characteristics d. gender stereotypes Answer: b. sex Correct. Sex refers to biological characteristics that categorize individuals as male or female based on reproductive anatomy and chromosomes. a. gender Incorrect. Option a refers to gender, which encompasses social and cultural roles and behaviors associated with being male or female. 24. __________ is a biological phenomenon, while __________ is a socially constructed phenomenon. a. Sex; gender b. Gender role; gender stereotype c. Gender; sex d. Sex; sex role Answer: a. Sex; gender Correct. Sex is determined by our chromosomes. Gender is determined by the messages we get from the society around us. c. Gender; sex Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. 25. Which hormones are responsible for a child’s developing as a female during pregnancy? a. estrogens b. androgens c. ACTH d. pituitary hormone Answer: a. estrogens Correct. Estrogens are responsible for a child’s developing as a female during pregnancy. b. androgens Incorrect. Androgens are related to male, not female, development. 26. Which of the following statements is true regarding the development of the sex organs in a baby? a. The first sex organs appear far earlier in girls than in boys, since the organs do not require extra tissue for their formation. b. The first sex organs do not develop until the first 12 weeks of pregnancy are over, which is why pregnant parents cannot find out the gender of the baby until this point. c. The first sex organs, which are the gonads, are identical in male and female fetuses for the first month of pregnancy. d. The first sex organs appear far earlier in boys than in girls, since the organs are external as opposed to internal. Answer: c. The first sex organs, which are the gonads, are identical in male and female fetuses for the first month of pregnancy. Correct. As your textbook points out, all babies are basically female until certain hormonal events cause the development of testes. b. The first sex organs do not develop until the first 12 weeks of pregnancy are over, which is why pregnant parents cannot find out the gender of the baby until this point. Incorrect. Although the genitals are not visible on alter sound sonography until about 18-20 weeks of pregnancy, the actual sex organs begin to differentiate between male and female after the first month of pregnancy 27. The __________ system is to boys as the _________ system is to girls. a. Wolffian; Müllerian b. Stausberg; Flynn c. Müllerian; Wolffian d. Flynn; Stausberg Answer: a. Wolffian; Müllerian Correct. The Wolffian system refers to the male reproductive tract, including structures such as the epididymis and vas deferens, while the Müllerian system pertains to the female reproductive tract, including the uterus and fallopian tubes. c. Müllerian; Wolffian Incorrect. C do not correctly match the male and female reproductive systems. 28. The precursors of female sex organs during prenatal development is called the __________ system. a. Müllerian b. Wolffian c. Gilligan d. Estrogenous Answer: a. Müllerian Correct. The Müllerian system consists of structures that develop into female reproductive organs during prenatal development. d. Estrogenous Incorrect. Options d do not accurately describe the system involved in the development of female sex organs. 29. The development of the __________ system is caused by the secretion of __________ during the third month of pregnancy. a. Wolffian; estrogens b. Müllerian; testosterone c. Wolffian; testosterone d. Müllerian; progesterones Answer: c. Wolffian; testosterone Correct. The Wolffian system's development in males is stimulated by the secretion of testosterone during prenatal development. a. Wolffian; estrogens Incorrect. Options a do not accurately describe the relationship between hormone secretion and the development of the Wolffian system. 30. Which hormone is the primary determinant of whether a baby will develop male or female external genitalia? a. Progesterone b. Human chorionic gonadotropin c. Androgen d. Estrogen Answer: c Correct. Androgens, particularly testosterone, are responsible for the differentiation of male external genitalia during fetal development. b. Human chorionic gonadotropin Incorrect. Options b do not play a primary role in determining male or female external genitalia. 31. How many of the 46 chromosomes that most human beings have ultimately determine our sex? a. 5 b. 3 c. 1 d. 0 Answer: c Correct. One pair of sex chromosomes, specifically the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, determines an individual's sex. a. 5 Incorrect. Options a do not accurately represent the number of chromosomes involved in determining sex. 32. How many genes found on the Y chromosome trigger the testes to produce testosterone? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Answer: a Correct. The SRY gene located on the Y chromosome is the primary gene responsible for triggering the development of testes and subsequent testosterone production. d. 4 Incorrect. Options d do not accurately represent the number of genes involved in triggering testosterone production. 33. An intersexed individual is defined as a person who: a. desires a sex change (or gender reassignment) operation because they are, in fact, homosexual. b. is born with non-standard male or female genitalia. c. enjoys dressing in the clothing of the opposite gender for the purpose of sexual arousal. d. is asexual as a result of a lack of appropriate hormonal activation during puberty. Answer: b Correct. An intersex individual is born with variations in sex characteristics, such as chromosomes, gonads, or genitalia, that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. a. desires a sex change (or gender reassignment) operation because they are, in fact, homosexual. Incorrect. Options a do not accurately define intersexuality. 34. Hermaphroditus was the Greek god whose name is the root of the term that has been used to describe __________. a. homosexuality b. bisexuality c. intersexed individuals d. Zeusism Answer: c. intersexed individuals Correct. Intersexed individuals are called hermaphrodites, a term that comes from the name of the Greek god. a. homosexuality Incorrect. Homosexuals are not called hermaphrodites unless they are intersexed individuals. 35. What is the incidence of children born as intersexed, or intersexual, individuals? a. 1 out of 50 b. 1 out of 500 c. 1 out of 1,500 d. 1 out 50,000 Answer: c. 1 out of 1,500 Correct. One out of 1,500 babies is born intersexed. b. 1 out of 500 Incorrect. One out of 1,500 babies is born intersexed. 36. A person who is described as intersexed is ___________. a. an individual who is born with ambiguous sex organs b. an individual who is surgically reassigned at birth so that he or she seems to be of the sex opposite to what is expected from the chromosomes c. an individual with normal body development who cannot decide whether to act as a male or a female d. a homosexual Answer: a. an individual who is born with ambiguous sex organs Correct. Intersexed individuals are born with ambiguous sex organs. d. a homosexual Incorrect. Intersexed individuals are people born with ambiguous sex organs. 37. What is the term for the condition in which a person is born with both male and female sex organs? a. homosexuality b. bisexuality c. intrasexualism d. hermaphroditism Answer: d. hermaphroditism Correct. Hermaphroditism is the term for the condition of someone born with both male and female sex organs. b. bisexuality Incorrect. Bisexuality is a sexual orientation in which people feel desire for both men and women. 38. Psychology has many terms for human sexuality concepts. What is an alternative term for hermaphroditism? a. homosexual b. gender specific c. intersex d. heterosexual Answer: c. intersex Correct. This is the correct term. b. gender specific Incorrect. The book stated that the correct term would be intersex. 39. A culture’s expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as _____________________. a. homosexual b. heterosexual c. gender roles d. gender typing Answer: c. gender roles Correct. Gender roles include attitudes, actions, and personality traits. b. heterosexual Incorrect. The correct answer is gender roles and heterosexuality is not related to cultural expectations. 40. ________ is the process by which people learn their culture’s preferences and expectations for proper “masculine” and “feminine” behaviors. a. Gender role b. Gender identity c. Gender typing d. Gender stereotyping Answer: c. Gender typing Correct. Gender identity is the process by which people learn their culture’s preferences and expectations for proper “masculine” and “feminine” behaviors. a. Gender role Incorrect. A gender role is a type of behavior one adopts based on society’s expectations for a male versus a female. 41. A person’s sense of being a boy or girl, or man or woman, is their gender __________. a. stereotype b. development c. role d. identity Answer: d Correct. Gender identity refers to an individual's internal sense of their own gender, whether male, female, or non-binary. c. role Incorrect. Options c do not accurately describe an individual's sense of being male or female. 42. The term “gender __________” refers to boys and men who show traditionally masculine traits and behaviors, and girls and women who show traditionally feminine traits and behaviors. a. typing b. normed c. roled d. consistent Answer: a Correct. Gender typing refers to the process by which individuals acquire behaviors, preferences, and roles considered appropriate for their gender in a particular culture. b. normed Incorrect. Options b do not accurately describe the concept of gender typing. 43. Expectations about the way men and women behave are called gender __________. a. roles b. norms c. mores d. schemas Answer: a Explanation: Correct. Gender roles are societal expectations regarding behaviors, attitudes, and activities deemed appropriate for individuals based on their perceived gender. b. norms Incorrect. Options b do not accurately describe societal expectations related to gender. 44. Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type, and he has the external genitalia of a male. He has, for the better part of his life however, felt like he was supposed to be a woman. He has always identified more with feminine clothes, behaviors, and emotions. According to chapter 10 in your textbook, Maurice has a male __________. a. gender identity b. sexual disorder c. gender d. sex Answer: d. sex Correct. Our sex is determined by the chromosomes that we have inside of us. It is a biologically constructed event. c. gender Incorrect. Our gender is determined by the messages that we get from society around us, and our own identification with a particular sex. 45. Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type, and he has the external genitalia of a male. He has, for the better part of his life however, felt like he was supposed to be a woman. He has always identified more with feminine clothes, behaviors, and emotions. According to chapter 10 in your textbook, Maurice has a female __________. a. problem b. gender c. sex d. secondary sex characteristic. Answer: b. gender Correct. Our gender is determined by the messages that we get from society around us, and our own identification with a particular sex. c. sex Incorrect. Our sex is determined by the chromosomes that we have inside of us. It is a biologically constructed event. 46. Studies of genetically male children who were surgically altered to appear as females found that ____________. a. almost all of them were happy that they were raised as females b. they preferred to play with feminine toys such as dolls c. half acted more like boys and half acted more like girls d. they preferred male play activities Answer: d. they preferred male play activities Correct. The altered males preferred male play activities. a. almost all of them were happy that they were raised as females Incorrect. Fourteen of the altered males preferred male play activities. 47. Rashid feels that he was meant to be a woman, even though he is a man. He is contemplating surgery to alter his bodily appearance to that of a woman. Rashid might be suffering from a disorder known as ____________. a. feminine status disorder b. male misidentity disorder c. inverted sex role syndrome d. gender identity disorder Answer: d. gender identity disorder Correct. A person who feels his or her body has the wrong sex organs and characteristics is said to be suffering from gender identity disorder. b. male misidentity disorder Incorrect. Although male misidentity disorder sounds plausible, the term psychologists use is gender identity disorder. 48. A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a(n) ________. a. homosexual b. transvestite c. transsexual d. inverted sex role participant Answer: c. transsexual Correct. To surgically alter one’s bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is to become a transsexual. b. transvestite Incorrect. A transvestite is a man who dresses up in women’s clothes, not someone who surgically alters his body. 49. Native American tribes ___________. a. have long recognized the existence of people who want to act like those of the opposite sex b. have become, through exposure to the homophobic attitudes of the dominant U.S. culture, less tolerant of homosexuality c. Both choices a and b are true d. none of these choices are true Answer: c. Both choices a and b are true Correct. Both choices a and b are true. a. have long recognized the existence of people who want to act like those of the opposite sex Incorrect. Both choices a and b are true. 50. Fifteen year old Latisha feels that she has been a “boy trapped in a girl’s body” for as long as she can remember. She is learning about sexual reassignment surgery from her mother, who supports her daughter after taking her to a doctor who diagnosed her as having ______________. a. gender roles disorder b. gender identity disorder c. gender confusion disorder d. gender denial disorder Answer: b. gender identity disorder Correct. Latisha could correctly be diagnosed with this disorder and choose to have surgery. d. gender denial disorder Incorrect. This is a fictitious term. 51. One of these things is not like the others. Can you figure out which one? a. gender identity disorder b. winkte c. homosexual d. transsexual Answer: c. homosexual Correct. None of the other options in this question speaks to individual sexual orientation. d. transsexual Incorrect. While a transsexual generally refers to a person who has had gender reassignment surgery, it does not require a specific sexual orientation for diagnosis. 52. Which of the following is the best description of a “winkte” individual? a. bisexual transsexual b. homosexual female c. neither male nor female d. intersexed Answer: c. neither male nor female Correct. The winkte designation refers to a person who is thought of as being neither specific gender in some Native American cultures. b. homosexual female Incorrect. The designation of winkte has nothing to do with an individual’s sexual orientation. 53. People with gender __________ disorder feel that they were born into the body of the wrong sex and have a strong identification with the opposite gender. a. development b. establishment c. identity d. androgyny Answer: c Explanation: Correct. Gender identity disorder, also known as gender dysphoria, is a condition where individuals experience significant distress due to a mismatch between their assigned sex at birth and their gender identity. a. development Incorrect. Options a do not accurately describe the experience of individuals with gender dysphoria. 54. In most cases, what is the relationship between gender and biological sex? a. In most cases, gender and biological sex are in vast opposition. b. In most cases, gender is aligned with biological sex. c. Gender is only aligned with biological sex when a person is homosexual. d. Gender is only aligned with biological sex in cases of severe psychological disorders. Answer: b. In most cases, gender is aligned with biological sex. Correct. Most people feel very comfortable that they’re socially determined gender is consistent with their biologically determined sex. a. In most cases, gender and biological sex are in vast opposition. Incorrect. When this occurs, it usually indicates a condition called a gender identity disorder. This is a very rare occurrence. 55. Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type, and he has the external genitalia of a male. He has, for the better part of his life however, felt like he was supposed to be a woman. He has always identified more with feminine clothes, behaviors, and emotions. New surgical and medical techniques will now allow Maurice to take which of the following courses of action? a. He will be able to alter his body to match his gender. b. He will be able to alter his gender to match his body. c. He will be able to make changes to his external appearance, even though his physical attributes will not change. d. He will have only the option of taking hormone pills or injections, unless he wants to travel to Europe, which is the only continent where gender reassignment surgery is practiced. Answer: a. He will be able to alter his body to match his gender. Correct. Gender reassignment surgery allows people with gender identity disorder the option of changing their biological features to match their gender identification. b. He will be able to alter his gender to match his body. Incorrect. In fact, he will be able to change his body to match his gender. 56. Based on the studies of infant girls who were exposed to androgens before birth, which of the following statements is true? a. In these studies, the girls were found to be more interested in “boy toys” during early childhood. b. In these studies, the girls were found to prefer feminine actives during early childhood. c. In these studies, the majority of the girls grew up to be lesbians. d. In these studies, there were no noticeable effects due to these treatments. Answer: a. In these studies, the girls were found to be more interested in “boy toys” during early childhood. Correct. In these studies, the girls were found to be more interested in “boy toys” during early childhood. c. In these studies, the majority of the girls grew up to be lesbians. Incorrect. The girls did not grow up to be lesbians but to be very typical females. 57. Based on the studies of girls who were exposed to androgens before birth, which of the following statements is true? a. When these girls grew up, they became more typically “female” in their desire for marriage and motherhood. b. The girls were found to prefer feminine activities during early childhood. c. The majority of the girls grew up to be lesbians. d. There were no noticeable effects of the androgen exposure. Answer: a. When these girls grew up, they became more typically “female” in their desire for marriage and motherhood. Correct. These girls became more typically “female” in their desire for marriage and motherhood. c. The majority of the girls grew up to be lesbians. Incorrect. The girls grew up to be typically “female” in their desire for marriage and motherhood. 58. According to research, infant girls who were exposed to androgens were found to be more likely to ____________. a. have a very “feminine” childhood and prefer to play with dolls. b. be “tomboys” during their childhood but grew up to be more “typically female” in adulthood and had a desire for marriage and motherhood. c. be “feminine” during their childhood but grew up to be more “typically male” in adulthood and less emotional than other women. d. have a very “masculine” attitude in adulthood despite their sex. Answer: b. be “tomboys” during their childhood but grew up to be more “typically female” in adulthood and had a desire for marriage and motherhood. Correct. Research shows that androgen exposure could have led to these behaviors during a young age. d. have a very “masculine” attitude in adulthood despite their sex. Incorrect. This was not found according to the research. 59. According to fMRI images taken when both men and women were shown erotic images, researchers found that the amygdala and hypothalamus areas of the limbic system were __________________. a. more strongly active in men than women. b. more strongly active in women than men. c. equally active in both men and women. d. more active for women during their menstrual cycle. Answer: a. more strongly active in men than women. Correct. Research showed the men had a stronger level of activity in the fMRI than women indicating that perhaps biology could be a factor in this reaction. d. more active for women during their menstrual cycle. Incorrect. This was not discussed in the book. 60. When men and women view erotic pictures, the __________ are more strongly activated in men than women. a. visual cortex and thalamus b. pons and hindbrain c. amygdala and hypothalamus d. hippocampus and cingulate gyrus Answer: c. amygdala and hypothalamus Correct. The amygdala and hypothalamus are more strongly activated in men than women. d. hippocampus and cingulate gyrus Incorrect. The amygdala and hypothalamus are more strongly activated in men than women. The hippocampus is more involved in memory. 61. The enhanced brain response of men to erotic images may be due to ___________. a. the more primitive male’s need to identify sexually receptive females b. the large occipital lobes of the male brain c. males’ socialization to be sexually aggressive d. females having developed a learned stimulus for sexual arousal Answer: a. the more primitive male’s need to identify sexually receptive females Correct. Enhanced responses may be due to the need to identify sexually receptive females. d. females having developed a learned stimulus for sexual arousal Incorrect. Enhanced responses may be due to the need to identify sexually receptive females. 62. Which term has the most negative connotation in our culture? a. tomboy b. sissy c. masculine d. feminine Answer: b. sissy Correct. Sissy is considered to be an insult, as our society tends to disapprove of boys who engage in activities that girls typically prefer. a. tomboy Incorrect. Tomboy is not considered an insult, as most people do not disapprove of girls who engage in activities that boys typically prefer. 63. Traditional views of gender roles are more likely found in ____________. a. collectivist cultures b. individualistic cultures c. countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England d. none of these Answer: a. collectivist cultures Correct. Collectivist cultures are more traditional than individualistic ones. b. individualistic cultures Incorrect. Collectivist cultures are more traditional than individualistic ones. 64. Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have ______________. a. nontraditional views of gender b. a collectivist society c. very constrained roles for women in society d. a strong tradition of women staying home Answer: a. nontraditional views of gender Correct. The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more individualistic than collectivistic and, therefore, have nontraditional views. d. a strong tradition of women staying home Incorrect. The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England have nontraditional views, which allows for more freedom for women to work outside the home. 65. Research on differences in male and female brain activity has found that ________________, a. when doing language tasks, women’s brains tend to be more active in the right hemisphere than men. b. men use the right side of the brain for emotional expression whereas women use both sides. c. men use the left side of the brain for visual/spatial expression whereas women use both sides. d. all of the above. Answer: d. all of the above. Correct. Research showed all of these to be true. a. when doing language tasks, women’s brains tend to be more active in the right hemisphere than men. Incorrect. This is a correct answer, but option D is the best answer. 66. Psychologist _____________ believes that the biological differences between males and females help to create different contexts in which boys and girls are raised. a. Sigmund Freud b. John Money c. John Watson d. Eleanor Maccoby Answer: d. Eleanor Maccoby Correct. Maccoby believes in this view. b. John Money Incorrect. Maccoby believes in this view. 67. Which of the following is a valid concern with regard to treating boys and girls differently during their childhoods? a. Adults may grow to have different expectations about the abilities of boys and girls, and thus treat them in ways that either encourage or discourage certain skills. b. Adults may grow to love children more or less based on their gender-consistent behaviors. c. Adults stressing independence may be less nurturing of girls than of boys, since they feel that girls naturally have better problem-solving abilities than boys. d. Adults may force more encouragement and instruction in math and science on girls, since they believe that girls are naturally less capable in those subjects. Answer: a. Adults may grow to have different expectations about the abilities of boys and girls, and thus treat them in ways that either encourage or discourage certain skills. Correct. This is a very important thing for both mothers and fathers to remember as they raise their children. b. Adults may grow to love children more or less based on their gender-consistent behaviors. Incorrect. This is not a finding that has been uniformly reported in the current research, though it is a concern to take seriously. 68. Social __________ theory emphasizes the role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior. a. acquisition b. gender c. learning d. cognitive Answer: c Correct. Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in motivation and behavior. It suggests that individuals learn from observing others and the consequences of their actions, shaping their expectations and behaviors accordingly. a. acquisition Incorrect. Options a do not accurately describe social learning theory. 69. When children observe their same-sex parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation? a. Freudian psychoanalysis b. Piaget’s theory of development c. gender schema theory d. social learning theory Answer: d. social learning theory Correct. Social learning theory deals with observing behavior and imitating behavior. c. gender schema theory Incorrect. Gender schema theory deals with children developing mental patterns for male and female. 70. Marquis is 4 years old, and as one might expect he pays very careful attention to his father. He imitates many of his father’s actions, copies his behaviors, and responds appropriately to rewards and punishments for his own behaviors. Marquis is learning many aspects of gender through the __________ theory. a. social learning b. gender schema c. cognitive acquisitive d. behavioral Answer: a. social learning Correct. The idea that he is imitating his father based on what he has observed demonstrates the social learning theory of gender. d. behavioral Incorrect. This is not the best, most specific answer to this question. 71. Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave It to Beaver. After watching the show, they decide to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be best explained by _________. a. Freudian psychoanalysis b. Piaget’s theory of development c. gender schema theory d. social learning theory Answer: d. social learning theory Correct. Social learning theory would best explain imitating male and female role models and how TV influences behavior. c. gender schema theory Incorrect. Gender schema theory focuses more on mental patterns than on imitation. 72. Sue sees her mother knitting a sweater. Later, Sue takes out a ball of yarn and some knitting needles from her mother’s supplies and tries to do the same. This is a good example of the ____________ theory of gender development. a. gender schema theory b. gender role theory c. psychoanalytic theory d. social learning theory Answer: d. social learning theory Correct. Social learning theory focuses on imitation of male and female role models. a. gender schema theory Incorrect. Gender schema theory focuses on mental patterns, not imitation. 73. Gender schema theory is based on _______________. a. Freudian psychoanalysis b. Piaget’s theory of development c. biological inheritance theory d. social learning theory Answer: b. Piaget’s theory of development Correct. Gender schema theory is based on Piaget’s work. d. social learning theory Incorrect. Gender schema theory is based on Piaget’s work. 74. The tendency of children to develop a mental pattern for being male or female in much the same way they develop other concepts, such as “dog,” “bird,” and “big,” can best be explained by ___________. a. Freudian psychoanalysis b. Piaget’s theory of development c. gender schema theory d. social learning theory Answer: c. gender schema theory Correct. Gender schema theory deals with children developing mental patterns for male and female. d. social learning theory Incorrect. Social learning theory deals with observing behavior and imitating behavior. Gender schema theory deals with developing mental patterns for male and female. 75. “Children observe the world around them and develop mental concepts to represent the concepts of male and female. They then develop a concept of their own gender, and adjust their behaviors to be consistent with that concept.” This statement is the foundation of __________ theory. a. gender schema b. gender role c. social learning d. social gender Answer: a. gender schema Correct. This statement does represent the basic foundational principles of gender schema theory. d. social gender Incorrect. Your textbook does not discuss anything called the social gender theory. 76. A ______________ is a concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female. a. gender stereotype b. sex role c. gender role d. sexual orientation Answer: a. gender stereotype Correct. A gender stereotype is an assumption as to what a person or group of people is like based only on being male or female. b. sex role Incorrect. A sex role is the assignment of characteristics based on being male or female. A gender stereotype is an assumption as to what a person or group of people is like based only on whether the person or group is male or female. 77. Shaquilla says that all men are insensitive and unemotional. She is probably expressing a __________. a. gender stereotype b. sex role c. gender role d. sexual orientation Answer: a. gender stereotype Correct. A gender stereotype is an assumption as to what a person or group of people is like based only on a person or group of people being male or female. b. sex role Incorrect. A sex role is the assignment of characteristics based on being male or female. 78. At a recent viewing of the latest Hollywood blockbuster, LaToya and Ronald shared an awkward moment. LaToya, deeply moved by the story line, began to cry during the movie, while Ronald sat twiddling his thumbs wondering when the movie would finally be over. Afterward, while they were discussing their different reactions, Ronald said “Well, girls always cry at sappy movies. That’s why guys really hate those kinds of shows.” Ronald is demonstrating that he holds very deep gender __________. a. stereotypes b. roles c. mores d. schemas Answer: a. stereotypes Correct. Ronald has beliefs that all women should adhere to a specific expectation. This is an example of a gender stereotype. d. schemas Incorrect. Ronald seems to believe that all women should adhere to this particular characterization of women, and that is what makes this a gender stereotype. 79. A gender __________ refers to a widely held belief about a person or group of people that is based solely on gender a. stereotype b. role c. norm d. schema Answer: a Correct. A gender stereotype is a preconceived or oversimplified idea about the characteristics, roles, or behaviors typically associated with men or women, based solely on their gender. c. norm Incorrect. Options c do not accurately define a gender stereotype. 80. Which characteristic is NOT usually considered part of the male gender stereotype? a. aggressive b. logical c. decisive d. emotional Answer: d. emotional Correct. The stereotype of men is that they are not emotional. b. logical Incorrect. The stereotype of men is that they are logical but not emotional. 81. Which characteristic is NOT usually considered part of the female gender stereotype? a. nurturing b. logical c. sensitive d. emotional Answer: b. logical Correct. A negative stereotype of women assumes that they are not logical. d. emotional Incorrect. The stereotype of women is that they are emotional. 82. Desperate for help with her computer, Dana calls her fiancé, thinking that he will know what to do because he is a man, and men are natural fixers. Dana’s thinking in this instance is an example of ______________. a. androgyny b. schema error c. benevolent sexism d. negative stereotyping Answer: c. benevolent sexism Correct. Benevolent sexism is the result of thinking that all men or all women have some particular desirable trait, simply because of their sex. d. negative stereotyping Incorrect. Negative stereotyping would be the case if Dana assumed something negative about her fiancé just because he is a man. 83. Some people are very quick to come to the aid of a woman because she is perceived as being helpless, weak, and unable to provide for herself. These same individuals may be quite a bit less likely to come to the assistance of a man in the same situation. Though these people may have noble intentions, this is still an example of __________ sexism. a. backhanded b. chivalrous c. benevolent d. paradoxical Answer: c. benevolent Correct. benevolent sexism does appear, on the surface, to be an acceptable form of behavior; however, it does indicate a deeply held belief that women need men to do things for them. b. chivalrous Incorrect. As your authors point out, chivalry often underlies benevolent sexism. 84. Consider the following three circumstances: (1) Raul is walking toward a business office, and when he gets there he opens the door for a woman and allows her to walk through ahead of himself. (2) Raul is walking toward a business office, and when he gets there he opens the door for a man and a woman who are also approaching, and allows both of them to walk through ahead of himself. (3) Raul is walking toward a business office, and when he gets there he opens the door for a woman and allows her to walk through ahead of himself, but then he walks through without holding the door for the man with whom the woman was having a conversation. In which of the above circumstances has Raul demonstrated the greatest example of benevolent sexism? a. Circumstances #1 and #2 only b. Circumstance #1 c. Circumstance #2 d. Circumstance #3 Answer: d. Circumstance #3 Correct. The fact that Raul will open the door only for a woman, and not for the man in the conversation indicates benevolent sexism. c. Circumstance #2 Incorrect. The fact that Raul opened the door for both the man and woman indicates good manners, not benevolent sexism. 85. The acceptance of positive stereotypes regarding gender can lead to _________. a. proactive prejudice b. neutral sexism c. benevolent sexism d. genderism Answer: c. benevolent sexism Correct. Positive stereotypes lead to benevolent sexism, which is the result of thinking that all men or all women have some particular desirable trait simply because of their sex. a. proactive prejudice Incorrect. Proactive prejudice is not a real term. Positive stereotypes lead to benevolent sexism. 86. The term benevolent sexism was proposed by ________. a. Maccoby b. Masters and Johnson c. Glick and Fiske d. Ford and Glock Answer: c. Glick and Fiske Correct. Glick and Fiske proposed the term benevolent sexism. b. Masters and Johnson Incorrect. Glick and Fiske proposed the term benevolent sexism. Masters and Johnson studied the sex act. 87. Sam is a father of two children and has a career as a professor at a university. He is nurturant and sensitive to his children’s needs, able to express emotions outwardly, independent and assertive, and thinks problems through calmly and logically. Sam is a good example of a person who is _____________. a. masculine b. feminine c. transsexual d. androgynous Answer: d. androgynous Correct. Sam is a good example of a person who is androgynous because his personality traits are not limited to those that are part of the stereotype for men. b. feminine Incorrect. Sam is a good example of a person who is androgynous, as he has characteristics normally associated with each gender. 88. Psychologist Sandra Bem (1975, 1981) developed the concept of ___________. a. androgyny b. benevolent sexism c. social learning theory d. ambiguity Answer: a. androgyny Correct. Sandra Bem developed the concept of androgyny. b. benevolent sexism Incorrect. Sandra Bem developed the concept of androgyny. 89. Researchers have found that when traditional males, traditional females, and androgynous people are compared in terms of the degree of depression, androgynous people are usually __________. a. less depressed b. equally depressed c. more depressed d. unfulfilled Answer: a. less depressed Correct. Androgyny is related to less depression. c. more depressed Incorrect. Androgyny is related to less depression. 90. John lost his job as a steelworker. However, when seeking new employment, John considers a wide variety of jobs, such as fighter pilot, teacher, and nurse. Given these choices, a psychologist like Bem might consider John to be __________. a. sexist b. narcissistic c. confused d. androgynous Answer: d. androgynous Correct. John would be considered androgynous because he does not limit his choices to jobs that are stereotypically male. c. confused Incorrect. John would be considered androgynous because he does not limit his choices to jobs that are stereotypically male. 91. Which of the following statements has research found with regard to androgynous people? a. They have a greater likelihood of having a non-heterosexual orientation. b. They have greater difficulties in adolescence as a result of peer teasing. c. They are highly functioning and effective because they do not limit themselves to one set of gender rules. d. They are socially inept because they cannot relate effectively to people of their own or the opposite sex. Answer: c. They are highly functioning and effective because they do not limit themselves to one set of gender rules. Correct. Because androgynous people combine the best of their masculine and feminine features, this statement is the best answer. d. They are socially inept because they cannot relate effectively to people of their own or the opposite sex. Incorrect. On the contrary, people who are high in androgyny tend to relate very well to both people of their own and the opposite sex. 92. Researchers have usually found that __________. a. females score higher on tests of verbal ability than males b. males score higher on tests of verbal ability than females c. there is no difference between males and females on tests of verbal ability d. verbal ability differences between males and females are due to differential watching of talk shows Answer: a. females score higher on tests of verbal ability than males Correct. Researchers have usually found that females score higher on tests of verbal ability than males. d. verbal ability differences between males and females are due to differential watching of talk shows Incorrect. Researchers have usually found that females score higher on tests of verbal ability than males. 93. MRI technology has demonstrated that men listen with _________. a. the right hemisphere of the brain b. the left hemisphere of the brain c. both hemispheres of the brain d. There is no consistent pattern of listening. Answer: b. the left hemisphere of the brain Correct. Males listen with the left hemisphere of the brain. a. the right hemisphere of the brain Incorrect. Males listen with the left hemisphere of the brain. 94. MRI technology has demonstrated that women listen with _________ of the brain. a. the right hemisphere b. the left hemisphere c. both hemispheres d. There is no consistent pattern of listening. Answer: c. both hemispheres Correct. Females listen with both hemispheres of the brain. a. the right hemisphere Incorrect. Females listen with both hemispheres of the brain. 95. Women may pay more attention to tone and emotion of statements than men because they listen with ____________ of the brain. a. the right hemisphere b. the left hemisphere c. both hemispheres d. There is no consistent pattern of listening. Answer: c. both hemispheres Correct. Females listen with both hemispheres of the brain. a. the right hemisphere Incorrect. Females listen with both hemispheres of the brain. 96. Recent studies have shown that cognitive differences between boys and girls _____________. a. are increasing b. are decreasing c. are staying the same d. have decreased then increased Answer: b. are decreasing Correct. The differences are decreasing. c. are staying the same Incorrect. The differences are decreasing. 97. If gender differences in cognition are decreasing, this is probably due to _______________. a. a decrease in genetic diversity between males and females b. males becoming stupid over the years due to too much football c. the effects of more equal treatment of men and women in our society d. none of these Answer: c. the effects of more equal treatment of men and women in our society Correct. Equal treatment between genders is probably decreasing the differences in cognition. a. a decrease in genetic diversity between males and females Incorrect. There has been no decrease in genetic diversity between males and females. Equal treatment between genders is probably decreasing differences in cognition. 98. Which gender is more likely to talk to other members of that gender about current events? a. males b. females c. Both are equally likely to talk about current events. d. Nobody talks about current events. Answer: a. males Correct. Males are more likely to discuss current events because it is a less personal topic. c. Both are equally likely to talk about current events. Incorrect. Males are more likely to discuss current events because it is a less personal topic. 99. Research has shown that men tend to talk to each other about ___________. a. private concerns b. their feelings c. relationships d. current events Answer: d. current events Correct. Males are more likely to discuss current events than personal topics such as feelings and relationships. b. their feelings Incorrect. Males are reluctant to discuss their feelings. 100. John is a stay-at-home dad. Today he is with a group of stay-at-home moms as they all watch their kids play. What topic of conversation would be LEAST successful for John to bring up in order to stimulate the discussion? a. private concerns b. feelings c. relationships d. current events Answer: d. current events Correct. Current events would be least successful, as women are less likely to talk about them than about feelings or relationships. a. private concerns Incorrect. Current events would be least successful, as women are less likely to talk about them than about private concerns. 101. At the time Masters and Johnson did their groundbreaking research on sexual responses, society mostly thought that ____________. a. sexuality should be openly discussed b. premarital sex should be accepted and encouraged c. older people would most benefit from this research d. sexuality was a relatively forbidden topic Answer: d. sexuality was a relatively forbidden topic Correct. Society mostly thought that sexuality was a relatively forbidden topic. a. sexuality should be openly discussed Incorrect. Society mostly thought that sexuality was a relatively forbidden topic. 102. Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by ____________. a. Kinsey b. Freud c. Skinner d. Masters and Johnson Answer: d. Masters and Johnson Correct. Masters and Johnson designed equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity. a. Kinsey Incorrect. Masters and Johnson designed equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity. 103. Which statement represents a major problem associated with survey research into sexual behavior? a. Many people felt that this research was distasteful and did not want to “read” about sexual behavior. b. People who volunteered tended to brag about their exploits. c. It was difficult to obtain a snowball sample. d. Men who participated tended to be less sexually active. Answer: a. Many people felt that this research was distasteful and did not want to “read” about sexual behavior. Correct. This is one of the problems with the survey research noted by your textbook. b. People who volunteered tended to brag about their exploits. Incorrect. This may be true in some cases, but it would then indicate a biased sample. Therefore this is not the best answer to this question. 104. The four stages of sexual activity include excitement, plateau, orgasm, and ________. a. refraction b. rest c. reinforcement d. resolution Answer: d Correct. The resolution stage of sexual activity involves the return to a state of physiological relaxation and normal functioning following orgasm. a. refraction Incorrect. Options a do not accurately describe the final stage of sexual activity. 105. The first phase of the sexual response is ____________. a. excitement b. plateau c. orgasm d. resolution Answer: a. excitement Correct. The first phase of the sexual response is excitement. c. orgasm Incorrect. The first phase of the sexual response is excitement. 106. The second phase of the sexual response is ____________. a. excitement b. plateau c. orgasm d. resolution Answer: b. plateau Correct. The second phase of the sexual response is plateau. c. orgasm Incorrect. The second phase of the sexual response is plateau. 107. In which of the phases of sexual response does the genital area undergo a series of muscular contractions? a. excitement b. plateau c. orgasm d. resolution Answer: c. orgasm Correct. Orgasm involves a series of contractions. a. excitement Incorrect. Orgasm involves a series of contractions. 108. The final phase of the sexual response is _______________. a. excitement b. plateau c. orgasm d. resolution Answer: d. resolution Correct. The final phase of the sexual response is resolution. c. orgasm Incorrect. The final phase of the sexual response is resolution. 109. Rashid has just had an orgasm. However, his partner is still excited and wants Rashid to continue his sexual activity. Unfortunately, Rashid has lost his erection. Rashid is probably now in the ________. a. refractory period b. male menopause c. disruptive period d. plateau Answer: a. refractory period Correct. He is now in the refractory period, during which men cannot achieve erection. d. plateau Incorrect. He is now in the refractory period, during which men cannot achieve erection. 110. In which phase does the refractory period occur for men? a. excitement b. plateau c. orgasm d. resolution Answer: d. resolution Correct. The refractory period occurs for men during the final stage of the sexual response called resolution. b. plateau Incorrect. The refractory period occurs for men during the final stage of the sexual response called resolution. 111. Which phase of the sexual response can last the longest? a. excitement b. plateau c. orgasm d. resolution Answer: a. excitement Correct. Excitement can last up to several hours. b. plateau Incorrect. The plateau stage lasts no more than a few minutes, whereas excitement can last up to several hours. 112. Javier and his wife are preparing to have sex. His penis becomes erect and his testes “pull up.” He is likely to be in the __________________ stage of the sexual response cycle according to Masters and Johnson. a. resolution b. plateau c. orgasm d. excitement Answer: d. excitement Correct. This would be true based on the example provided. a. resolution Incorrect. After sex is complete this would be a more appropriate answer. 113. Steve’s penis is becoming even more erect and has secreted a few drops of fluid after beginning to have sex. He is likely to be in the __________________ stage of the sexual response cycle according to Masters and Johnson. a. resolution b. plateau c. orgasm d. excitement Answer: b. plateau Correct. This would be true based on the example provided. a. resolution Incorrect. After sex is complete this would be a more appropriate answer. 114. Dante’s penis has experienced contractions and is about to release semen. He is likely to be in the __________________ stage of the sexual response cycle according to Masters and Johnson. a. resolution b. plateau c. orgasm d. excitement Answer: c. orgasm Correct. This would be true based on the example provided. a. resolution Incorrect. After sex is complete this would be a more appropriate answer. 115. Ben has finished having sex and has lost his erection and his scrotal sac has begun to thin again. He is likely to be in the __________________ stage of the sexual response cycle according to Masters and Johnson. a. resolution b. plateau c. orgasm d. excitement Answer: a. resolution Correct. After sex is complete and his body returns to his unaroused state he would exhibit these symptoms. c. orgasm Incorrect. This would not be true based on the example provided. 116. Melvin has finished having sex approximately 30 minutes ago and his partner is interested in having sex again. However, Melvin is not able to achieve an erection. Melvin is in the ________________. a. refractory period b. stagnation period c. seminal period d. growth period Answer: a. refractory period Correct. This is the time where he is unable to achieve another erection. d. growth period Incorrect. This is not a term used to describe this period. 117. Masters and Johnson reported that unlike men, women _______________________. a. can only achieve 1 orgasm in a 12 hour period b. do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter c. need more stimulation to achieve an orgasm with oral sex d. have a longer refractory period than men Answer: b. do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter Correct. Masters and Johnson found this to be true as opposed to men who have a Refractory Period. a. can only achieve 1 orgasm in a 12 hour period Incorrect. Research does suggest that women do not have a refractory period. 118. Which statement is consistent with Master’s and Johnson’s findings? a. Women respond more slowly but cannot stay aroused as long as men. b. Many women can have multiple orgasms. c. Women experience a refractory period prior to orgasm. d. Women admit that size matters. Answer: b Correct. Masters and Johnson's research indicated that many women are capable of experiencing multiple orgasms, contrary to earlier beliefs. a. Women respond more slowly but cannot stay aroused as long as men. Incorrect. Options a are not consistent with Master's and Johnson's findings. 119. Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Masters and Johnson’s research was considered controversial? a. They used prostitutes as participants. b. People feared the discussion of sex would undermine family and society. c. They participated in sexual activity with their subjects. d. They were observing people engaging in sexual activity. Answer: c. They participated in sexual activity with their subjects. Correct. They observed their subjects but did not participate. b. People feared the discussion of sex would undermine family and society. Incorrect. People did fear the discussion of sex would undermine family and society. 120. One seemingly amazing aspect of Masters and Johnson’s research program concerning human sexual response was __________. a. their ability to get senior citizens to volunteer as subjects in the first studies b. that the study was funded by churches open to discovering ways to prevent masturbation c. that they were able to convince the press to keep the research secret for a long period of time d. none of these Answer: c. that they were able to convince the press to keep the research secret for a long period of time Correct. Masters and Johnson were able to convince the press to keep the research secret for 12 years. b. that the study was funded by churches open to discovering ways to prevent masturbation Incorrect. Masters and Johnson’s research was not funded by churches. 121. Masters and Johnson’s original subjects in the study of human sexual response were ___________. a. prostitutes b. church elders and parishioners c. prisoners in the local jails d. volunteers from introductory psychology classes Answer: a. prostitutes Correct. Masters and Johnson’s original subjects in the study of human sexual response were prostitutes. d. volunteers from introductory psychology classes Incorrect. Masters and Johnson’s original subjects in the study of human sexual response were prostitutes. 122. The first systematic surveys of sexual behavior were conducted in the 1950s by ________. a. Masters and Johnson b. Virginia Johnson c. Alfred Kinsey d. Sigmund Freud Answer: c Correct. Alfred Kinsey conducted the first systematic surveys of sexual behavior in the 1940s and 1950s, leading to groundbreaking research on human sexuality. b. Virginia Johnson Incorrect. Options b were not responsible for the first systematic surveys of sexual behavior. 123. Kinsey believed that ________. a. sexual orientation was an either/or situation b. sexual orientation was on a continuum c. sexual orientation was too sensitive to be studied d. premarital sex was fundamentally destructive to society Answer: b. sexual orientation was on a continuum Correct. Kinsey believed that sexual orientation was on a continuum. a. sexual orientation was an either/or situation Incorrect. Kinsey believed that sexual orientation was not an either/or situation but rather that it was on a continuum. 124. Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey’s methodologies? a. Most of the volunteers were homosexual. b. The sample was not broad enough to cover all types of people. c. Kinsey focused more on rarer types of sexual activity. d. Because his research was often self-report in nature, exaggeration and falsification occurred. Answer: a. Most of the volunteers were homosexual. Correct. Kinsey’s critics did not claim that most of the volunteers were homosexual. d. Because his research was often self-report in nature, exaggeration and falsification occurred. Incorrect. This is a legitimate criticism of Kinsey’s research. 125. According to Kinsey, what percentage of husbands reported anal sex with their wives? a. 11 percent b. 14 percent c. 92 percent d. 26 percent Answer: a. 11 percent Correct. According to Kinsey, 11 percent of husbands reported anal sex with their wives. c. 92 percent Incorrect. According to Kinsey, 11 percent of husbands reported anal sex with their wives. 126. According to Kinsey, what percentage of women reported bisexual experiences? a. between 4 and 11 percent b. between 6 and 14 percent c. 92 percent d. 26 percent Answer: b. between 6 and 14 percent Correct. According to Kinsey, between 6 and 14 percent of women reported bisexual experiences. c. 92 percent Incorrect. According to Kinsey, between 6 and 14 percent of women reported bisexual experiences. 127. According to Kinsey, what percentage of males reported masturbating? a. 11 percent b. 14 percent c. 92 percent d. 26 percent Answer: c. 92 percent Correct. According to Kinsey, 92 percent of males reported masturbating. a. 11 percent Incorrect. According to Kinsey, 92 percent of males reported masturbating. 128. According to Kinsey, what percentage of females reported extramarital sexual experiences? a. 11 percent b. 14 percent c. 92 percent d. 26 percent Answer: d. 26 percent Correct. According to Kinsey, 26 percent of females reported extramarital sexual experiences. a. 11 percent Incorrect. According to Kinsey, 26 percent of females reported extramarital sexual experiences. 129. According to Kinsey’s sexual behavior study, approximately _______ percent of men and ______ percent of women has had sexual intercourse by the age of 16. a. 63 percent; 48 percent b. 42 percent; 27 percent c. 21 percent; 6 percent d. 99 percent; 99 percent Answer: c. 21 percent; 6 percent Correct. According to Kinsey, 21 percent of men and 6 percent of women have had sexual intercourse by age 16. a. 63 percent; 48 percent Incorrect. According to Kinsey, 21 percent of men and 6 percent of women have had sexual intercourse by age 16. 130. The first large-scale study of human behavior to be done after the Kinsey and Masters and Johnson reports was conducted by _________. a. Janus and Janus b. Hite and Rose c. Hilton and Paris d. Erickson and Schlomo Answer: a. Janus and Janus Correct. The Januses did the first major study after Kinsey. c. Hilton and Paris Incorrect. The Januses did the first major study after Kinsey. 131. According to the Janus Report, what percentage of females reported premarital sex? a. 40 percent b. 46 percent c. 5 percent d. 99 percent Answer: b. 46 percent Correct. According to the Janus Report, 46 percent of females reported premarital sex. d. 99 percent Incorrect. According to the Janus Report, 46 percent of females reported premarital sex. 132. According to the Janus Report, what is the percentage of women who were predominantly homosexual? a. 20 percent b. 46 percent c. 5 percent d. 99 percent Answer: c. 5 percent Correct. According to the Janus Report, 5 percent of women were predominantly homosexual. a. 20 percent Incorrect. According to the Janus Report, 5 percent of women were predominantly homosexual. 133. The Janus Report surveyed ____________. a. people from 48 states b. 3,000 people c. people aged 18 to over 65 years d. All of the choices are correct. Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Correct. All of the above are true. a. people from 48 states Incorrect. All of the choices are correct. 134. Age has been shown not to be a factor in a person’s desire to have sex. Which is NOT an accurate statement about sex in later life? a. Many people have more sex between the ages of 70 and 80 than in younger years. b. Many people are sexually active well into their eighties. c. A common barrier to sex is lack of a partner. d. Physical issues could impact sex in later life. Answer: a. Many people have more sex between the ages of 70 and 80 than in younger years. Correct. Research did not support this statement. d. Physical issues could impact sex in later life. Incorrect. This was reported to be an accurate statement according to research. 135. According to the Janus report, approximately _______ percent of men and _______ percent of women reported to be predominantly homosexual. a. 10 percent; 20 percent b. 36 percent; 46 percent c. 9 percent; 5 percent d. 99 percent; 99 percent Answer: c. 9 percent; 5 percent Correct. According to the Janus Report, 9 percent of men and 5 percent of women were predominantly homosexual. a. 10 percent; 20 percent Incorrect. According to the Janus Report,9 percent of men and 5 percent of women were predominantly homosexual. 136. Sexual __________ refers to enduring sexual attraction toward members of one’s own sex, the other sex, or both. a. orientation b. preference c. choice d. identification Answer: a Correct. Sexual orientation refers to an individual's enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to people of the same gender, the opposite gender, or both. c. choice Incorrect. Options c do not accurately define sexual orientation. 137. Richard is homosexual and has been for many years. Ever since high school he knew that he was gay, although he often wished that he was heterosexual. The fact that Ritchard is sexually attracted to men and not to women defines his sexual __________. a. attachment b. identification c. orientation d. preference Answer: c. orientation Correct. Our sexual orientation refers to the sex of people to whom we are sexually attracted. d. preference Incorrect. Sexual preference is a term that is often used as a substitute for sexual orientation, but it is not the best answer to this question. 138. Which is the most socially acceptable form of sexual behavior in most cultures? a. bisexuality b. homosexuality c. heterosexuality d. All of these three forms are equally acceptable in most cultures. Answer: c. heterosexuality Correct. Heterosexuality is the most acceptable form of sexual behavior in most cultures. a. bisexuality Incorrect. Heterosexuality is the most acceptable form of sexual behavior in most cultures. 139. Most recent surveys indicate that _________ of men between the ages of 15 and 44 years are predominantly homosexual. a. 2.3percent b. 9 percent c. 23 percent d. 35 percent Answer: a. 2.3percent Correct. Most recent surveys indicate that 2.3 percent of men are predominantly homosexual. b. 9 percent Incorrect. Most recent surveys indicate that 2.3 percent of men are predominantly homosexual. 140. Research has shown that heterosexuality is generally accepted across all cultures. Research also suggests that ___________. a. various cultures do not accept homosexuality and bisexuality b. homosexuals and bisexuals often face prejudice and discrimination. c. attitudes in cultures that have been biased against homosexuals and bisexuals are starting to slowly change to be more positive and accepting. d. all of the above are true. Answer: d. all of the above are true. Correct. Research has proven all of these to be true. a. various cultures do not accept homosexuality and bisexuality Incorrect. While this is a true statement, “d” is the most correct answer. 141. Channel is a 43 year old female who has been in sexual relationships with both men and women in the past. She is presently dating a 32 year old female and is thinking of moving to a state which legally recognizes the marriage between two women. She is thinking of getting married to her partner, despite still admitting that she finds both men and women attractive. Channel is considered _____________ in terms of her sexual orientation. a. homosexual b. heterosexual c. bisexual d. transsexual Answer: c. bisexual Correct. She is attracted to both men and women. a. homosexual Incorrect. She wants to marry another woman, but is also still attracted to men. 142. Raphael has only dated men in the past. He stated that in high school, he began to notice that he was only attracted to men. As a result, he has been in a relationship with a man for the past 5 years and is very happy. Raphael is considered _______________ in terms of his sexual orientation. a. homosexual b. heterosexual c. bisexual d. transsexual Answer: a. homosexual Correct. He is attracted to the same sex. c. bisexual Incorrect. He is not attracted to both men and women. 143. James, a single man, is sexually attracted to men, but not women. According to your text, James is: a. homosexual. b. heterosexual c. transsexual. d. bisexual. Answer: a. homosexual. Correct. When a person is sexually attracted only to members of their own sex, they are homosexual. d. bisexual. Incorrect. Bisexuality refers to a sexual attraction to members of either sex. 144. Over the past several years, several celebrities have openly discussed their desire for sexual experiences that are satisfying - regardless of the sex of their partner. Most researchers would consider such individuals to be ________. a. homosexual b. bisexual c. transsexual d. heterosexual Answer: b. bisexual Correct. Bisexuality refers to a sexual attraction to members of either sex. a. homosexual Incorrect. When a person is sexually attracted only to members of their own sex, they are homosexual. 145. Lance is in the 12th grade and is presently dating the head cheerleader named Ava. Lance is attracted to Ava, who is very feminine in her mannerisms, and Lance reports that he is attracted to girls who are petite and athletic. He and his buddies like to go “cruising for girls” on the weekends but he has never strayed from Ava and is thinking about proposing to her after they graduate. He has never been attracted to any other boys. Lance is considered ________________ in terms of his sexual orientation. a. homosexual b. heterosexual c. bisexual d. transsexual Answer: b. heterosexual Correct. He is attracted to Ava and has never been attracted to men. a. homosexual Incorrect. He is not attracted to the same sex. 146. Severe stress experienced by a pregnant woman during the ________ trimester might increase the chance of a male child becoming homosexual. a. first b. second c. third d. any Answer: b. second Correct. Stress during the second trimester might be related to an increased chance of homosexuality. a. first Incorrect. Stress during the second trimester might be related to an increased chance of homosexuality. 147. According to research, the majority of gay or bisexual college students report they first became aware of their sexual orientation in __________________. a. high school b. middle school c. elementary school d. before entering school Answer: a. high school Correct. 46% of females and 50% of males reported that they knew of their sexual orientation in high school b. middle school Incorrect. High school was identified as the most reported time in this study in which individuals became aware of their sexual orientation. 148. According to recent research, a male may be at a greater likelihood to be homosexual if he has: a. older brothers. b. younger brothers. c. older sisters. d. younger sisters. Answer: a Correct. Recent research suggests that males with older biological brothers have an increased likelihood of being homosexual, known as the fraternal birth order effect. c. older sisters. Incorrect. Options c do not accurately describe the fraternal birth order effect. 149. According to the fraternal birth-order effect, which of the following individuals is most likely to be gay? a. Erick, who is the eldest of five brothers. b. Joseph, who has one older sister and one younger brother. c. Nicholas, who has three older sisters. d. Marquis, who has two older brothers. Answer: d. Marquis, who has two older brothers. Correct. The birth order theory suggests that the more older brothers a boy has, the greater his chance of becoming homosexual. c. Nicholas, who has three older sisters. Incorrect. The birth order theory of sexual orientation does not address older sisters; it only looks at the number of older brothers a boy has. 150. What have twin studies told us about sexual orientation? a. They are clear in supporting that sexual orientation is influenced only by genetic factors. b. They clearly do not support the idea that sexual orientation is influenced by genetics. c. Although supporting a genetic influence on sexual orientation, they do not rule out environmental influences as a contributor. d. Twin studies have not been done in the matter of sexual orientation. Answer: c. Although supporting a genetic influence on sexual orientation, they do not rule out environmental influences as a contributor. Correct. Twin studies support both genetic and environmental factors in sexual orientation. a. They are clear in supporting that sexual orientation is influenced only by genetic factors. Incorrect. Twin studies support both genetic and environmental factors in sexual orientation. 151. Hamer and colleagues discovered that homosexuality may be transmitted by genes on the _____ chromosome which is passed from mother to son, not father to son. a. X b. Y c. XX d. YY Answer: a. X Correct. This is the correct chromosome. b. Y Incorrect. This was not shown in the research. 152. According to the results of research involving twins and family members, which of the following has been suggested? a. Homosexual men tend to have more gay relatives on their father’s side of the family than on their mother’s side of the family. b. If a child has one gay parent, their chance of being gay rises by approximately 70%, even if they are not raised by that parent. c. Genes may play at least some role in determining a person’s sexual orientation. d. Homosexual individuals have fewer homosexual siblings as compared to heterosexual individuals, because the siblings are able to observe the Difficult-3ies associated with being gay, and this encourages them to choose to be heterosexual. Answer: c. Genes may play at least some role in determining a person’s sexual orientation. Correct. Twin and family pedigree studies are often used to demonstrate a genetic foundation for certain psychological constructs. b. If a child has one gay parent, their chance of being gay rises by approximately 70%, even if they are not raised by that parent. Incorrect. There is nothing in twin or family pedigree studies that suggests this finding. 153. In male identical twins, if one of the twins is gay, the other has about a ___% chance of also being gay. a. 50 b. 25 c. 75 d. 100 Answer: a Correct. Research indicates that if one male identical twin is gay, the likelihood of the other twin also being gay is approximately 50%. b. 25 Incorrect. Options b do not accurately represent the concordance rate among male identical twins. 154. When examining the concordance rates of homosexuality between identical twins and fraternal twins or non-twin siblings, the following has been reported by research – if one identical twin is gay, his brother has a ___% chance of being gay as well. If a fraternal twin or a non-twin sibling is gay, his brother has a ___% chance of being gay as well. a. 75; 18 b. 52; 22 c. 21; 7 d. 98; 33 Answer: b. 52; 22 Correct. These are the concordance rates that are identified by your textbook. d. 98; 33 Incorrect. These concordance rates are far too high for both identical, fraternal, and nontwin siblings. 155. Johnny is a gay man who has a wonderful relationship with his sister. He regularly babysits for her children, and enjoys helping to raise them. Johnny’s availability to help with the kids and his interest in doing so supports the __________ hypothesis of homosexuality. a. diathesis-stress b. gender schema c. gender learning d. kin selection Answer: d. kin selection Correct. This hypothesis suggests that a homosexual person who cannot reproduce on their own might take a vested interest in the nurturing of a young family member. a. diathesis-stress Incorrect. This is a concept that addresses psychopathology, not the development of homosexuality. 156. A sexual ___________ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act. a. dysfunction b. malapropism c. deviation d. shortcoming Answer: a. dysfunction Correct. A sexual dysfunction is a problem with the actual physical workings of the sex act. b. malapropism Incorrect. Malapropism is a term referring to the misuse of words and is not a sexual dysfunction. 157. Research shows that the ___________ married couples are, the less interest and pleasure they take in sexual activity, and the more they experience guilt, shame, and sexual inhibitions. a. more conservative and traditional b. less conservative and traditional c. more affluent d. poorer Answer: a. more conservative and traditional Correct. Research shows that the more conservative and traditional married couples are, the less interest and pleasure they take in sexual activity, and the more they experience guilt, shame, and sexual inhibitions. b. less conservative and traditional Incorrect. Research shows that the more conservative and traditional married couples are, the less interest and pleasure they take in sexual activity, and the more they experience guilt, shame, and sexual inhibitions. 158. Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as _________. a. lateral dysfunctions b. organic dysfunctions c. hormonal deficit dysfunctions d. cellular erectile difficulties Answer: b. organic dysfunctions Correct. Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as organic dysfunctions. a. lateral dysfunctions Incorrect. Lateral dysfunctions is a term that does not appear in your textbook. 159. Sexual problems that result from psychological causes are referred to as _________. a. stress-induced dysfunctions b. organic dysfunctions c. GOPs (gonad operative problems) d. cortical erectile difficulties Answer: a. stress-induced dysfunctions Correct. Sexual problems that result from psychological causes are referred to as stress-induced dysfunctions. b. organic dysfunctions Incorrect. Organic dysfunctions have physical, not psychological, causes. 160. What percentage of men and women report some sort of sexual dysfunction? a. 10 percent of men and 18 percent of women b. 22 percent of women and 31 percent of men c. 31 percent of men and 43 percent of women d. 62 percent of men and 67 percent of women Answer: c. 31 percent of men and 43 percent of women Correct. The percentage of men and women reporting some sort of sexual dysfunction is 31 and 43 percent respectively. b. 22 percent of women and 31 percent of men Incorrect. The percentage of men and women reporting some sort of sexual dysfunction is 31 and 43 percent respectively. 161. Masters and Johnson recommended a technique called __________ for treatment of premature ejaculation. a. cognitive genital therapy b. general orgasmic psychotherapy c. sensate focus d. erectile massage therapy Answer: c. sensate focus Correct. Masters and Johnson recommended sensate focus for treatment of premature ejaculation. a. cognitive genital therapy Incorrect. There is no such term as cognitive genital therapy. Masters and Johnson recommended sensate focus for treatment of premature ejaculation. 162. Jaime enjoys sexual activity with his partner. However, he cannot reach an orgasm during sexual intercourse even though fully aroused. Jaime is suffering from __________. a. male erectile disorder b. male orgasmic disorder c. dyspareunia d. premature ejaculation Answer: b. male orgasmic disorder Correct. Jaime does get fully aroused, which means he does have erections and is, therefore, not suffering from an erectile disorder. a. male erectile disorder Incorrect. Jaime is suffering from male orgasmic disorder. 163. Shanice suffers pain during intercourse. She is suffering from __________. a. sexual aversion disorder b. female orgasmic disorder c. malapropism d. dyspareunia Answer: d. dyspareunia Correct. She is suffering from dyspareunia, the symptoms of which are pain in the genitals before, during, or after intercourse. c. malapropism Incorrect. Malapropism is a term referring to the misuse of words and is not a sexual dysfunction. 164. _____________ is a disorder in which the person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable. a. Traditional value erectile dysfunction b. Deviant sexual disorder c. Sensate psychosis d. A Paraphilia Answer: d. A Paraphilia Correct. A paraphilia is a disorder in which a person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable. a. Traditional value erectile dysfunction Incorrect. There is no such condition as traditional value erectile dysfunction. 165. The abbreviation STI stands for _____________. a. standard transmission of illness b. sinful transmission of iatrogenesis c. socially transmitted ilk d. sexually transmitted infection Answer: d. sexually transmitted infection Correct. STI stands for sexually transmitted infection c. socially transmitted ilk Incorrect. STI stands for sexually transmitted infection. 166. Which cause of a sexually transmitted disease is hardest to treat? a. bacterial b. fungal c. viral d. All are equally difficult to treat. Answer: c. viral Correct. Viral diseases are hardest to treat. a. bacterial Incorrect. Bacterial infections are easily treatable with antibiotics. 167. Warty growths on the genitalia are caused by _____________. a. human papillomavirus (HPV) b. bacterial infections c. yeast infections d. herpes simplex virus Answer: a. human papillomavirus (HPV) Correct. Warty growths on the genitalia are caused by HPV. d. herpes simplex virus Incorrect. Warty growths on the genitalia are caused by HPV. 168. A foul-smelling, cloudy discharge from the penis and burning upon urination are symptomatic of __________________. a. AIDS b. syphilis c. gonorrhea d. genital herpes Answer: c. gonorrhea Correct. Gonorrhea can produce a foul-smelling, cloudy discharge from the penis and burning upon urination. d. genital herpes Incorrect. Genital herpes produces sores on the genitals preceded by itching, burning, and throbbing where the sores are about to appear. 169. Which of the following is caused by a virus? a. AIDS b. syphilis c. gonorrhea d. chlamydia Answer: a. AIDS Correct. AIDS is caused by a virus. b. syphilis Incorrect. Syphilis is caused by bacteria. 170. Which of the following is caused by a virus? a. genital warts b. syphilis c. gonorrhea d. chlamydia Answer: a. genital warts Correct. Genital warts are caused by a virus. b. syphilis Incorrect. Syphilis is caused by bacteria. 171. AIDS can be transmitted through ________________. a. blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk b. blood only c. tears d. shaking of hands Answer: a. blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk Correct. AIDS can be transmitted through blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk. b. blood only Incorrect. AIDS can be transmitted through blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk. 172. AIDS CANNOT be transmitted through ___________. a. blood b. vaginal fluid c. tears d. breast milk Answer: c. tears Correct. AIDS cannot be transmitted through tears. b. vaginal fluid Incorrect. AIDS can be transmitted through vaginal fluid. 173. Approximately ______ of HIV-positive women in Russia became infected through heterosexual contact with husbands or male lovers. a. 25% b. 33% c. 50% d. 66% Answer: d Correct. Approximately 66% of HIV-positive women in Russia contracted the virus through heterosexual contact with their husbands or male partners. b. 33% Incorrect. Options b do not accurately represent the proportion of HIV-positive women infected through heterosexual contact in Russia. 174. Which of the following groups of individuals are least responsible for the increase in AIDS and HIV-infection cases in Russia? a. Prostitutes b. Drug users c. Heterosexual men d. Homosexual men Answer: d Correct. Homosexual men are least responsible for the increase in AIDS and HIV infection cases in Russia, as transmission through homosexual contact accounts for a smaller proportion compared to other modes of transmission. b. Drug users Incorrect. Options b are more commonly associated with the increase in AIDS and HIV infection cases in Russia. TRUE OR FALSE 1. Primary sex characteristics are present at birth. Answer: True Rationale: Primary sex characteristics are the physical features directly involved in reproduction and are typically present at birth. Examples include reproductive organs like the ovaries and testes. 2. The growth of facial hair is a secondary sex characteristic. Answer: True Rationale: Secondary sex characteristics are physical features that develop during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction. Examples include the growth of facial hair in males and the development of breasts in females. 3. A person with both male and female sex organs is called a transvestite. Answer: False Rationale: A person with both male and female sex organs is typically referred to as intersex or having an intersex condition. Transvestite refers to a person who dresses in the clothing typically associated with the opposite sex for emotional or psychological reasons. 4. A person with both male and female sex organs is called a hermaphrodite. Answer: True Rationale: Although the term "hermaphrodite" is now considered outdated and potentially offensive, it has historically been used to describe individuals born with both male and female reproductive organs or characteristics. 5. Developing one’s sense of being male or female is called the gender role. Answer: False Rationale: Developing one's sense of being male or female is referred to as gender identity. Gender roles, on the other hand, are the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations that a society considers appropriate for males and females. 6. A transsexual is a person who has his or her gender surgically reassigned. Answer: True Rationale: A transsexual is an individual whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth and who may seek medical interventions, including hormone therapy or surgery, to transition to their identified gender. 7. When men and women view erotic pictures, the amygdala and hypothalamus were more strongly activated in men than women. Answer: True Rationale: Studies have shown that when exposed to erotic stimuli, men tend to exhibit stronger activation in brain regions associated with sexual arousal, such as the amygdala and hypothalamus, compared to women. 8. Studies show that fathers are more concerned with gender-appropriate behavior for their sons than their daughters. Answer: True Rationale: Research indicates that fathers often have stricter gender expectations and are more concerned with gender-appropriate behavior for their sons, potentially due to societal norms and expectations regarding masculinity. 9. Countries such as the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have nontraditional views of gender. Answer: True Rationale: Western European countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England tend to have more progressive and nontraditional views of gender compared to some other regions, including more acceptance of gender diversity and LGBTQ+ rights. 10. When children observe their same-sex parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist is most likely to use Freudian psychoanalysis to explain their behavior. Answer: False Rationale: Freudian psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior. Observational learning, as described in this scenario, is more aligned with social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of modeling and imitation in behavior acquisition. 11. Females are stereotypically considered to be emotional. Answer: True Rationale: Gender stereotypes often depict females as more emotional compared to males. While individuals vary widely in their emotional expression regardless of gender, societal norms and stereotypes may perpetuate the belief that females are more emotionally expressive. 12. A gender stereotype is the term to describe the acceptance of positive stereotypes of males and females which leads to unequal treatment. Answer: False Rationale: A gender stereotype refers to a widely held belief about the characteristics, roles, and behaviors deemed appropriate for males and females based on their gender. It can encompass both positive and negative traits and may contribute to unequal treatment, but the acceptance of positive stereotypes alone does not define the concept. 13. A man who is sensitive and nurturing as well as logical and assertive might be described as androgynous. Answer: True Rationale: Androgyny refers to the possession of both stereotypically masculine and feminine traits or characteristics within a single individual. A man who exhibits qualities traditionally associated with both genders, such as sensitivity and assertiveness, may be described as androgynous. 14. MRI technology has demonstrated that men listen with the right hemisphere of the brain. Answer: False Rationale: While there are differences in brain structure and function between males and females, MRI technology has not specifically demonstrated that men listen with the right hemisphere of the brain. Listening and language processing involve complex neural networks distributed across multiple brain regions in both hemispheres. 15. Being concerned with how society affects their lives, women are more likely to talk about current events than men. Answer: False Rationale: The likelihood of discussing current events is influenced by various factors beyond gender, including individual interests, cultural background, and social context. While societal concerns may influence both genders, it is not accurate to universally claim that women are more likely to discuss current events than men based solely on gender stereotypes. 16. Research suggests that boys are taught to “hold their emotions” and girls are encouraged to form emotional attachments and express emotionality. Answer: True Rationale: Gender socialization often involves teaching boys and girls different emotional norms and expectations. Boys may be socialized to suppress or control their emotions, while girls may be encouraged to express and share their feelings. These societal expectations can influence emotional development and behavior. 17. Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by Masters and Kinsey. Answer: False Rationale: The equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson, not Masters and Kinsey. Masters and Johnson pioneered research in human sexuality and developed innovative techniques for studying sexual response. 18. Masters and Johnson defined the four stages of the sexual response cycle as: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Answer: True Rationale: Masters and Johnson's research on human sexual response led to the identification and definition of the four stages of the sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Their work revolutionized the understanding of sexual physiology and dysfunction. 19. The final phase of the sexual response is called resolution. Answer: True Rationale: Resolution is the final phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body returns to its pre-aroused state following orgasm. This phase is characterized by a decrease in sexual arousal and physiological changes, completing the sexual response cycle. 20. The first phase of the sexual response is called excitement. Answer: True Rationale: Excitement is the first phase of the sexual response cycle, marked by physical and psychological arousal in response to sexual stimuli. During this phase, individuals experience increased heart rate, blood flow to the genitals, and other signs of arousal. 21. Kinsey was a clinical psychologist. Answer: False Rationale: Alfred Kinsey was not a clinical psychologist; he was a biologist and professor of entomology (the study of insects) at Indiana University. However, he is best known for his groundbreaking research on human sexuality. 22. Kinsey discovered, to everyone’s surprise, that only about 15 percent of people masturbated. Answer: False Rationale: Alfred Kinsey's research actually found that a much higher percentage of people engaged in masturbation. His studies revealed that the majority of males and a significant proportion of females reported masturbating at some point in their lives, challenging common misconceptions and taboos about the practice. 23. The first large-scale study of human behavior to be done after the Kinsey and Masters and Johnson reports was conducted by Janus and Janus. Answer: True Rationale: The Janus Report on Sexual Behavior, published in 1993, was one of the first comprehensive studies of sexual behavior conducted after the pioneering works of Alfred Kinsey and Masters and Johnson. It provided valuable insights into contemporary sexual attitudes and practices. 24. Research suggests that many individuals continue to be sexually active well into their eighties. Barriers to sex at an older age include health problems and lack of a partner as opposed to lack of desire. Answer: True Rationale: Studies have shown that many older adults remain sexually active and interested in sexual activity well into their later years. However, factors such as health issues, physical limitations, and the absence of a partner can pose barriers to sexual activity among older individuals, rather than a lack of desire. 25. Sexual orientation refers to a concept about males or females that assigns characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than their being male or female. Answer: False Rationale: Sexual orientation refers to a person's enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to individuals of the same gender (homosexuality), the opposite gender (heterosexuality), or both genders (bisexuality). It is not based solely on the individual's gender but rather on their attractions and desires. 26. Heterosexuality is accepted across different cultures. Homosexuals and bisexuals often face prejudice, discrimination, and harassment. Answer: True Rationale: Heterosexuality, or attraction to individuals of the opposite gender, is typically more widely accepted across different cultures compared to homosexuality and bisexuality. Individuals who identify as homosexual or bisexual often face social stigma, discrimination, and prejudice based on their sexual orientation. 27. Conclusive research has not been found to determine whether or not homosexuality is a product of nature or nurture. Answer: True Rationale: The debate over the origins of homosexuality continues, and conclusive research has not definitively determined whether sexual orientation is primarily influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental, or other factors. Studies exploring the role of genetics, upbringing, social factors, and biology in sexual orientation have yielded varied and inconclusive results. 28. Twin studies suggest a genetic component to sexual orientation. Answer: True Rationale: Twin studies have provided evidence suggesting a genetic influence on sexual orientation. Research comparing the rates of homosexuality among identical (monozygotic) twins, who share 100% of their genetic material, and fraternal (dizygotic) twins, who share approximately 50% of their genetic material, has indicated a higher concordance rate for homosexuality among identical twins, supporting a genetic component to sexual orientation. 29. Research shows that the more conservative and traditional married couples are, the less interest and pleasure they take in sexual activity and the more they experience guilt, shame, and sexual inhibitions. Answer: True Rationale: Studies have found that individuals in more conservative or traditional relationships may experience greater sexual guilt, shame, and inhibitions due to societal norms and expectations regarding sexuality. These attitudes can impact sexual satisfaction and interest among married couples, particularly if they feel pressure to conform to traditional gender roles or sexual norms. 30. According to research, fewer than 20% of women and men report having some sort of sexual dysfunction. Answer: False Rationale: Research indicates that sexual dysfunction is relatively common, affecting a significant proportion of both women and men. Estimates suggest that a higher percentage of individuals, potentially exceeding 20%, experience some form of sexual dysfunction during their lifetime, including issues such as erectile dysfunction, low libido, orgasmic disorders, and pain during intercourse. 31. Jaime enjoys sexual activity with his partner. However, he cannot reach an orgasm even though fully aroused. Jaime is suffering from premature ejaculation. Answer: False Rationale: Premature ejaculation refers to the occurrence of ejaculation before or shortly after penetration, often with minimal sexual stimulation and before the individual desires it. In Jaime's case, the inability to reach orgasm despite being fully aroused is more indicative of anorgasmia or delayed ejaculation rather than premature ejaculation. 32. Genital warts are caused by a virus. Answer: True Rationale: Genital warts, also known as condylomata acuminata, are caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. The virus can lead to the development of warts in the genital area, which can vary in size, shape, and appearance. 33. Phyllis goes out on a date and kisses a young man. Later, she finds out that he has AIDS. She fears that she might get the disease. However, there is no scientific, documented proof of AIDS being passed to another through saliva. Answer: True Rationale: HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, cannot be transmitted through saliva. HIV is primarily spread through specific bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Saliva does not contain enough of the virus to transmit HIV, so casual contact such as kissing poses no risk of HIV transmission. 34. Studies have shown that in some instances, women with HIV/AIDS have infected their children with the virus when pre-chewing food and sharing it with them. Answer: True Rationale: Vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. While rare, there have been documented cases where HIV-infected mothers have transmitted the virus to their infants through pre-chewing food and sharing utensils. This practice can expose the child to the mother's blood, increasing the risk of HIV transmission. Therefore, precautions should be taken to prevent such transmission, especially in HIV-positive mothers. SHORT ANSWER 1. Name two primary sex characteristics in males. Answer: Two primary sex characteristics in males are the presence of testes and the production of sperm. 2. Name at least two primary and secondary sex characteristics in females. Answer: Two primary sex characteristics in females are the presence of ovaries and the production of eggs (ova). Two secondary sex characteristics in females include breast development and the widening of the hips during puberty. 3. Name at least two primary and secondary sex characteristics in males. Answer: Two primary sex characteristics in males are the presence of testes and the production of sperm. Two secondary sex characteristics in males include the deepening of the voice and the growth of facial and body hair during puberty. 4. Name two secondary sex characteristics in females. Answer: Two secondary sex characteristics in females include the development of breast tissue and the distribution of body fat in a more feminine pattern, such as around the hips and thighs. 5. How does the human body know which sex characteristics to develop? Answer: The development of sex characteristics is determined by genetic factors, specifically the presence or absence of certain sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males). Hormonal signals during prenatal development and puberty also play a crucial role in directing the development of specific sex characteristics. 6. How are gender roles and gender typing different? Answer: Gender roles refer to societal expectations and norms regarding behaviors, attitudes, and activities that are considered appropriate for individuals based on their gender. Gender typing, on the other hand, refers to the process by which individuals internalize these societal expectations and adopt behaviors and roles that are consistent with their perceived gender. 7. What does the term gender identity mean? Answer: Gender identity refers to a person's deeply held sense of their own gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth. It is an intrinsic aspect of a person's identity and may be male, female, a combination of both (non-binary), or fluid over time. 8. Give an example of social learning theory as it applies to gender development. Answer: An example of social learning theory in gender development is when children observe and imitate the behaviors of same-sex role models, such as parents, siblings, or peers. For instance, a young boy may learn how to engage in traditionally masculine activities like playing with toy trucks or roughhousing by observing and copying the behavior of his father or older brother. 9. What is an example of a cognitive difference between men and women? Answer: One example of a cognitive difference between men and women is spatial cognition. Research suggests that, on average, men tend to perform better on tasks involving spatial abilities, such as mental rotation or navigating in a physical environment, compared to women. However, it's essential to note that individual differences within genders are substantial, and these differences are influenced by various factors, including biological, environmental, and sociocultural factors. 10. Give an example of a common sexual dysfunction and its symptoms. Answer: An example of a common sexual dysfunction is erectile dysfunction (ED), which is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Symptoms of ED may include difficulty getting or keeping an erection, reduced sexual desire, and feelings of distress or frustration related to sexual performance. 11. Give an example of a sexually transmitted disease and its symptoms. Answer: An example of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) is chlamydia, which is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Symptoms of chlamydia may include genital discharge, burning sensation during urination, pain or swelling in the testicles (in males), and pain during sexual intercourse (in females). However, many individuals with chlamydia may not experience any symptoms, making regular testing essential for diagnosis and treatment. ESSAY 1. How does the human body know which sex characteristics to develop beginning at the embryo stage? What is the term for someone born with both sex organs and what are some problems with sexual reassignment surgery? Answer: During embryo development, the presence or absence of certain sex chromosomes, such as XX for females and XY for males, triggers the development of specific sex characteristics. Hormonal signals also play a crucial role in directing the development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. A person born with both male and female sex organs is termed intersex. Some problems with sexual reassignment surgery include potential complications such as infection, scarring, loss of sensation, and psychological distress if the individual does not feel comfortable with the outcome. 2. What is the difference between a person’s gender, gender identity, gender roles, and gender typing? How does biology, environment, and culture play a factor in this development? Answer: Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female, while gender identity is a person's deeply held sense of their own gender, which may or may not align with their biological sex. Gender roles are societal expectations regarding behaviors and activities deemed appropriate for each gender, while gender typing is the process by which individuals internalize these expectations. Biology influences factors such as hormones and brain structure, while environment and culture shape societal norms and expectations related to gender. 3. What are gender roles? How are gender and sex different? Summarize two theoretical approaches to the development of gender roles in children. Answer: Gender roles are societal expectations regarding behaviors and activities considered appropriate for each gender. Gender refers to the cultural, social, and psychological meanings attached to being male or female, while sex refers to biological differences between males and females. Two theoretical approaches to the development of gender roles in children are social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of observation and imitation of same-sex models, and cognitive developmental theory, which suggests that children actively construct their understanding of gender through interactions with their environment. 4. What is androgyny? Is our society becoming more or less androgynous? What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of androgyny? Answer: Androgyny refers to the presence of both masculine and feminine characteristics in an individual's personality or appearance. Whether society is becoming more or less androgynous is subject to debate and may vary depending on cultural context. Potential advantages of androgyny include increased flexibility in adapting to various social roles and reduced reliance on traditional gender stereotypes. However, disadvantages may include potential confusion or discomfort in navigating societal expectations and potential discrimination based on non-conformity to traditional gender norms. 5. What are the four stages of the sexual response cycle? Describe at least one element of each. Answer: The four stages of the sexual response cycle are excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Excitement involves physical arousal, such as increased heart rate and blood flow to the genitals. Plateau is characterized by heightened arousal that continues to build. Orgasm is the peak of sexual pleasure, often accompanied by involuntary muscle contractions. Resolution involves a return to the pre-arousal state, accompanied by feelings of relaxation. 6. You are a counselor, and a couple comes to consult with you. They are worried that their high school age child is homosexual. They want to know how this might have happened. What might you tell them, based on psychological research, about the factors that determine sexual orientation? Answer: Sexual orientation is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, environmental, and social factors. Research suggests that biological factors, such as genetics and prenatal hormone exposure, may contribute to an individual's sexual orientation. Additionally, social and environmental factors, such as upbringing, peer influences, and societal attitudes, may also play a role in shaping sexual orientation. It is important to reassure the couple that sexual orientation is a natural variation of human diversity and that their child's well-being and acceptance are paramount. 7. What are some of the major sexual dysfunctions? Answer: Some major sexual dysfunctions include erectile dysfunction (difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection), premature ejaculation (ejaculation that occurs sooner than desired), female sexual arousal disorder (difficulty becoming sexually aroused or experiencing pleasure during sexual activity), and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (persistent lack of interest in sexual activity). 8. List and describe the symptoms of at least three different sexually transmitted infections (STIs), making sure that your answer includes at least one viral and at least one bacterial STI. Answer: • Chlamydia (Bacterial STI): Symptoms may include genital discharge, painful urination, and pelvic pain. In many cases, individuals with chlamydia may not experience symptoms. • Genital Herpes (Viral STI): Symptoms may include painful sores or blisters in the genital area, itching, and flu-like symptoms such as fever and swollen lymph nodes. • Gonorrhea (Bacterial STI): Symptoms may include genital discharge, painful urination, and pelvic discomfort. In some cases, gonorrhea may cause complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or infertility if left untreated. Chapter 10 - Quick Quiz 1 1. Which female sex organ or process is present at birth? a) breasts b) pubic hair c) vagina d) menarche Answer: c Explanation: The vagina is present at birth, whereas the others develop at puberty. 2. Traditional views of gender roles are more likely found in ____________. a)collectivist cultures b) individualistic cultures c) countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England d) none of these Answer: a Explanation: Collectivist cultures are more traditional than individualistic ones. 3. Which characteristic is NOT usually considered part of the male gender stereotype? a) aggressive b) logical c) decisive d) emotional Answer: d Explanation: The stereotype of men is that they are not emotional. 4. Research has shown that men tend to talk to each other about ___________. a) private concerns b) their feelings c) relationships d) current events Answer: d Explanation: Males are more likely to discuss current events than personal topics such as feelings and relationships. 5. The second phase of the sexual response is ____________. a) excitement b) plateau c) orgasm d) resolution Answer: b Explanation: The second phase of the sexual response is plateau. 6. Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey’s methodologies? a) Most of the volunteers were homosexual. b) The sample was not broad enough to cover all types of people. c) Kinsey focused more on rarer types of sexual activity. d) Because his research was often self-report in nature, exaggeration and falsification occurred. Answer: a Explanation: Kinsey’s critics did not claim that most of the volunteers were homosexual. 7. Severe stress experienced by a pregnant woman during the ________ trimester might increase the chance of a male child becoming homosexual. a) first b) second c) third d) any Answer: b Explanation: Stress during the second trimester might be related to an increased chance of homosexuality. 8. _____________ is a disorder in which the person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable. a) Traditional value erectile dysfunction b) Deviant sexual disorder c) Sensate psychosis d) A Paraphilia Answer: d Explanation: A paraphilia is a disorder in which a person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable. 9. The abbreviation STI stands for _____________. a) standard transmission of illness b) sinful transmission of iatrogenesis c) socially transmitted ilk d) sexually transmitted infection Answer: d Explanation: STI stands for sexually transmitted infection. 10. Which cause of a sexually transmitted disease is hardest to treat? a) bacterial b) fungal c) viral d) All are equally difficult to treat. Answer: c Explanation: Viral diseases are hardest to treat. Chapter 10 - Quick Quiz 2 1. One secondary male sex characteristic is __________. a) the penis b) an enlarged larynx c) the testicles d) the prostate gland Answer: b Explanation: An enlarged larynx is a secondary male sex characteristic, since it doesn’t appear until puberty. 2. A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a(n) ________. a) homosexual b) transvestite c) transsexual d) inverted sex role participant Answer: c Explanation: To surgically alter one’s bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is to become a transsexual. 3. When men and women view erotic pictures, the __________ are more strongly activated in men than women. a) visual cortex and thalamus b) pons and hindbrain c) amygdala and hypothalamus d) hippocampus and cingulate gyrus Answer: c Explanation: The amygdala and hypothalamus are more strongly activated in men than women. 4. Gender schema theory is based on __________________. a) Freudian psychoanalysis b) Piaget’s theory of development c) biological inheritance theory d) social learning theory Answer: b Explanation: Gender schema theory is based on Piaget’s work. 5. Researchers have found that when traditional males, traditional females, and androgynous people are compared in terms of the degree of depression, androgynous people are usually __________. a) less depressed b) equally depressed c) more depressed d) unfulfilled Answer: a Explanation: Androgyny is related to less depression. 6. Recent studies have shown that cognitive differences between boys and girls _____________. a) are increasing b) are decreasing c) are staying the same d) have decreased then increased Answer: b Explanation: The differences are decreasing. 7. Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by ____________. a) Kinsey b) Freud c) Skinner d) Masters and Johnson Answer: d Explanation: Masters and Johnson designed equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity. 8. The Janus Report surveyed ____________. a) people from 48 states b) 3,000 people c) people aged 18 to 65 d) All of the choices are correct. Answer: d Explanation: All of the choices are correct. 9. A sexual ___________ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act. a) dysfunction b) malapropism c) deviation d) shortcoming Answer: a Explanation: A sexual dysfunction is a problem with the actual physical workings of the sex act. 10. AIDS CANNOT be transmitted through ___________. a) blood b) vaginal fluid c) tears d) breast milk Answer: c Explanation: AIDS cannot be transmitted through tears. Test Bank for Psychology: Dsm 5 Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White 9780205986378