Chapter 7: Community, Culture, and the Media Multiple Choice Questions 1) In Bronfenbrenner's terms, those systems that affect an adolescent directly, such as families and friends, make up the A) macrosystem. B) microsystem. C) exosystem. D) endosystem. Answer: B Rationale: The microsystem is the immediate environment that an individual lives in, including their family, friends, school, and neighborhood. These are the systems that directly impact and influence the individual on a day-to-day basis. 2) For Bronfenbrenner, the exosystem is represented by A) families and peers. B) travel to foreign countries. C) the local community. D) cultural forces and beliefs. Answer: C Rationale: The exosystem includes external environments that indirectly influence individuals, such as the local community, mass media, social welfare services, and the educational system. These environments can still have significant impacts on an individual's development and experiences. 3) Cultural beliefs about how children should be raised and what the role of adolescents is in society are important elements of what Bronfenbrenner terms the A) microsystem. B) macrosystem. C) exosystem. D) endosystem. Answer: B Rationale: The macrosystem refers to the overarching cultural patterns, values, and beliefs that shape the other systems. This includes societal norms, cultural values, and political ideologies that influence individuals' development and interactions. 4) When people believe they are members of a group with a common purpose, it creates a A) sense of community. B) sense of alienation. C) social division. D) dislike of those not in the group. Answer: A Rationale: A sense of community is created when individuals believe they are part of a group with a common purpose or identity. This sense of belonging can foster positive relationships, cooperation, and support among group members. 5) When teachers, doctors, and other significant people in the life of a community live outside the community, A) it places serious strains on social bonds. B) they are more effective because they can get away from their work on their time off. C) their social distance has no impact on people's confidence in them. D) their workday activities give them just as much knowledge of the community as if they lived there full time. Answer: A Rationale: When significant community members live outside the community, it can strain social bonds because they may not fully understand or be involved in the daily life and challenges of the community. This can create a sense of disconnect or lack of trust among community members. 6) Adolescents who are active in local community organizations A) regard the organization mainly as a means to achieve their personal goals. B) become leaders by developing a strong "me" orientation. C) learn to recognize different viewpoints and to be willing to compromise. D) All of the above. Answer: C Rationale: Adolescents who are active in local community organizations often learn to recognize different viewpoints and are more willing to compromise as they interact with diverse individuals and perspectives within the organization. This can help them develop important social and interpersonal skills. 7) Millions of young people in Canada take part in community-based A) arts and crafts clubs. B) political organizations. C) weight loss programs. D) sports. Answer: D Rationale: Sports are a popular form of community-based activity for young people in Canada and many other countries. Participation in sports can promote physical health, teamwork, and social interaction among youth. 8) A system of norms, beliefs, and values that is shared by a group and passed along across generations is a A) social standard. B) exosystem. C) culture. D) nation-state. Answer: C Rationale: Culture refers to the shared norms, beliefs, and values that are passed down through generations within a group or society. It includes language, customs, rituals, and other aspects of daily life that define a group's identity. 9) Mark's parents offer to host Ahmed, a visiting student from North Africa. Mark is sure that Ahmed is kidding him when he says he has no interest in dating. Mark's disbelief is an example of A) moral ambiguity. B) ethnocentrism. C) social perspective taking. D) normative social influence. Answer: B Rationale: Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own culture, often leading to a belief in the superiority of one's own cultural norms and values. Mark's disbelief in Ahmed's lack of interest in dating reflects a bias based on his own cultural norms regarding dating. 10) Dating during adolescence is A) a natural response to biological changes. B) a universal mechanism for promoting mate choice. C) a cultural custom in North America and some other places. D) a practice that goes back to the Middle Ages and earlier. Answer: C Rationale: Dating during adolescence is a cultural custom that varies across different societies and regions. While it may be common in some cultures, it is not a universal practice and is influenced by cultural norms and values regarding relationships and mate selection. 11) Joy, whose parents moved to Canada from China, is shy, soft-spoken, and reticent. It is likely that her parents A) encourage her to become more assertive. B) worry that her shyness will cause her to be rejected by other teens of Chinese origin. C) consider her to be very well behaved. D) hope her teachers will urge her to speak up more in class. Answer: C Rationale: In many East Asian cultures, including Chinese culture, being shy, soft-spoken, and reticent is often viewed positively as a sign of being well-behaved and respectful. Joy's parents are likely to see her behavior in this light. 12) In Professor Bilgrim's research project, teens from India, Turkey, and Canada are observed in a normative social influence situation. The data from the three groups are then compared. This is best described as a(n) _____ study. A) multiethnic B) cross-cultural C) ethnological D) observational Answer: B Rationale: A cross-cultural study involves comparing different cultures or cultural groups to understand similarities and differences in behavior, attitudes, or beliefs. In this case, the study compares teens from different countries in a normative social influence situation. 13) A study of Canadian and Chinese adolescents finds that, unlike the Chinese teens, the Canadians say that falsely denying you did a good deed is a bad thing. This suggests that attitudes about lying are A) universal. B) rigid. C) flexible within cultures. D) culture-specific. Answer: D Rationale: The study suggests that attitudes about lying can vary between cultures. While Canadians view falsely denying a good deed as wrong, Chinese adolescents may not necessarily share the same perspective, indicating that attitudes about lying are culture-specific. 14) Ezra has been brought up to see assertiveness and self-expression as important personal values. This suggests that Ezra lives in a(n) _____ culture. A) collectivistic B) traditional C) individualistic D) postfigurative Answer: C Rationale: Individualistic cultures emphasize personal values such as assertiveness and self-expression. In these cultures, individuals are encouraged to pursue their own goals and express their opinions freely, which aligns with Ezra's upbringing. 15) Alexi has been brought up to believe that if his personal goals clash with the goals of his family or community, he should act in the interests of the group. It is likely that Alexi lives in a(n) _____ culture. A) collectivistic B) multiethnic C) postmodern D) individualistic Answer: A Rationale: Alexi's upbringing reflects the values of collectivistic cultures, where the needs and goals of the group are prioritized over individual desires. In collectivistic cultures, individuals are expected to conform to group norms and values. 16) Lee, a second-generation Chinese-Canadian, is running for office in an after-school organization. The day before the election, his father tells him he must run an errand for his grandmother the next afternoon. Lee complies, knowing he may lose the election as a result of not showing up. His action reflects a (n) _____ orientation. A) individualistic B) independent C) collectivistic D) cross-cultural Answer: C Rationale: Lee's decision to prioritize his family's needs over his own election campaign reflects a collectivistic orientation. In collectivistic cultures, family obligations and responsibilities often take precedence over individual pursuits. 17) While Western countries generally have _____ cultures, many have ethnic minorities with more _____ cultural orientations. A) cofigurative; prefigurative B) collectivistic; individualistic C) paternalistic; egalitarian D) individualistic; collectivistic Answer: D Rationale: Western countries, such as those in Europe and North America, are often characterized as having individualistic cultures. However, many Western countries also have ethnic minorities within their populations who may have more collectivistic cultural orientations, reflecting a diversity of cultural values within these societies. 18) The view that cultures are unified systems with shared values and beliefs A) is true of collectivistic cultures but not individualistic cultures. B) overlooks the role of conflict and opposition within cultures. C) is strongly supported by scientific surveys. D) is more true of Western than of East Asian societies. Answer: B Rationale: The view that cultures are unified systems with shared values and beliefs overlooks the fact that cultures are dynamic and diverse, with internal conflicts, variations, and changes over time. This view fails to account for the complexities and diversity within cultures. 19) Instruction by parents and other adults, traditional stories, and religious sagas are among the ways children come to adopt the psychological aspects of their group, in a process known as A) indoctrination. B) group-think. C) enculturation. D) assimilation. Answer: C Rationale: Enculturation is the process by which individuals learn and adopt the cultural norms, values, and behaviors of their group or society. This process occurs through socialization within the cultural context, including instruction from adults and exposure to cultural traditions. 20) Guadeloupe, 14, notices that friends with different cultural backgrounds have different attitudes on many issues. She concludes that there are many ways to approach these issues and that she should choose those that best fit her own view of the world. This is an example of a(n) _____ process of enculturation. A) traditionalist B) constructivist C) collectivistic D) socializing Answer: B Rationale: Guadeloupe's recognition of the diversity of attitudes among her friends and her decision to choose those that align with her own view of the world reflect a constructivist approach to enculturation. She is actively constructing her cultural identity based on her experiences and observations of cultural diversity. 21) The proportion of children in Canada who are members of ethnic minorities A) has grown steadily in recent decades. B) is greater than the proportion among adults. C) is largely the result of immigration. D) All of the above. Answer: D Rationale: The proportion of children in Canada who are members of ethnic minorities has indeed grown steadily in recent decades, and it is greater than the proportion among adults. This growth is largely due to immigration, which has brought a diverse range of ethnicities and cultures to Canada. 22) By 2017, Canada’s racialized minorities are predicted to rise to ______% of the Canadian population. A) 5 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 Answer: C Rationale: Canada's racialized minorities are predicted to rise to 20% of the Canadian population by 2017. This reflects the increasing diversity of the Canadian population due to immigration and the growth of ethnic minority communities. 23) In ethnically and culturally diverse Canada, the 2006 Census reported over _______ mother-tongue languages. A) 75 B) 100 C) 150 D) 200 Answer: D Rationale: The 2006 Census reported over 200 mother-tongue languages in ethnically and culturally diverse Canada. This highlights the rich linguistic diversity present in the country due to its multicultural makeup. 24) When Patrick is asked what his background is, he says, Irish-Canadian, but his brother, Daniel, simply says, Canadian. They apparently differ in the strength of their A) cultural heritage. B) family identification. C) ethnocultural identity. D) national origin. Answer: C Rationale: Patrick's identification with his Irish-Canadian background suggests a stronger ethnocultural identity compared to his brother Daniel, who identifies simply as Canadian without specifying a particular ethnic background. This difference reflects varying degrees of attachment to their cultural heritage. 25) Franco's parents came to Canada from Central America before he was born. He insists that he is "100% Canadian" and even refuses to speak Spanish. John Berry would see Franco as an example of A) separation. B) assimilation. C) reaction formation. D) integration. Answer: B Rationale: Franco's refusal to speak Spanish and insistence on being "100% Canadian" indicate a strong desire to assimilate into Canadian culture and adopt Canadian identity, according to John Berry's acculturation model. 26) Chandra was born in India but now lives in Toronto. She wears traditional Indian dress to school, does not socialize with non-Indian students, celebrates Hindu holidays, and has told her parents she wants them to arrange her marriage in traditional style. John Berry would say that she represents an example of A) marginalization. B) assimilation. C) separation. D) integration. Answer: C Rationale: Chandra's behavior, such as wearing traditional Indian dress and celebrating Hindu holidays while not socializing with non-Indian students, indicates a desire to maintain her cultural heritage and separate herself from the mainstream culture, according to John Berry's acculturation model. 27) Jomo, an African-Canadian, identifies both with his ethnic group and with the majority culture. He would best be described as A) assimilated. B) bicultural. C) confused. D) marginalized. Answer: B Rationale: Jomo's identification with both his African-Canadian ethnic group and the majority Canadian culture suggests a bicultural identity, where he integrates aspects of both cultures into his identity. 28) Compared to their parents, adolescents in immigrant families A) become acculturated more quickly. B) place less stress on the importance of family obligations. C) hold more individualistic values and beliefs. D) All of the above. Answer: D Rationale: Adolescents in immigrant families often become acculturated more quickly than their parents, leading to differences in values and beliefs. They may also place less stress on traditional family obligations and adopt more individualistic values, which can differ from their parents' values. 29) Adolescents from a minority ethnic background may experience some conflict in the need for autonomy and family closeness. However, it is possible to integrate these two needs in what Kagitcibasi (2003) calls the A) integrated self. B) autonomous/related self. C) self-directed. D) marginalized. Answer: B Rationale: Kagitcibasi (2003) describes the autonomous/related self as a way for individuals from minority ethnic backgrounds to integrate the need for autonomy and family closeness. This approach allows individuals to maintain their autonomy while also valuing relationships and connections with others. 30) Adolescents from a minority ethnic background who adapt and merge attitudes and customs from their ethnic culture and the majority culture are said to be A) bicultural. B) accommodating. C) assimilated. D) marginalized. Answer: A Rationale: Adolescents from minority ethnic backgrounds who adapt and merge attitudes and customs from both their ethnic culture and the majority culture are considered to be bicultural. They navigate and integrate aspects of both cultures into their identity. 31) Family income, social prestige, and access to social resources are major indications of A) culture. B) social class. C) educational achievement. D) ethnicity. Answer: B Rationale: Family income, social prestige, and access to social resources are key indicators of social class. Social class is a hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups based on their socioeconomic status. 32) Social class or SES has an important impact on A) access to resources. B) an awareness of how social institutions function. C) an ability to affect social institutions. D) All of the above. Answer: D Rationale: Social class or socioeconomic status (SES) influences access to resources, awareness of how social institutions function, and the ability to affect social institutions. SES can impact various aspects of life, including education, health, and opportunities for social mobility. 33) In Canada, being a new immigrant or Aboriginal person _____ socio-economic status. A) has no relationship to B) is associated with higher C) is associated with lower D) leads individuals to strive for and achieve a higher Answer: C Rationale: In Canada, being a new immigrant or Aboriginal person is associated with lower socioeconomic status. These groups often face barriers to accessing resources and opportunities, leading to lower socio-economic status compared to the general population. 34) In Canada, over _____% of children and adolescents under 16 live in poverty. A) 3 B) 13 C) 23 D) 33 Answer: B Rationale: In Canada, over 13% of children and adolescents under 16 live in poverty. This indicates a significant portion of the population that experiences economic hardship, which can have lasting effects on their well-being and future opportunities. 35) When child poverty is compared among developed nations, Canada’s rate is ______than many of them. A) higher B) lower C) about the same D) None of the above; poverty means different things in different countries. Answer: A Rationale: When child poverty is compared among developed nations, Canada's rate is higher than many of them. This suggests that Canada faces challenges in addressing child poverty compared to other developed countries. 36) The effects of growing up in poverty are linked to A) a lack of community resources such as libraries, parks, and community centers. B) less unsupervised time with peers. C) attending magnet schools with more skilled and experienced teachers. D) All of the above. Answer: A Rationale: The effects of growing up in poverty are linked to a lack of community resources such as libraries, parks, and community centers. These resources can provide important support and opportunities for children and adolescents growing up in poverty. 37) A key element to overcoming the hazards of growing up poor is A) leaving home at an early age to escape the negative environment. B) recognizing and resigning to the powerlessness that comes with being poor. C) getting social support from parents, mentors, and friends. D) refusing to admit the harmful aspects of one's neighborhood. Answer: C Rationale: A key element to overcoming the hazards of growing up poor is getting social support from parents, mentors, and friends. Social support can provide encouragement, guidance, and resources to help individuals overcome challenges associated with poverty. 38) Adolescents in developed countries spend the largest part of their free time A) doing household chores. B) studying. C) at paid jobs. D) engaged with mass media. Answer: D Rationale: Adolescents in developed countries spend the largest part of their free time engaged with mass media. This includes activities such as watching television, using social media, and playing video games, which are prominent forms of entertainment and communication for this age group. 39) Socioeconomic status is linked to media exposure, at least for younger adolescents. Compared with those from ________-income and more-educated families, Canadian teens with _______-income backgrounds spend more time on television and video games, but not on computer use. A) higher, lower B) lower, higher C) middle, lower D) None of the above Answer: A Rationale: Socioeconomic status is linked to media exposure, with Canadian teens from higher-income and more-educated families spending more time on television and video games compared to those from lower-income backgrounds. However, there is no significant difference in computer use based on socioeconomic status. 40) According to the _____ approach, adolescents make media choices in line with such factors as diversion, social utility, personal identity, and high sensation. A) functional B) uses and gratifications C) behavioural D) constructionist Answer: B Rationale: According to the uses and gratifications approach, adolescents make media choices based on their needs for diversion, social utility, personal identity, and high sensation. This approach focuses on how individuals actively use media to satisfy specific needs and desires. 41) According to the cultivation theory of media effects, A) the selective assumptions that are constantly presented in the media encourage a shared set of ideas about the world. B) the media are a source of ways to interpret situations and make social judgments. C) those who are better educated and more familiar with art and literature are less likely to be influenced by mass media. D) people are influenced by what they see models do in the media and by the consequences that are portrayed. Answer: A Rationale: The cultivation theory suggests that repeated exposure to media content shapes individuals' perceptions of reality, leading to a shared set of ideas about the world. This process, known as "cultivation," occurs when media portrayals influence individuals' perceptions of social reality. 42) Research indicates that children's exposure to media violence A) leads to greater aggressiveness in some children. B) leads to an increased acceptance of aggression. C) leads to a distorted view of how common aggression is. D) All of the above. Answer: D Rationale: Research has shown that children's exposure to media violence can lead to greater aggressiveness in some children, an increased acceptance of aggression, and a distorted view of how common aggression is in society. These effects can vary depending on individual factors and the context of media exposure. 43) About half the crimes shown in TV crime dramas are murders, while FBI statistics indicate that murders represent _____ actual crimes. A) 1 in 4 B) 1 in 10 C) 1 in 50 D) 1 in 500 (2 in 1000) Answer: D Rationale: TV crime dramas often depict a high proportion of murders, which may give viewers a distorted view of the prevalence of murder in society. In reality, murders represent a much smaller proportion of actual crimes, as indicated by FBI statistics. 44) The violence depicted in _____ is generally more graphic and extreme than in _____. A) TV shows; graphic novels B) video games; TV shows C) young adult novels; R rated movies D) TV shows; unrated DVDs Answer: B Rationale: Video games often feature more graphic and extreme violence compared to TV shows. This is due to the interactive nature of video games, where players are actively engaged in carrying out violent actions within the game. 45) An important difference between television and video games is that A) practically all Canadian teens have access to a TV but only a small minority have access to a video game system. B) girls watch more TV than boys, but boys play more video games. C) unlike watching TV, in video games the player is the character who carries out various actions and gets points for doing so. D) graphic violence is more common on TV than in video games. Answer: C Rationale: An important difference between television and video games is that in video games, the player is actively engaged in the actions and decisions of the game character, which can involve violence. This interactive element distinguishes video games from passive TV watching. 46) Sylvana just spent half an hour playing a violent video game, while her friend, Tatiana, flipped through a teen magazine. When they turn on the TV, they see a news clip of rioters attacking women and children with machetes and clubs. Based on research, it is likely that A) Sylvana is less affected by the real-life violence than Tatiana. B) Sylvana and Tatiana are equally alarmed and disturbed by the violence. C) Sylvana is more affected by the real-life violence than Tatiana. D) Neither Sylvana nor Tatiana is disturbed by the news clip. Answer: A Rationale: Research suggests that exposure to violent media, such as violent video games, can desensitize individuals to real-life violence. Therefore, Sylvana, who just played a violent video game, may be less affected by the real-life violence in the news clip compared to Tatiana, who did not engage in such media. 47) Adolescents who watch more TV shows that portray sexual relationships A) are better educated about the risks of sexually transmitted diseases. B) are more likely to endorse sexual abstinence. C) are more likely to believe that sexual promiscuity is the norm. D) are more likely to reject double standards and sexual stereotypes. Answer: C Rationale: Adolescents who watch more TV shows that portray sexual relationships are more likely to believe that sexual promiscuity is the norm. This is because media portrayals can shape perceptions of social norms and behaviors related to sexuality. 48) Sexual relationships on television generally A) are between young unmarried people. B) are part of an ongoing, committed emotional relationship. C) make clear the risks of promiscuous behaviour. D) avoid sexual stereotypes and double standards. Answer: A Rationale: Sexual relationships on television are often depicted as being between young unmarried people. This portrayal may influence adolescents' perceptions of sexual relationships and norms regarding sexual behavior. 49) Women who are presented in the media as physically attractive A) accurately represent normal healthy adults. B) give most adolescent girls a positive sense of self worth. C) are taller and thinner than a healthy average woman. D) have little impact on teen concepts of attractiveness. Answer: C Rationale: Women who are presented in the media as physically attractive often represent an idealized and unrealistic standard of beauty, being taller and thinner than the average woman. This can contribute to unrealistic body image ideals among adolescents. 50) In ________ 15% of teens were found to have sent nude or semi-nude pictures of themselves over the Internet. A) Quebec B) PEI C) New Brunswick D) Ontario Answer: C Rationale: In New Brunswick, 15% of teens were found to have sent nude or semi-nude pictures of themselves over the Internet. This behavior, known as "sexting," raises concerns about online safety and privacy among adolescents. Essay Questions 1) Is a sense of community important for adolescents? Explain and justify your answer. What factors or institutions help build a sense of community, and what works against it? Answer: Adolescents need to feel connected to others by their common setting, activities, goals, attitudes, and values. Community organizations play a critical role in fostering a sense of engagement and identification with the common good and the development of positive social values. However, growing physical and social distance between adults and adolescents, encouraged by suburbanization and age segregation, makes achieving a sense of community more difficult, especially for inner-city teens. 2) What are the important distinctions between individualistic and collectivistic cultures? How useful do you find these concepts and why? Answer: Individualistic cultures, such as those of the United States, Canada, and Western Europe, focus more on the rights, goals, and needs of independent individuals. Collectivistic cultures, such as those of China and India, focus more on the norms, beliefs, and goals of the group and the duty of interdependent individuals to act in the interest of the group. Critics of these concepts cite findings that adolescents across cultures develop similar concepts of universal human rights. 3) What are the different ways adolescents who belong to minority ethnic groups relate to the majority culture? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these adaptations? Answer: Teens who assimilate give up their own culture to identify with the majority culture. Those who marginalize themselves reject both their own culture and the majority culture. Those who separate identify only with their own culture and reject the majority culture. Those who integrate retain their identification with their own culture while also identifying with the majority culture. These teens are called bicultural. Bicultural teens have fewer psychological difficulties than those in the other three groups. 4) Discuss how and why Canadian adolescents use media. How does media use change across adolescence? What concepts can help us understand the effects of media? Answer: Adolescents use media for diversion, excitement, gathering information, and keeping up with friends and peers. In early adolescence, television takes up the most time, but music steadily gains importance. Internet use among teens is strongly linked to family income and ethnic background. The effects of media exposure can be understood in terms of the understanding of the world communicated by the media, the models for behaviours and attitudes that are presented, and the scripts or social judgments that are provided or encouraged. 5) What is desensitization? How is it used to explain the effects of media exposure? What evidence can you cite that supports or casts doubt on this explanation? Answer: Research indicates that while watching media violence causes some children to become more aggressive, it leads many others to become desensitized and more accepting of aggressiveness. Violent video games arouse special concern because the violence is so pervasive and explicit and because players are involved in first-person violent activities. Test Bank for Adolescence Ian McMahan, Susan Thompson 9780205990559, 9780133957341, 9780205482320, 9780205843718
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