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Chapter 4: Karen Horney and Humanistic Psychoanalysis Multiple Choice Questions 1. Horney is known for A) her essays on ecological psychology. B) her work with bringing spirituality into mainstream psychological discourse. C) her emphasis on bringing shadow material to the light of consciousness. D) how she heightened awareness of the role of cultural factors in mental disturbance. Answer: D Rationale: Horney is best known for her work in psychoanalysis, particularly her emphasis on cultural and social factors in personality development and mental health. She critiqued Freudian theory for its emphasis on biological and instinctual drives, instead highlighting the impact of culture and society on individual psychology. 2. Horney concluded that the source of healthy values and the goal of life itself is A) self-realization. B) establishing a stable marriage. C) forgiving and forgetting. D) the development of excellence. Answer: A Rationale: Horney believed that the ultimate goal in life is self-realization, which involves understanding oneself, fulfilling one's potential, and living authentically. This concept is central to her humanistic approach to psychology. 3. Horney moved to the United States in A) 1876. B) 1918. C) 1932. D) 1947. Answer: C Rationale: Horney moved to the United States from Germany in 1932, where she became a prominent figure in the field of psychoanalysis and psychology. 4. Whose work did Horney give little credit, although important similarities arose between her later thinking and his Individual Psychology? A) Adler’s B) Jung’s C) Sullivan’s D) Fromm’s Answer: A Rationale: Horney gave little credit to Adler, despite important similarities between her later thinking and Adler's Individual Psychology. Both emphasized the role of social and cultural factors in personality development, in contrast to Freud's more biological and instinctual approach. 5. Horney’s description of the “real self” was inspired by A) the celebrity status of William James. B) the loss of self described by Soren Kierkegaard. C) the concept of will as described by Sigmund Freud. D) the Zen concept of social interest. Answer: B Rationale: Horney's concept of the "real self" was inspired by Soren Kierkegaard's idea of the "true self" and the existentialist notion of authentic existence. 6. For a woman, according to Horney, penis envy may signify A) a masochism fundamental to women. B) an Oedipal complex. C) an assumption among women that they are, in reality, slightly inferior. D) envy for social power that is often available only to men. Answer: D Rationale: Horney believed that "penis envy" in women could be a symbolic expression of their desire for the social power and privileges often associated with men. 7. According to Horney, when a woman has an obsessive need for a man, but is unable to form a satisfactory relationship, she is A) defending against penis envy. B) overvaluing love. C) protesting against cultural norms. D) basically anxious. Answer: B Rationale: Horney believed that an obsessive need for love and approval could indicate an overvaluation of love, which may lead to unhealthy relationship dynamics. 8. Horney became this when she abandoned the topic of feminine psychology in 1935: A) an orthodox psychoanalyst. B) deeply depressed. C) a full-time social activist. D) gender neutral. Answer: D Rationale: After abandoning the topic of feminine psychology, Horney shifted her focus to more gender-neutral theories and concepts in psychoanalysis, emphasizing the universal aspects of human psychology over gender-specific issues. 9. Defensive strategies are doomed to failure because they generate A) vicious cycles. B) neurotic circles. C) neurotic cycles. D) vicious circles. Answer: D Rationale: Horney believed that defensive strategies, such as those used by individuals with neuroses, ultimately fail to alleviate anxiety and can lead to a vicious cycle of increasingly maladaptive behaviors. 10. Whereas Freud considered the personality determining experiences in childhood relatively few in number and mostly sexual in nature, Horney believed that the sum total of childhood experiences is responsible for A) inevitable self-hate. B) neurotic development. C) the development of a persona invested in contribution. D) a patient’s receptivity to analysis. Answer: B Rationale: Horney disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the role of sexual experiences in childhood as the primary determinants of personality. She believed that a wider range of childhood experiences, not just sexual ones, contribute to neurotic development. 11. Horney described the object of therapy as helping others A) find their centers of gravity within themselves. B) restore themselves to their communities. C) regain their goal-orientation. D) individuate through healing their psychic splits. Answer: A Rationale: Horney believed that the goal of therapy was to help individuals find their true selves and achieve self-realization. This involves discovering and embracing their innermost needs and desires, or "centers of gravity," rather than conforming to external expectations or societal norms. 12. Horney proposed that neurosis fundamentally originates in the A) frustration of our instinctual drives. B) conflict between parents during a child’s development. C) sex-role stereotyping in society. D) alienation from the real center of our being. Answer: D Rationale: According to Horney, neurosis stems from a fundamental alienation from the "real center" or true self, leading to a distorted perception of oneself and the world. This alienation can result from various factors, including societal pressures and traumatic experiences. 13. Which of the following are included in the conditions of childhood required by everyone for self-realization? A) An atmosphere of congeniality B) The goodwill of others to let the child basically do as he or she pleases C) Healthy friction with the wishes and will of those around them D) The parents’ marriage to remain intact Answer: C Rationale: Horney believed that healthy development requires a certain amount of friction with the wishes and will of those around the child. This helps the child develop a sense of self and autonomy, which are essential for self-realization. 14. Which three neurotic strategies involve a bargain with fate in which obedience to the dictates of that solution is supposed to be rewarded? A) Compulsive compliance, compulsive aggression, and compulsive detachment B) Sublimation, repression, and indifference C) Survival drive, protective drive, and reproductive drive D) Self-preservation, self-assertion, and self-esteem Answer: A Rationale: Horney identified three neurotic strategies—compulsive compliance, compulsive aggression, and compulsive detachment—that involve a bargain with fate. Individuals adopt these strategies in the hope that they will be rewarded for their obedience to the dictates of their neurosis. 15. Qualities associated with compulsive compliance—“moving toward”—include A) masking fear and weakness. B) the need for privacy and independence. C) self-effacement and a tendency to “turn the other cheek.” D) the need to exploit and dominate. Answer: C Rationale: Compulsive compliance, or "moving toward" others, is associated with qualities such as self-effacement and a tendency to "turn the other cheek." Individuals with this orientation seek to please others and avoid conflict, often at the expense of their own needs and desires. 16. This is the “refuge” of people with extremely high standards on the basis of which they look down upon others: A) the arrogant-vindictive solution. B) the perfectionistic solution. C) the narcissistic solution. D) detachment. Answer: B Rationale: Horney described the perfectionistic solution as a neurotic "refuge" adopted by individuals with extremely high standards. These individuals may look down upon others as they strive for perfection in themselves. 17. Horney’s term “the search for glory” refers to A) one’s attempt to actualize one’s idealized self. B) an individual’s attempt to differentiate, despite parental pressure to conform. C) a transcendent stage of human development. D) the goal of Horneyan psychoanalysis. Answer: A Rationale: "The search for glory" refers to an individual's attempt to actualize their idealized self, striving for a sense of greatness or superiority in order to compensate for feelings of inadequacy or inferiority. 18. Horney defines this as “perhaps the greatest tragedy of the human mind”: A) self-aggrandizement. B) self-hate. C) the tyranny of the shoulds. D) neurotic pride. Answer: B Rationale: According to Horney, self-hate is "perhaps the greatest tragedy of the human mind." This self-hate can stem from internalized feelings of worthlessness or inadequacy, leading to neurotic behavior and suffering. 19. In terms of non-clinical applications of Horney’s theories, they have proven valuable in studies of A) literature, biography, and physics. B) religion, horticulture, and philosophy. C) literature, philosophy, and mathematics. D) biography, culture, and religion. Answer: D Rationale: Horney's theories have been applied outside of clinical settings in studies of biography, culture, and religion. Her emphasis on the impact of societal and cultural factors on personality development has influenced research in these areas. 20. In the context of couples counseling, Horney’s three interpersonal orientations of compliance, aggression, and detachment can be assessed with the A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. B) Horney-Coolidge Type Indicator. C) Miller Orientation Inventory. D) Horney-Westkott Interpersonal Orientation Type Indicator. Answer: D Rationale: The Horney-Westkott Interpersonal Orientation Type Indicator is a tool used to assess individuals' interpersonal orientations, including compliance, aggression, and detachment. It can be helpful in couples counseling to understand how each partner tends to relate to others in relationships. 21. In her therapeutic work, Horney stressed the A) expertise of the analyst. B) recognition of the forces which drive and inhibit a person. C) analysis of dreams. D) use of lifestyle analysis. Answer: B Rationale: Horney emphasized the importance of recognizing the internal and external forces that drive and inhibit a person's behavior and emotions. She believed that understanding these forces was crucial for personal growth and overcoming neurotic patterns. True False Questions 22. Horney’s emphasis on the current structure of the personality laid the foundation for the development of present-oriented therapies. Answer: True Rationale: Horney's focus on the current structure of the personality, rather than solely on past experiences, was influential in the development of present-oriented therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, which aim to address current thoughts and behaviors rather than delve deeply into past experiences. 23. Horney’s own self-analysis convinced her that orthodox psychoanalytic theory was suitable with respect to the psychology of women. Answer: False Rationale: Horney's self-analysis led her to challenge many aspects of orthodox psychoanalytic theory, particularly in relation to the psychology of women. She believed that Freudian theory did not adequately address the experiences and development of women. 24. Horney’s move to the United States confirmed her belief that few differences actually existed between central Europe and America. Answer: False Rationale: Horney's move to the United States exposed her to a different cultural context, which highlighted the differences between central Europe and America. This experience influenced her views on culture and its impact on personality development. 25. In an effort to gain relief from her emotional difficulties, Horney turned to self-analysis in part because she could not find an analyst who could truly help her. Answer: True Rationale: Horney's difficulties in finding an analyst who could provide the help she needed led her to turn to self-analysis as a way to gain insight into her own emotional struggles and find relief. 26. Freud’s contributions were valued by Horney, although she eventually developed a paradigm that was quite different. Answer: True Rationale: Horney respected Freud's contributions to psychoanalysis, but she also developed her own theories that diverged significantly from Freudian theory, particularly in her emphasis on cultural and social factors in personality development. 27. Horney disagreed with Freud on the importance of unconscious motivation and the primacy of emotion over rational influences on behavior. Answer: False Rationale: Horney actually agreed with Freud on the importance of unconscious motivation and the role of emotions in influencing behavior. However, she expanded on Freud's ideas by also emphasizing the influence of social and cultural factors. 28. Adler was acknowledged by Horney as the first to see the “search for glory” as a comprehensive phenomenon, significant in neurosis. Answer: True Rationale: Horney acknowledged Adler's contribution to the concept of the "search for glory," which she believed was a significant factor in the development of neurosis. However, she developed her own theories based on this concept that differed from Adler's individual psychology. 29. Horney made an important contribution to the psychoanalytical movement by bringing new awareness to, and placing emphasis on, the effects of culture in producing neurosis. Answer: True Rationale: Horney's emphasis on the role of culture in producing neurosis was a significant contribution to the psychoanalytic movement. She highlighted the impact of societal and cultural factors on personality development, challenging the more biological and instinctual focus of Freudian theory. 30. Social factors took precedence over biology, as she increasingly doubted the universality of the Oedipus complex. Answer: True Rationale: Horney's emphasis on social factors over biological ones led her to question the universality of concepts such as the Oedipus complex. She believed that cultural and societal influences played a greater role in shaping personality than biological instincts. 31. Girls and women have intrinsic biological constitutions and patterns of development simply consistent with their difference from, and presumed inferiority to, men. Answer: False Rationale: Horney rejected the idea that women are biologically inferior to men. She argued that differences in gender roles and behaviors are largely culturally determined, rather than stemming from inherent biological differences. 32. Horney suggested that the creative impulse in men is an overcompensation for their small role in procreation. Answer: True Rationale: Horney theorized that the creative impulse in men could be an overcompensation for their relatively small role in procreation compared to women. She believed that this overcompensation could lead to creative and productive endeavors as a way to assert masculinity. 33. Rather than accepting Freud’s belief that “anatomy is destiny,” Horney argued that women chiefly envy the power that is attached to the patriarchal ideal and cultural manifestations of male privilege. Answer: True Rationale: Horney rejected Freud's notion that "anatomy is destiny," which implies that biological differences between men and women determine their roles and behavior. Instead, she argued that women envy the power and privileges associated with the patriarchal ideal and male dominance in society. 34. Horney suggested that masochism as a cultural construct is essential to “female nature.” Answer: False Rationale: Horney did not believe that masochism was essential to "female nature." While she acknowledged the concept of "penis envy" as a form of masochism in women, she did not see it as a fundamental aspect of female psychology. 35. Horney agreed with Freud that adult neuroses originate in childhood. Answer: True Rationale: Horney agreed with Freud that early childhood experiences play a significant role in the development of neuroses in adulthood. However, she expanded on Freud's ideas by emphasizing the role of social and cultural factors in shaping personality development. 36. Whether an individual develops basic anxiety has little to do with early family experiences, but is primarily a result of cultural and socioeconomic influences. Answer: False Rationale: Horney believed that early family experiences, particularly the relationship with parents, were crucial in the development of basic anxiety. While she recognized the influence of cultural and socioeconomic factors, she emphasized the importance of early experiences in shaping personality. 37. Horney’s model is one in which early experiences fix, rather than condition, the ways in which we respond to the world. Answer: False Rationale: Horney's model suggests that early experiences condition, rather than fix, the ways in which we respond to the world. She believed that these early experiences could be reevaluated and changed through therapy, leading to personal growth and development. 38. Similar to Freud’s views, Horney saw sexual difficulties as the cause of personality problems, rather than the result. Answer: False Rationale: Horney did not see sexual difficulties as the cause of personality problems. Instead, she believed that personality problems, including sexual difficulties, were the result of underlying neurotic patterns and conflicts that developed in response to early experiences. 39. The interpersonal difficulties produced by the pride system show up in the defensive strategies of moving toward, against, or away from people. Answer: True Rationale: Horney described three interpersonal orientations—moving toward, moving against, and moving away from others—that are related to the pride system. These defensive strategies are ways in which individuals cope with interpersonal difficulties and protect themselves from perceived threats. 40. People who are drawn to the narcissistic solution believe that life is bound to give them what they want. Answer: True Rationale: Horney described the narcissistic solution as a neurotic pattern in which individuals believe that life is bound to give them what they want. This belief can lead to unrealistic expectations and difficulties in relating to others. 41. Horney believed that the central force—the “idealized image”—common to all mankind is a deep source of growth. Answer: False Rationale: Horney did not believe that the "idealized image" was a central force common to all mankind. Instead, she focused on the individual's search for self-realization and the overcoming of neurotic patterns as sources of growth. 42. The “shoulds” are the basis of our bargain with fate, which says that no matter what the solution, our bargain is that our claims will be honored if we live up to our shoulds. Answer: True Rationale: Horney described the "shoulds" as internalized expectations and standards that individuals impose on themselves. These "shoulds" form the basis of a bargain with fate, where individuals believe that if they live up to these standards, their claims will be honored and they will be rewarded. 43. Neurosis results from a disturbance in our relationships with others, rather than a disturbance with ourselves. Answer: False Rationale: Horney believed that neurosis resulted from a disturbance within ourselves, particularly in our relationship with our "real self." She emphasized the importance of self-awareness and self-acceptance in overcoming neurotic patterns. 44. The pride system negatively impacts our interactions with others. Answer: True Rationale: Horney described the pride system as a neurotic pattern characterized by an excessive need for self-sufficiency and a denial of one's vulnerability. This pattern can lead to difficulties in interpersonal relationships, as individuals may struggle to connect with others on a meaningful level. 45. Research has led credence to Horney’s theory that perfectionism is caused by turning away from the real self and turning toward the idealized self instead. Answer: True Rationale: Research in psychology has supported Horney's theory that perfectionism can stem from a discrepancy between the real self and the idealized self. Individuals who strive for perfection may be seeking to bridge this gap, leading to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. Essay Questions 46. Horney believed that “penis envy” was only half of the psychological story for women. What was the rest of the story, according to Horney? Answer: Horney believed that in addition to "penis envy," women also experienced "womb envy," which she argued was a manifestation of men's envy of women's ability to bear children. She suggested that both men and women experience feelings of inadequacy or envy based on their biological differences, but that these feelings are shaped by cultural and societal influences. 47. Describe Horney’s concept the “tyranny of the shoulds” in your own words. In what areas of your life (self-image, relationship, school, work, sports, etc.) do you make constant demands on yourself for high standards of performance? How will these insights now lead you back to your real self? Answer: The "tyranny of the shoulds" refers to the internalized demands and expectations that individuals impose on themselves, often based on societal or cultural standards. These demands can lead to feelings of guilt, anxiety, and inadequacy if they are not met. In my own life, I may make constant demands on myself for high standards of performance in work and school. These insights can lead me back to my real self by helping me recognize that these demands may be unrealistic and are not necessarily reflective of my true desires and values. By acknowledging and challenging these shoulds, I can work towards aligning my actions with my authentic self. 48. How does the “idealized self” evolve? Contrast some basic qualities of the “real self” with those of the “idealized self.” Answer: The idealized self evolves through a process of internalization of societal and cultural ideals and standards. It represents an idealized version of oneself that is based on external expectations rather than genuine desires or values. In contrast, the real self is more aligned with one's true feelings, desires, and values. The real self is characterized by authenticity, self-awareness, and acceptance of one's strengths and limitations, while the idealized self is characterized by striving for perfection and conformity to external standards. 49. List and discuss a few of Horney’s major contributions to the field of psychology. Answer: Horney made several major contributions to the field of psychology. She challenged Freudian theory by emphasizing the role of cultural and social factors in personality development, rather than focusing solely on biological and instinctual drives. She introduced the concept of neurotic needs and described various neurotic trends and strategies that individuals use to cope with anxiety. Horney also emphasized the importance of self-realization and the pursuit of one's true self as a path to psychological health and fulfillment. 50. Compare and contrast Freud’s concept of the ego and the sober pessimism of his psychoanalytic theory with Horney’s concept of the real self and her optimistic and self-actualizing view of the human condition. Answer: Freud's concept of the ego is part of his psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes the role of unconscious drives and conflicts in shaping behavior. Freud's theory is often characterized by a sober pessimism, as he believed that individuals are driven by unconscious forces that are often beyond their control. In contrast, Horney's concept of the real self is more optimistic and self-actualizing. She believed that individuals have the capacity to overcome neurotic patterns and fulfill their potential by aligning themselves with their true selves. Horney's theory focuses on self-realization and the pursuit of authenticity, rather than on unconscious conflicts and drives. Short Answer Questions 51. Horney had great difficulty focusing on her work and succeeded academically only because of her exceptional ___________. Answer: intelligence 52. Horney’s ___________ complex is similar to Adler’s masculine protest. Answer: masculinity 53. Horney divided defensive strategies into two kinds: interpersonal, which we use in our dealings with other people, and __________, which we employ in our own minds. Answer: intrapsychic 54. Self-idealization generates what Horney called the ___________ ___________, which includes neurotic pride, neurotic claims, tyrannical shoulds, and increased self-hate. Answer: pride system 55. In the course of successful therapy, the ___________ ___________ ___________ develops between the pride system and the emerging real self, which has now become a target of self-hate. Answer: central inner conflict 56. Horney was the first, and perhaps the best, critic of Freud’s ideas about ___________. Answer: women Matching Questions 57. Recognizing unacceptable tendencise in others A. Neurosis 58. Conflict B. It must be faced in order to overcome 59. Self-effacing, continual need for love, approval C. Externalization 60. Need for privacy, independence, the onlooker D. Expansive solutions 61. Need to dominate, control, mask fear, weakness E. Moving against others 62. The inborn potential, the core of the individual F. Moving away from people 63. Leads to self-hate and inner conflict G. Idealized self 64. Alientation from one’s center of being H. Safety and satisfaction 65. Most basic human needs I. Moving toward people 66. Narcissistic, perfectionistic, and arrogant-vindictive J. Real self Answers: 57) C 58) B 59) I 60) F 61) E 62) J 63) G 64) A 65) H 66) D Test Bank for Personality and Personal Growth Robert Frager, James Fadiman 9780205953752, 9780205254781
