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Chapter 2 Studying the Family 1) According to the structural-functional theory, the instrumental role in a family is best carried out by the ________. A) marriage therapist B) parents of the couple C) wife D) husband Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because according to the structural-functional theory, which examines how each part of society functions to maintain stability, the instrumental role in a family refers to tasks related to providing resources, making decisions, and ensuring the family's economic stability. Historically, this role has been associated with the husband or father figure, who typically assumes responsibility for tasks such as financial provision, protection, and decision-making within the family unit. 2) According to the conflict theorists, ________. A) there is continuous tension between the haves and have-nots B) conflict among people should be best avoided C) a society is a stable and cooperative system D) families help eliminate the systems of social stratification Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because conflict theorists analyse society through the lens of power differentials and social inequality, emphasizing the continuous struggle between dominant and subordinate groups, often framed as tension between the haves (those with power and resources) and the have-nots (those without). Conflict theorists argue that societal stability is maintained through the reinforcement of power dynamics, class struggles, and competing interests, rather than through cooperation or consensus. 3) Student course evaluations are an example of ________. A) face-to-face interviews B) secondary analysis C) participant observation D) self-administered questionnaires Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because student course evaluations typically involve self-administered questionnaires or surveys where students provide feedback on their learning experiences, course content, and instructor effectiveness. This method allows students to anonymously share their opinions and assessments of the course without direct interaction with the researcher or instructor, making it a common tool for gathering feedback in educational settings. 4) Jim and Ryan work as researchers at Palmer Corp., a retail firm. Currently, they are discussing whether they should use field observation to assess the public image of a newly launched product. Jim states that field observation would be the best method to assess the market. However, Ryan disagrees. Which of the following statements, if True, is likely to support Ryan's argument? A) Researchers at Palmer Corp. have found that field research is a more flexible method than other research methods. B) Most researchers at Palmer Corp. are trained and qualified to conduct field observation across different market segments efficiently. C) In the past, Jim has gathered reliable and accurate market data with the use of field observation. D) Studies have shown that field research disrupts the natural setting because the researcher’s presence influences the people being studied. Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it provides a reason supporting Ryan's argument against using field observation. It suggests that field research may not be the best method for assessing the public image of a product due to its potential to disrupt the natural setting and influence the behavior of those being observed. This disruption could lead to biased or inaccurate data, undermining the validity and reliability of the research findings. 5) Examination of data that have been collected by someone else is known as ________. A) focus group study B) secondary analysis C) survey research D) non-participant observation Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because secondary analysis involves the examination and analysis of data that have been previously collected by someone else for a different purpose. Researchers conduct secondary analysis to reanalyse existing datasets, documents, or records to explore new research questions, test hypotheses, or generate additional insights without collecting new data directly from participants. 6) Which of the following is True of content analysis? A) It can be labor intensive. B) It does not permit comparisons over time. C) It can be applied solely to oral communication. D) It is an obtrusive approach. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because content analysis, a method used to systematically analyse the content of communication, documents, or media, can indeed be labour-intensive, especially when large datasets or extensive textual materials require coding, categorization, and interpretation. Content analysis involves identifying patterns, themes, or trends within textual, visual, or audiovisual content, often requiring meticulous attention to detail and rigorous analysis procedures. 7) Jeffrey, a researcher, is conducting a drug trial in a controlled environment. He manipulates several variables and measures the effect of each variable on the subjects of the trial. In this scenario, Jeffrey is using the________. A) experiment method B) field research method C) nonparticipant observation method D) secondary analysis method Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because Jeffrey's approach aligns with the experiment method, a research design characterized by the manipulation of variables under controlled conditions to assess their effects on outcomes of interest. By manipulating variables and measuring their impact on subjects within a controlled environment, Jeffrey aims to establish causal relationships and test hypotheses about the effects of specific interventions or treatments, typical of experimental research. 8) Lin, who works at a youth information centre, is conducting a social intervention to prevent the negative outcomes of teenage pregnancy. Once the social intervention is complete, she will assess whether the intervention generated the expected results by conducting surveys. In such a scenario, Lin is using the________. A) experiment method B) evaluation research method C) nonparticipant observation method D) secondary analysis method Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because Lin's approach aligns with the evaluation research method, which involves assessing the effectiveness, impact, or outcomes of social interventions, programs, or policies. By conducting surveys to gather feedback and data on the outcomes of the social intervention aimed at preventing negative outcomes of teenage pregnancy, Lin aims to evaluate the success or effectiveness of the intervention in achieving its intended objectives or addressing the targeted issues. 9) According to the American Sociological Association, researchers must get a participant's ________ consent. A) informed B) confidential C) hidden D) "do no harm" Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because according to ethical guidelines outlined by the American Sociological Association (ASA) and other research ethics codes, researchers are required to obtain informed consent from participants before involving them in research studies. Informed consent ensures that participants are fully informed about the research procedures, risks, benefits, and their rights before voluntarily agreeing to participate, thereby upholding principles of autonomy, transparency, and respect for participants' rights and welfare. 10) Harry and Ben work as researchers at ASN Corporation. While conducting a study, Harry proposes that secondary research should be used to gather data for the study. He believes that secondary research provides fairly accurate information. However, Ben is against the idea and believes that secondary research is not a reliable method. Give reasons to support Ben’s argument. Answer: A drawback of secondary research is that the data may not provide the information needed by the researcher. Consequently, researchers may have to rely on studies with small and nonrepresentative samples or collect such data themselves. Determining the accuracy and authenticity of historical materials can also be problematic. 1) Why are theories and research on marriage and family important in our everyday lives? A) They give people complete answers to raise healthy, successful families. B) They use case studies of families that are a lot worse off than our own. C) They improve people’s ability to make informed decisions in their own families. D) They rely primarily on age-old information instead of the latest empirical studies. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because theories and research on marriage and family provide valuable insights and understanding that can enhance individuals' ability to make informed decisions in their own families. By examining empirical evidence and theoretical frameworks, individuals can gain knowledge about various family dynamics, challenges, and strategies for maintaining healthy relationships. This knowledge empowers individuals to navigate complex family issues, communicate effectively, and implement evidencebased practices to promote familial well-being and resilience. 2) Which of the following is True of self-help books and articles? A) They make people feel better about themselves. B) They support non-traditional gender roles. C) They oversimplify complex problems. D) They rely solely on empirical evidence. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because self-help books and articles often oversimplify complex problems by offering quick-fix solutions or one-size-fits-all advice without adequately addressing the nuances and diversity of individual experiences. While self-help resources may provide general guidance and motivational support, they may lack depth, context, and evidence-based approaches to effectively address multifaceted issues related to marriage, family dynamics, and personal development. 3) A set of statements that explains why a particular phenomenon occurs is called a(n)________. A) observation B) role C) function D) theory Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because a theory is a set of statements or principles that explain why a particular phenomenon occurs or how different variables are related. In the context of sociology, theories provide frameworks for understanding social behavior, institutions, and structures by organizing observations, concepts, and hypotheses into coherent explanations or models. Theories help researchers and scholars make sense of complex social phenomena, predict outcomes, and generate new knowledge about human society. 4) Which theory focuses on how the parts of a society work together in ensuring the survival of the whole? A) the structural-functional perspective B) the conflict perspective C) the social exchange perspective D) the symbolic interaction perspective Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because the structural-functional perspective, also known as structuralfunctionalism, emphasizes the interdependence and interconnectedness of social institutions, roles, and norms in maintaining social order and stability. This theory focuses on how various parts of society, including institutions like the family, education, and economy, work together to fulfil essential functions and ensure the survival and cohesion of the social system as a whole. 5) Lily, a wife and a mother of two children, plays the role of a homemaker. Her day-today work involves doing household chores, preparing meals for her family, and keeping the house clean. According to the structural-functional theory, Lily is performing a(n) ________ role. A) primary B) instrumental C) expressive D) implied Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because according to the structural-functional theory, the expressive role in a family involves providing emotional support, nurturing, and maintaining social cohesion within the family unit. As a wife and mother who engages in tasks related to emotional care, communication, and relationship maintenance, Lily embodies the expressive role by fostering a sense of closeness, intimacy, and well-being among family members through her caregiving activities. 6) According to the structural-functional theory, the expressive role is best carried out by the ________. A) wife B) husband C) children D) grandparents Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because according to the structural-functional theory, the expressive role in a family, which involves providing emotional support, nurturing, and maintaining social cohesion, is typically associated with the wife or mother figure. Women often assume primary responsibility for tasks related to caregiving, emotional care, and relationship maintenance within the family unit, aligning with the expressive role expectations outlined by the structural-functional perspective. 7)The ________ involves providing the emotional support and nurturing that sustains the family unit. A) instrumental role B) expressive role C) latent role D) breadwinner’s role Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because the expressive role within the family involves providing emotional support, nurturing, and maintaining social cohesion among family members. Individuals who fulfil the expressive role engage in tasks related to caregiving, empathy, communication, and fostering intimacy within the family unit, contributing to the emotional well-being and resilience of family relationships. 8) According to structural-functionalism, family roles are functional because they create and preserve ________. A) social change B) individualism C) flexibility and adaptability D) order and stability Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because according to structural-functionalism, family roles serve essential functions in creating and preserving social order, cohesion, and stability within society. By assigning specific roles and responsibilities to family members, such as caregiving, breadwinning, and socialization, families contribute to the maintenance of social order, stability, and continuity over time. Through role specialization and interdependence, families help establish norms, values, and expectations that promote cohesion and harmony. 9) Which of the following is True of latent functions? A) They are clearly recognized. B) They are publicized. C) They are evident. D) They are unintended. Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because latent functions refer to unintended or unrecognized consequences of social institutions, structures, or behaviours that may emerge alongside their primary, intended functions. Unlike manifest functions, which are purposeful and recognized, latent functions are often subtle, indirect, or unintended outcomes that may have unrecognized implications for individuals or society. Latent functions can include unintended consequences, hidden benefits, or unintended dysfunctions that arise from social practices, norms, or institutions. 10) Marriages primarily symbolize the formation of a legal union. As a secondary function, they provide a hands-off message to past lovers. The secondary function is referred to as a(n) ________. A) manifest function B) latent function C) expressive function D) instrumental function Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because latent functions refer to unintended or unrecognized consequences of social institutions or behaviours that emerge alongside their primary, intended functions. In the context of marriage, the primary function is the formation of a legal union, while the secondary function of providing a hands-off message to past lovers is an unintended or latent consequence. This secondary function may involve signalling commitment, exclusivity, or closure to previous romantic partners, even though it is not the primary purpose of marriage. 11) Structural-functionalism has been criticized for being ________. A) liberal B) radical C) focused on social change D) conservative Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because structural-functionalism has been criticized for emphasizing social order, stability, and the preservation of the status quo while downplaying or ignoring processes of social change, conflict, and inequality. Critics argue that structuralfunctionalism tends to uphold traditional norms, values, and power structures, making it conservative in orientation. By emphasizing the importance of social cohesion and the functional integration of society, structural-functionalism may overlook or downplay the need for addressing social injustices, inequalities, and transformative social change. 12) Which of the following is a criticism of structural-functionalism? A) It focuses excessively on how families interact on a daily basis. B) It does not study families on a macro-level. C) It tends to emphasize order and stability and ignore social change. D) It emphasizes the structure of nontraditional families instead of traditional families. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because a common criticism of structural-functionalism is that it tends to prioritize the maintenance of social order, stability, and equilibrium while neglecting processes of social change, conflict, and power dynamics within society. Structuralfunctionalism often portrays social institutions, such as families, as harmonious and cohesive systems that fulfill essential functions and contribute to social stability, but it may overlook or minimize issues of inequality, oppression, and social transformation. Critics argue that this emphasis on order and stability can lead to an oversimplified or idealized view of social reality that ignores the complexities and challenges of contemporary society. 13) Margaret believes that the structural-functional theory holds a narrow and diminished scope. She states that it does not take into account the different ethnic backgrounds of families while studying them. Which of the following, if True, is likely to support her claim? A) The structural-functional theory views families through a white, male, middle-class lens. B) The structural-functional theory overemphasizes the importance of social change. C) The structural-functional theory ignores the need for social order and stability in society. D) The structural-functional theory states that disagreements are a normal part of family life. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because structural-functionalism has been criticized for viewing social institutions, including families, through a narrow lens that reflects the experiences, values, and norms of dominant social groups, such as white, male, middle-class individuals. Critics argue that structural-functionalism often fails to consider the diverse experiences, perspectives, and realities of marginalized or minority populations, leading to an incomplete or biased understanding of social phenomena. By prioritizing the functional integration and stability of society, structural-functionalism may overlook or minimize the unique challenges, inequalities, and cultural variations experienced by individuals from different ethnic backgrounds or social contexts. 14) Which theory examines the ways in which groups disagree, struggle for power, and compete for scarce resources? A) the structural-functional theory B) the social exchange theory C) the conflict theory D) the symbolic interaction theory Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because conflict theory examines social phenomena through the lens of power dynamics, competition, and struggle among different groups within society. This perspective emphasizes the role of conflict in shaping social relations, institutions, and structures, highlighting how individuals and groups vie for power, resources, and influence. Conflict theory focuses on the inequalities, disparities, and injustices that arise from competing interests and uneven distributions of resources, challenging the notion of social harmony and equilibrium emphasized by structural-functionalism. 15) Which of the following did the conflict theory advocate? A) Societies are stable and cooperative systems. B) Difficulties in families are a result of individual shortcomings. C) The process of conflict changing traditional roles is natural. D) Conflict promotes structures and values that are more oppressive. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because conflict theory advocates for the idea that conflict is a natural and inevitable part of social life, including within families and other social institutions. According to conflict theory, conflict can be productive and transformative, leading to changes in traditional roles, power dynamics, and social structures. This perspective challenges the notion of social stability and equilibrium promoted by structuralfunctionalism, suggesting that conflict can serve as a catalyst for social change, progress, and the emergence of more equitable and just social arrangements. 16) The ________ proposes that the struggle for power and competition for wealth is desirable because it improves people’s lives. A) structural-functional theory B) family systems theory C) symbolic interaction theory D) conflict theory Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because conflict theory proposes that the struggle for power, resources, and influence is inherent in social relations and can lead to positive outcomes, such as social change, progress, and the redistribution of wealth and power. Unlike structuralfunctionalism, which emphasizes social order and stability, conflict theory views conflict as a natural and necessary force in society that can challenge existing power structures, promote social justice, and foster collective mobilization for change. Conflict theory highlights the potential benefits of conflict in addressing social inequalities, challenging oppressive systems, and advancing the interests of marginalized groups. 17) The "haves" according to the conflict theory are ________. A) women B) middle-aged men C) children D) minorities Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because according to conflict theory, the "haves" refer to individuals or groups who possess power, wealth, and privilege within society, often at the expense of those who have fewer resources and opportunities. In many societies, middle-aged men, particularly those who belong to dominant social groups based on factors such as race, class, or nationality, are perceived as the "haves" who hold positions of authority, control economic resources, and benefit from existing power structures. Conflict theory highlights the disparities and inequities that result from unequal distributions of wealth, privilege, and social capital, emphasizing the role of power dynamics in shaping social relations and outcomes. 18) A criticism of the conflict theory is that it overemphasizes conflict and coercion at the expense of ________. A) changes in traditional roles B) competition, power, and control C) order and stability D) male dominance Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because conflict theory has been criticized for overemphasizing conflict, coercion, and struggle for power while neglecting or downplaying the importance of social order, stability, and cooperation within society. Critics argue that conflict theory presents a pessimistic view of social relations, focusing excessively on divisions, inequalities, and power struggles while overlooking instances of cooperation, consensus, and social cohesion. By prioritizing conflict and competition, conflict theory may neglect the mechanisms and institutions that promote social integration, consensus-building, and collective action for the common good. 19) Clarice Thompson, an academician and scholar, believes that all individuals, irrespective of gender, have equal social, economic, and political rights in a society. Clarice is most likely to be a ________. A) conflict theorist B) symbolic interactionist C) social exchange theorist D) feminist Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because feminism advocates for gender equality and the dismantling of patriarchal systems that perpetuate discrimination, oppression, and inequality based on gender. Feminists seek to challenge and transform social norms, institutions, and practices that uphold male dominance and privilege while advocating for the rights, autonomy, and empowerment of all individuals, regardless of gender identity. Clarice's belief in equal social, economic, and political rights for all individuals aligns with feminist principles and perspectives, emphasizing the importance of gender equity, social justice, and inclusive policies and practices in society. 20) George, a sociologist and a critic of the feminist theory, is of the opinion that feminist theorists do not use a balanced approach and that such theories are usually biased toward women’s issues. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens George's view? A) Feminist theories often concentrate on men and their attitudes toward women. B) Feminist theories assume that most homemakers voluntarily choose to perform this role over others. C) Feminist theories are often based on case studies of African-American or Asian men and women. D) Feminist theories fail to concentrate on other forms of oppression such as disability and religious tolerance. Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it aligns with George's criticism that feminist theories tend to focus primarily on issues related to women's experiences and overlook other forms of oppression or inequality. By highlighting the failure of feminist theories to address issues such as disability and religious tolerance, this statement supports George's argument that feminist perspectives may lack balance and inclusivity in their analysis of social phenomena. 21) Anthony, a sociologist, believes that feminist theories that focus on diversity are generally flawed. Which of the following statements is an accurate statement that strengthens his view? A) Feminists overlook commonalities in families that make them more similar than different. B) Feminists advocate that women should be given more rights and privileges than men. C) Feminists that focus on diversity often include various forms of oppression such as those based on age and disability. D) Feminists focus on wage inequality but ignore personal issues. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because it supports Anthony's view by suggesting that feminist theories focusing on diversity may overlook commonalities among families and individuals, thus potentially oversimplifying or misrepresenting the complexities of family life. This statement reinforces Anthony's argument that some feminist perspectives may fail to provide a nuanced understanding of social phenomena by emphasizing differences over similarities within diverse family contexts. 22) Johanna, a feminist, believes that modern-day feminist theories have lost their bearings and have deviated from their original purpose. She finds that they no longer emphasize larger, more important issues. Which of the following statements, if True, is likely to weaken her view? A) A majority of feminist theorists today have shifted focus from personal issues to social issues. B) Most feminist theories today fail to include issues such as minimum wage for women. C) Feminist theories are often written by theorists who emphasize the importance of gender equality. D) Modern feminist theories emphasize different forms of oppression such as age, disability, and religious intolerance. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because it presents evidence contrary to Johanna's belief by indicating that many modern feminist theorists have indeed shifted their focus from personal issues to broader social issues. If feminist theorists are addressing larger social issues, as suggested by this statement, then it weakens Johanna's argument that modern feminist theories have lost sight of their original purpose and no longer emphasize important issues. 23) The interconnected behaviours, roles, and relationships that influence a person's daily life are called the________. A) exosystem B) mesosystem C) macrosystem D) microsystem Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because the microsystem refers to the immediate environment in which an individual lives and interacts daily, including family, peers, school, and other close relationships. It encompasses the interconnected behaviours, roles, and relationships that directly influence an individual's development and experiences on a day-to-day basis. 24) The ________ comprises the most immediate settings such as the family. A) microsystem B) macrosystem C) exosystem D) mesosystem Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because the microsystem includes the most immediate environments and settings that directly influence an individual's development and experiences. This level of the ecological systems theory encompasses the interactions and relationships within the family, peer groups, school, and other close social contexts that play a significant role in shaping an individual's daily life and experiences. 25) The ________ consists of the settings or events which people do not experience directly, but which can affect their development. A) microsystem B) exosystem C) macrosystem D) mesosystem Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because the exosystem refers to settings or events that indirectly influence an individual's development and experiences, even though the individual does not directly participate in those settings. Examples of the exosystem include the parent's workplace, extended family networks, neighbourhood conditions, and community resources, which can impact an individual's life indirectly through their influence on the microsystem. 26) For children, their parent's employment is part of the________. A) microsystem B) macrosystem C) exosystem D) mesosystem Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because the exosystem includes settings or events that indirectly influence an individual's development and experiences, such as the parent's employment. Even though children do not directly participate in their parent's workplace, the parent's employment can have significant implications for the child's well-being, family dynamics, and access to resources, making it part of the exosystem. 27) Sean, a sociologist, argues that ecological theories are useful in understanding the dynamics of nontraditional families. However, Paul, his colleague, disagrees and states that such theories are useful only in assessing traditional families. Which of the following statements, if True, is likely to support Paul's argument? A) Ecological theories fail to explain family dynamics of traditional families. B) Research has indicated that conflict theories are more effective than ecological theories in studying families. C) Ecological theories often indicate how nuclear families evolve into nontraditional families. D) Most ecological theories fail to incorporate gay and lesbian households. Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it provides evidence supporting Paul's argument that ecological theories may be limited in their applicability to nontraditional families by suggesting that they often fail to incorporate the experiences and dynamics of gay and lesbian households. If ecological theories do not adequately address the realities of nontraditional families, such as those headed by same-sex couples, then it strengthens Paul's assertion that these theories are primarily suited for assessing traditional family structures. 28) Which of the following statements concerning developmental tasks in a family life cycle is True? A) They tend to be similar for all types of families. B) They are one-dimensional in nature. C) They are not constant and change over time. D) They are limited to fulfilling roles within the family. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it accurately describes developmental tasks in a family life cycle as dynamic processes that change over time. Developmental tasks are the challenges or milestones that individuals and families encounter as they progress through various stages of the family life cycle, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. These tasks are influenced by factors such as age, life stage, cultural norms, and social expectations, leading to shifts and adjustments in family roles, responsibilities, and dynamics as families transition through different life stages. 29) In her family, Jessica is expected to perform tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and feeding the children. Despite being a qualified statistician, she accepts her duty as a homemaker because women in society are considered suitable primarily for the role of a homemaker. This process of assigning specific work to family members, usually women, is known as ________. A) kin-work B) kin-scription C) kin-time D) filiation Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because "kin-scription" refers to the process of assigning specific roles and tasks within a family, typically based on gender norms or societal expectations. In this scenario, Jessica's acceptance of her role as a homemaker despite her qualifications as a statistician reflects the cultural expectation that women should fulfill domestic responsibilities. This process of assigning roles based on gender is known as kin-scription. 30) Jose and Carlos are sociology students. They are discussing family development theories. Jose believes that family development studies are conducted only at the micro- level. However, Carlos argues that these theories include macro-level studies as well. Which of the following statements, if True, is likely to weaken Jose's claim? A) Family development studies examine family patterns across cultures and history. B) Most family development studies focus solely on examining nuclear families. C) Modern family development theories are descriptive rather than explanatory. D) The family life cycle stages proposed by the family development theory are representative of real-life families. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because it weakens Jose's claim by indicating that family development studies encompass both micro-level and macro-level analyses. If family development studies examine family patterns across cultures and history, as stated in option A, then it suggests that these studies consider broader social and cultural contexts beyond individual family dynamics, thus incorporating macro-level perspectives alongside micro-level analyses. 31) A micro-level theory that examines the everyday behavior of individuals is known as the ________. A) structural-functional theory B) conflict theory C) family development theory D) symbolic interaction theory Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because the symbolic interaction theory focuses on the everyday interactions and behaviors of individuals in social settings. This theory emphasizes the significance of symbols, meanings, and interpretations in shaping human behavior and social interactions at the micro-level, such as within families, peer groups, and communities. 32) In order to interact effectively, symbols must ________. A) have more than one meaning B) have agreed-upon definitions C) have alternative explanations D) be limited to words and pictures Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because effective social interaction requires symbols to have agreedupon definitions or meanings shared by individuals involved in the interaction. When symbols have consistent meanings, communication and understanding between individuals are facilitated, enabling effective interaction and the exchange of meaningful messages. 33) According to the symbolic interaction theory, an eight-year-old girl would consider her parents as ________. A) significant others B) superegos C) symbols D) ids Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because, according to symbolic interaction theory, significant others refer to individuals who have a significant influence on a person's life and self-concept through social interaction. For an eight-year-old girl, her parents would likely be considered significant others because they play a crucial role in shaping her socialization, identity development, and understanding of the world around her. 34) Robert is a husband, a grandfather, a brother, a son, and an uncle. These are examples of Robert’s ________. A) roles B) achieved status C) symbols D) shared meanings Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because Robert's roles as a husband, grandfather, brother, son, and uncle represent the social positions and expectations associated with his relationships within the family and broader social network. Roles define the behaviors, duties, and responsibilities individuals are expected to fulfill based on their social status and relationships with others. 35) Critics of the symbolic interaction theory state that interactionists overlook the irrational and unconscious aspects of behavior. Which of the following statements, if True, is likely to weaken this criticism? A) Interactionists have an overly optimistic and unrealistic view of people’s everyday choices. B) Research indicates that people mostly behave reflectively and contemplate things before taking action. C) Studies show that people act impulsively and rarely fear the consequences of hasty actions. D) Interactionists focus only on macro factors when examining individuals’ behavior. Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it weakens the criticism by suggesting that interactionists do consider reflective and conscious aspects of human behavior, contrary to the claim that they overlook irrational and unconscious behaviors. If research indicates that people primarily behave reflectively and contemplate actions before taking them, as stated in option B, then it implies that interactionists acknowledge and study conscious decisionmaking processes, thus weakening the criticism that they ignore irrational or unconscious behavior. 36) Which theory states that social interaction between people is based on the efforts of each person to maximize rewards and minimize costs? A) the symbolic interaction theory B) the structural functional theory C) the social exchange theory D) the feminist theory Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because the social exchange theory posits that individuals engage in social interactions based on rational calculations of maximizing rewards and minimizing costs. According to this theory, individuals weigh the benefits and drawbacks of relationships and interactions, striving to maximize positive outcomes while minimizing negative consequences, thus shaping their social interactions and behavior. 37) According to the social exchange perspective, when does a marriage end in a separation or divorce? A) when the children of the couple grow up and leave home B) when the husband and wife no longer earn the same income C) when the husband and wife no longer perceive marriage the same way D) when the costs of the marriage outweigh the rewards Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because, according to the social exchange perspective, marriages are likely to end in separation or divorce when the costs associated with the marriage, such as emotional distress, dissatisfaction, or conflict, outweigh the rewards or benefits derived from the relationship. This perspective views marriage as a social contract in which individuals assess the costs and rewards of staying married, and if the costs outweigh the rewards, they may choose to end the marriage. 38) The social exchange theory has been criticized for overemphasizing________. A) symbols B) social roles C) rational behavior D) diversity Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because the social exchange theory has been criticized for overemphasizing rational behavior. Critics argue that this theory oversimplifies human interactions by assuming that individuals always make rational decisions based on weighing the costs and benefits of their actions. In reality, human behavior is often influenced by emotions, social norms, and other factors beyond rational calculation. 39) Jane and Leanne work as researchers at ABN Foundation and have been assigned a new assignment on families. For the assignment, they will need to study families in which conflict and misbehavior occur regularly. Jane and Leanne are currently discussing whether they should use the family systems theory to conduct the research. Which of the following statements, if True, is likely to strengthen the case for using this theory? A) Researchers at ABN Foundation often refer to the symbolic interaction theory when studying families. B) Critics point out that the theory focuses more on dysfunctional families and less on healthy families. C) Research indicates that the family systems theory provides limited insight into how a family functions. D) The family systems theory focuses on individual family members but not on how the members interact within the family system. Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it strengthens the case for using the family systems theory by acknowledging its focus on dysfunctional families. Since Jane and Leanne need to study families with conflict and misbehavior, a theory that emphasizes understanding dysfunctional family dynamics would be appropriate for their research. By recognizing that the family systems theory focuses more on dysfunctional families, this statement supports the suitability of using this theory for their research objectives. 40) Paul conducts a survey in order to collect and examine data relating to families. The data includes family size and the ethnicity of family members. Paul is conducting a(n)________. A) qualitative research B) interpretive research C) secondary research D) quantitative research Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because Paul is collecting numerical data, such as family size and ethnicity, which can be quantified and analyzed statistically. Quantitative research involves collecting data that can be quantified and analyzed using mathematical and statistical methods. In Paul's survey, he aims to gather numerical information about family characteristics, making it an example of quantitative research. 41) Which of the following methods do researchers use to systematically collect data from respondents through questionnaires or interviews? A) experiment method B) survey method C) participant observation D) secondary research Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because the survey method involves systematically collecting data from respondents through questionnaires or interviews. Researchers use surveys to gather information about attitudes, behaviors, opinions, and demographics from a sample of individuals within a population. This method allows for standardized data collection and facilitates statistical analysis to draw conclusions about the population. 42) While conducting a study on the Amazonian tribes, Susan selects a group of ten people from each tribe and studies their daily routines and habits. These small groups are referred to as the ________. A) population B) variable C) sample D) paradata Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because a sample refers to a subset of individuals selected from a larger population for study or analysis. In this scenario, Susan selects a group of ten people from each tribe, making them a sample of the larger population of Amazonian tribes. Studying this sample allows Susan to draw conclusions about the broader population based on the characteristics and behaviors observed within the selected groups. 43) Which of the following is True of a probability sample? A) Researchers use the criteria of convenience and the availability of participants to conduct the study. B) Each person has an equal chance of being chosen for the study. C) The selection of the sample is carefully planned and not random. D) The findings cannot be generalized to the population from which the sample is drawn. Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because a probability sample is characterized by each person in the population having an equal chance of being selected for the study. This ensures that the sample is representative of the population and reduces bias in the selection process. Probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, which aim to achieve randomness and generalizability in the sample selection process. 44) In a ________, there is little or no attempt to get a representative cross-section of a population and people don’t have an equal chance of being selected for the study. A) random sample B) probability sample C) nonprobability sample D) stratified sample Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because a nonprobability sample involves little or no attempt to obtain a representative cross-section of a population, and individuals do not have an equal chance of being selected for the study. Nonprobability sampling methods include convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and quota sampling, where participants are selected based on convenience, judgment, or specific criteria rather than random selection. 45) Jim, a researcher, is gathering information about family income and monetary costs of living in New York. He e-mails questionnaires to a random sample of 1,000 respondents to collect the data. As it’s a large sample, Jim expects to gather unbiased estimates from the sample. However, to his surprise, he receives a response from only 50 people. Which of the following, if True, is most likely to be the reason for the low response? A) The respondents found the questionnaire intrusive because it asked for sensitive data. B) Jim e-mailed the questionnaires to a diverse group of people from different social, economic, and cultural backgrounds. C) Research indicates that people tend to provide inaccurate answers when responding to questionnaires. D) Face-to-face communication usually has low response rates. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because it provides a plausible reason for the low response rate experienced by Jim. If the questionnaire asked for sensitive data related to family income and living costs, respondents might be hesitant to provide such information, leading to a low response rate. Sensitivity of the questions can deter individuals from participating in surveys, especially when it involves disclosing personal or financial information. 46) An advantage of using field research is that ________. A) it is an inexpensive process compared to other data collection methods B) it is free from the researcher’s personal biases C) people being studied are rarely influenced by the researcher’s presence D) the observation is always objective and impersonal Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because one advantage of using field research is that people being studied are often less influenced by the researcher's presence compared to other data collection methods. Field research involves observing behavior in natural settings, where individuals may behave more naturally and authentically, minimizing the impact of the researcher's presence on their behavior. This can lead to more accurate and unbiased observations compared to controlled environments. 47) Which of the following is an example of secondary data? A) documenting interactions between couples B) diaries C) observing the behavior of children D) group interviews Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because diaries are an example of secondary data, which are preexisting sources of information collected by someone else for a different purpose. In this case, diaries contain recorded information about personal experiences, events, or thoughts, which can be used as data for research purposes. Secondary data sources include diaries, official records, historical documents, and existing datasets that researchers can analyze to answer research questions without collecting new data. 48) Which of the following is a difference between content analysis and surveys? A) Surveys can be applied to any form of communication whereas content analysis cannot be applied. B) Content analysis is obtrusive whereas surveys are not. C) Content analysis allows researchers to correct errors whereas surveys do not. D) Surveys allow researchers to gather specific data over time whereas content analysis does not. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it highlights a key difference between content analysis and surveys. Content analysis allows researchers to correct errors in coding and interpretation during the analysis process, whereas once data is collected in surveys, it cannot be corrected. Content analysis involves systematically analyzing the content of communication, such as texts, images, or media, to identify patterns, themes, and meanings. This analytical process allows for the identification and correction of errors to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the findings. 49) Which of the following is a difference between experiments and field research? A) Experimental designs invariably involve higher costs than field research. B) The results of experimental studies can be generalized to a larger population whereas the results of field research cannot. C) Experiments involve artificial situations whereas field research does not. D) Experiments are, in most cases, more time-consuming than field research. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it identifies a key difference between experiments and field research. Experiments typically involve creating artificial situations or controlled environments in which researchers manipulate variables to observe their effects on participants' behavior. In contrast, field research involves studying behavior in natural settings without artificial manipulation. The artificial nature of experiments allows researchers to control variables more precisely but may limit the generalizability of findings to real-world settings, whereas field research provides more ecological validity but less experimental control. 50) Which of the following is a similarity between evaluation research and clinical research? A) They are limited to qualitative approaches. B) Both methods are applied. C) They lack the ability to address real-life problems. D) Both of them involve specific methods and do not rely on standard data-collection methods. Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it highlights a similarity between evaluation research and clinical research. Both evaluation research and clinical research are applied methods, meaning they are used to assess the effectiveness, outcomes, or impact of interventions, programs, or treatments in real-world settings. Evaluation research evaluates the success or failure of social interventions or programs, while clinical research assesses the efficacy and safety of medical treatments or interventions. Both methods involve practical applications aimed at informing decision-making and improving outcomes in specific domains. 51) List the five serious problems that self-help books and articles can create. Answer: Self-help books can create five serious problems: 1. They can threaten relationships. 2. They can make people feel inadequate. 3. They often reinforce gender stereotypes. 4.They oversimplify complex problems. 5. They generalize limited findings. 52) What are some of the benefits of using surveys as a data collection method? Answer: Surveys, whether by phone or a self-administered questionnaire, offer many advantages. First, they are usually inexpensive, easy to administer, and have a fast turnaround rate. Second, when assured that their answers will remain anonymous or confidential, respondents are generally willing to answer questions on sensitive topics. Third, face-to-face interviews have high response rates. Interviewers can also record the respondent’s body language, facial expressions, and intonations, which are often useful in interpreting verbal responses. Fourth, if a respondent doesn’t understand a question or is reluctant to answer, the interviewer can clarify, probe, or keep the respondent from digressing. 53) What are some of the limitations of using clinical research as a data collection method? Answer: Clinical research has several disadvantages. First, clinical research and case studies are usually time consuming and expensive. Second, clinicians typically see only people with severe problems or those who are willing and financially able to seek help. Therefore, the results aren’t representative of average or even of troubled families. Third, clinical studies are subjective. Some critics contend that subjective clinical opinions are often contrary to empirical evidence. 54) Child psychologists often have one-way mirrors in the clinic to assess the behavior of children. Explain the type of data collection method used by these psychologists. Answer: Child psychologists often use nonparticipant observation to collect data. In nonparticipant observation, researchers study phenomena without being part of the situation. For example, child psychologists, clinicians, and sociologists often study young children in classrooms through one-way mirrors. 55) Chang is conducting research on homeless children in Indonesia. Though he has collected extensive data during the course of the research, the research is affected by his personal biases. Assess why it is difficult for Chang to remain objective while gathering data. Answer: It is often difficult to maintain objectivity while collecting and interpreting the data because the topic can evoke strong emotional reactions such as anxiety, anger against perpetrators, and sympathy for subjects. Another problem is the researchers’ ability (or lack of it) to recognize and address their own biases. Because observation is personal and subjective, it can be difficult to maintain one’s objectivity while collecting and interpreting the data. 56) Explain whether secondary data is longitudinal or cross-sectional. Answer: Secondary data is often longitudinal rather than cross-sectional. Longitudinal data is collected at two or more points in time whereas cross-sectional data is collected at one point in time. Longitudinal data offers the added advantage of allowing the researcher to examine trends such as age at first marriage, over time. Increasingly, both longitudinal and cross-sectional publications provide the reader with colorful pie charts and other figures that are easy to read and understand. 57) Content analysis is a data-collection method that systematically examines some form of communication. With the help of an example, explain why this method is likely to be less expensive than field research. Answer: A major advantage of content analysis is that it is usually inexpensive and often less time consuming than other data-collection methods, especially field research. For instance, if a person wanted to examine the content of television commercials that target older people, he/she wouldn’t need fancy equipment, a travel budget, or a research staff. 58) Antonio, a professor at a university, is conducting a laboratory experiment on the effects of smoking and alcohol on students. Assess some of the challenges that Antonio may face in dealing with student volunteers or paid respondents for the research. Answer: In laboratory experiments, students often feel obligated to participate as part of their grade, or they may fear antagonizing an instructor who’s conducting a study. Participants might also give the answers that they think the researcher expects. As a result of this, Antonio’s research might not generate accurate, unbiased results. In the case of paid subjects, those who are the busiest, don’t need the extra cash, move, or become ill may not participate fully or may drop out of the study. This may affect Antonio’s research significantly because the research is likely to be incomplete or the data collected inaccurate. 59) What are the three golden rules that all ethical standards have regardless of the discipline or research methods used? Answer: Regardless of the discipline or research methods used, all ethical standards have three golden rules. First, do no harm by causing participants physical, psychological, or emotional pain. Second, the researcher must get the participants’ informed consent to be in a study. This includes the participants knowing what the study is about and how the results will be used. Sociologists can use deception (such as not revealing that they are researchers) if doing so doesn’t harm the participants, if the research has been approved by an IRB, and if the researcher explains the purpose of the study to participants at the end of the research. Third, researchers must always protect a participant’s confidentiality, even if the participant has broken a law that she or he tells the researcher about. 60) What are some of the challenges researchers have faced in gathering data when they study teenage sexual behavior? Answer: Research on teenage sexual behavior is valuable because it provides information that public health agencies and schools can circulate about sexually transmitted diseases (such as HIV) and contraception. Nonetheless, many local jurisdictions have refused to let social scientists study adolescent sexual behavior. Some parents believe that such research violates student privacy and might make a school district look bad (if a study reports a high incidence of drug use or sexual activity, for example).Some religious groups, school administrators, and politicians have also opposed studies on teen sexuality because they believe that the research undermines traditional family values or makes deviant behavior seem normal. Test Bank for Marriages and Families Nijole V Benokraitis 9780205957224, 9780134736150
