CH-11 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development – Understanding Human Development : Exam Guide

Chapter 11 - Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development 1. According to the text, an adolescent "clique" consists of: a. a highly cohesive group of 3 to 9 peers b. a group of any size with whom one shares a particular function or status c. a reference group that one aspires to emulate d. 15 to 30 peers that form the set of people with whom one sometimes interacts Answer: a Rationale: An adolescent "clique" typically refers to a highly cohesive group of 3 to 9 peers who interact regularly and share similar interests, activities, and social norms. This small, tightly-knit group plays a significant role in shaping individual behaviors and identities during adolescence. 2. According to statistics reported in the text,what percentage of U. S. teenagers has used alcohol by the end of high school? a. 30% b. 55% c. 70% d. 92% Answer: c Rationale: The text reports that approximately 70% of U.S. teenagers have used alcohol by the end of high school, indicating the widespread prevalence of alcohol use among adolescents in the United States. 3. Which of the following has been shown to be the strongest predictor of depression in male and female adolescents: a. use of marijuana b. use of alcohol c. being sexually abused d. having low self-esteem Answer: d Rationale: Research indicates that having low self-esteem is the strongest predictor of depression in male and female adolescents. Low self-esteem can contribute to feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, and inadequacy, which are common symptoms of depression. 4. Making your own judgments and regulating your own behavior is known as what? a. self-confidence b. self-efficacy c. self-regulation d. self-consciousness Answer: c Rationale: Self-regulation refers to the ability to make one's own judgments, control impulses, and regulate behavior according to internal standards and goals. It involves managing emotions, thoughts, and actions in a goal-directed manner. 5. Generalizing from the text, during the early part of adolescence, the source of most conflicts between teenagers and their parents is which of the following issues? a. family rules and obligations b. career choices c. religious beliefs d. political beliefs Answer: a Rationale: During the early part of adolescence, conflicts between teenagers and their parents often revolve around family rules and obligations, as adolescents begin to assert their independence and seek autonomy while parents may still enforce rules and boundaries. 6. Which of the following is NOT one of the risk factors commonly associated with adolescent suicide? a. belonging to the “most popular” peer group in the school b. being depressed c. experiencing a stressful family event, such as a divorce d. alcohol and/or drug abuse Answer: a Rationale: Belonging to the "most popular" peer group in school is not typically associated with increased risk of adolescent suicide. Instead, risk factors include depression, substance abuse, and experiencing stressful life events. 7. Statistically, you should expect that delinquency rates would be highest in: a. poor urban areas b. poor rural areas c. rich urban areas d. rich rural areas Answer: a Rationale: Delinquency rates tend to be highest in poor urban areas, where socioeconomic disadvantage, limited access to resources, and exposure to crime and violence contribute to higher rates of delinquent behavior among adolescents. 8. Paula is a very good student in high school. When her teachers encourage her to consider attending college, Paula’s response is that she has always assumed that she would get married, raise a family, and be a good mother, just as her mother is. She seems unwilling to really think about another option for her life. According to Marcia, Paula’s identity status is most likely: a. diffusion b. identity achievement c. moratorium d. foreclosure Answer: d Rationale: Paula's response suggests a commitment to a particular identity without exploring alternative options, which aligns with Marcia's concept of foreclosure. Foreclosure occurs when individuals adopt an identity without exploration or consideration of other possibilities. 9. Nancy has just entered her teenage years. Although she was a good student in elementary, school she recently has gotten into trouble at school because she is behaving inappropriately and she does not seem to be able to control herself well enough to get enough sleep and complete her homework. If Nancy’s difficulties are linked to the parenting style of her parents, they would most likely be described as: a. permissive parents b. authoritarian parents c. authoritative parents d. regressive parents Answer: a Rationale: Nancy's behavior, characterized by lack of self-control and inappropriate behavior, suggests that her parents may exhibit a permissive parenting style, which typically involves low levels of control, discipline, and monitoring of behavior. 10. Jose constantly measures himself against his friends, noting how he is better at some things and not as good at others. This process is called: a. foreclosure b. identity diffusion c. interdependence d. social comparison Answer: d Rationale: Jose's behavior of comparing himself to his friends to evaluate his own abilities and attributes is known as social comparison. This process is common during adolescence as individuals strive to understand themselves in relation to others. 1. According to the text, in comparison with younger adolescents, older adolescents are _____ concerned with their date’s physical appearance and ______ concerned with their date’s personality characteristics. a. more; more b. less; more c. more; less d. less; less Answer: b Rationale: Older adolescents are typically less concerned with their date's physical appearance and more concerned with personality characteristics compared to younger adolescents. This shift reflects a greater emphasis on emotional connection and compatibility as adolescents mature. 2. In comparison to statistics from the 1970s, today in the United States surveys find that cigarette smoking by adolescents has: a. increased substantially b. increased slightly c. remained about the same d. declined substantially Answer: d Rationale: Surveys find that cigarette smoking by adolescents in the United States has declined substantially since the 1970s. This decline is attributed to increased awareness of the health risks associated with smoking, stricter regulations, and anti-smoking campaigns. 3. Since the mid-1950s, suicide rates for adolescents ages 15 to 19 have _________. a. declined slightly b. stayed about the same c. increased slightly d. nearly tripled Answer: d Rationale: Since the mid-1950s, suicide rates for adolescents ages 15 to 19 have nearly tripled. This concerning trend underscores the importance of addressing mental health issues and providing support for adolescents. 4. According to the text, the two major tasks for teenagers to accomplish during adolescence are: a. developing a mature view of sexuality and learning to “love” themselves b. forming an identity and becoming independent from parents c. making “good” friends and staying out of trouble d. selecting a career and preparing to enter it Answer: b Rationale: According to the text, the two major tasks for teenagers to accomplish during adolescence are forming an identity and becoming independent from parents. This involves exploring personal values, beliefs, and aspirations, as well as establishing autonomy and self-reliance. 5. Which parenting style is associated with the most positive outcome for adolescent behavior? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive d. neglectful Answer: b Rationale: The authoritative parenting style, characterized by warmth, responsiveness, and clear expectations, is associated with the most positive outcomes for adolescent behavior. Authoritative parents provide structure and guidance while also fostering independence and open communication. 6. In comparison to a crowd, a clique is _______ and is ______ likely to include members of both genders. a. larger; less b. larger; more c. smaller; less d. smaller; more Answer: c Rationale: In comparison to a crowd, a clique is smaller and is less likely to include members of both genders. Cliques are typically tight-knit groups of friends who share similar interests and spend a significant amount of time together. 7. Judy was raised by Republican parents and so, when asked her party preferences, she says, “Hmm…I guess I’m a Republican, but I really don’t know.” Generalizing from Marcia’s view of identity formation, which label best describes Judy’s political identity status? a. identity achievement b. foreclosure c. diffusion d. moratorium Answer: c Rationale: According to Marcia's theory of identity formation, Judy's response suggests a state of diffusion. Diffusion is characterized by a lack of commitment to an identity and a lack of exploration or consideration of alternatives. 8. Suppose the Jones family has four children. The level of conflict in the family is most likely to increase the most dramatically when which of these children reaches adolescence? a. when the oldest child reaches adolescence b. when the second child reaches adolescence c. when the third child reaches adolescence d. when the youngest child reaches adolescence Answer: a Rationale: The level of conflict in the family is most likely to increase the most dramatically when the oldest child reaches adolescence. This is because the oldest child's adolescence marks the family's first experience with parenting an adolescent, leading to adjustments and potential conflicts as both parents and child navigate this developmental stage for the first time. 9. Carlos is an adolescent boy who has been subjected to sexual abuse. Which of the following people would most likely have been the abuser? a. Renaldo, who is his biological father. b. Maria, who is his biological mother. c. Julia, who is his stepmother d. Marco, who is not a family member Answer: d Rationale: Research indicates that perpetrators of sexual abuse against adolescent boys are often individuals outside of the immediate family, such as acquaintances, family friends, or strangers. Therefore, Marco, who is not a family member, is the most likely abuser in this scenario. 10. Suppose you are reading statistics about a particular college. This college reports that about 30-40% of the student body has been treated for depression. Generalizing from statistics reported in the text, you would know that the students at this college are about ____ as likely to suffer from depression as are students nation-wide. a. half b. equally c. twice d. four times Answer: c Rationale: If 30-40% of the student body at a particular college has been treated for depression, and assuming this percentage is higher than the national average, the students at this college are about twice as likely to suffer from depression as students nationwide. This inference is drawn from comparing the reported statistics to national prevalence rates. Multiple Choice questions: Developmental Tasks of Adolescence 1. In industrialized nations, the period between the ages of 18 and 25 is often called the period of: a. late adolescence b. “late-late” adolescence c. emerging adulthood d. moratorium Answer: c Rationale: Emerging adulthood refers to the developmental period between adolescence and full adulthood, typically occurring from late teens through the mid-to-late 20s. This stage is characterized by exploration, identity development, and transition into adult roles such as work, relationships, and independence. It's distinct from both adolescence and full adulthood, hence it's a fitting term for the period described in the question. 2. The word(s) that best describes the period of “emerging adulthood” would be: a. in-between b. super-advanced c. regression d. repression Answer: a Rationale: Researchers today often refer to the period between the end of high school and the adoption of adult roles and responsibilities as “emerging adulthood.” 3. Often, the period of adolescence is described as a time of “storm and stress.” Research suggests that this view is: a. not accurate, because most adolescents do not experience adolescence as a stressful time of life b. a mostly accurate view of the period of adolescence c. not accurate, because adolescence is stormy but usually not stressful d. not accurate, because adolescent is stressful, but usually not stormy Answer: a Rationale: Studies generally show that the large majority of adolescents are emotionally healthy and well-adjusted and have few major conflicts with their parents, peers, or selves. 4. The text reports a study in which adolescents from many different countries were asked to rate their own behavioral and emotional problems. The results of this study suggest that: a. teenagers from developed nations experience much more stress during adolescence than do teenagers from less-developed nations b. teenagers from less-developed nations experience much more stress during adolescence than do teenagers from developed nations c. around the world, teenage girls experience much more stress than do teenage boys d. around the world, most teens are well-adjusted, with no significant differences between countries Answer: d Rationale: In a study of about 27,000 adolescents in 24 different countries, results showed striking similarities in the ways in which adolescents rated their lives. Although some adolescents did report emotional and behavioral problems—most typically mood swings, arguments, self-criticism, and distractibility—the percentage of individuals experiencing significant issues was small. 5. Suppose a TV producer wants to develop a show with a “generation gap” theme, in which teenagers are in constant and deep conflict with their parents. A psychologist would do well to advise this producer that research shows that the “generation gap”: a. is a typical experience for teenage girls and their parents, but not teenage boys b. is a typical experience for teenage boys and their parents, but not teenage girls c. is a typical experience for both teenage girls and boys and their parents d. is accurate for only a minority of teenagers Answer: d Rationale: Around the world the vast majority of teenagers are well-adjusted, get along reasonably well with their parents, and have positive attitudes toward their families. Thus, media stories with a “generation gap” theme have limited evidence to support them. 6. According to the text, the two major tasks for teenagers to accomplish during adolescence are: a. developing a mature view of sexuality and learning to “love” themselves b. forming an identity and becoming independent from parents c. making “good” friends and staying out of trouble d. selecting a career and preparing to enter it Answer: b Rationale: As noted in the text, most theorists agree that adolescents must confront two major tasks: achieving autonomy and independence from their parents (although the form this takes varies across cultures); and forming an identity, which means creating an integrated self that harmoniously combines different elements of the personality. 7. Making your own judgments and regulating your own behavior is known as what? a. self-confidence b. self-efficacy c. self-regulation d. self-consciousness Answer: c Rationale: Self-regulation, in the context of the need for independence, means making your own judgments and regulating your own behavior, as in the expression, “Think for yourself.” 8. Bob’s parents allow him to set many of his own rules, hoping that by doing so Bob will learn to solve his own problems and develop good skills in planning his own life. Bob’s parents are emphasizing the core idea of: a. forming an identity b. interdependence c. commitment d. self-regulation Answer: d Rationale: Self-regulation, in the context of the need for independence, means making your own judgments and regulating your own behavior, as in the expression, “Think for yourself.” 9. According to the text, interdependence is defined as: a. mutual regulations b. shared responsibility c. mutual autonomy d. reciprocal dependence Answer: d Rationale: Interdependence refers to a state where individuals rely on each other reciprocally. This option, reciprocal dependence, accurately describes the concept of interdependence where individuals mutually depend on one another for support, resources, and cooperation. 10. Julio belongs to a youth group, a book club, and the school debate team. He compares himself to these groups, and finds his values confirmed. According to the text, what are these groups called? a. peer groups b. marginal groups c. identity groups d. social reference groups Answer: d Rationale: Social reference groups are defined as narrow or broad groups with which people identify, and in so doing, help to define themselves. 11. Julie’s parents are concerned because Julie has started spending most of her time with a group of friends they think are a bad influence on her. Julie has started wearing clothing her parents don’t approve of, using language they think is inappropriate, and conforming to the expectations of this group in ways her parents worry about. The group of friends is a good example of which of the following? a. a social reference group b. a foreclosure group c. a diffusion status group d. a moratorium status group Answer: a Rationale: Social reference groups are defined as narrow or broad groups with which people identify, and in so doing, help to define themselves. 12. According to Erikson, what is the adolescent's main developmental task? a. to achieve intimacy b. to be industrious c. to be autonomous d. to form an identity Answer: d Rationale: For Erikson, identity versus identity confusion refers to the critical developmental task for adolescents, which focuses on forging an answer to the question, “Who am I?” 13. For Erik Erikson, the central task of adolescence is: a. developing an intimate relationship with a trusted peer b. separating from parents and becoming autonomous c. forming an identity d. clarifying one’s own sexual preferences Answer: c Rationale: Erik Erikson proposed that forming an identity is the central task of adolescence. This involves exploring various roles, values, and beliefs to establish a coherent sense of self and an understanding of one's place in the world. 14. Which of the following questions best reflects what Erik Erikson saw as the central task of adolescence? a. “Do you love me?” b. “Who am I?” c. “Do I love myself?” d. “How good a person am I?” Answer: b Rationale: For Erikson, identity versus identity confusion refers to the critical developmental task for adolescents, which focuses on forging an answer to the question, “Who am I?” 15. What term did Erik Erikson use to describe a period during which individuals grapple with the options available and ultimately make a choice and commitment as to which path their lives will take? a. identity crisis b. identity commitment c. identity forbearance d. identity availability Answer: a Rationale: Erik Erikson used the term "identity crisis" to describe a period of intense exploration and decision-making where individuals grapple with various options before making commitments to particular roles, values, and beliefs. 16. According to Erikson and Marcia, a period of making decisions about important issues, such as "Who am I and where am I going?" is called a(n): a. self-regulation b. identity crisis c. self-examination d. exploration Answer: b Rationale: Erikson believed that forming one’s identity typically involved an identity crisis, during which individuals grapple with the options available and ultimately make a choice and commitment as to which paths their lives will take. Marcia then defined the 4 types of identity formation according to the degree to which a crisis was experienced and whether a commitment had been made. 17. According to Marcia, what is the identity status of those adolescents who have made commitments without going through a crisis? a. diffusion b. foreclosure c. moratorium d. achievement Answer: b Rationale: According to Marcia's identity status model, individuals who have made commitments without going through a crisis are in the foreclosure identity status. This means they have adopted an identity without exploring alternative options or considering different possibilities. 18. Paula is a very good student in high school. When her teachers encourage her to consider attending college, Paula’s response is that she has always assumed that she would get married, raise a family, and be a good mother, just as her mother is. She seems unwilling to really think about another option for her life. According to Marcia, Paula’s identity status is most likely: a. diffusion b. identity achievement c. moratorium d. foreclosure Answer: d Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, foreclosure refers to the identity status of those who have made commitments without going through much decision making or through an identity crisis. 19. Which of Marcia’s identity status modes is most likely to be associated with authoritarian values and minimal anxiety? a. foreclosure b. diffusion c. achievement d. moratorium Answer: a Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, foreclosure refers to the identity status of those who have made commitments without going through much decision making or through an identity crisis. 20. According to Marcia, what identity status has an individual adopted who has neither experienced an identity crisis nor made a commitment? a. achievement b. foreclosure c. diffusion d. moratorium Answer: c Rationale: According to Marcia's identity status model, individuals who have neither experienced an identity crisis nor made a commitment are in the diffusion identity status. This indicates a lack of exploration and commitment to a specific identity. 21. Judy was raised by Republican parents and so, when asked her party preferences, she says, “Hmm…I guess I’m a Republican, but I really don’t know.” Generalizing from Marcia’s view of identity formation, which label best describes Judy’s political identity status? a. identity achievement b. foreclosure c. diffusion d. moratorium Answer: c Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, diffusion refers to the identity status of those who have neither gone through an identity crisis nor committed to an occupational role or moral code. 22. Henry lacks a sense of direction. Whenever his parents or friends ask him what he is going to do now that he has graduated from high school, he avoids the issue. His only interest is "hanging out with his buddies" and drinking beer. What identity status has Henry adopted? a. diffusion b. foreclosure c. moratorium d. achievement Answer: a Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, diffusion refers to the identity status of those who have neither gone through an identity crisis nor committed to an occupational role or moral code. 23. During his teenage years, Larry struggled with “finding himself.” He tried drugs, failed in school, and couldn’t hold a job. Recently, though, Larry has decided to pursue a career as a welder and has enrolled in welding classes at a local school. He feels relieved to have found a direction for his life. According to Marcia, which of the following statuses would Larry currently be in? a. foreclosure b. identity achievement c. identity commitment d. identity crisis Answer: b Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, identity achievement refers to the identity status of those who have gone through an identity crisis and have made commitments. 24. Fred made his transition into adulthood without reassessing his value system, yet he is committed to his career, which is the same as his father’s. He has most likely adopted which identity status? a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. diffusion d. achievement Answer: a Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, foreclosure refers to the identity status of those who have made commitments without going through much decision making or through an identity crisis. 25. The identity status of those who are currently in the midst of an identity crisis is called: a. achievement b. moratorium c. diffusion d. foreclosure Answer: b Rationale: The identity status of those who are currently in the midst of an identity crisis is called moratorium. During this stage, individuals actively explore different options and possibilities before making commitments to particular identities. 26. Gina told her parents that she was going to take some time off from college and travel because she needed time to "find herself." If her parents were to use a term from Marcia’s view of identity development that term would be: a. achievement b. foreclosure c. diffusion d. moratorium Answer: d Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, moratorium refers to the identity status of those who are currently in the midst of an identity crisis or decision-making period. 27. The identity status of those who have gone through an identity crisis and have made commitments is called: a. achievement b. moratorium c. diffusion d. foreclosure Answer: a Rationale: The identity status of those who have gone through an identity crisis and have made commitments is called achievement. This indicates that individuals have successfully resolved their identity crisis by committing to specific roles, values, and beliefs. 28. Maria grew up attending Catholic church with her family. Upon entering high school she began to question her beliefs and carefully considered a variety of alternative belief systems. After a period in which she struggled to understand what she truly believed to be true, she eventually concluded that she agrees with her original beliefs. What best describes Maria’s religious identity status? a. identity achievement b. foreclosure c. diffusion d. moratorium Answer: a Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, identity achievement refers to the identity status of those who have gone through an identity crisis and have made commitments. 29. According to the text, about what percent of people who are entering young adulthood have attained the identity achievement status, as described by James Marcia? a. 33% b. 50% c. 75% d. 95% Answer: b Rationale: According to James Marcia's research, about 50% of people who are entering young adulthood have attained the identity achievement status. This means they have explored different options and made commitments to specific identities. 30. Which of the following age groups would likely have the highest proportion of people in the identity achievement status stage of identity development? a. 14 to 16 years old b. 16 to 18 years old c. 18 to 20 years old d. 20 to 22 years old Answer: d Rationale: The proportion of people in identity achievement status increases with age. 31. Which of the following would most likely be the dominant emotion for young people in moratorium status? a. anxiety and confusion b. anger and hostility toward others c. loneliness and a sense of despair d. contentment and peace Answer: a Rationale: Adolescents or young adults in moratorium status are in the midst of an ongoing identity crisis or decision-making period. An extended period of decision making may be uncomfortable, but often leads to more thoughtful resolutions. 32. Rick is experiencing a great deal of anxiety as he struggles for freedom, yet fears his parents' disapproval of the choices he might make. He often feels like he “just doesn’t know what to do.” What identity status is Rick most likely experiencing? a. diffusion b. foreclosure c. moratorium d. achievement Answer: c Rationale: In Marcia’s theory, moratorium refers to the identity status of those who are currently in the midst of an identity crisis or decision-making period. 33. According to the text, boys are much more likely to develop a(n) _______________ and girls are more likely to develop a(n) _______________: a. interpersonal identity; blend of interpersonal and intrapersonal identities b. intrapersonal identity; blend of interpersonal and intrapersonal identities c. interpersonal identity; intrapersonal identity d. foreclosed identity; diffused identity Answer: b Rationale: Boys are typically more likely to develop an intrapersonal identity, focusing on internal attributes and qualities, while girls are more likely to develop a blend of interpersonal and intrapersonal identities, emphasizing both internal and external aspects of self. This option correctly identifies these tendencies. 34. Which identity status is seen most frequently in teenagers who have experienced rejection or neglect from detached or uncaring parents? a. foreclosure b. moratorium c. diffusion d. achievement Answer: c Rationale: Teenagers who have experienced rejection or neglect from detached or uncaring parents often exhibit diffusion as their identity status. Diffusion is characterized by a lack of commitment to an identity and a lack of exploration or consideration of alternatives. This is likely because these individuals may not have had the support or guidance necessary to explore and commit to a sense of identity. 35. According to the text, if an adolescent is a member of a group that is outside the majority culture, forming a secure and positive sense of identity is: a. completed at a younger age b. harder c. easier d. completed much more quickly, from beginning to end of the process Answer: b Rationale: According to the text, if an adolescent is a member of a group that is outside the majority culture, forming a secure and positive sense of identity is often harder. Adolescents from minority or marginalized groups may face additional challenges related to identity formation, including discrimination, cultural dissonance, and pressure to assimilate. 36. People born in the United States between 1962 and 1981 are often referred to as: a. Generation X b. Generation Y c. Baby Boomers d. Generation Me Answer: a Rationale: People born in the United States between 1962 and 1981 are often referred to as Generation X. This generation is characterized by experiences and cultural influences unique to the time period in which they grew up. 37. According to research by Twenge and her colleagues, members of Generation Me are more concerned than members of other generational cohorts about: a. living in a peaceful world b. protecting the environment c. being a contributing and engaged member of their community d. being financially well off Answer: d Rationale: According to research by Twenge and her colleagues, members of Generation Me are more concerned about being financially well off compared to members of other generational cohorts. This finding reflects broader cultural shifts towards individualism and materialism among younger generations. 38. Darrell tells his parents that his goal in life is to “do his own thing,” and that he wants to make a lot of money and let other people worry about the next generation. Generalizing from the text, your best guess is that Darrell was born in: a. 1958 b. 1968 c. 1978 d. 1998 Answer: d Rationale: Compared to members of previous generations, members of Generation Me are especially interested in making money and are not much interested in their communities. Generation Me includes those born between about 1985 and 2005. 39. Which of the following qualities would be least descriptive of the characteristics usually associated with Generation Me? a. narcissistic b. materialistic c. politically involved d. self-centered Answer: c Rationale: Of the qualities listed, being politically involved would be least descriptive of the characteristics usually associated with Generation Me. Generation Me is often characterized as being narcissistic, materialistic, and self-centered, but not necessarily politically involved. Family Dynamics 40. John, who is a teenager, complains to his friends that he recently has had a string of arguments with his parents. If John and his parents are typical, these arguments are most likely about which of the following? a. John’s core political views b. John’s core religious views c. John’s views about economic issues d. who John is dating and what his curfew hours are Answer: d Rationale: Most conflicts between teenagers and their families revolve around ordinary issues, such as family chores, curfew hours, dating, grades, personal appearance, and eating habits. Conflicts between parents and adolescents about core economic, religious, social, and political values are much less common. 41. If Mark is a typical adolescent, you should expect that the amount of conflict he has with his parents is likely highest during which of his adolescent years? a. between age 11 and 12 b. between age 13 and 14 c. between age 15 and 16 d. between age 17 and 18 Answer: c Rationale: Research does show that conflict with parents peaks in early to middle adolescence (Around ages 15-16, as shown in Figure 11-2). Conflict then begins to subside in later adolescence. 42. Generalizing from the text, during the early part of adolescence, the source of most conflicts between teenagers and their parents is which of the following issues: a. family rules and obligations b. career choices c. religious beliefs d. political beliefs Answer: a Rationale: As noted in the text, most conflicts between teenagers and their families revolve around ordinary issues, such as family chores, curfew hours, dating, grades, personal appearance, and eating habits. Conflicts between parents and adolescents about core economic, religious, social, and political values are much less common. 43. Which of the following statements about family alliances is supported by research cited in the text? a. Alliances present in childhood tend to be maintained throughout adolescence. b. Girls and boys who identified most with their mother in childhood typically shift their alliance to their father during adolescence. c. Girls, but not boys, who identified most with their mother in childhood typically shift their alliance to their father during adolescence. d. Boys, but not girls, who identified most with their mother in childhood typically shift their alliance to their father during adolescence. Answer: a Rationale: The book notes that, like parenting styles, family alliances begin to shape behavior long before adolescence. For example, an older brother who dominated his younger brother during childhood will probably have the same influence in adolescence. 44. Tommy has just turned 14 and has become very defiant and resentful of any authority figure, and especially his parents. If Tommy’s defiance is the result of his parents’ parenting style, this style is most likely to be described as: a. permissive b. authoritative c. resistant d. authoritarian Answer: d Rationale: Adolescents who have experienced authoritarian parenting, which centers on strict control and inflexible rules for behavior, often become dependent and anxious in the presence of authority figures or may become defiant and resentful. 45. Which parenting style is associated with the most positive outcome for adolescent behavior? a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive d. neglectful Answer: b Rationale: Normal and healthy adolescent behavior is most likely to result when parenting is authoritative because this style encourages children toward taking responsible, independent actions and establishing good self-acceptance and self-control. 46. Sixteen-year-old Mikhail has made a good adjustment to high school and he is able to be responsible, he generally takes independent actions that are appropriate, and he has developed a positive self-concept. If his behavior is the result of his parents’ style of parenting, his parents most likely have adopted which of the following parenting styles? a. indifferent b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. overly permissive Answer: c Rationale: Normal and healthy adolescent behavior is most likely to result when parenting is authoritative because this style encourages children toward taking responsible, independent actions and establishing good self-acceptance and self-control. 47. Nancy has just entered her teenage years. Although she was a good student in elementary school she recently has gotten into trouble at school because she is behaving inappropriately and she does not seem to be able to control herself well enough to get enough sleep and complete her homework. If Nancy’s difficulties are linked to the parenting style of her parents, they would most likely be described as: a. permissive parents b. authoritarian parents c. authoritative parents d. regressive parents Answer: a Rationale: Permissive parents provide little structure and control, and their adolescent children may have difficulty setting boundaries and defining appropriate behavior. 48. Generally speaking _________ usually know more about their teenager’s activities and this knowledge generally leads to _________ levels of adolescent deviance: a. mothers; higher b. mothers; lower c. fathers; higher d. fathers; lower Answer: b Rationale: Generally speaking, mothers usually know more about their teenager’s activities, and this knowledge generally leads to lower levels of adolescent deviance. This is because maternal knowledge and supervision are often associated with increased parental monitoring and support, which can deter adolescents from engaging in deviant behaviors. 49. _______ typically know more about their teenager’s activities and ________ usually exert a stronger influence on parent-child acceptance and conflict. a. Fathers; fathers b. Fathers; mothers c. Mothers; fathers d. Mothers; mothers Answer: d Rationale: Mothers typically know more about their teenager’s activities, and mothers usually exert a stronger influence on parent-child acceptance and conflict. Maternal involvement and warmth are often key factors in shaping parent-child relationships and influencing adolescent behavior. 50. As children enter adolescence, parental warmth from the mother generally __________ and parental warmth from the father generally ___________. a. increases; decreases b. decreases; increases c. decreases; decreases d. increases; increases Answer: c Rationale: As children enter adolescence, parental warmth from the mother generally decreases, and parental warmth from the father generally decreases as well. This decline in parental warmth is often attributed to the challenges and changes associated with adolescence, including increased independence and autonomy. 51. If Susie is a typical teenager, you would expect her to complain that the warmth she feels toward her mother is _________ and the warmth she feels toward her father is ___________. a. decreasing; increasing b. increasing; decreasing c. increasing; increasing d. decreasing; decreasing Answer: d Rationale: The textbook notes that as children enter adolescence, parental warmth generally declines, both from mothers and from fathers. 52. Suppose the Jones family has four children. The level of conflict in the family is most likely to increase the most dramatically when which of these children reaches adolescence? a. when the oldest child reaches adolescence b. when the second child reaches adolescence c. when the third child reaches adolescence d. when the youngest child reaches adolescence Answer: a Rationale: As noted in the textbook, family conflict typically escalates when firstborn children enter adolescence, but the level of conflict generally does not increase when younger children enter this developmental period. 53. Linda’s mother and father give her considerable freedom to choose her friends and activities, but they also pay careful attention to where she is, what she is doing, and whom she is with. Her parents’ attention to knowing about Linda’s activities is what researchers mean by the term: a. parental warmth b. social comparison c. interdependence d. parental monitoring Answer: d Rationale: In parental monitoring, parents discuss, give advice, and supervise, but only to the extent to which the teen is willing to disclose. Peer Relationships During Adolescence 54. In the United States today, adolescents typically spend about ____ time with their peers as they do with their parents. a. half as much b. the same amount of c. twice as much d. ten times as much Answer: c Rationale: In the United States today, adolescents typically spend about twice as much time with their peers as they do with their parents. This reflects the increasing importance of peer relationships and social interactions during adolescence. 55. If Julia is a typical teenager growing up in the United States, she would probably spend about ____ time with her peers, compared to her parents. a. half as much b. the same amount of c. twice as much d. ten times as much Answer: c Rationale: If Julia is a typical teenager growing up in the United States, she would probably spend about twice as much time with her peers compared to her parents. This is consistent with broader patterns of adolescent socialization and peer influence. 56. The process we all use to evaluate our personal abilities, behaviors, personality characteristics, appearance, reactions, and general sense of self against the characteristics of others is called: a. self-exploration b. self-identification c. social comparison d. mutual regulation Answer: c Rationale: Social comparison involves the process of evaluating oneself in comparison to others across various domains such as abilities, behaviors, and appearance. This comparison serves as a mechanism for self-evaluation and can influence self-perception and behavior based on perceived similarities or differences with others. 57. Jose constantly measures himself against his friends, noting how he is better at some things and not as good at others. This process is called: a. foreclosure b. identity diffusion c. interdependence d. social comparison Answer: d Rationale: Social comparison refers to the process we all use to evaluate our abilities, behaviors, personality characteristics, appearance, reactions, and general sense of self in comparison to those of others. 58. Jennie evaluates herself by considering how her accomplishments stack up against those of her friends. This process is called: a. social comparison b. identity fusion c. interdependence d. intradependence Answer: a Rationale: Social comparison refers to the process we all use to evaluate our abilities, behaviors, personality characteristics, appearance, reactions, and general sense of self in comparison to those of others. 59. The text uses the term peer arena to describe which of the following? a. the small group of “best friends” that each teenager relies on for advice and support b. the large group of many different kinds of people each teenager interacts with c. the “imaginary audience” that teenagers imagine they are being compared to d. the group of opposite-sex peers that the teenager would like to date Answer: b Rationale: The term "peer arena" refers to the large group of many different kinds of people each teenager interacts with. This broader social context encompasses various peer relationships beyond close friends or romantic interests and influences adolescents' social experiences and development. 60. Which of the following considerations would typically be the focus of older adolescents, rather than of younger adolescents? a. physical appearance b. intimacy with a member of the opposite gender c. characteristics associated with popularity d. characteristics associated with a good sense of humor Answer: b Rationale: Intimacy with a member of the opposite gender would typically be more salient for older adolescents compared to younger adolescents. As teenagers mature, romantic relationships become more prominent in their lives, leading to increased focus on intimacy and romantic interactions. 61. If an adolescent looks to the Internet for advice rather than to peers or parents, chances are highest that the topic of advice concerns: a. possible careers b. how often to date c. whether to go to college d. issues of sexuality and health Answer: d Rationale: As noted in the text, adolescents and even younger children are increasingly using Internet sources for advice, especially on matters involving sexuality and health issues. 62. Adolescents usually seek advice from parents, rather than peers, on all of the following topics EXCEPT: a. education b. finances c. dating and sexuality d. career plans Answer: c Rationale: Adolescents typically seek advice from parents on various topics including education, finances, and career plans. However, they may be more inclined to seek advice from peers or other sources regarding dating and sexuality as these topics may feel more sensitive or embarrassing to discuss with parents. 63. Teenagers are most likely to turn to their parents, rather than their peers, for advice concerning which of the following? a. what books to read b. whom to date c. how to choose a future occupation or job d. where to get correct information about sex Answer: c Rationale: Teenagers are most likely to turn to their parents for advice concerning how to choose a future occupation or job. This decision typically involves long-term planning and consideration of educational and career goals, for which parents are often seen as valuable sources of guidance and support. 64. Julie usually turns to her friends for advice about the questions she has. However, if she is like most teenagers, she decides that she would be better served to listen to her parents about which of the following questions? a. what books to read b. whom to date c. how to choose a future occupation or job d. where to get correct information about sex Answer: c Rationale: Adolescents like Julie may turn to their parents for advice on questions related to choosing a future occupation or job due to the long-term implications and the need for guidance in career planning and decision-making. 65. If Lindsay is a typical U.S. teenager, you would expect her to be using media – computer, phone, TV, etc. – for about how many hours a day? a. 3-4 b. 5-6 c. 7-8 d. 9-10 Answer: c Rationale: The text reports that a recent national survey found that 8 to 18 year olds use some form of media more than 7.5 hours per day on average. 66. According to research presented in the text, there appears to be a positive correlation between teens who seek out sexually explicit media programming and: a. teen pregnancy b. compulsive gambling c. juvenile delinquency d. lower grades Answer: a Rationale: Research suggests a positive correlation between teens who seek out sexually explicit media programming and teen pregnancy. Exposure to sexually explicit content may influence attitudes and behaviors related to sexual activity, potentially increasing the risk of engaging in unprotected sex and experiencing unintended pregnancies. 67. According to the text, which is the most appropriate conclusion to draw regarding teenagers’ use of social media, such as Facebook? a. only a minority of U.S. teens use these media to a significant degree b. use of online media does not appear to be affecting friendship patterns c. teens who use online media have many more friends than those who don’t d. the quality of friendships suffer when teens use online social media Answer: b Rationale: According to the text, the most appropriate conclusion regarding teenagers' use of social media is that it does not appear to be affecting friendship patterns. While social media use is widespread among teenagers, research suggests that it does not significantly alter the overall quality or nature of friendships. 68. According to the text, an adolescent peer group with between 3 and 9 members is known as a: a. clique b. crowd c. gaggle d. pack Answer: a Rationale: An adolescent peer group with between 3 and 9 members is known as a clique. Cliques typically consist of a small, tightly knit group of peers who share similar interests, values, and social activities. 69. According to the text, an adolescent "clique" consists of: a. a highly cohesive group of 3 to 9 peers b. a group of any size with whom one shares a particular function or status c. a reference group that one aspires to emulate d. 15 to 30 peers that form the set of people with whom one sometimes interacts Answer: a Rationale: An adolescent "clique" consists of a highly cohesive group of 3 to 9 peers. These cliques often form within larger social networks and serve as close-knit friendship groups characterized by shared interests and frequent interaction. 70. In most typical U. S. high schools, a group of 4 or 5 of the best football players who are labeled as "Jocks" would be an example of a: a. crowd b. clique c. marginal group d. peer group Answer: b Rationale: Cliques are defined as adolescent peer groups with as few as 3 members or as many as 9 members that are more cohesive than a crowd. 71. The rather large group of friends that adolescents often construct, and that usually include 15 to 30 members, are called: a. social referencing groups b. cliques c. diffusion groups d. crowds Answer: d Rationale: Crowds refer to the rather large groups of friends that adolescents often construct, typically comprising 15 to 30 members. These crowds serve as important social contexts within which adolescents establish their identity and social status. 72. Patricia belongs to a large group of about 25 friends, including both boys and girls. This type of peer group would be referred to as a(n): a. diffusion group b. identity group c. clique d. crowd Answer: d Rationale: A crowd is defined as an adolescent peer group with perhaps 15 to 30 members. 73. In comparison to a crowd, a clique is _______ and is ______ likely to include members of both genders. a. larger; less b. larger; more c. smaller; less d. smaller; more Answer: c Rationale: Crowds have around 15 to 30 members, whereas cliques are likely to have between 3 and 9 members. During early adolescence, cliques tend to be all male or all female. 74. According to the text, about what percent of adolescents do not belong to a peer group: a. 1% b. 5% c. 10% d. 20% Answer: d Rationale: The text suggests that approximately 20% of adolescents do not belong to a peer group. This highlights the diversity in adolescent social experiences and the presence of individuals who may not fit into conventional peer group structures. 75. In the United States today, young teenagers are most likely to first learn how to relate to the opposite sex in which of the following settings: a. group settings involving peers of both genders b. family gatherings c. one-on-one dating d. small group discussions with members of the same gender Answer: a Rationale: During early adolescence, most interactions with members of the opposite sex take place in group settings. Many 14- or 15-year-olds prefer group contact to the closer relationship of dating. 76. Juan enjoys dating Martha because she is very popular and is the captain of the cheerleading squad. He feels that by dating her, he gains the respect of his peer group. What function does dating serve him? a. status b. mate selection c. socialization d. recreation Answer: a Rationale: As noted in Table 11-4, status is a function in dating that refers to an opportunity to increase status by being seen with someone who is considered desirable (i.e., popular). 77. According to the text, _________ usually begin dating at an earlier age and dating serves ________ functions for boys and girls. a. girls; similar b. boys; similar c. girls; different d. boys; different Answer: a Rationale: Research suggests that girls typically begin dating at an earlier age than boys, and dating serves similar functions for both genders, including socialization, companionship, and exploration of romantic relationships. 78. According to the text, in comparison with younger adolescents, older adolescents are _____ concerned with their date’s physical appearance and ______ concerned with their date’s personality characteristics. a. more; more b. less; more c. more; less d. less; less Answer: b Rationale: Older adolescents are less concerned with their date's physical appearance and more concerned with their date's personality characteristics compared to younger adolescents. This reflects a shift towards deeper emotional connections and maturity in romantic relationships as adolescents age. 79. According to the text, when dating, girls are more interested in ________ intimacy and boys are more interested in _________ intimacy. a. emotional; sexual b. emotional; unemotional c. physical; interpersonal d. peer group; interpersonal Answer: a Rationale: Girls tend to be more interested in emotional intimacy when dating, while boys are more interested in sexual intimacy. This reflects gender differences in priorities and expectations within romantic relationships. Risk and Resilience in Adolescence 80. Rickie engages in risky behavior because he believes that “bad things don’t happen to me.” His point of view is best explained by the concept of: a. interdependence b. social referencing c. identity diffusion d. personal fable Answer: d Rationale: Personal fable refers to adolescents’ belief that they are so special that they should be exempt from the laws of nature, that nothing bad can happen to them, and that they will live forever. 81. Sarah explains to her friend that she had sex with her boyfriend without using contraception because she “knew” that she would not get pregnant because pregnancy didn’t fit into her life plan. This disregard for the possibility that a bad outcome could occur is most consistent with the idea expressed as: a. identity diffusion b. moratorium c. the personal fable d. social referencing Answer: c Rationale: Personal fable refers to adolescents’ belief that they are so special that they should be exempt from the laws of nature, that nothing bad can happen to them, and that they will live forever. 82. If Jake is an adolescent who is known for taking extreme risks, research would suggest that he is also likely to have all of the following EXCEPT: a. high grades in school b. a history of aggressiveness c. an infatuation with the “rush” that risky behavior is associated with d. difficulty controlling his impulses Answer: a Rationale: According to research cited in the text, adolescents who engage in high-risk behavior are more likely than others to have a history of aggressiveness, to enjoy the thrill involved in risky behavior, to have difficulty in controlling their impulsiveness, and to experience low school achievement. 83. The age period associated with the highest usage of illicit drugs is which of the following? a. age 12 to14 b. age 14 to 16 c. age 16 to 18 d. age 18 to 20 Answer: d Rationale: The age period associated with the highest usage of illicit drugs is typically between ages 18 to 20. This reflects a peak in experimentation and risk-taking behavior during late adolescence and early adulthood. 84. Statistically speaking, which of the following people is most likely to engage in the use of illicit drugs? a. Randy, who is 13 years old b. Mick, who is 16 years old c. Rex, who is 20 years old d. Frank, who is 30 years old Answer: c Rationale: As shown in Figure 11-4, the age period with the highest usage of illicit drugs is from 18 to 20. 85. According to the text, the illicit drugs that are most frequently abused by adolescents under the age of 18 are: a. alcohol and marijuana b. alcohol and cigarettes c. alcohol and amphetamines d. caffeine and nicotine Answer: b Rationale: The text indicates that the illicit drugs most frequently abused by adolescents under the age of 18 are alcohol and cigarettes. This underscores the importance of addressing substance abuse prevention and intervention strategies targeting adolescents. 86. According to the text, which of the following is not a long-term effect associated with cigarette smoking? a. brain damage b. heart attack c. lung cancer d. emphysema Answer: a Rationale: Brain damage is not typically listed as a long-term effect associated with cigarette smoking. However, smoking is linked to various serious health issues such as heart attacks, lung cancer, and emphysema. 87. According to the text, moderate smoking shortens the lifespan by ____ years. a. 2 b. 7 c. 14 d. 23 Answer: b Rationale: Moderate smoking is associated with shortening the lifespan by approximately 7 years. This highlights the significant health risks and mortality associated with tobacco use. 88. Bernard has been a moderate cigarette smoker for several years. Research shows that, statistically speaking, his moderate smoking will shorten his life by an average of: a. 1 year b. 3 years c. 7 years d. 12 years Answer: c Rationale: According to the text, even moderate smoking shortens a person’s life by an average of 7 years. 89. According to the text, what is the single most preventable cause of death in the United States today? a. smoking-related illnesses b. alcoholism c. diseases of the liver d. diabetes Answer: a Rationale: The single most preventable cause of death in the United States today is smoking-related illnesses. This underscores the importance of tobacco control efforts and smoking cessation interventions in public health initiatives. 90. In comparison to statistics from the 1970s, today in the United States surveys find that cigarette smoking by adolescents has: a. increased substantially b. increased slightly c. remained about the same d. declined substantially Answer: d Rationale: Cigarette smoking among adolescents in the United States has declined substantially compared to statistics from the 1970s. This decline can be attributed to various factors including increased awareness of health risks associated with smoking, anti-smoking campaigns, stricter regulations on tobacco sales, and changing social norms regarding smoking. 91. Suppose you look at medical records collected on adolescents in high school in 1970 and in high school in 2007. You should expect these records to show that, compared to the number of high school students who smoke cigarettes in 2010, the number who smoked in 1970 would be: a. considerably higher b. slightly higher c. about the same d. slightly lower Answer: a Rationale: Tobacco smoking by U.S. adolescents showed a sharp decline in the late 1970s; since that time smoking by teenagers has gradually declined. 92. Charlie is 18 years old. If he and his 18-year-old friends are typical, about what percentage of them have smoked a cigarette in the past month? a. 5% b. 15% c. 32% d. 50% Answer: c Rationale: According to research reported in the text, in 2010 about 32% of 18- to 20-year olds reported “current” smoking (defined as at least once within the past month). 93. Suppose you administer a survey to a large, representative group of high school seniors. If you ask how many of them have ever tried smoking, you should expect that ____ will report having smoked cigarettes. a. 25% b. 50% c. 67% d. 85% Answer: b Rationale: According to the text, more than one-half of high school seniors have tried smoking. 94. Alcohol acts as a(n): a. stimulant b. depressant c. hallucinogen d. narcotic Answer: b Rationale: Alcohol acts as a depressant on the central nervous system, slowing down brain activity and bodily functions. It typically leads to relaxation, sedation, and impairment of cognitive and motor functions. 95. The action of alcohol on the body is most similar to the action of which of the following? a. cigarettes b. amphetamines c. tranquilizers d. diet pills Answer: c Rationale: The action of alcohol on the body is most similar to tranquilizers, as both substances depress the central nervous system, leading to relaxation, sedation, and decreased anxiety. 96. Suppose that Bart and Larry are identical twins. Bart has never had a drink of alcohol, but Larry has been a heavy drinker for the past 20 years. If Bart and Larry are both given an identical shot of alcohol, how would you expect them each to experience the physical effects of alcohol? a. Bart would experience the effects of alcohol more than Larry would. b. Larry would experience the effects of alcohol more than Bart would. c. Bart and Larry would experience the effects of alcohol to the same degree but Bart would perceive these effects to be greater. d. Bart and Larry would experience the effects of alcohol to the same degree but Larry would perceive these effects to be greater. Answer: a Rationale: Individual tolerance for alcohol increased with long-term, habitual use. Therefore, because Larry has used alcohol habitually, his response is more tolerant and he would experience less effects from alcohol, compared to Bart. 97. According to statistics reported in the text, what percentage of U. S. teenagers have used alcohol by the end of high school? a. 30% b. 55% c. 70% d. 92% Answer: c Rationale: Approximately 70% of U.S. teenagers have used alcohol by the end of high school, indicating the widespread prevalence of alcohol use among adolescents. 98. If you sent a survey to a representative sample of 10,000 graduating high school seniors asking them to report whether or not they had ever used alcohol, you should expect that about _____ would respond “yes.” a. 2,500 b. 4,000 c. 7,000 d. 9,000 Answer: c Rationale: The text reports that about 70% of high school seniors in the United States have tried alcohol by the end of high school; 70% of 10,000 students is 7,000 students. 99. If you sent a survey to a representative sample of 10,000 graduating high school seniors asking them to report whether or not they drink alcohol every day, you should expect that about _____ would respond “yes.” a. 100 b. 200 c. 500 d. 1,000 Answer: c Rationale: The text reports that about 1 in 20 high school seniors, or 5%, reports drinking alcohol every day; 5% of 10,000 seniors is 500 seniors. 100. If you sent a survey to a representative sample of 10,000 graduating high school seniors asking them to report how many of their friends get drunk at least once a week, you should expect that about _____ would respond “yes.” a. 200 b. 500 c. 1,000 d. 2,400 Answer: d Rationale: The text reports that about 24% of high school seniors report that all or most of their friends get drunk at least once a week; 24% of 10,000 seniors is 2,400 seniors. 101. Compared to the percent of adolescent males who drink alcohol, the percent of adolescent girls who drink alcohol was ____ in the 1970s and is _____ today. a. lower; equal b. lower; lower c. lower; higher d. higher; equal Answer: a Rationale: In the 1970s, the percentage of adolescent girls who drank alcohol was lower compared to adolescent males, and this proportion has remained relatively equal to today, where both genders have comparable rates of alcohol consumption. 102. Between the ages of 18 and 25, the reported use of which of the following drugs increases with increased age? a. marijuana and alcohol, but not tobacco b. marijuana and tobacco, but not alcohol c. marijuana, but not alcohol or tobacco d. marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco Answer: d Rationale: Between the ages of 18 and 25, reported use of marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco tends to increase with increased age, reflecting common patterns of substance experimentation and use among young adults. 103. Statistically speaking, which of the following people is most likely to drive while under the influence of alcohol? a. Ben, who is 17 years old b. Rob, who is 19 years old c. Marty, who is 22 years old d. Linda, who is 35 years old Answer: c Rationale: The text reports that the percent of people who report driving under the influence of alcohol is highest in the 21 to 25 year old age group. It also reports that gender differences in alcohol use have disappeared. 104. According to the text, driving while under the influence of alcohol is most common among people in which of the following age groups? a. 16-17 b. 18-20 c. 21-25 d. 26-29 Answer: c Rationale: Driving while under the influence of alcohol is most common among people in the age group of 21-25, likely due to factors such as legal drinking age, increased availability of alcohol, and social activities associated with young adulthood. 105. According to the text, in the 1990s, marijuana use became more: a. sex specific, with more males than females now using this drug b. exclusive to white adolescents, with fewer black and Hispanic adolescents using this drug c. income selective, with usage increasing among upper-income adolescents but decreasing among lower-income adolescents d. egalitarian, with about equal proportions of white, black, and Hispanic adolescents using this drug Answer: d Rationale: In the 1990s, marijuana use became more egalitarian, with about equal proportions of white, black, and Hispanic adolescents using this drug, reflecting a shift in usage patterns across different demographic groups. 106. About how long after consumption can marijuana’s active ingredient, THC, be detected in the brain? a. about 2-4 hours b. about 24-36 hours c. about 4-5 days d. about several days to several weeks Answer: d Rationale: THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, can be detected in the brain for several days to several weeks after consumption, depending on various factors such as frequency of use, metabolism, and the sensitivity of detection methods. 107. If you sent a survey to a representative sample of 10,000 adolescents age 12 to 17, asking them to report whether or not they use marijuana, you should expect that about _____ would respond “yes.” a. 700 b. 1,200 c. 2,500 d. 4,000 Answer: a Rationale: The text reports that about 7% of 12- to 17-year-olds report using marijuana; 7% of 10,000 seniors is 700 seniors. 108. If you were to select the year in which the use of alcohol and marijuana by adolescents was the LOWEST, which year would that be? a. 1975 b. 2000 c. 2006 d. 2010 Answer: c Rationale: The text make the point that marijuana use declined after the 1970s, but rose again around the turn of the 21st century. Figure 11-6 plots drug usage of several drugs from 2002 to 2010, and here marijuana use is shown to be lowest from about 2005 to 2008. 109. Today, about what percent of 18-to 25-year-olds report current use of marijuana? a. 8% b. 11% c. 19% d. 26% Answer: c Rationale: Approximately 19% of 18-to 25-year-olds report current use of marijuana, indicating the prevalence of marijuana use among young adults in this age group. 110. According to the text, about percent of high school seniors reported using the drug Ecstasy in 2000 and percent reported using it in 2011? a. 1%; 4% b. 4%; 8% c. 8%; 8% d. 9%; 2% Answer: d Rationale: The correct answer is d. According to the data provided, the percentage of high school seniors using Ecstasy was 9% in 2000 and 2% in 2011, as indicated in the text. 111. According to the text, the use of manufactured amphetamine drugs such as methamphetamine peaked in which year: a. 1975 b. 1990 c. 2001 d. There has not yet been a peak since usage continues to increase each year. Answer: c Rationale: The correct answer is c. According to the text, the use of manufactured amphetamine drugs like methamphetamine peaked in 2001. 112. Which of the following statements about delinquency is TRUE? a. Delinquency is the term used for only minor crimes, such as shoplifting. b. Delinquency refers to crimes that would be more serious than misdemeanors but less serious than felonies. c. Delinquency refers to crimes of all sorts when they are committed by people under the age of 16 (or 18 in some states). d. Delinquency is the term given to crimes committed by people who are mentally incompetent. Answer: c Rationale: According to the text, adolescents under age 16 or 18 who commit criminal acts are called delinquents; the age cutoff varies by state and by the nature of the crime. 113. Statistically, you should expect that delinquency rates would be highest in: a. poor urban areas b. poor rural areas c. rich urban areas d. rich rural areas Answer: a Rationale: Sociologists often note the association between crime and living in disadvantaged or stressful environments that arise from (among other contributors) poverty and overcrowding. 114. Fifteen-year-old Ron was arrested for attempted burglary. The term that would most likely be applied to him would be: a. juvenile b. delinquent c. high-risk recidivist d. felon Answer: b Rationale: According to the text, adolescents under age 16 or 18 who commit criminal acts are called delinquents; the age cutoff varies by state and by the nature of the crime. 115. According to research cited in the text, members of which of the following groups would be most likely to engage in delinquent behavior? a. teens from poor families with no male role models b. teens from financially stable families with no male role models c. teens from poor families with strong male role models d. teens from financially stable families with strong male role models Answer: a Rationale: According to the text, sociologists often note the association between crime and (among other contributors) poverty and the lack of a positive male role model. 116. From the description of delinquency provided in the text, which of the following parenting styles would most likely be linked to this behavior? a. permissive parenting b. authoritative parenting c. proactive parenting d. authoritarian parenting Answer: d Rationale: The text notes that acting-out behaviors can be the likely result of adolescents who perceive that their parents exhibit little warmth or are too intrusive and allow too little autonomy. These are the characteristics most often associated with authoritarian parenting. 117. According to statistics reported in the text, about ____ of college men report that they have had forced sexual activity and about _____ of college women report they have experienced an attempted or completed rape. a. 20%; 10% b. 10%; 20% c. 20%; 50% d. 50%; 20% Answer: d Rationale: The correct answer is d. As per the statistics in the text, approximately 20% of college men report forced sexual activity, while about 20% of college women report experiencing attempted or completed rape. 118. According to statistics gathered on U.S. high school students reported in the text, about ___ of girls and ___ of boys reported that they had been forced to have sexual intercourse at some point in their lives. a. 4%; 11% b. 11%; 4% c. 2%; 15% d. 15%; 2% Answer: b Rationale: The correct answer is b. The text states that about 11% of girls and 4% of boys reported being forced to have sexual intercourse at some point in their lives. 119. Abby is an adolescent girl who has been subjected to sexual abuse. Which of the following people would most likely have been the abuser? a. Paul, who is her biological father b. Peter, a person she has begun to date c. Rick, who is a complete stranger d. Donna, who is her mother Answer: b Rationale: The text notes that about half of female rapes are committed by friends, acquaintances, or partners; about one-quarter by family members, and one-quarter by others. 120. Carlos is an adolescent boy who has been subjected to sexual abuse. Which of the following people would most likely have been the abuser? a. Renaldo, who is his biological father. b. Maria, who is his biological mother. c. Julia, who is his stepmother d. Marco, not a family member Answer: d Rationale: Abusers of young boys are most likely to be a male who is not a family member. Stress, Depression, and Coping 121. According to the text, the most common pattern of psychological distress for adolescents today is: a. anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders b. stunting c. depression d. schizophrenia Answer: c Rationale: The correct answer is c. The text indicates that depression is the most common pattern of psychological distress for adolescents today. 122. If Dr. Martinez conducts a large-scale survey of adolescent depression, he would expect that, at any given time, about ____ of the adolescent population would be suffering from depression. a. 2% b. 8% c. 14% d. 25% Answer: b Rationale: According to the text, a reasonable estimate is that at any given point in time about 8% of adolescents suffer from moderate to severe depression. 123. Suppose you are reading statistics about a particular college. This college reports that about 30-40% of the student body has been treated for depression. Generalizing from statistics reported in the text, you would know that the students at this college are about ____ as likely to suffer from depression as are students nationwide. a. half b. equally c. twice d. four times Answer: c Rationale: Statistics indicate that 15-20% of college students report having had a period of serious depression at some point in their lives. 124. Which of the following has been shown to be the strongest predictor of depression in male and female adolescents? a. use of marijuana b. use of alcohol c. being sexually abused d. having low self-esteem Answer: d Rationale: The correct answer is d. The text suggests that having low self-esteem is the strongest predictor of depression in male and female adolescents. 125. According to the text, unintended pregnancy is ____ as common among girls who are depressed compared to non-depressed girls. a. half b. equally c. twice d. three times Answer: d Rationale: The correct answer is d. The text states that unintended pregnancy is three times as common among girls who are depressed compared to non-depressed girls. 126. Today, drugs that are available to treat depression are effective for about ____ of the people who take them. a. 40% b. 60% c. 80% d. 99.9% Answer: c Rationale: The correct answer is c. According to the text, drugs available to treat depression are effective for about 80% of the people who take them. 127. The three leading causes of death among adolescents are: a. accidents, murders, and suicides b. accidents, cancer, and suicides c. accidents, asthma, and cancer d. accidents, heart disease, and murders Answer: a Rationale: The correct answer is a. The text identifies accidents, murders, and suicides as the three leading causes of death among adolescents. 128. Since the mid-1950s, suicide rates for adolescents ages 15 to 19 have _________. a. declined slightly b. stayed about the same c. increased slightly d. nearly tripled Answer: d Rationale: The correct answer is d. According to the text, since the mid-1950s, suicide rates for adolescents ages 15 to 19 have nearly tripled. 129. Which of the following is NOT one of the risk factors commonly associated with adolescent suicide? a. belonging to the “most popular” peer group in the school b. being depressed c. experiencing a stressful family event, such as a divorce d. alcohol and/or drug abuse Answer: a Rationale: According to Table 11-5, being depressed; experiencing a stressful family event; and alcohol and/or drug use are all risk factors associated with adolescent suicide. 130. The text suggests a set of four risk factors that are associated with adolescent suicide. Which of the following is NOT one of these risk factors? a. depression b. abuse of alcohol and other drugs c. overachievement in school performance d. access to firearms Answer: c Rationale: Overachievement in school performance is not typically identified as a direct risk factor for adolescent suicide. While academic pressure and stress may contribute to mental health issues such as depression, it's not commonly categorized as a distinct risk factor for suicide compared to the other options listed. 131. Good relationships with parents and peers, a particular area of expertise, and a role that includes responsibilities for others are all characteristics of what the text refers to as: a. stress breakers b. coping responses c. resilient individuals d. social comparison factors Answer: c Rationale: Resilient individuals are characterized by their ability to maintain positive relationships with parents and peers, possess a particular area of expertise, and hold roles that include responsibilities for others. These characteristics align with the definition of resilience, which refers to an individual's ability to bounce back from adversity or stress. 132. Jimmy grows up in a poor home and his parents are constantly arguing. He has trouble learning to read in school, and he is a poor athlete. As a young child he spent a good deal of time by himself, unsupervised, with little to do except watch television. Yet, as a young adult, he is happy, well-adjusted, and productive at work. The word that best described Jimmy’s personality is: a. resilient b. authoritarian c. permissive d. authoritative Answer: a Rationale: Resilient adolescents are those who are able to confront the risks associated with adolescence and to deal effectively with them. Current Issues: A Key Component of Self-Definition 133. The values of the cultural or ethnic group of which a person belongs is called: a. ethnic foreclosure b. ethnic confidence c. ethnic integrity d. ethnic identity Answer: d Rationale: Ethnic identity refers to the values, beliefs, and sense of belonging associated with a particular cultural or ethnic group. It encompasses an individual's understanding and connection to their cultural heritage and group identity. 134. Mai’s family immigrated to the U. S. from Cambodia and her parents expect her to honor the traditions and styles that characterize life for a young woman growing up in Cambodia. Although she wants to please and honor her parents, Mai, however, also want to be like her school friends, most of whom are white, middle-class girls. She feels torn between wanting to be the person her parents expect, and wanting to be a modern woman growing up in mainstream U.S. culture. The term that best describes Mai’s dilemma is: a. ethnic identity crisis b. foreclosure status c. ethnic identity achievement d. social comparison compromise Answer: a Rationale: Adolescents who belong to ethnic minorities must take note of their ethnicity, but they must also acknowledge that the majority culture may not reflect or may actually be hostile to the characteristics valued within the ethnic group. Sometimes this means that individuals will experience an ethnic identity crisis much like the more general adolescent identity crisis that Erikson described. 135. According to research cited in the text, the trait of ethnic identity is comprised of all of the following EXCEPT: a. race centrality (the important of race to the person’s self-definition) b. private regard (group pride about belonging to the racial group) c. public regard (how one interprets the majority culture’s beliefs about one’s group) d. self-identity (whether or not one considers himself or herself to belong to the racial/ethnic group or to the majority culture) Answer: d Rationale: The trait of ethnic identity encompasses aspects such as race centrality, private regard, and public regard, as described in the options a, b, and c. Self-identity, however, is a broader concept that extends beyond ethnic identity and encompasses an individual's overall sense of self and belonging. Changing Perspectives: Family Obligation and Assistance During Adolescence 136. According to research presented in the text, when children in families were asked to take on additional responsibilities, this was usually the result of high levels of stress in the ________ job, and the child who assumed the greatest responsibilities was usually a __________. a. mother’s; son b. mother’s; daughter c. father’s; son d. father’s; daughter Answer: b Rationale: Research suggests that when children in families take on additional responsibilities, it's often due to high levels of stress in the mother's role. Additionally, daughters are typically the ones who assume the greatest responsibilities within the family dynamic, as indicated by option b. This finding aligns with traditional gender roles and expectations within many cultures. 137. Suppose that Scott and Ruth (a brother and sister) have recently been asked to take on more responsibility for household chores. This is most likely the result of extra stress in their _________ job, and _______ will likely provide the greatest amount of help to the family. a. father’s; Scott b. father’s; Ruth c. mother’s; Scott d. mother’s; Ruth Answer: d Rationale: Research cited in the text showed that when the mother’s job (but not necessarily the father’s) was particularly stressful, teens of working parents were asked to take on some family responsibilities. Additionally, daughters, far more than sons, assumed the obligations when the parents needed help. 138. Whitney has promised that she will repay her parents for sending her to college and medical school by paying them 1% of her income for life. This type of family obligation would best be considered an example of: a. current assistance b. family respect c. future support d. balance of power Answer: c Rationale: The type of obligation called future support refers to adolescents’ plans to send money from future earnings to the family or assume obligations for educating younger siblings. 139. If you studied groups of teenagers whose parents had recently immigrated to the United States, you should expect that teenagers from which of the following groups would feel the LEAST obligation to their families? a. teenagers whose families came from Europe b. teenagers whose families came from China c. teenagers whose families came from Mexico d. teenagers whose families came from the Philippines Answer: a Rationale: According to a research study cited in the textbook, in comparison to adolescents whose parents represented European backgrounds, those from the other four ethnic traditions (Chinese, Filipino, Mexican, Central and South American) reported feeling greater obligation to their families in all three types of family obligation studied. 140. If you conducted a study that compared teenagers whose parents immigrated from South America to the United States with teenagers whose parents immigrated from Europe to the U.S., you would expect that the teens from South America were _____ likely to recognize the value of education opportunities and were ______ likely to dislike the “hard” subjects of math and English. a. more; more b. less; less c. more: equally d. less; equally Answer: c Rationale: According to a research study cited in the text, adolescents from non-European groups were more likely to recognize the value of school success, especially in the areas of math and English, although they did not like these subjects any more than the adolescents from the European background did. True-False questions: Developmental Tasks of Adolescence 141. Based on large cross-cultural studies of adolescence, it seems clear that adolescence is a time of considerable “storm and stress” for most teenagers in developed nations. Answer: False Rationale: A study of 27,000 adolescents in 24 different countries concluded that although some adolescents did report emotional and behavioral problems, the percentage of individuals experiencing significant issues was small and was comparable across countries. 142. Achieving autonomy and forming an identity are the two most important developmental tasks of adolescence. Answer: True Rationale: Achieving autonomy, or independence, and forming a coherent sense of identity are indeed considered two crucial developmental tasks of adolescence according to various developmental theories. These tasks involve navigating through various social, emotional, and cognitive challenges to establish a sense of self and gain increasing independence from caregivers. 143. Adolescence is a period of the lifespan normally characterized by increasing self-regulation and increasing interdependence with parents. Answer: True Rationale: Adolescence is typically characterized by a gradual increase in self-regulation, including the ability to control impulses, manage emotions, and make independent decisions. However, it's also a period marked by increasing interdependence with parents, as adolescents navigate the balance between autonomy and reliance on parental support and guidance. 144. Eric Erikson saw the period of adolescence as a time in which teenagers try out various alternative identities as they attempt to sort through the available options and forge their sense of who they are. Answer: True Rationale: Erik Erikson proposed that adolescence is a critical period for identity development, characterized by an identity crisis where individuals explore various roles, values, and beliefs to establish a cohesive sense of self. This process involves trying out different identities before committing to one. 145. According to Marcia, if a person has gone through one or more identity crises, but has not yet made a commitment to any particular course of action, that person would be in the stage of foreclosure. Answer: False Rationale: Foreclosure involves making a commitment but without going through and identity crisis. If a person went through a crisis but has not made a commitment, this identity status would be called moratorium. 146. More young adolescents than young adults are in the identity state of diffusion. Answer: True Rationale: It is true that more young adolescents than young adults are typically in the identity state of diffusion. During early adolescence, individuals often have not yet explored various identity options and may lack a clear sense of self, leading to a higher prevalence of diffusion compared to older individuals. 147. Young men and women who are gay or lesbian generally have an easier time forging an identity because they do not have the pressures of parents regarding dating and choosing a mate to deal with. Answer: False Rationale: Normally, gay males and lesbian females have a harder time forging an identity because the sexual identity they have is not well accepted by their peer group. Also, families sometimes find an identity that includes a homosexual orientation to be unacceptable, further compromising the gay or lesbian adolescent’s ability to adopt a secure sense of self. 148. Compared to members of the “Baby Boomer” generation, members of the “Generation Me” typically place more value on financial success and less value on community involvement. Answer: True Rationale: Members of the "Generation Me" cohort, often associated with millennials and younger generations, are often characterized as placing greater emphasis on individual success, including financial success, and less emphasis on community involvement compared to the "Baby Boomer" generation, which was known for its emphasis on collective efforts and community engagement. Family Dynamics 149. Most conflicts that adolescents have with their parents are about the “big” things in life, such as choosing a mate or career, determining a religious orientation, and making a commitment to a set of social and political values. Answer: False Rationale: Usually, adolescents do not have much conflict with their parents about core religious, economic, social, and political values, in part because few adolescents form their beliefs about these values so early in life. Instead, adolescents are more likely to have conflicts with parents about daily matters, such as family chores, dating, curfew hours, grades, personal appearance, and eating habits. 150. The family alliances that were formed during childhood usually remain intact during the period of adolescence. Answer: True Rationale: Generally, family alliances formed during childhood tend to remain intact during adolescence, although the dynamics within these alliances may shift as adolescents assert their independence and negotiate new roles within the family structure. 151. Adolescents who grow up in families with permissive parents often become defiant and resentful, and may become dependent and anxious in the presence of authority figures. Answer: False Rationale: The behaviors described in this question are more likely to be linked to authoritarian parenting. Permissive parenting typically leads to the adolescent’s difficulty in setting boundaries and defining appropriate behavior. 152. Although mothers generally know more than fathers about their adolescent’s behaviors, fathers usually exert a stronger influence on their adolescent child’s development. Answer: False Rationale: According to the text, mothers both know more and exert a stronger influence on the development of their adolescent children than fathers do. Peer Relationships During Adolescence 153. The process we use to evaluate our abilities, behaviors, personality characteristics, appearance, reactions, and general sense of self in comparison to those of others is called self-efficacy. Answer: False Rationale: This process is called social comparison. Self-efficacy refers to what the person believes he or she is capable of doing in a given situation. 154. Most adolescents would be more likely to ask their friends, rather than their parents, about which social events to attend, which clubs to join, and how to dress. Answer: True Rationale: During adolescence, peers play a significant role in social and identity development. Adolescents often seek advice and guidance from their peers regarding social activities, interests, and fashion choices as they strive for acceptance and validation within their peer group. 155. Recent studies suggest that social media are having a dramatic and mostly negative effect on friendship formation during adolescence. Answer: False Rationale: Although little research has been published on the topic, it appears that adolescent friendship patterns have not changed as a result of social media use. 156. A clique is nearly always larger in number than a crowd. Answer: False Rationale: Cliques are usually comprised of 3-9 close friends, whereas crowds are larger groups, numbering perhaps 15 to 30 people. Crowds are often made up of two or more cliques. 157. Most adolescents who are involuntary loners feel that they are strange or different and they do not fit into crowds or cliques. Answer: True Rationale: Involuntary loners, adolescents who feel socially isolated despite desiring social connections, often perceive themselves as different from their peers and may struggle to fit in with social groups or cliques. This sense of not belonging can contribute to feelings of loneliness and low self-esteem. 158. Dating serves very different functions for boys and girls, with boys gaining sexual experience from dating and girls gaining popularity. Answer: False Rationale: According to the text, dating serves quite similar functions for adolescent boys and girls. 159. Culture clashes that result when children of immigrant parents want to embrace U. S. culture rather than adhere to their family’s tradition ethnic culture are usually harsher for boys than girls. Answer: False Rationale: According to the text, culture clashes such as this are usually more serious for girls because disparities, such as those for hairstyles and dress, are greater for women than for men. Risk and Resilience in Adolescence 160. The regions of the brain responsible for decision making are among the last to develop. Answer: True Rationale: The prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions such as decision-making, impulse control, and planning, undergoes significant development during adolescence and continues to mature into early adulthood. This delayed development contributes to the risk-taking behavior often observed in adolescents. 161. The adolescents who are most likely to take risks also tend to be the best students and to have good impulse control. Answer: False Rationale: Adolescents who are most likely to take risks tend to have poor impulse control and to experience low school achievement. 162. The percentage of people who report the use of any illicit drug in the past month is highest among the 16- to 17-year-old age group. Answer: False Rationale: The group with the highest percentage of people who report any illicit drug use in the past months is the 18- to -20-year-old age group, as shown in Figure 11-4. 163. According to statistics reported in the text, about one-third of high school seniors report “current” smoking. Answer: True Rationale: According to statistics, approximately one-third of high school seniors report current smoking, highlighting the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents despite efforts to reduce smoking rates through public health initiatives and anti-smoking campaigns. 164. Illnesses that result from smoking are the single most preventable causes of illness and death in the United States today. Answer: True Rationale: Smoking-related illnesses, including lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory ailments, are indeed the single most preventable causes of illness and death in the United States today. Efforts to reduce smoking prevalence through tobacco control measures and smoking cessation programs can significantly reduce the burden of smoking-related diseases. 165. The percentage of 12- to 18-year-olds who use alcohol is was lower in 2010 than it was in 2002. Answer: True Rationale: According to surveys and studies, the percentage of 12- to 18-year-olds who use alcohol decreased from 2002 to 2010. This decline may be attributed to various factors, including public health campaigns, stricter enforcement of underage drinking laws, and changes in societal attitudes towards alcohol consumption among adolescents. 166. Recent research suggests that the use of marijuana may be more dangerous than previously thought. Answer: True Rationale: Recent research has indeed suggested that the use of marijuana may be more dangerous than previously thought, particularly concerning its potential effects on mental health, cognitive function, and the development of addiction. Studies have highlighted the association between marijuana use and adverse outcomes such as psychosis, impaired memory and learning, and increased risk of substance abuse disorders. 167. When a person ingests marijuana, the active ingredient, THC, is quickly eliminated from the body so use of this drug seldom causes problems for the user. Answer: False Rationale: Marijuana’s adverse effects on thinking, problem solving, and memory can last for several days or weeks, so people who use the drug regularly may be functioning with some level of impairment all of the time. 168. The use of alcohol and marijuana has fallen from a high point in the late 1970s but recently has begun to increase again. Answer: True Rationale: The use of alcohol and marijuana did fall from a high point in the late 1970s, primarily due to widespread public awareness campaigns and prevention efforts. However, recent trends indicate a resurgence in alcohol and marijuana use among certain demographic groups, including adolescents and young adults. This increase may be influenced by factors such as changing societal norms, increased availability, and perceptions of harm associated with these substances. 169. The illicit drugs generally used by the youngest children and adolescents are typically stimulants, sedatives, and tranquilizers. Answer: False Rationale: The average age of first use of stimulants, sedatives, and tranquilizers is in the early 20s, making these drugs among the last to be used by adolescents. Young adolescents are more likely to use inhalants, marijuana, and LSD. 170. The defining factor that determines whether a person is a delinquent or a criminal is how severe the crime committed is. Answer: False Rationale: The term delinquent can be applied to individuals who commit any crime, from petty misdemeanors to armed robbery, rape, and murder. However, delinquency is a term that applies only to young people who are under the age of 16, or age 18 in some states. Thus, age is the defining factor that determines whether a person is a delinquent or a criminal. 171. According to the text, nearly a quarter of college women report having been the victim of an attempted or completed rape. Answer: True Rationale: According to studies and surveys, nearly a quarter of college women report having been the victim of an attempted or completed rape. This alarming statistic underscores the prevalence of sexual violence on college campuses and highlights the need for comprehensive prevention and support services for survivors. 172. For both adolescent boys and girls, if sexual abuse occurs, the abuser is most likely to be someone the victim knows. Answer: True Rationale: Research consistently indicates that for both adolescent boys and girls, if sexual abuse occurs, the abuser is most likely to be someone the victim knows, such as a family member, friend, romantic partner, or acquaintance. This emphasizes the importance of awareness and prevention efforts targeting not only stranger danger but also the risks posed by individuals within the victim's social circle. Stress, Depression, and Coping 173. At any given point in time, about 15-20% of adolescents will be suffering from depression. Answer: False Rationale: About 15-20% of college students report that they have suffered from moderate to severe depression. However, at any given point in time, only about 8% of adolescents are currently coping with this disorder. 174. The strongest predictor of depression in both male and female adolescents is low self-esteem. Answer: True Rationale: Low self-esteem is indeed considered one of the strongest predictors of depression in both male and female adolescents. Adolescents who have negative perceptions of themselves are more vulnerable to developing depressive symptoms, experiencing feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, and inadequacy. Interventions aimed at promoting positive self-esteem and self-worth can play a crucial role in preventing and mitigating depression in adolescents. 175. Girls who suffer from depression are less likely to become pregnant than girls who don’t because when girls are depressed, they lose their interest in sexual behavior. Answer: False Rationale: The incidence of pregnancy is 3 times higher among depressed teenage girls than among those who are not depressed. 176. Suicide is now the third leading cause of death among adolescents and suicide rates have nearly tripled since the mid-1950s. Answer: True Rationale: Suicide is indeed the third leading cause of death among adolescents, and suicide rates have nearly tripled since the mid-1950s. This troubling trend underscores the urgent need for comprehensive mental health support and suicide prevention efforts targeting adolescents. Factors contributing to this increase include social, psychological, and environmental stressors, as well as limited access to mental health services and stigma surrounding mental illness. Short Answer questions: Developmental Tasks of Adolescence 177. The text discusses a cross-cultural study in which 27,000 adolescents from 24 different countries were asked to rate their own behavioral and emotional problems. Describe the most important results from this study. 178. Give an example of how teenagers and their parents can develop an interdependent relationship. 179. Describe a social reference group that you think is important to yourself or to an adolescent you know. How do you know this group functions as a social reference group? 180. Identify the conflict that Erik Erikson believes was the central task for adolescents to achieve and describe how his concept of identity crisis is important to resolving this conflict. 181. Using Marcia’s view of identify formation, explain the difference between identity achievement and foreclosure. 182. How does gender typically affect how adolescents develop a sense of identity? Do boys and girls develop identities that emphasize the same, or different, aspects of the self? 183. Describe two ways that members of Generation Me differ from individuals of the previous generation. 177. The text discusses a cross-cultural study in which 27,000 adolescents from 24 different countries were asked to rate their own behavioral and emotional problems. Describe the most important results from this study. Answer: The most important results from this study revealed significant variations in the prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems among adolescents across different countries. While some countries reported higher rates of problems such as anxiety and depression, others reported lower rates. Additionally, cultural factors were found to influence the expression and perception of these problems, highlighting the importance of considering cultural contexts in understanding adolescent mental health. 178. Give an example of how teenagers and their parents can develop an interdependent relationship. Answer: An example of how teenagers and their parents can develop an interdependent relationship is through collaborative decision-making processes. For instance, when discussing academic or career choices, teenagers may seek input and guidance from their parents while also expressing their own preferences and aspirations. In this way, both parties rely on each other's perspectives and insights to make informed decisions, fostering interdependence in the relationship. 179. Describe a social reference group that you think is important to yourself or to an adolescent you know. How do you know this group functions as a social reference group? Answer: A social reference group that is important to many adolescents is their peer group of close friends. This group often serves as a benchmark for social comparison and influences various aspects of behavior, including clothing choices, hobbies, and attitudes. I know this group functions as a social reference group because the adolescent frequently seeks validation and approval from their friends, emulates their behaviors, and uses their group's norms and values to shape their own identity and decision-making processes. 180. Identify the conflict that Erik Erikson believes was the central task for adolescents to achieve and describe how his concept of identity crisis is important to resolving this conflict. Answer: Erik Erikson believed that the central task for adolescents to achieve was the development of a sense of identity. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, adolescents experience an identity crisis, a period of exploration and self-discovery during which they must reconcile various roles, values, and beliefs to form a coherent sense of self. This concept of identity crisis is important to resolving the conflict because it prompts adolescents to engage in introspection, exploration, and decision-making, ultimately leading to the development of a stable and integrated identity. 181. Using Marcia’s view of identity formation, explain the difference between identity achievement and foreclosure. Answer: According to Marcia's view of identity formation, identity achievement and foreclosure represent two different outcomes of the identity status process. Identity achievement refers to the status in which individuals have actively explored different identity options and commitments and have made firm commitments based on their own values and beliefs. In contrast, foreclosure refers to the status in which individuals have made commitments to identity options without engaging in significant exploration. Foreclosed individuals typically adopt the beliefs and values of others, such as parents or authority figures, without questioning or exploring alternative identities. 182. How does gender typically affect how adolescents develop a sense of identity? Do boys and girls develop identities that emphasize the same, or different, aspects of the self? Answer: Gender can influence how adolescents develop a sense of identity, as societal norms and expectations often shape the experiences and opportunities available to boys and girls. While both boys and girls undergo a process of identity development, they may emphasize different aspects of the self based on cultural and gender-related influences. For example, boys may be socialized to prioritize characteristics such as independence, assertiveness, and career aspirations, while girls may be encouraged to focus on qualities such as nurturance, relationships, and appearance. However, individual variations exist, and adolescents of all genders navigate complex interactions between personal, social, and cultural factors in the formation of their identities. 183. Describe two ways that members of Generation Me differ from individuals of the previous generation. Answer: Members of Generation Me, born in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, differ from individuals of the previous generation in several ways: 1. Increased focus on individualism: Generation Me tends to prioritize individual needs, desires, and personal fulfillment over collective interests or societal expectations. This emphasis on individualism is reflected in attitudes towards career choices, relationships, and lifestyle preferences. 2. Influence of technology and social media: Members of Generation Me have grown up in an era characterized by rapid technological advancements and widespread use of social media. As a result, they are often more technologically savvy and interconnected than individuals of previous generations. This reliance on technology has reshaped communication patterns, social interactions, and cultural norms among members of Generation Me. Family Dynamics 184. How do family alliances formed in childhood generally change as children move through the period of adolescence? Answer: Family alliances formed in childhood typically undergo significant changes as children move through adolescence. During childhood, family alliances may be more centered around parental authority and dependency, with parents assuming primary roles in decision-making and guidance. However, as adolescents seek greater autonomy and independence, family alliances often shift towards more egalitarian relationships, with adolescents asserting their individuality and negotiating their roles within the family structure. This transition may involve renegotiating boundaries, roles, and communication patterns to accommodate the changing needs and preferences of both parents and adolescents. 185. Explain the difference between authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting. Which parenting style leads to better developmental outcomes for adolescents? Answer: Authoritarian parenting is characterized by high levels of control and demand, with parents imposing strict rules and expecting obedience without much explanation or flexibility. In contrast, authoritative parenting balances warmth and responsiveness with firm control, setting clear expectations and boundaries while also fostering open communication, mutual respect, and autonomy. Research suggests that authoritative parenting tends to lead to better developmental outcomes for adolescents compared to authoritarian parenting. Adolescents raised by authoritative parents typically exhibit higher levels of self-esteem, academic achievement, social competence, and emotional well-being, as they benefit from the supportive and nurturing environment provided by authoritative parenting. 186. Explain the difference between parental control and parental monitoring. Give an example of each to clarify your answer. Answer: Parental control refers to the direct regulation of a child's behavior through rules, restrictions, and consequences imposed by parents. For example, a parent may enforce a curfew for their teenager, specifying the time by which they must return home in the evening. Parental monitoring, on the other hand, involves the supervision and awareness of a child's activities, behaviors, and social interactions without necessarily exerting direct control. An example of parental monitoring would be a parent regularly checking in with their teenager about their plans for the evening, asking where they will be and who they will be with, without necessarily imposing strict rules or restrictions. While parental control focuses on behavioral regulation, parental monitoring emphasizes parental involvement and awareness of the child's activities, allowing for a balance between supervision and autonomy. Peer Relationships During Adolescence 187. What does the term “social comparison” mean? Give an example of how an adolescent might use the process of social comparison to determine whether or not she should work hard in her mathematics class in high school. Answer: Social comparison refers to the process through which individuals evaluate their own abilities, opinions, and attributes by comparing themselves to others. An adolescent might use social comparison to determine whether or not she should work hard in her mathematics class by observing how her peers perform in the class. For example, if she notices that her friends who study diligently consistently achieve high grades in mathematics, she may feel motivated to work hard to keep up with or surpass their academic achievements. 188. How does the prevalence of media in the lives of adolescents appear to be influencing friendship formation? Answer: The prevalence of media in the lives of adolescents appears to be influencing friendship formation by providing platforms for social interaction and connection. Social media platforms, in particular, allow adolescents to maintain constant communication with their peers, discover common interests, and form friendships beyond geographical boundaries. Additionally, media consumption can shape adolescents' perceptions of social norms, values, and behaviors, influencing their preferences in friends and social activities. 189. Explain the difference between a clique and crowd. Answer: A clique refers to a small, tightly knit group of friends who share similar interests, values, and social status. Clique members typically engage in frequent interaction and may exclude outsiders. On the other hand, a crowd refers to a larger, more loosely organized group of adolescents who may share a common identity or reputation but do not necessarily interact closely on a regular basis. Crowds serve as social categories that encompass multiple cliques and may provide a sense of identity and belonging to adolescents within a broader social context. 190. How does being an involuntary loner affect an adolescent’s identity formation? Answer: Being an involuntary loner during adolescence can significantly impact an individual's identity formation. Adolescents who struggle to form social connections may experience feelings of loneliness, social isolation, and low self-esteem, which can hinder their exploration of identity and sense of belonging. They may face challenges in developing a coherent sense of self and may be more susceptible to negative peer influences or internalizing societal stereotypes. This lack of social support and validation can impede the exploration and experimentation necessary for healthy identity development. 191. Identify two different functions of dating and describe how the importance of each of these functions typically shifts as adolescents move through the period from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Answer: Two different functions of dating include socialization and intimacy. In early adolescence, the socialization function of dating is often more prominent, as adolescents use dating as a means to establish social status, gain peer acceptance, and practice social skills. As adolescents transition into emerging adulthood, the importance of intimacy in dating tends to increase. Relationships become more focused on emotional connection, shared values, and long-term commitment rather than purely socializing or status-seeking. Individuals may seek deeper emotional bonds and intimacy as they mature and prioritize long-term relationships over casual dating experiences. 192. Describe a situation in which an adolescent and his or her parents are caught in a clash of cultures. Suggest two ways in which such culture clashes can be resolved. Answer: An adolescent and their parents might experience a clash of cultures when the adolescent's desire for autonomy and independence conflicts with the parents' traditional values and expectations regarding obedience and conformity. One situation could involve the adolescent wanting to pursue a non-traditional career path, such as becoming an artist or musician, which goes against the parents' cultural beliefs about stable and prestigious professions. To resolve such culture clashes: 1. Open communication and negotiation: Encouraging open dialogue between the adolescent and parents can help both parties understand each other's perspectives and find common ground. Through respectful communication and negotiation, compromises can be reached that honor both the adolescent's desire for autonomy and the parents' cultural values. 2. Seeking external support: Involving a trusted mediator, such as a family therapist or cultural counselor, can provide unbiased guidance and facilitate constructive discussions. A neutral third party can help mediate conflicts, bridge cultural differences, and offer strategies for compromise and mutual understanding. Risk and Resilience in Adolescence 193. How might brain development be linked to risk-taking in adolescence? Answer: Brain development in adolescence, particularly in the prefrontal cortex responsible for decision-making and impulse control, is still ongoing. This development may not be fully matured until early adulthood. As a result, adolescents often engage in risk-taking behaviors due to the imbalance between the developing reward system in the brain and the still-developing executive functions, leading to increased susceptibility to peer influence and sensation-seeking. 194. What is binge drinking and why is it a problem on most college campuses? Answer: Binge drinking is the consumption of a large amount of alcohol within a short period, typically leading to intoxication. It is a significant problem on most college campuses because it poses various health risks, including alcohol poisoning, injuries, unsafe sexual behaviors, academic problems, and long-term alcohol dependency. Binge drinking also contributes to a negative campus culture and impacts the overall well-being and safety of students. 195. What physiological effects does cigarette smoking have on the body? How dangerous it is to smoke cigarettes? Answer: Cigarette smoking has numerous physiological effects on the body, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, reduced lung function, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, throat cancer, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Smoking is highly dangerous and is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. It is associated with a myriad of health complications and diseases, making it a significant public health concern. 196. Is alcohol consumption a problem in most high schools in the United States today? Explain your answer and cite relevant statistics to support your conclusion. Answer: Yes, alcohol consumption is a problem in most high schools in the United States today. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), about 29% of high school students reported drinking alcohol in the past month, and 14% reported binge drinking. Additionally, the Monitoring the Future study found that nearly one-third of 12th graders reported drinking alcohol within the past month. Alcohol consumption among high school students can lead to various consequences, including impaired judgment, academic problems, risky behaviors, and potential long-term health issues. Therefore, addressing alcohol use among high school students is crucial for promoting their well-being and academic success. 197. Explain the effects that marijuana typically has on behavior. Answer: Marijuana can have various effects on behavior, including altered perception of time and space, impaired coordination and motor skills, increased heart rate, relaxation, altered judgment, and changes in mood. These effects can vary depending on factors such as dosage, individual tolerance, and the presence of other substances. 198. Are teenagers today more likely, or less likely, to use illicit drugs now than 40 years ago? Cite statistics that support your answer. Answer: Teenagers today are generally more likely to use illicit drugs than they were 40 years ago. According to statistics from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Monitoring the Future survey has shown fluctuations in drug use over the years, but overall, there has been an increase in the prevalence of illicit drug use among adolescents since the 1990s. For example, the 2020 survey reported that 21.1% of 12th graders had used illicit drugs other than marijuana in the past year, compared to 13.1% in 1980. 199. Define the term delinquency and suggest two risk factors that are associated with this type of crime. Answer: Delinquency refers to behavior that is considered a violation of social norms or laws, typically committed by juveniles or young people under a certain age. Two risk factors associated with delinquency include: 1. Family Dysfunction: Family factors such as parental neglect, abuse, inconsistent discipline, or parental substance abuse can contribute to a higher likelihood of delinquent behavior in adolescents. 2. Peer Influence: Association with delinquent peers or involvement in peer groups that encourage risky or antisocial behavior can increase the risk of delinquency. Peer pressure and social dynamics play significant roles in shaping adolescent behavior. Stress, Depression, and Coping 200. Explain why overstatements that incorrectly emphasize that adolescence is a period of intense psychological trauma can lead to poor outcomes. Answer: Overstatements that inaccurately portray adolescence as solely a time of intense psychological trauma can lead to poor outcomes for several reasons. Firstly, it can create a self-fulfilling prophecy, where adolescents internalize the belief that they are supposed to experience significant distress, leading them to interpret normal developmental challenges as evidence of dysfunction. This can exacerbate feelings of inadequacy and hopelessness. Additionally, it may discourage adolescents from seeking help or support when they genuinely need it, as they may believe that their struggles are just part of the norm. Furthermore, it can overshadow the positive aspects of adolescence, such as personal growth, exploration, and the formation of identity, neglecting opportunities for resilience-building and adaptive coping strategies. 201. Is adolescent suicide a significant problem? Cite statistics to support your answer. Answer: Yes, adolescent suicide is indeed a significant problem. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents aged 15 to 19 worldwide. Additionally, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that suicide rates among adolescents and young adults have been steadily increasing over the past decade in the United States. These statistics underscore the urgent need for effective prevention strategies and support systems for adolescents at risk of suicide. 202. Identify a protective factor that helps adolescents achieve good developmental outcomes for each of the following three categories: individual characteristics, family characteristics, and sociocultural characteristics. Answer: • Individual Characteristics: Self-efficacy, which refers to an adolescent's belief in their ability to overcome challenges and achieve goals, is a significant protective factor. Adolescents with high self-efficacy are more likely to persevere in the face of adversity, engage in healthy behaviors, and seek support when needed. • Family Characteristics: Supportive family relationships serve as a crucial protective factor for adolescent development. Positive parent-child communication, parental warmth, and emotional support contribute to resilience and well-being. Families that provide a nurturing and secure environment help adolescents navigate stressors and develop effective coping mechanisms. • Sociocultural Characteristics: Access to supportive peer networks and community resources is essential for adolescents' positive development. Peer support fosters a sense of belonging and connectedness, buffering against the negative effects of stressors. Furthermore, communities that offer opportunities for engagement, mentorship, and cultural enrichment contribute to adolescents' resilience and overall well-being. 203. Define the term “resilience” and suggest an individual characteristic, a family characteristic, and a sociocultural characteristic that contributes to an individual adolescent’s resilience. Answer: Resilience refers to an individual's ability to adapt positively to adversity, trauma, or significant stressors. It involves bouncing back from setbacks, maintaining emotional stability, and continuing to thrive despite challenging circumstances. • Individual Characteristic: Optimism is a key individual characteristic that contributes to adolescent resilience. Optimistic individuals tend to maintain a positive outlook, view challenges as temporary and manageable, and actively seek solutions to problems, enhancing their ability to cope effectively with stressors. • Family Characteristic: Cohesion within the family is a significant family characteristic that fosters adolescent resilience. Families characterized by strong bonds, mutual support, and open communication create a secure base from which adolescents can navigate challenges. Cohesive families provide emotional support, validation, and guidance, promoting resilience in adolescents. • Sociocultural Characteristic: Access to education and socioeconomic opportunities is a crucial sociocultural characteristic that contributes to adolescent resilience. Societies that prioritize education, provide equal access to resources, and support socioeconomic mobility offer adolescents pathways for personal growth, skill development, and empowerment, which bolster their resilience in the face of adversity. Essay questions: Developmental Tasks of Adolescence 204. Why is forming an identity typically considered the most important task of adolescence? Answer: Forming an identity is typically considered the most important task of adolescence because it lays the foundation for a sense of self and guides future decisions and behaviors. During adolescence, individuals explore various roles, values, and beliefs to establish a coherent sense of identity, which influences their relationships, career choices, and overall well-being. 205. How might an authoritarian parenting style contribute to prolonging an adolescent’s time spent in a foreclosure identity status? Answer: An authoritarian parenting style, characterized by strict rules, control, and limited autonomy for the adolescent, may contribute to prolonging the adolescent's time spent in a foreclosure identity status. In such an environment, adolescents may not have the opportunity to explore alternative identity options or make independent decisions. Instead, they may conform to parental expectations without critically evaluating their own values and preferences, leading to a premature commitment to an identity without adequate exploration. 206. Describe the way a typical adolescent would move through the stages Marcia identified as being involved in identity formation: diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, and identity achievement. Answer: A typical adolescent would move through the stages of identity formation identified by Marcia in various ways: 1. Diffusion: In this stage, adolescents have not yet explored different identity options, nor have they made commitments. They may exhibit a lack of direction and may appear disengaged or apathetic about their future. 2. Moratorium: Adolescents in this stage actively explore different identity options without making firm commitments. They may engage in experimentation, questioning societal norms, and exploring various roles and values. 3. Foreclosure: Adolescents in this stage have made commitments to specific identities without undergoing a period of exploration or crisis. They may adopt parental or societal expectations without questioning them, leading to a premature closure on identity. 4. Identity Achievement: Adolescents in this stage have successfully resolved their identity crisis by exploring various options and making firm commitments to specific roles, values, and beliefs. They have a coherent sense of self and are capable of making independent decisions aligned with their identity. 207. Which of Marcia’s stages of identity formation are you presently in? Give examples that support your conclusion about your own developmental progress through identity formation. Answer: Presently, I believe I am in Marcia's moratorium stage of identity formation. In this stage, individuals actively explore different identity options and are in the process of making commitments. For example, I am exploring various career paths, volunteering opportunities, and personal interests to gain a better understanding of my values and goals. Additionally, I am open to trying new experiences and engaging in self-reflection to determine what aligns best with my identity. 208. Does the development of an identity during adolescence seem to depend to a large degree, or a small degree, on culture? Describe research that supports your answer. Answer: The development of an identity during adolescence appears to depend to a large degree on culture. Research has shown that cultural norms, values, and expectations significantly influence identity formation processes among adolescents. For example, studies have found that adolescents from collectivist cultures, which prioritize group harmony and interdependence, may experience identity development differently than those from individualistic cultures, which emphasize personal autonomy and achievement. Additionally, cultural factors such as ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, and family dynamics play critical roles in shaping adolescents' sense of self and identity. 209. The text suggests that adolescents who are gay males or lesbians generally have a more difficult time in developing a secure identity than do adolescents with heterosexual orientation. Do you agree or disagree with the text’s assertion? Cite evidence to support your answer. Answer: I agree with the text's assertion that adolescents who are gay males or lesbians generally have a more difficult time developing a secure identity compared to adolescents with heterosexual orientation. Research has consistently shown that sexual minority youth face unique challenges and stressors related to their sexual orientation, including stigma, discrimination, and social rejection. These experiences can lead to internalized homophobia, identity concealment, and struggles with self-acceptance, all of which may hinder the development of a secure and positive identity. Furthermore, studies have documented higher rates of mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety, among sexual minority youth compared to their heterosexual peers, further underscoring the difficulties they may encounter in identity formation. 210. Provide two different explanations for the finding that today’s youth see “being well off financially” as a more important goal than have members of previous generations. Answer: One explanation for the finding that today’s youth prioritize "being well off financially" more than previous generations could be the increased exposure to materialism and consumer culture through media, advertising, and social media platforms. Constant exposure to images of wealth and luxury may influence young people to equate financial success with happiness and fulfillment, leading them to prioritize financial goals. Additionally, economic factors such as rising student loan debt, housing costs, and income inequality may contribute to youths' heightened focus on financial stability and security, as they face greater economic uncertainties compared to previous generations. Family Dynamics 211. What are the most important roles that parents play during the teenage years? Answer: The most important roles that parents play during the teenage years include providing emotional support and guidance, setting boundaries and expectations, fostering autonomy and independence, and promoting healthy communication and problem-solving skills. Additionally, parents serve as role models for adolescents, shaping their values, beliefs, and behaviors through their actions and interactions within the family. 212. How might an authoritative parenting style contribute to the major adolescent task of achieving autonomy and independence? Answer: An authoritative parenting style contributes to the major adolescent task of achieving autonomy and independence by providing a supportive and nurturing environment that balances warmth and responsiveness with firm control and expectations. By fostering open communication, mutual respect, and negotiation of rules and boundaries, authoritative parents encourage adolescents to express their opinions, make independent decisions, and take responsibility for their actions. This approach allows adolescents to develop a sense of self-efficacy, confidence, and self-regulation, which are essential for navigating the challenges of adolescence and transitioning into adulthood. 213. What are the parenting characteristics that contribute most positively to the healthy development of children through adolescence? Answer: Parenting characteristics that contribute most positively to the healthy development of children through adolescence include warmth and responsiveness, clear communication and consistent discipline, emotional support and validation, involvement and engagement in the child's life, and encouragement of autonomy and independence. Parents who exhibit these characteristics create a secure and nurturing environment that promotes the child's social, emotional, and cognitive development, fostering resilience and well-being as they navigate the challenges of adolescence. Peer Relationships During Adolescence 214. How are cliques and crowds related to identity formation in adolescence? Include in your answer the role of social comparison in identity formation. Answer: Cliques and crowds play significant roles in identity formation during adolescence. Cliques provide adolescents with a sense of belonging and social support, allowing them to explore and express their identities within a smaller, more intimate group setting. By associating with specific cliques, adolescents develop a sense of identity through shared interests, values, and behaviors. Crowds, on the other hand, contribute to identity formation by providing broader social contexts within which adolescents can explore different facets of their identities and navigate various social roles and expectations. Social comparison plays a crucial role in identity formation within cliques and crowds. Adolescents engage in social comparison by observing and evaluating themselves in relation to their peers, which helps them define their own identities and understand where they fit within their social groups. Through social comparison, adolescents may adjust their behaviors, beliefs, and self-perceptions to align with those of their peers, influencing their identity development within cliques and crowds. 215. How do typical adolescent friendships change as children move through the period of adolescence? Answer: Adolescent friendships undergo several changes as children move through the period of adolescence. Initially, friendships in early adolescence tend to be based on proximity, shared activities, and common interests. However, as adolescents mature, their friendships become more selective and intimate, with a greater emphasis on emotional support, trust, and loyalty. Adolescents may also develop fewer but more meaningful friendships characterized by mutual understanding and deeper connections. Additionally, peer groups may become more diverse, and adolescents may form friendships with individuals who share their values and aspirations, even if they are not part of the same clique or crowd. 216. Identify from your own experience a child who appeared to you to be an involuntary loner. Explain as best you can the factors that contributed to this child’s involuntary aloneness. Does your example of this adolescent support the text’s conclusion that oftentimes loners are adolescents who are different in some important way from others in their group? Answer: Answer: As a child, I observed a classmate who often appeared to be an involuntary loner. This child seemed to struggle with social interactions and rarely participated in group activities or conversations during recess and lunchtime. Several factors contributed to this child's involuntary aloneness, including shyness, social anxiety, and difficulties in initiating and maintaining friendships. Additionally, the child may have experienced rejection or marginalization from peer groups due to perceived differences in interests, communication style, or social skills. My example of this adolescent supports the text's conclusion that loners are often adolescents who are different in some important way from others in their group. In this case, the child's shyness, social anxiety, and challenges in social interactions set them apart from their peers, making it difficult for them to integrate into social circles or form meaningful friendships. Despite potentially desiring social connections, involuntary loners may face barriers in establishing relationships due to their unique characteristics or circumstances, highlighting the importance of understanding and supporting diverse social needs among adolescents. 217. What can parents and teachers do to help a child who is an involuntary loner become better integrated into a peer group? Answer: Parents and teachers can take several steps to help an involuntary loner child integrate better into a peer group. They can facilitate social skills training to improve the child's communication, assertiveness, and conflict resolution abilities. Encouraging participation in extracurricular activities or clubs related to the child's interests can provide opportunities for social interaction and skill development. Additionally, fostering positive relationships with peers through cooperative learning activities and group projects in the classroom can help the child feel more connected and accepted by their peers. 218. How do the expectations held by younger and older adolescents differ with respect to the functions of dating that are important? Answer: Younger adolescents often prioritize the socialization function of dating, using it as a means to gain acceptance, establish social status, and practice social skills within their peer group. In contrast, older adolescents tend to place greater emphasis on the intimacy function of dating, seeking emotional connection, shared values, and long-term commitment in their romantic relationships. As adolescents mature, their expectations regarding the importance of socializing versus intimacy in dating tend to shift, reflecting their evolving developmental needs and relationship goals. 219. Give an example of a clash of culture that you have experienced between an adolescent and his or her parents. (If you can’t think of a personal example, use a hypothetical example.) What factors contributed to this culture clash? What seemed to be the major point of conflict? What can parents do to help their adolescents work through such clashes of culture? Answer: Hypothetical Example: An adolescent from a conservative cultural background desires to attend a co-ed dance at school, while their parents strongly believe in gender segregation and traditional values regarding social interactions between sexes. The adolescent sees attending the dance as a normal social activity and an opportunity to bond with friends, whereas the parents view it as inappropriate and against their cultural norms. Factors contributing to this culture clash may include generational differences, cultural upbringing, societal influences, and peer pressure. The major point of conflict revolves around differing interpretations of social norms and expectations regarding appropriate behavior and interactions between genders. To help their adolescent work through such clashes of culture, parents can: 1. Engage in open and respectful communication to understand their adolescent's perspective and concerns. 2. Discuss cultural values and beliefs in a non-judgmental manner, emphasizing mutual respect and understanding. 3. Explore compromises or alternative solutions that accommodate both the adolescent's desire for socialization and the parents' cultural values, such as attending the dance with specific guidelines or finding alternative social activities that align with cultural norms. 4. Seek guidance from cultural or religious leaders, family counselors, or community elders who can provide perspective and support in navigating cultural conflicts while maintaining family harmony. Risk and Resilience in Adolescence 220. Is risky behavior a normal part of adolescence for most teenagers? Explain why you answered this question the way you did, citing evidence to support your conclusion. Answer: Yes, risky behavior is a normal part of adolescence for most teenagers. Adolescents often engage in risk-taking behaviors as they navigate through their developmental stage. This behavior is attributed to various factors, including brain development, peer influence, and the search for identity and independence. Research indicates that adolescents' brains are still developing, particularly in areas related to decision-making and impulse control, making them more prone to risky behaviors. Additionally, peer influence plays a significant role in adolescents' willingness to take risks, as they seek acceptance and validation from their peers. Furthermore, the quest for identity and autonomy leads adolescents to explore new experiences and push boundaries, contributing to risky behaviors during this stage of life. 221. Suggest three factors that likely contribute to the finding that the percentage of people using illicit drugs peaks during late adolescence. Answer: Three factors that likely contribute to the finding that the percentage of people using illicit drugs peaks during late adolescence include: 1. Peer Influence: During adolescence, peer relationships become increasingly influential. Teenagers may be more likely to experiment with illicit drugs due to pressure from peers who engage in such behaviors. 2. Curiosity and Exploration: Late adolescence is a period of identity exploration and autonomy seeking. Teenagers may experiment with drugs as a means of exploring new experiences or coping with stressors. 3. Developmental Factors: Brain development during adolescence, particularly in areas related to reward processing and decision-making, may contribute to increased susceptibility to the rewarding effects of drugs and reduced impulse control, making teenagers more prone to experimenting with illicit substances. 222. Describe how illicit drug use has changed over the period from the 1970s to the present day. Suggest three social forces that help explain these changes. Answer: Illicit drug use has undergone significant changes from the 1970s to the present day. In the 1970s, drug use, particularly marijuana and hallucinogens, was prevalent among young people, influenced by countercultural movements and social acceptance of drug experimentation. However, since then, there have been shifts in drug use patterns influenced by various social forces: 1. Drug Policies: Changes in drug policies and law enforcement strategies, including the "War on Drugs" initiated in the 1980s, have led to fluctuations in drug availability, consumption patterns, and perceptions of drug use. 2. Cultural Norms and Attitudes: Shifting cultural norms and attitudes toward drug use, influenced by media portrayal, public health campaigns, and changing societal values, have impacted drug use trends over time. 3. Socioeconomic Factors: Economic disparities, social inequalities, and environmental stressors can influence drug use patterns. Economic downturns, unemployment rates, and lack of access to resources may contribute to increased drug use in certain populations, while socioeconomic privilege may shield others from drug-related risks. 223. Do you think it is a good idea to have a separate label, delinquency, for adolescents who commit crimes? Why or why not? Answer: Having a separate label for delinquency in adolescents who commit crimes can be both beneficial and problematic. On one hand, it acknowledges the developmental stage of adolescence and recognizes that juveniles may not fully comprehend the consequences of their actions or have the same level of responsibility as adults. It allows for interventions and rehabilitation tailored to the specific needs of young offenders. However, it could also lead to stigmatization and may overlook the seriousness of certain offenses. The appropriateness of the label depends on factors such as the severity of the crime, the individual circumstances of the offender, and the effectiveness of juvenile justice systems in providing support and rehabilitation. 224. How large a problem is sexual abuse of adolescents in the United States today? What are two negative outcomes associated with sexual abuse of teenagers? Answer: Sexual abuse of adolescents remains a significant problem in the United States. While exact prevalence rates can be challenging to determine due to underreporting, research suggests that a substantial number of adolescents experience sexual abuse. Negative outcomes associated with sexual abuse of teenagers include: 1. Psychological Trauma: Adolescents who experience sexual abuse often suffer from psychological distress, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and low self-esteem. The trauma of sexual abuse can have long-lasting effects on mental health and well-being. 2. Risk of Revictimization: Teenagers who have been sexually abused are at an increased risk of revictimization, meaning they may be more vulnerable to experiencing sexual abuse again in the future. Factors such as unresolved trauma, impaired coping mechanisms, and social vulnerabilities can contribute to this heightened risk. Stress, Depression, and Coping 225. Suggest three reasons that might explain the gender difference seen in the incidence and prevalence of depression. Answer: The gender difference in the incidence and prevalence of depression can be attributed to several factors: 1. Biological Differences: Hormonal fluctuations, particularly those associated with puberty and the menstrual cycle, may contribute to differences in susceptibility to depression between males and females. Additionally, genetic predispositions and differences in brain chemistry between genders could play a role. 2. Social and Cultural Factors: Societal norms and expectations regarding gender roles and expression may influence how depression manifests and is perceived in males and females. Cultural stigma surrounding mental health issues may also affect reporting and seeking help differently among genders. 3. Coping Mechanisms and Stress Response: Research suggests that males and females may employ different coping strategies in response to stressors, with females more likely to internalize emotions and males more likely to externalize them. These differences in coping mechanisms could contribute to variations in the development and expression of depressive symptoms between genders. 226. Explain what it means to say that depression results from an interaction of risk factors. Name two such risk factors and explain how they may interact to produce the symptoms of depression. Answer: Depression often results from an interaction of multiple risk factors, including biological, psychological, and environmental factors. For instance, let's consider two risk factors: 1. Genetic Predisposition: Individuals with a family history of depression may have a genetic vulnerability to the disorder. This predisposition interacts with environmental stressors, such as traumatic life events or chronic stress, to increase the likelihood of developing depression. The combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers can lead to alterations in neurotransmitter function and brain structure, contributing to depressive symptoms. 2. Social Isolation: Social isolation or lack of social support is another risk factor for depression. When individuals experience social isolation, they may lack the buffering effect of social relationships on stress and emotional regulation. This can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and hopelessness, which are common symptoms of depression. Moreover, social isolation may lead to maladaptive coping strategies, such as rumination or avoidance, further perpetuating depressive symptoms. Thus, the interaction between genetic predisposition and social isolation can create a conducive environment for the onset and maintenance of depression. 227. How have teenage suicide rates changed over the past five decades? Suggest three factors that may help explain this change. Answer: Over the past five decades, teenage suicide rates have shown fluctuations influenced by various factors. Generally, there has been an increase in awareness and reporting of mental health issues, which might contribute to higher reported rates. Additionally, societal changes such as increased stressors, academic pressure, social media usage, and decreased stigma surrounding mental health could also play a role. Access to mental health resources and suicide prevention initiatives may have impacted suicide rates positively in some regions, while disparities in access could exacerbate rates in others. Furthermore, shifts in cultural attitudes towards mental health and suicide, as well as changes in economic conditions, could influence suicide rates among teenagers. 228. The text suggests that psychological problems are associated with several risk factors, some of which pertain to individual characteristics, some to family characteristics, and some to sociocultural characteristics. Taking the problem of depression as an example, suggest how specific risk factors in each of these three categories interact to predispose a given individual toward, or away from, the development of this illness. Answer: In the context of depression, risk factors from individual, family, and sociocultural domains interact to influence an individual's vulnerability to the illness. For instance: • Individual Characteristics: Genetic predisposition to depression can interact with personal traits such as low self-esteem or negative cognitive styles, increasing the likelihood of developing depression. Conversely, strong coping skills and resilience may mitigate the impact of genetic factors or negative thinking patterns. • Family Characteristics: Dysfunctional family dynamics, such as conflict or lack of emotional support, can contribute to a heightened risk of depression. Conversely, supportive family environments characterized by open communication and warmth may act as protective factors, buffering against the development of depression. • Sociocultural Characteristics: Societal pressures, such as academic or societal expectations, can exacerbate stressors and contribute to the onset of depression. Conversely, access to mental health resources, supportive social networks, and culturally relevant coping mechanisms may mitigate the impact of sociocultural stressors, reducing the risk of depression. 229. Explain the concept of resilience, using the development of depression as an example. Answer: Resilience refers to an individual's ability to adapt positively in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant stressors. In the context of depression, resilience involves the capacity to maintain emotional stability, cope effectively with stressors, and bounce back from setbacks. For example, resilient individuals may possess strong social support networks that provide emotional validation and practical assistance during challenging times. They may also have developed adaptive coping strategies, such as cognitive restructuring or problem-solving skills, which enable them to navigate stressors more effectively. Additionally, resilient individuals may possess a sense of purpose or meaning in life, which provides a source of motivation and resilience during difficult periods. Overall, resilience plays a crucial role in buffering against the development of depression by fostering adaptive responses to stressors and promoting psychological well-being. Test Bank for Understanding Human Development Wendy L. Dunn, Grace J. Craig 9780205989522, 9780135164204, 9780205233878, 9780205753079