Chapter 3 The Family in Historical Perspective 1) ________ were the most prevalent family form in the first English-speaking settlements in the United States. A) Extended families B) Communes C) Single parent families D) Nuclear families Answer: D Rationale: In the first English-speaking settlements in the United States, nuclear families were the most prevalent family form. These families typically consisted of parents and their children living together in a household unit, reflecting the agrarian and familial structures of early American society. 2) Which of the following is True of the work roles in early colonial families of the United States? A) Only women were allowed to care for children while men worked in the fields. B) Husbands and wives often worked side by side. C) Children were not allowed to work. D) Much of men's work involved tending toward children. Answer: B Rationale: In early colonial families of the United States, husbands and wives often worked side by side in various tasks related to agriculture, household maintenance, and other economic activities. The agricultural nature of early colonial society required the participation of all family members in work activities. 3) Which of the following groups of people were made to come to America involuntarily? A) American Indians B) Irish Americans C) Asian Americans D) African Americans Answer: D Rationale: African Americans were made to come to America involuntarily through the transatlantic slave trade. Millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas to work as enslaved labourers on plantations and in other industries, particularly in the southern colonies of what would become the United States. 4) Which of the following is a reason for the small size of most American Indian families in early America? A) Children were seen as burdens. B) A primitive form of contraception was in use. C) Infant and child death rates were high. D) Infertility was common among them. Answer: C Rationale: One reason for the small size of most American Indian families in early America was that infant and child death rates were high. Factors such as limited access to medical care, harsh living conditions, and exposure to new diseases introduced by European settlers contributed to high rates of child mortality among American Indian populations. 5) A woman who believes in the cult of domesticity is also likely to believe that ________. A) a wife’s employment must be essential to a family’s economic advancement B) the responsibility of a family’s financial survival solely rests on the husband C) children born out of nonmarital relations should be allowed to stay with the mother D) a woman should be given a divorce if she falls out of love with her husband Answer: B Rationale: A woman who believes in the cult of domesticity is likely to believe that the responsibility of a family’s financial survival solely rests on the husband. The cult of domesticity, prevalent in the 19th century, emphasized traditional gender roles, with women expected to focus on domestic duties while men were considered the primary breadwinners. 6) In the19th century, “True women” were expected to be ________. A) submissive B) ambitious C) independent D) lazy Answer: A Rationale: In the 19th century, "True women" were expected to be submissive. The concept of "True womanhood" or the cult of domesticity idealized women who were submissive, pious, domestic, and focused on nurturing their families. These ideals reinforced traditional gender roles and expectations for women during that time period. 7) In the 19th century, childhood changed in that ________. A) adults began to view and treat children as "miniature adults" B) children became more involved in industrial jobs C) children began to spend more time playing than working D) the level of physical punishment increased Answer: C Rationale: In the 19th century, childhood changed in that children began to spend more time playing than working. This shift was influenced by changing attitudes toward childhood, with increasing recognition of the importance of education, leisure, and play in child development. Industrialization also led to child labor laws and reforms aimed at protecting children from exploitation in the workforce. 8) The Great Depression had the most devastating effect on ________. A) government employees B) wealthy families C) poor families D) upper middle-class families Answer: C Rationale: The Great Depression had the most devastating effect on poor families. The economic downturn of the Great Depression led to widespread unemployment, poverty, and financial hardship for many families across the United States. Poor families, already living on the margins of society, were particularly vulnerable to the economic challenges of the Depression era. 9) Which of the following has a parent from the baby boomer generation? A) Stella, whose mother was born in 1934 B) Stan, whose mother was born in 1914 C) Mark, whose father was born in 1954 D) Melinda, whose father was born in 1994 Answer: C Rationale: Mark, whose father was born in 1954, has a parent from the baby boomer generation. The baby boomer generation refers to individuals born between 1946 and 1964, following the end of World War II. Mark's father being born in 1954 places him within the baby boomer generation, which experienced a significant increase in birth rates following the war. 10) How did the family structure evolve from the 1970s? Answer: In the 1970s, families had lower birth rates and higher divorce rates compared with the 1950s and 1960s, and larger numbers of women entered colleges and graduate schools. In the 1980s, more people over age 25 postponed marriage, and many who were already married delayed having children. Out-of-wedlock births, especially among teenage girls, declined in the late 1990s, began to climb in 2006, and the number of one-parent households increased dramatically. The number of two-income families burgeoned, along with the number of adult children who continued to live at home with their parents because of financial difficulties. 1) Which of the following is True as a difference between contemporary children and Puritan children of Colonial America? A) Unlike contemporary children, Puritan children were not believed to be born with original sin. B) Unlike contemporary children, Puritan children were expected to be extraordinarily well behaved, and docile. C) Unlike contemporary children, Puritan children were encouraged to question the government’s authority, and scripture. D) Unlike contemporary children, Puritan children were not allowed to attend school till they reached puberty. Answer: B Rationale: Puritan children were raised under strict discipline and were expected to be obedient and respectful at all times. The Puritans believed in the concept of "original sin," so option A is incorrect. While questioning authority was generally discouraged, option C contradicts historical accounts. Option D is incorrect because Puritan children were typically educated at home by their parents or in small community schools. 2) Which of the following is True of family structures in the first English-speaking settlements in the United States? A) Elderly grandparents always lived with their families. B) Most households were made up of extended families for long periods. C) The age difference between children was often large. D) Families generally had one or two children. Answer: C Rationale: In early English-speaking settlements in the United States, families tended to have many children, and the age difference between siblings was often significant due to high infant mortality rates and large family sizes. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the historical family structures of the time. 3) The colonial American custom where a fully dressed couple spent the night in a bed together that was separated by a wooden board was referred to as ________. A) camping B) dating C) bundling D) swaddling Answer: C Rationale: The practice of bundling involved unmarried couples sleeping together in the same bed, fully clothed, with a wooden board between them to prevent physical intimacy. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not describe this specific colonial American custom. 4) Which of the following is the most accurate statement about premarital sex during colonial times? A) It was prevalent during casual dates. B) It was very rare; everyone waited until marriage. C) It was common among engaged couples. D) It was encouraged and not considered as taboo. Answer: C Rationale: Premarital sex was more common among engaged couples during colonial times, as long engagements were not uncommon, and couples often had opportunities for intimacy before marriage. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect historical attitudes and practices regarding premarital sex during this period. 5) Jane and Collin were married during the Colonial period, and their relationship was very characteristic of this era. Which of the following is likely to be True of their relationship? A) Jane and Collin would have had an egalitarian relationship. B) Collin could have used incompatibility as a ground for divorce. C) Jane would have been subordinate to Collin. D) Collin would’ve had to accept Jane’s authority as law. Answer: C Rationale: During the Colonial period, marriages were typically patriarchal, with the husband holding authority over the wife and household. Option C reflects this characteristic of colonial marriages. Options A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the typical power dynamics within colonial marriages. 6) Liza was widowed during the colonial era. Which of the following economic rights would have Liza enjoyed during the colonial era that she could share with her counterparts in the modern era? A) She would have had easy access to credit. B) She could have sued to collect debts. C) She could have run a home-based business. D) She could have owned land properties. Answer: C Rationale: Widowed women in the colonial era often took on economic responsibilities, including running home-based businesses to support themselves and their families. Option C reflects this economic right enjoyed by widows during this time. Options A, B, and D may have been less accessible or not typically granted to women during the colonial era. 7) Which of the following is True of the family structures of early American Indian societies? A) No groups practiced monogamy. B) Most marriages were polygynous. C) The majority of tribes were matrilineal. D) Marriages and customs differed from tribe to tribe. Answer: D Rationale: Early American Indian societies had diverse family structures and marriage customs, varying from tribe to tribe. Option D accurately reflects this diversity. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they make generalized statements that do not apply to all early American Indian societies. 8) Approximately 25 percent of North American Indian tribes were ________, which means that children traced their family descent through their mother’s line rather than through that of the father. A) patrilineal B) matrilineal C) gynarchies D) androcracies Answer: B Rationale: Matrilineal descent, where lineage is traced through the mother's line, was practiced by approximately 25 percent of North American Indian tribes. Option B correctly identifies this characteristic. Options A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe this aspect of North American Indian tribal societies. 9) Which of the following is True of marriage customs of early American Indians? A) Women usually married after they reached adulthood. B) Men usually married as soon as they reached puberty. C) Men and women were not allowed to choose their own partners. D) Men had to prove their ability to support a family to get married. Answer: D Rationale: In many early American Indian societies, men were expected to demonstrate their ability to provide for a family before marriage, which often involved proving themselves through hunting or other means of resource acquisition. Option D accurately reflects this aspect of marriage customs. Options A, B, and C may have been True in some societies but were not universally applicable across all early American Indian cultures. 10) In general, divorce among the Zuñis and the Tetons was ________. A) not acceptable by the laws of the land B) rare because divorcees were looked down upon C) not necessary as there was no formal marriage D) easy to accomplish and fairly common Answer: D Rationale: Among the Zuñis and the Tetons, divorce was relatively easy to accomplish and was fairly common due to the flexible nature of marriage arrangements in these societies. Option D accurately describes the attitude towards divorce among these tribes. Options A, B, and C do not align with historical accounts of divorce practices among these specific Native American groups. 11) Chu’a, a young boy of the Comanche tribe, fasts throughout the day and undergoes some purifying rituals. He then finds an isolated place atop a butte and waits for guidance from a supernatural being to instruct him on his responsibilities as an adult. This is an example of ________. A) a séance B) a penance C) a vision quest D) Peyote worship Answer: C Rationale: A vision quest is a traditional Native American rite of passage where individuals seek spiritual guidance and insight through fasting, purification rituals, and solitude in nature. Chu’a's experience aligns with the description of a vision quest. Options A, B, and D do not accurately describe the cultural practice depicted. 12) Which of the following is a consequence of Europeans invading the early American settlements? A) The American Indian tribes prospered through industrialization. B) The European missionaries were responsible for some of the cultural destruction. C) The Europeans helped most tribes survive epidemics through medical support. D) The European invaders prevented the tribes from killing each other in war. Answer: B Rationale: European invasion of early American settlements led to significant cultural destruction facilitated by European missionaries, who often imposed their religious beliefs and practices on Native American tribes. Option B accurately describes this consequence. Options A, C, and D do not align with historical accounts of the impact of European invasion. 13) Which of the following is True of President Thomas Jefferson’s stance on slavery of African Americans? A) He publicly supported slavery till he died. B) He allowed intermarriage between whites and African Americans. C) He believed that early African Americans had to be kept away to retain the beauty of the white race. D) He did not own any slaves personally, although he allowed his family and friends to own them. Answer: C Rationale: Thomas Jefferson, while a complex figure regarding slavery, held racist beliefs and advocated for the colonization of freed African Americans to Africa, viewing their presence as a threat to the purity of the white race. Option C accurately reflects this aspect of Jefferson's stance on slavery. Options A, B, and D do not capture this particular viewpoint. 14) In southern colonies, it was difficult for a slave to find a spouse because ________. A) most slaves did not want to marry another slave B) very small number of slaves lived on each plantation C) many slaves preferred to live together rather than get legally married D) most slaves lived away from their masters Answer: B Rationale: In southern colonies, the small number of slaves living on each plantation made it challenging for individuals to find suitable spouses within close proximity. Option B accurately explains this difficulty. Options A, C, and D do not provide a historically accurate reason for the difficulty of finding a spouse. 15) In the South, most slave women over age 10 worked ________. A) in “the big house” B) as mammies to field owners’ children C) as domestic servants D) in the fields Answer: D Rationale: In the South, most slave women over age 10 worked in the fields alongside male slaves, contributing to agricultural labor on plantations. Option D accurately describes the typical work environment for slave women. Options A, B, and C describe other roles held by slave women but do not represent the majority of their labor. 16) Maggie, was an African American slave who worked at a plantation. Her typical day included a full day of domestic chores plus a full day of work outside the home. She also acted as mammy to the plantation owner’s children, apart from raising her own children. Maggie was experiencing a situation referred to as ________. A) paradigm shift B) placebo effect C) Hawthorne effect D) second shift Answer: D Rationale: Maggie's situation reflects the concept of the "second shift," where individuals, typically women, perform domestic and caregiving duties in addition to their paid employment. Option D accurately describes this phenomenon. Options A, B, and C refer to different psychological or sociological concepts that do not apply to Maggie's situation. 17) Which of the following happened to African American families after emancipation? A) Many mothers set out to find children from whom they had been separated many years earlier. B) Couples didn’t bother to legitimize their marriages as the fee was equal to two weeks’ pay. C) Kinship between family members quickly weakened and a majority of families broke up. D) Communication between single black men who migrated to the North and their families in the South stopped completely. Answer: A Rationale: After emancipation, many African American families sought to reunite after being separated by the slave trade, as mothers searched for children from whom they had been forcibly separated. Option A accurately reflects this aspect of post-emancipation experiences. Options B, C, and D do not align with historical accounts of postemancipation family dynamics. 18) Which of the following was a consequence of the United States annexing territories in the West and Southwest that were originally part of Mexico? A) Mexicans became wealthy by selling their land to American farmers, and became successful traders. B) The federal government assisted displaced Mexican families in buying new homes. C) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ensured that no Mexican family lost its properties. D) Land speculators defrauded countless Mexican landowners. Answer: D Rationale: The annexation of territories in the West and Southwest led to land speculation, where unscrupulous individuals defrauded many Mexican landowners out of their properties through legal loopholes and coercion. Option D accurately describes this consequence. Options A, B, and C do not align with historical outcomes of the annexation. 19) Rafael claims that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo benefited the United States more than it did Mexico. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Rafael’s claims? A) The provisions of the treaty guaranteed security of property for Mexican landowners. B) Despite the treaty, the US government confiscated the land of most Mexican families in the territory. C) The treaty ensured that Mexican landowners were not defrauded by land speculators. D) Despite the treaty, Mexicans grew wealthy by the sale of their properties to American farmers. Answer: B Rationale: Option B strengthens Rafael's claim by highlighting the reality that despite the provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, many Mexican families lost their land to confiscation by the US government. Options A, C, and D do not support Rafael's claim and present scenarios contrary to his argument. 20) During the 1800s, Mexican women typically worked ________. A) as miners B) on the railroads C) in canning houses D) in low-level urban occupations Answer: C Rationale: During the 1800s, Mexican women often worked in canning houses, where they processed and preserved food for commercial sale, reflecting their participation in the emerging industrial economy. Option C accurately describes the typical occupation of Mexican women during this period. Options A, B, and D do not represent the predominant employment sectors for Mexican women in the 1800s. 21) During the 1800s, Mexican men typically worked as ________. A) garment manufacturers B) live-in-house servants C) canning and packing laborers D) miners Answer: D Rationale: During the 1800s, mining was a common occupation for Mexican men, particularly in regions where valuable minerals were abundant. Option D accurately reflects the typical work performed by Mexican men during this period. Options A, B, and C do not represent the predominant occupations for Mexican men in the 1800s. 22) Early Mexican society was characterized by __________. A) familism B) existentialism C) consumerism D) individualism Answer: A Rationale: Early Mexican society was characterized by familism, a cultural value placing strong emphasis on the importance of family relationships and solidarity. Option A accurately describes this characteristic of early Mexican society. Options B, C, and D do not align with historical descriptions of Mexican societal values. 23) Thalia is raised in a typical Mexican American family. Thalia’s family maintains the tradition of kinship between her parents, siblings, and her godparents—Lilia and Juan. This practice of close relationship between parents, siblings, and godparents is referred to as ________. A) verstehen B) compadrazgo C) bundling D) cloistering Answer: B Rationale: The practice of maintaining close relationships between parents, siblings, and godparents, as described in the scenario, is referred to as compadrazgo in Mexican culture. Option B accurately identifies this cultural practice. Options A, C, and D do not describe the relationship dynamics depicted in the scenario. 24) Miguel belonged to a Mexican American family. Miguel’s family practiced compadrazgo among his family members, and godparents. Which of the following refers to compadres in Miguel’s compadrazgo? A) both his siblings and his parents B) only his parents C) only his godparents D) only his siblings Answer: C Rationale: In the context of compadrazgo, compadres refer to the individuals who act as godparents to the family's children. Option C accurately identifies the role of compadres in Miguel's compadrazgo. Options A, B, and D do not accurately represent the relationship dynamics of compadrazgo. 25) Roberto was a Mexican immigrant in 19th century America. He lived in a nuclear family with his brother, Juan. His family had a very close relationship with Augusto and Alicia, two other immigrants, who acted as godparents to Roberto and Juan. Augusto and Alicia were always very warm and affectionate toward Roberto, who in turn, respected and loved them. In this scenario, which of the following were acting as compadre(s) to Roberto? A) Roberto’s parents and Juan B) Roberto’s parents C) Augusto and Alicia D) only Juan Answer: C Rationale: In the scenario described, Augusto and Alicia, who act as godparents to Roberto and Juan, are considered compadres to Roberto. Option C accurately identifies the individuals serving as compadres in Roberto's family dynamic. Options A, B, and D do not accurately represent the role of compadres in this scenario. 26) Valentina was a Mexican immigrant in 19th century America. She lived in a nuclear family that had a very close relationship with Maria and Carlos, two other immigrants, who acted as godparents to Valentina. Maria and Carlos were always very warm and affectionate toward Valentina, who in turn, respected and loved them. Valentina’s family is an example of a family that practiced ________. A) misogyny B) misandry C) compadrazgo D) androcide Answer: C Rationale: Valentina's family exemplifies the practice of compadrazgo, where close relationships are maintained between nuclear family members and godparents. Option C accurately describes the cultural practice observed in Valentina's family. Options A, B, and D do not align with the family dynamic described. 27) In Mexican cultures, the concept of __________ stresses male attributes such as dominance, assertiveness, pride, and sexual prowess. A) familism B) machismo C) compadrazgo D) vigilantism Answer: B Rationale: The concept of machismo in Mexican culture emphasizes traditional masculine traits such as dominance, assertiveness, and pride, as well as notions of sexual prowess. Option B accurately describes this cultural concept. Options A, C, and D do not represent the characteristics associated with machismo. 28) Which of the following is True of early Mexican American families? A) Boys did not share domestic chores. B) Girls were expected to be educated. C) The female head of the family had all the authority. D) Women were considered guardians of family traditions. Answer: D Rationale: In early Mexican American families, women were often considered the guardians of family traditions and played a central role in preserving cultural practices and values within the household. Option D accurately describes the role of women in early Mexican American families. Options A, B, and C do not accurately reflect the traditional gender roles within these families. 29) Which of the following is a consequence of extensive mechanization caused by the industrial revolution? A) Mexican and Asian laborers prospered. B) European immigrants felt severe pressure on family life. C) White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant (WASP) families suffered the most. D) Large-scale factory production shifted to home manufacturing. Answer: B Rationale: Extensive mechanization caused by the industrial revolution placed significant pressure on European immigrant families, as new technologies disrupted traditional forms of work and family life. Option B accurately describes one of the consequences of industrial mechanization. Options A, C, and D do not represent widely observed outcomes of the industrial revolution. 30) Casilde, a young woman with a college degree, has frequent arguments with her aunt, Martha, who tries to advise her on womanhood. If Martha’s ideal of womanhood is strongly influenced by the cult of domesticity, which of the following is Martha most likely to do? A) She is likely to encourage Casilde to pursue a career before she begins a family. B) She is likely to discourage Casilde from getting married early and get more involved in public life. C) She is likely to ask Casilde to balance her career goals with her family needs. D) She is likely to persuade Casilde to give up her job and learn the art of managing a house. Answer: D Rationale: Martha, influenced by the cult of domesticity, would likely encourage Casilde to prioritize traditional domestic roles over pursuing a career outside the home. Option D accurately reflects this adherence to traditional gender roles. Options A, B, and C suggest more progressive attitudes towards women's roles and do not align with the values associated with the cult of domesticity. 31) _______ was an ideology that arose in America during the Industrial Revolution, and which viewed women as having less vigor and force than men and therefore deemed less suited to public life. A) Compadrazgo B) Helicopter parenting C) The cult of domesticity D) Superwoman Answer: C Rationale: The cult of domesticity was an ideology prevalent during the Industrial Revolution that idealized women as homemakers and mothers, emphasizing their roles within the domestic sphere while deeming them less suited to public life due to perceived differences in strength and vigor compared to men. Option C accurately describes this ideology. Options A, B, and D do not represent historical ideologies related to women's roles during the Industrial Revolution. 32) Rosa’s grandmother, Anarosa, recounted her stories as a laborer in the 1890s. If Anarosa’s stories were typical of those shared by immigrant women working in the late 18th century, which of the following is she likely to have told Anarosa? A) Only a very few industries employed women. B) Women often worked in better conditions than the men in the same workplace. C) Women were hired "just off the boat," and made to work for very low wages. D) In most industries, men and women worked side by side. Answer: C Rationale: Immigrant women working in the late 18th century often faced exploitative labor conditions, being hired immediately upon arrival in the United States and subjected to low wages and poor working conditions. Option C accurately reflects the typical experiences of immigrant women during this period. Options A, B, and D do not accurately depict the challenges faced by immigrant women in the workforce. 33) Marie’s family was part of the first group of immigrants who moved to the United States in the 19th century. Marie lost her grandfather to tuberculosis back then. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this if her grandfather’s lifestyle was typical of those immigrants living in tenements? A) Her grandfather, like other immigrants, carried infections from his place of origin. B) Her grandfather is likely to have been a wealthy man who spent his days smoking and drinking. C) Her grandfather is likely to have lived in a room with no windows or ventilation. D) Her grandfather is likely to have been a farmer who had to work hard on the fields. Answer: C Rationale: Immigrants living in tenements often endured overcrowded and poorly ventilated living conditions, which increased the risk of diseases such as tuberculosis. Option C accurately identifies the potential cause of Marie's grandfather contracting tuberculosis. Options A, B, and D do not reflect the living conditions typical of immigrant families in tenements. 34) Sarah grew up in the first set of companionate families that emerged at the turn of the 20th century. Compared to her grandparents, her parents were likely to be ________. A) more focused on the importance of mutual affection B) less focused on sexual attraction between partners C) less focused on communication between parents and children D) more focused on physical punishments as a way of discipline Answer: A Rationale: Companionate families emphasized mutual affection and companionship between spouses, representing a departure from earlier models of marriage based primarily on economic or social considerations. Option A accurately describes the emphasis on mutual affection characteristic of companionate families. Options B, C, and D do not align with the values associated with companionate family structures. 35) During the Great Depression, many men and women who had been raised on the farms moved to the cities. Young women were more likely to find jobs there because ________. A) there was a demand for low-paid domestic help B) rural women were more adept at factory work C) there was a demand for inexpensive midwives D) women were perceived to be more productive than men Answer: A Rationale: During the Great Depression, young women were more likely to find employment in cities due to the increased demand for low-paid domestic help, as families sought inexpensive labor to assist with household tasks. Option A accurately identifies the job market trend for young women during this period. Options B, C, and D do not accurately represent the primary employment opportunities available to young women during the Great Depression. 36) Why were American women encouraged to work outside the home during World War II? A) The second wave of the feminist movement led to women finally been seen as capable workers. B) There was a scarcity of workers as a lot of men had been drafted to fight in the war. C) Women were perceived to be good workers after they were employed during World War I. D) Women preferred to work as volunteers rather than paid workers. Answer: B Rationale: American women were encouraged to work outside the home during World War II due to a scarcity of workers resulting from the large number of men being drafted into military service, creating vacancies in the workforce that needed to be filled. Option B accurately explains the rationale for encouraging women to enter the workforce during the war. Options A, C, and D do not accurately represent the primary reason for women's increased employment during World War II. 37) With regard to employment during World War II, black women ________. A) took over the domestic work left by other women B) made the least economic gains of all women C) were not allowed to work in factories D) were recruited into high-paying jobs Answer: D Rationale: During World War II, black women were recruited into higher-paying industrial jobs previously held by white men, contributing significantly to the war effort and experiencing economic advancement. Option D accurately describes the employment opportunities for black women during World War II. Options A, B, and C do not accurately reflect the experiences of black women in the wartime workforce. 38) Which of the following is True of how women were viewed during the golden fifties? A) Women were welcomed in the workplace after their contribution during World War II. B) Media continued to highlight their life-saving skills, and they were encouraged to work in the health sector. C) Women were expected to strike a perfect work-life balance. D) Women were encouraged to be full-time homemakers. Answer: D Rationale: During the golden fifties, women were encouraged to embrace traditional gender roles as full-time homemakers, with societal expectations emphasizing domestic duties and family responsibilities over professional aspirations. Option D accurately reflects the prevailing attitudes towards women's roles during this period. Options A, B, and C do not accurately represent the societal expectations placed on women in the 1950s. 39) During the golden fifties, marriage and child care experts typically advised women to ________. A) be assertive and demand that their husbands participate in child care B) pursue an active career to be more satisfied individuals C) please their husbands and be full-time homemakers D) get a college education in order to be better wives and mothers Answer: C Rationale: Marriage and child care experts during the golden fifties often advised women to prioritize pleasing their husbands and fulfilling their roles as full-time homemakers, reinforcing traditional gender roles within the family. Option C accurately reflects the advice commonly given to women during this period. Options A, B, and D do not align with the prevailing attitudes towards women's roles in the 1950s. 40) Which of the following is characteristic of middle-class families in the golden fifties? A) They included two earning members B) They were more focused on running businesses than families. C) They consisted of a working husband and homemaker wife. D) They expected men to share domestic chores. Answer: C Rationale: In the golden fifties, middle-class families typically adhered to traditional gender roles, with husbands serving as breadwinners in the workforce while wives assumed the role of homemakers, reflecting societal expectations of the time. Option C accurately describes the characteristic family structure of middle-class households during the 1950s. Options A, B, and D do not accurately represent the prevalent family dynamics of this era. 41) The Adams owned a home, which was part of the suburbs during the 1950s. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for the Adams to have bought a house in the suburbs in the 1950s? A) The federal government underwrote the construction of homes in the suburbs. B) Veterans were offered homes at the same rate as the general public in the suburbs. C) There was a very small demand for housing during this period. D) Low-income mortgages were not available to the public during this period. Answer: A Rationale: During the 1950s, the federal government played a significant role in promoting suburbanization through initiatives such as underwriting the construction of homes in the suburbs. Option A accurately reflects the government's involvement in suburban development during this period. Options B, C, and D do not accurately represent the factors driving suburbanization in the 1950s. 42) Stanley was born in 1990, his father was born in 1950, and his sister was born in 1978. Which of the following in Stanley’s family would come under the baby boomer generation? A) Stanley’s father B) Stanley’s sister C) both Stanley and his sister D) only Stanley Answer: A Rationale: The baby boomer generation typically refers to individuals born between 1946 and 1964, following the end of World War II. Stanley's father, born in 1950, falls within this generational cohort, making him a baby boomer. Option A accurately identifies the family member belonging to the baby boomer generation. Options B, C, and D do not accurately represent the generational classification of Stanley's family members. 43) Which of the following is True of the similarity between women in the 1950s and the women during the rise of urbanization in the early 19th century? A) They were not allowed get divorce for their husbands’ bigamy. B) They were motivated to go to colleges and earn degrees. C) They were encouraged to devote their lives to being good wives and nurturing mothers. D) They were expected to be responsible for the family’s economic survival. Answer: C Rationale: Both women in the 1950s and during the rise of urbanization in the early 19th century were encouraged to devote their lives to being good wives and nurturing mothers, reflecting societal expectations of women's roles within the domestic sphere. Option C accurately identifies the similarity between the societal expectations placed on women during these periods. Options A, B, and D do not accurately represent the shared characteristic of women's roles in the 1950s and the early 19th century. 44) Sam believes that the 1950s was indeed golden, a time when families flourished and the economy grew. Derek argues that this popular belief is a myth. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Derek’s argument? A) Consumerism was spread equally across the lower, middle, and upper class. B) Discrimination against the blacks and other minorities was minimal. C) Domestic violence and child abuse, although widespread, were invisible. D) Childcare services were widely available during this period. Answer: C Rationale: Derek's argument that the popular belief in the golden era of the 1950s is a myth is supported by the statement that domestic violence and child abuse, while widespread, were often invisible during this period due to social norms and lack of reporting mechanisms. Option C provides evidence of societal issues that were not commonly acknowledged or addressed during the 1950s, strengthening Derek's argument. Options A, B, and D do not contribute to Derek's argument against the perception of the 1950s as a golden era. 45) Sarah, a sociology student, believes that the golden fifties was the best period in American history. Which of the following is an accurate statement that weakens Sarah’s belief? A) Open homosexuality was socially accepted. B) The consumption of tranquilizers was incredibly high. C) Domestic violence was nonexistent. D) About 80% of mothers had paying jobs. Answer: B Rationale: Sarah's belief in the golden fifties is weakened by the statement that the consumption of tranquilizers was incredibly high during this period, indicating underlying societal stressors and issues that challenge the perception of the era as idyllic. Option B provides evidence of a widespread problem that undermines the idealized image of the 1950s. Options A, C, and D do not directly address the complexities of the era that would weaken Sarah's belief. 46) Kate is a homosexual. If she was born in the golden fifties, she would most likely to have been ________. A) accepted without discrimination B) popular and looked upon C) imprisoned as an offender D) forced to keep it a secret Answer: D Rationale: During the golden fifties, homosexuality was largely stigmatized and considered taboo, leading individuals like Kate to hide their sexual orientation to avoid discrimination or social repercussions. Option D accurately reflects the societal attitudes towards homosexuality during this period. Options A, B, and C do not accurately represent the challenges faced by homosexual individuals in the 1950s. 47) Kirsten claims that the golden fifties was the best time for being a mother. Which of the following is an accurate statement that weakens Kirsten’s claim? A) Mothers in the golden fifties were more likely to have high paying jobs. B) Mothers in the golden fifties were more likely to be assisted by numerous childcare services. C) Mothers in the golden fifties were less likely to consume alcohol or drugs. D) Mothers in the golden fifties were more likely to be pressured to give up out-ofwedlock babies for adoption. Answer: D Rationale: Option D weakens Kirsten's claim by highlighting a significant issue faced by mothers in the golden fifties, namely the pressure to give up out-of-wedlock babies for adoption, which contradicts the notion of it being the best time for motherhood. Options A, B, and C do not directly challenge the perception of the golden fifties as the best time for mothers. 48) Which of the following is True of the family structure during the 1970s and the 1980s compared to the 1960s? A) Families had higher birth rates than in the sixties. B) Families had lower divorce rates than in the sixties. C) More women entered colleges than in the sixties. D) More married couples had children at a younger age than in the sixties. Answer: C Rationale: Option C highlights a True aspect of family structure during the 1970s and the 1980s compared to the 1960s, namely that more women entered colleges during these decades. This demographic shift reflects changing societal attitudes towards education and gender roles. Options A, B, and D do not accurately represent trends in family structure during the specified time periods. 49) Which of the following is True of the family structure since the late 1990s? A) The number of one-parent households increased. B) The number of married people in the population increased. C) The number of two-income families decreased. D) The number of adult children living with their parents decreased. Answer: A Rationale: Option A accurately describes a trend in family structure since the late 1990s, namely the increase in the number of one-parent households. This shift reflects changes in marital and relationship dynamics over time. Options B, C, and D do not accurately represent trends in family structure during this period. 50) Which of the following is a similarity between women who lived during World War II and the women of the 1980s? A) They were expected to be responsible only for domestic chores. B) They were free of domestic violence. C) They worked outside homes even if they had children. D) They had equal opportunities for education. Answer: C Rationale: Option C identifies a similarity between women who lived during World War II and the women of the 1980s, highlighting that both groups worked outside their homes even if they had children. This reflects the increasing participation of women in the workforce during both periods. Options A, B, and D do not accurately represent the shared characteristic of women during World War II and the 1980s. 51) What were the functions of the family in the colonial era? Answer: A family in the colonial era was expected to function in the following ways: 1. As a self-sufficient business that produced and exchanged goods, in which all familymembers worked together 2. As a school that taught children to read 3. As a vocational institute that prepared children for jobs 4. As a miniature church that guided its members in daily prayers, personal meditation, and formal worship in the community 5. As a house of correction to which the courts sentenced idle people and nonviolent offenders to be servants 6.As a welfare institution that provided care for the orphaned, aged, sick, and homeless 52) Describe briefly the economic duties of men and women during the colonial era. Answer: Men were expected to be industrious, hardworking, and ambitious, and they were responsible for the family’s economic survival. Husbands and wives often worked side by side. Men, women, and children all produced, cultivated, and processed goods for the family’s consumption. When necessary, men cared for and disciplined the children while women worked in the fields. Much of women’s work was directed toward meeting the needs of others. 53) How did matrilineal tribes differ from patrilineal tribes in early American Indian society? Answer: Approximately 25 percent of North American Indian tribes were matrilineal, which means that children traced their family descent through their mother’s line rather than through that of the father (patrilineal). The women owned the houses, the household furnishings, the fields and gardens, the work tools, and the livestock, and all this property was passed on to their female heirs. 54) What were the consequences of European invasion on American Indian cultures? Answer: The French, Spanish, Portuguese, and British played a major role in destroying much of American Indian culture. Europeans exploited the abundant North American resources of gold, Hardwood forests, fertile land, and fur. Missionaries, determined to convert the “savages” to Christianity, were responsible for some of the cultural destruction. Disregarding important cultural values and beliefs, missionaries tried to eliminate religious ceremonies and practices such as polygyny and matrilineal inheritance. Indian tribes coped with military slaughter, enslavement, forced labor, land confiscation, coerced mass migration, and involuntary religious conversions. 55) Briefly describe the characteristics of "True womanhood" under the ideology of the cult of domesticity. Answer: "True women" were sexually pure, gentle, passive, submissive, childlike, weak, dependent, and protected. They did not work for money or ambition like men. They were expected to stifle their own talents to support that of their husbands’. They were encouraged to create a cheerful home for the men of the family. 56) How were the children in middle-class families treated during the 18th century? Answer: Adults started to view and treat children as more than “miniature adults.” Children began to spend more time playing than working, and adolescence became a stage of life that did not involve adult responsibilities. Another sign of change was that people published more books for and about children. Adults began to recognize children’s individuality by giving them names that were different from their father’s or mother’s. They also began, for the first time, to celebrate birthdays, especially those of children. There was also a decline in physical punishment, and physicians and others began to recognize the early onset of sexual feelings in children. 57) Eva has to present a paper on her view of the 1950s. If Eva believed that the golden fifties was not an idyllic decade, what are the facts that she is likely to state in her paper? Answer: The golden fifties were riddled with many family problems, and people had fewer choices than they do today. For example, • Consumerism was limited primarily to middle- and upper-class families. • Black and other ethnic families faced severe discrimination in employment, education, housing, and access to recreational activities. • Domestic violence and child abuse, though widespread, were invisible. • Many young people were forced into "shotgun marriages" because of premarital pregnancy, and young women were often pressured to give up their children for adoption. • About 20 percent of mothers worked in the paid labor force, but had little or no access to child care services. • Many people, including housewives, tried to escape their unhappy lives through alcohol or drugs. 58) Cathie, whose husband fought during World War II, moved with her family from the city to the suburbs during the golden fifties. Provide reasons that could have facilitated this move to the suburbs during the 1950s. Answer: The federal government, fearful of a return to an economic depression, underwrote the construction of homes in the suburbs. The general public obtained lowinterest mortgages, and veterans were offered the added incentive of purchasing a home with a $1 down payment. Cathie’s husband could have availed this incentive to move to a bigger place in the suburb. 59) Lila believes that feminist literature of the 20th century had no effect on the emancipation of women. If Devon was to disagree and quote The Feminine Mystique, written by Betty Friedan, what are the facts that he could state in support of his argument? Answer: In her influential book, The Feminine Mystique(1963), Betty Friedan criticized the push toward domesticity and documented the dissatisfaction of many college-educated women who felt unfulfilled in their full-time roles as wives and mothers. Friedan’s book didn’t change gender roles overnight. Nonetheless, The Feminine Mystique had an enormous impact in sparking the women’s movement in the late 1960s and challenging traditional roles throughout the 1970s and 1980s. 60) What were the economic concerns faced by families during the 21st century? Answer: The 21st century began with numerous problems that affected families. When the stock market plunged in the “dot-com bubble” of 2001, many older people had to go back to work because their retirement portfolios shrank by at least 50 percent. Many young adults were laid off from promising high-tech jobs and scurried to find any employment that paid more than a minimum wage. After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, federal and state governments funnelled billions of dollars into homeland security and the war in Iraq. Health care costs skyrocketed. In mid-2008, the U.S. economy spiralled downward into another, even more severe stock market crash, and, by early 2013, the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan had cost taxpayers at least $3.7 trillion. As a result, agencies gutted many family programs and services, especially for poor and working-class families. Test Bank for Marriages and Families Nijole V Benokraitis 9780205957224, 9780134736150
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