Chapter 1 The Changing Family 1) According to Social Security laws, which of the following is True of employee health care benefits? A) It does not cover a worker’s dependent parents. B) It covers a worker’s children. C) It covers a worker’s child born out of wedlock. D) It covers unmarried partners who have long-term committed relationships. Answer: B Rationale: Employee health care benefits typically cover a worker’s children under certain conditions, such as age limits or dependency status. This coverage is commonly provided as part of employee benefits packages to support employees in caring for their families. 2) A marriage in which the couple must follow procedures specified by the state or other jurisdiction, such as buying a license, is called a ________. A) ceremonial marriage B) common-law marriage C) nonceremonial marriage D) domestic partnership Answer: A Rationale: A ceremonial marriage involves following specific legal procedures set by the state or jurisdiction, such as obtaining a marriage license and conducting a formal ceremony to solemnize the marriage. 3) Maria's family is Catholic and insists that Maria marry a man who is also from a Catholic family. This practice of marrying within a certain group is referred to as ________. A) exogamy B) polygamy C) bigamy D) endogamy Answer: D Rationale: Endogamy refers to the cultural practice of marrying within a specific social, cultural, or religious group, such as marrying within one's own ethnicity, religion, or social class. 4) The family into which a person is adopted or raised is called the family of ________. A) orientation B) procreation C) emplacement D) origin Answer: A Rationale: The family into which a person is adopted or raised is known as the family of orientation, as it is where individuals typically learn social norms, values, and behaviors during their formative years. 5) People believe that in the past there were fewer problems, people were happier, and families were stronger because ________. A) of the widespread influence of movies and television presenting these images of the family B) many historians maintain that such golden days existed C) grandparents always talk about the golden days D) people’s knowledge of the past is mostly accurate Answer: A Rationale: Option A suggests that people's perceptions of a happier past may be influenced by idealized portrayals of family life in movies and television, which may not accurately reflect historical realities. 6) During a debate about the changing nature of families, Jim states that family problems are more prevalent today. However, Ryan believes otherwise and argues that family issues have always existed. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Ryan’s argument? A) Out of wedlock births, domestic violence, and desertion by a parent or spouse were experienced rarely in the past. B) Parents spend more time with their children today than they did in the past. C) Teenage pregnancy rates were lower in the 1950s than they are today. D) Historical data about families in the past indicate that families were stronger then than they are now. Answer: B Rationale: Option B strengthens Ryan's argument by highlighting a continuity in family dynamics, suggesting that parents spending more time with their children is not a recent phenomenon but rather a longstanding aspect of family life. 7) Martha and Peter have been in a committed relationship for the past eight years. They care for each other and share all domestic and financial responsibilities. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, which of the following is True of their living arrangement? A) It is a nonfamily household. B) It is family household. C) It is an illegal arrangement. D) It is a fictive household. Answer: A Rationale: Martha and Peter's living arrangement, characterized by a committed relationship without legal marriage, falls under the category of a nonfamily household according to the U.S. Census Bureau's definitions, as it does not meet the criteria for a family household based on legal marital status or blood relationships. 8) Joe and Jenny, two software professionals who loved to party and travel, were married for just over two years when they filed for divorce. Their families and friends took a micro-level perspective of their fall out. Which of the following best represents their perspective? A) The divorce was a result of technological advancements, the Internet and online social networking. B) The divorce was a result of popular culture including television, pop music, magazines, and movies, which are major sources of misinformation about family life. C) The divorce was a result of women’s movements, which transformed Jenny making her less financially dependent on Joe. D) The divorce was a result of their unrealistic and immature decisions regarding their lifestyle. Answer: D Rationale: Option D best represents a micro-level perspective by focusing on individual-level factors such as personal decisions and behaviours rather than broader social or cultural influences. It attributes the divorce to Joe and Jenny's own actions and choices, reflecting a microlevel analysis of their situation. 9) What is a family policy? Explain. Answer: Family policy refers to the measures that governments take to improve the wellbeing of families. Some policies directly address family formations and processes (e.g., adoption, marriage, divorce, domestic violence, and welfare reform). Others have an indirect impact on family life (e.g., health care, housing, poverty, and substance abuse). 10) From a company’s perspective, which of the following is a reason why companies adopt a cross-cultural or global view to understand societies? A) It helps employees understand the practices of other nations before traveling abroad for work. B) It helps companies maintain a more homogeneous workforce. C) It encourages people to have an ethnocentric belief in the superiority of their own culture. D) It helps companies limit their operations to their home country. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because adopting a cross-cultural or global view helps employees gain insights into the practices, norms, and expectations of other nations, which is crucial for effective communication and collaboration in international business settings. This understanding can facilitate smoother transitions for employees traveling abroad for work and enhance intercultural competence within the company. 1) Nonrelatives who are accepted as part of the family because they have strong bonds with biological family members and provide important services and care are known as ________. A) consanguineal kin B) fictive kin C) nurtured kin D) affiant kin Answer: B Rationale: Fictive kin refers to individuals who are not biologically related but are accepted as part of the family due to the strong emotional bonds they share with biological family members. These individuals often provide significant support and care within the family unit. 2) Lisa and James volunteer as a host family in a foreign exchange student program at the local university. They provide accommodation, food, and a family environment to an exchange student. They volunteer to experience a new culture and at the same time provide a new cultural experience to the student. The relationship between them and the exchange student exemplifies a(n) ________. A) fictive kinship B) lineal kinship C) affiant kinship D) consanguineal kinship Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because the relationship between Lisa, James, and the exchange student exemplifies fictive kinship, wherein non-biologically related individuals form familial bonds based on mutual care, support, and shared experiences. 3) Which of the following is a difference between traditional and current definition of the family? A) Unlike current definitions of the family, traditional definitions encompass fictive kin. B) Unlike traditional definitions of the family, current definitions exclude child-free couples. C) Unlike traditional definitions of the family, current definitions do not explicitly include marriage and procreation. D) Unlike current definitions of the family, traditional definitions include diverse groups such as foster parents and their charges. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it highlights a difference between traditional and current definitions of the family. Traditional definitions often emphasized marriage and procreation as essential components of family, whereas modern definitions may be more inclusive and recognize diverse family structures beyond traditional notions of marriage and biological parentage. 4) ________ refer to culturally defined rules for behavior. A) Roles B) Accommodations C) Norms D) Taboos Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because norms are culturally defined rules or expectations for behavior within a society or social group. Norms guide individuals' actions and interactions, shaping social behavior and facilitating social order. 5) ________ refers to the cultural norms and laws that forbid sexual intercourse between close blood relatives, such as brother and sister, father and daughter, uncle and niece, or grandparent and grandchild. A) Menstrual taboo B) Endogamy C) Incest taboo D) Polygamy Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it defines the concept of the incest taboo, which prohibits sexual relationships between closely related individuals within a family or kinship group. This taboo is culturally universal and serves to maintain family structure and prevent genetic disorders. 6) Which of the following is characteristic of a primary group? A) impersonal relationships B) few emotional ties to one another C) close, intimate interaction D) similar standing or rank based on wealth Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because primary groups are characterized by close, intimate interactions among members. These groups typically involve strong emotional ties, mutual support, and a sense of belonging, fostering deep interpersonal relationships. 7) Co-workers in the sales department of a company work closely together. These members of the sales department together make up a ________ group. A) familial B) primary C) tertiary D) secondary Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because the sales department co-workers form a secondary group, which is characterized by impersonal and task-oriented relationships focused on achieving specific goals or objectives, such as selling products or services. Unlike primary groups, secondary groups are typically larger and less intimate. 8) Jim and Lara, a couple, have lived together for a period of 10 years. Most of their friends and families consider their relationship as socially acceptable. They also file a joint tax return. However, they do not have a marriage license nor have they been married by an authorized official. This is an example of a ________. A) open marriage B) common-law marriage C) ceremonial marriage D) procedural marriage Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because the description fits the characteristics of a common-law marriage, wherein a couple cohabitates and presents themselves as married without a formal ceremony or legal marriage license. Common-law marriages are recognized in some jurisdictions based on specific criteria, such as the duration of cohabitation and mutual intent to be married. 9) While being legally married to Cassie, James married Lisa, too. James has engaged in ________. A) hypergamy B) homogamy C) bigamy D) endogamy Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because James has engaged in bigamy, which involves being married to more than one person simultaneously. In this scenario, James is legally married to Cassie but enters into a second marriage with Lisa without terminating his existing marriage, constituting the act of bigamy. 10) ________ refers to a cultural practice that requires marrying outside one’s group, such as not marrying one’s relatives. A) Bigamy B) Exogamy C) Endogamy D) Homogamy Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because exogamy refers to the cultural practice of marrying outside one's social or kinship group, such as marrying individuals from different families, clans, or ethnicities. Exogamy promotes social diversity, facilitates alliances between groups, and helps prevent inbreeding within closed kinship networks. 11) Which of the following is a similarity between ceremonial marriage and common-law marriage? A) Both of them require partners to meet certain minimum age requirements. B) Both of these allow the partners for bigamy. C) Both of them require partners to follow procedures specified by the state or other jurisdiction. D) Both of them recognize couples as married if they have been living together for a certain period of time. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because both ceremonial marriage and common-law marriage may require partners to meet certain minimum age requirements as determined by state laws or regulations. Age restrictions aim to ensure that individuals entering into marriage are legally competent and capable of making informed decisions about their marital status. 12) Sue and Fred could not have biological children, so they legally adopted a three-yearold boy named Mark. For Mark, Sue and Fred would be his ________. A) family of orientation B) family of origin C) fictive family D) family of procreation Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because the family of orientation refers to the family into which a person is born, adopted, or raised. Since Mark was legally adopted by Sue and Fred and raised by them, they constitute his family of orientation, providing him with a primary socialization environment and familial bonds. 13) The family a person forms by marrying and having or adopting children is referred to as the ________. A) nuclear family B) extended family C) family of procreation D) family of orientation Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because the family of procreation refers to the family unit that an individual forms through marriage, cohabitation, or adoption and includes their spouse or partner and any children they have or adopt together. It is distinct from the family of orientation, which pertains to the family into which a person is born or raised. 14) A network of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption is known as a(n) ________. A) neolocal system B) extended system C) kinship system D) nuclear system Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because a kinship system refers to the social structure and network of relationships based on familial ties, including blood relations, marriage connections, and adopted kin. It encompasses the various ways in which individuals are related to one another within a society or community. 15) A household made up of married parents and their biological or adopted children is called a(n) ________. A) nuclear family B) extended family C) joint family D) stepfamily Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because a nuclear family consists of married parents and their biological or adopted children living together in the same household. This family structure is typically characterized by a small, independent unit focused on the immediate family members. 16) In a ________ residence pattern, newly married couples live with the husband’s family. A) neolocal B) patrilocal C) matrilocal D) collocal Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because in a patrilocal residence pattern, newly married couples reside with or near the husband's family or relatives. This arrangement is common in patriarchal societies where family lineage and inheritance are traced through the male line, and the husband's family typically provides support and resources to the newly married couple. 17) Since the early 1990s, the tendency for young married adults to live with the parents of either the wife or husband, or sometimes with the grandparents of one of the partners has increased. Which of the following is an accurate reason for this? A) Children are now most likely to be staying in two-parent households as divorce rates have declined. B) At least half of all young couples can’t afford a medium-priced house. C) Most families are now self-sufficient as most couples are employed. D) Most young adults now do not like staying in multigenerational households. Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it provides an accurate reason for the increased tendency of young married adults to live with parents or grandparents. Economic factors, such as the high cost of housing, may compel young couples to delay homeownership or seek alternative living arrangements, including residing with relatives to reduce expenses. 18) In a ________ family system, the oldest females control cultural, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over males. A) patriarchal B) matriarchal C) nuclear D) neolocal Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because a matriarchal family system is characterized by female authority and leadership, wherein the oldest females within the family hold significant power and influence over cultural, political, and economic matters. In matriarchal societies, descent and inheritance are often traced through the female line, and women play dominant roles in decision-making and resource allocation. 19) Jim has a strong-minded father who takes all the family decisions alone, without consulting the other family members. Jim’s family follows a ________ family system. A) neolocal B) patriarchal C) egalitarian D) matriarchal Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because a patriarchal family system is characterized by male dominance and authority, wherein the father or eldest male figure holds significant power and makes decisions on behalf of the family without consulting other members. In patriarchal families, traditional gender roles often assign men as heads of household with control over familial resources and decision-making. 20) Which of the following is True of the egalitarian family system? A) Important family decisions are taken by the eldest woman in the household. B) Women are marginalized and oppressed in such households. C) Both spouses share equal duties and responsibilities in such households. D) Important family decisions are taken by the eldest man in the household. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because the egalitarian family system is characterized by equality and shared responsibilities between spouses, regardless of gender. In such households, both partners contribute equally to decision-making, household chores, childcare, and other familial responsibilities, reflecting a more balanced distribution of power and authority. 21) Maria has been married four times over a period of 22 years. None of her marriages lasted more than a few years. However, she was never married to more than one person at a time. In this scenario, Maria has engaged in ________. A) endogamy B) polyandry C) polygyny D) serial monogamy Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because serial monogamy refers to a pattern of multiple marriages or committed relationships in which individuals marry or partner with one person at a time but experience multiple such unions sequentially over their lifetime. Maria's history of marrying multiple times, one after another, without simultaneous marriages, aligns with the concept of serial monogamy. 22) A woman who has two or more husbands’ practices ________. A) polyandry B) exogamy C) polygyny D) endogamy Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because polyandry refers to the marital practice in which a woman has two or more husbands simultaneously. In polyandrous societies, multiple men may share marital and familial responsibilities with a single woman, forming a polyandrous union. 23) Which of the following is True of polyandry? A) It is more common than polygyny in many societies. B) It exists in societies in which there is a shortage of men. C) It is a practice in which one man marries two or more women. D) It occurs when one man finds it difficult to provide for a family. Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because polyandry, the practice of one woman having multiple husbands simultaneously, is often found in societies where resources are scarce or where economic conditions make it challenging for one man to provide for a family alone. Polyandry may alleviate economic burdens on individual men by allowing them to share responsibilities within a marital unit. 24) Which of the following is a myth about families in the past? A) Teenage pregnancy rates in the past were negligible compared to what it is today. B) Until the 1970s, few people ever talked about child abuse, domestic violence, or divorce. C) Many families lived in silent misery and quiet desperation in the past. D) Parents spend more time with their children today than they did in the past. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because it highlights a myth about families in the past, suggesting that teenage pregnancy rates were significantly lower than they are today. In reality, historical records indicate that teenage pregnancies and early marriages were not uncommon in earlier periods, especially in certain socioeconomic contexts or cultural settings. 25) Which of the following is a myth about what is natural in families? A) that unmarried committed relationships are natural B) that motherhood is natural for women C) that remaining single or not marrying is natural D) that homosexuality is natural Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it identifies a myth about what is considered natural in families, specifically emphasizing the assumption that motherhood is inherently natural for women. While motherhood may be culturally idealized and socially expected in many contexts, not all women may desire or choose motherhood, and societal pressures often construct gender roles and expectations surrounding motherhood. 26) Which of the following statements is True regarding self-sufficiency of the American family? A) Few families—past or present—have been entirely self-sufficient. B) Most families in the past were entirely self-sufficient. C) Middle class families tend to prosper because they are the most self-sufficient. D) Only the poorest families tend to need help from the government. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because it accurately reflects the reality that few families, whether in historical or contemporary contexts, have been entirely self-sufficient. Economic interdependence, social support networks, and government assistance programs have historically played roles in supporting families across various socioeconomic strata. 27) The myth that the family is a “haven in a heartless world” portrays an image where the family ________. A) is mostly self-sufficient B) has some health or economic problems to deal with C) does not have to worry about raising children D) always provides love, nurturance, and emotional support Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it captures the essence of the myth that the family serves as a sanctuary or refuge from the challenges and hardships of the outside world. This myth idealizes the family as a source of unconditional love, nurturance, and emotional support, portraying it as a haven where individuals can find solace and security amidst life's struggles. 28) Rebecca is of the opinion that very few families, either in the past or in the present, can be called self-sufficient. Which of the following is an accurate statement that supports Rebecca’s opinion? A) Families have prospered since the 1970s because of their savings and individual enterprises. B) A majority of people who have reached retirement are leading comfortable lives despite not being eligible for Medicare and Social Security. C) Many individuals in the middle class are likely to have collected unemployment payments after being laid off. D) The government provides no tax cuts for middle-income and affluent families. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it provides evidence supporting Rebecca's opinion that very few families can be considered entirely self-sufficient. The fact that many individuals in the middle class may need to rely on unemployment payments after experiencing job loss suggests that economic stability and self-sufficiency are not guaranteed for all families, highlighting the role of external support mechanisms in times of need. 29) Stephen believes that families always stand for love and security. Linda, on the other hand, has an opinion that families can also be a physically and psychologically brutal setting in society. Which of the following is an accurate statement that weakens Stephen’s point of view? A) Young adults now tend to have a very realistic perspective about families and thus have fewer conflicts. B) Many parents experience stress while balancing the demands of work and family responsibilities. C) Most young adults now are more economically sound and also appreciate the benefits of multigenerational households. D) Most families are now becoming egalitarian, where both the parents equally participate in all the tasks. Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it introduces the idea that many parents experience stress while balancing work and family responsibilities, which weakens Stephen's idealistic view of families as always providing love and security. The acknowledgment of parental stress suggests that families can indeed be challenging environments, contrary to the notion of universal love and security. 30) Which of the following is True of functional myths? A) Myths are functional when they disrupt a family. B) Functional myths can help us maintain emotional balance during crises. C) Functional myths tend to create misery in us. D) Functional myths divert our attention from social problems that lead to family crises. Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it accurately describes the function of functional myths, which help individuals maintain emotional balance during crises. Functional myths provide a sense of stability, meaning, or reassurance in times of uncertainty or distress, contributing to psychological well-being rather than exacerbating emotional turmoil. 31) During a debate about the impact of myths on the family, Charles states that myths are always dysfunctional. However, his friend, Harris, disagrees and states that myths can be functional as well. Which of the following is an accurate statement that weakens Charles’s argument? A) Myths can make us pay more attention to widespread social problems that lead to family crises. B) Myths have induced generation of social policies such as child-support legislation. C) Myths deprive us of the hope that we can improve marriage and family life. D) Myths tend to provide unrealistic expectations regarding family life. Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it presents evidence contradicting Charles's argument by highlighting the functional aspect of myths in inducing the generation of social policies such as child-support legislation. This demonstrates that myths can serve a functional role in addressing societal issues and promoting positive change rather than solely contributing to dysfunction. 32) Which of the following statements supports the “family is declining” perspective? A) Men and women wait to get married until they are older and more mature. B) Adults who are financially deprived should not have children. C) Many adults are unwilling to invest their financial resources in their children. D) Parents now have less control over their adult married children. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it aligns with the perspective that the family is declining by highlighting a lack of investment in children by many adults. This suggests a shift away from prioritizing familial responsibilities and investments in the well-being of future generations, indicating a decline in the traditional functions and values associated with family life. 33) Which of the following is True of those who adhere to the "family is deteriorating" school of thought? A) They state that as soon as an individual realizes that she or he is unhappy in a marriage, she or he should leave. B) They believe that financial success is the most important factor in keeping families together. C) They assume that marital partners should increase their sense of entitlement and decrease their sense of duty. D) They believe that marriage should exist for the sake of children and not just for adults. Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it reflects the perspective of those who believe that the family is deteriorating by emphasizing the importance of marriage for the sake of children rather than solely for the adults involved. This perspective prioritizes the well-being and stability of children within familial relationships, suggesting a concern about the perceived decline in family cohesion and support for children. 34) Adrian prescribes to the school of thought which suggests that the family is changing but is not declining. Which of the following opinions is Adrian most likely to hold? A) Marriage should exist for the sake of children and not just adults. B) Family problems and divorces are very recent concepts. C) There is nothing wrong is spending money on therapists, lawyers, and expert witnesses in cases of marital conflicts. D) Gender roles are so different now compared to the past and the family has been resilient despite this. Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it aligns with the perspective that the family is changing but not declining, emphasizing the resilience of families despite evolving gender roles. This perspective acknowledges societal shifts in family dynamics and gender expectations while maintaining a positive outlook on the adaptability and endurance of familial relationships. 35) Ralph and Philip differ in their opinions about the current status of families. Ralph believes that families now are happier than ever before and are more resilient. Philip, on the other hand, opines that families are declining and deteriorating. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Philip’s point of view? A) Recent data show that fewer adults are married and more are divorced or remaining single. B) In the past, many white, middle-class families enjoyed a life that was both gentle and genteel. C) In the past, many people stayed in unhappy marriages because of strong social norms and legal divorce obstacles. D) Studies show that there has been a decrease in multigenerational relationships in families. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it provides evidence supporting Philip's perspective by highlighting historical factors contributing to familial discontent, such as societal pressures to remain in unhappy marriages due to social norms and legal barriers to divorce. This historical context strengthens the argument that families may have faced greater challenges and limitations in the past compared to contemporary times. 36) Which of the following is True of those who believe that the family is changing, but not deteriorating? A) They argue that family problems such as desertion and nonmarital births have always existed. B) They believe that the mother who works outside the home is a new phenomenon. C) They argue that the emergence of single-parent families is a new trend. D) They believe that divorces did not take place until the late twentieth century. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because it reflects the perspective of those who believe that the family is changing but not deteriorating by arguing that family problems such as desertion and nonmarital births have always existed. This perspective emphasizes continuity in the presence of familial challenges across historical and contemporary contexts, suggesting that while family dynamics may change, the fundamental issues remain consistent over time. 37) A large proportion of Americans now experiences the empty-nest syndrome—the departure of adult children from the home—at an earlier age. Which of the following is a reason for this? A) Most young adults now appreciate the benefits of staying in multigenerational households. B) There has been a decline in the number of neolocal families due to unemployment. C) The average age of the population has now significantly increased since the mid-1800s. D) Women now tend to prolong child rearing by keeping huge age differences among children. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it provides a reason for the earlier onset of the empty-nest syndrome by pointing out that the average age of the population has significantly increased since the mid-1800s. As people live longer and healthier lives, adult children may leave the parental home at an earlier age, contributing to the experience of the empty-nest syndrome among a large proportion of Americans. 38) Which of the following best describes the empty-nest syndrome? A) It refers to living alone after a divorce. B) It refers to households where couples cannot biologically have children. C) It refers to the departure of grown children from the home. D) It refers to the rise of one-parent families. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it accurately describes the empty-nest syndrome as the experience of parents when their grown children leave the family home to live independently. This transition can evoke feelings of loss, sadness, or a sense of emptiness, hence the term "empty nest." 39) According to the Census Bureau, a ________ household consists of two or more people living together who are related through marriage, birth, or adoption. A) fictive B) cohabiting C) nonfamily D) family Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it accurately defines a family household according to the Census Bureau, emphasizing the relationship between individuals living together through marriage, birth, or adoption. This definition aligns with traditional understandings of the family unit as comprising individuals who share kinship ties through legal, biological, or adoptive relationships. 40) During a debate about external influences on families, Lily argues that demographic changes have had far-reaching consequences on American family life. However, Daniela argues otherwise and states that demographic changes have had little influence on family patterns. Which of the following is an accurate statement that supports Lily’s argument? A) As people tend to live longer, they are more likely than in the past to outlive a partner, resulting in the increasing number of singles. B) Most U.S. families continue to stay in nuclear households despite a significant increase in the rate of unemployment. C) The U.S. birthrates have increased and there has been a significant increase in neolocal, nuclear households. D) Children now are more likely to be living in two-parent households due to a decline in the number of births to unmarried women. Answer: A Rationale: Option A is correct because it provides evidence supporting Lily's argument by highlighting a demographic change—the increase in life expectancy—that has influenced family patterns. The tendency for people to live longer has led to more individuals outliving partners, contributing to the rise in the number of singles and affecting family structures and dynamics. 41) Norman, a sociologist, studies the social interaction patterns of several tribes in specific settings. He focuses on the choices that individuals in a tribe make. In this scenario, Norman is studying the tribe at the ________ perspective. A) macro-level B) micro-level C) global-level D) nuclear-level Answer: B Rationale: Option B is correct because it accurately identifies Norman's study approach as focusing on individual choices and social interaction patterns within a specific tribe, indicating a micro-level perspective. Micro-level perspectives analyze social phenomena at the level of individuals or small groups, examining interactions, behaviors, and decision-making processes within specific contexts. 42) A social scientist who studies the Industrial Revolution and its urbanization effects to understand a society’s economy is using a ________. A) nuclear-level perspective B) cognitive-level perspective C) micro-level perspective D) macro-level perspective Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it accurately identifies the level of analysis used by the social scientist studying the Industrial Revolution and urbanization effects—a macro-level perspective. Macro-level perspectives focus on large-scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole, including economic structures, institutions, and transformations affecting entire populations or societies. 43) Which of the following is a difference between micro- and macro-level perspectives on the family? A) Unlike the micro-level perspective, the macro-level perspective focuses only on the decisions taken by the family members. B) Unlike the macro-level perspective, the micro-level perspective focuses on external factors on which families have little control. C) Unlike the micro-level perspective, the macro-level perspective takes into account constraints such as economic forces and technology. D) Unlike the micro-level perspective, the macro-level perspective states that the economy has no role to play when it comes to divorces. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it accurately contrasts micro- and macro-level perspectives by highlighting that the macro-level perspective considers broader social forces, such as economic factors and technological advancements, which can influence family dynamics. This difference underscores the focus of macro-level perspectives on analyzing societallevel influences on families, in contrast to micro-level perspectives that emphasize individual or small-group interactions. 44) ________ perspective is a social science perspective that focuses on large-scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole. A) Nuclear-level B) Cognitive-level C) Macro-level D) Micro-level Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it defines the macro-level perspective as focusing on largescale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole. This perspective examines societal structures, institutions, and dynamics that influence the behavior, interactions, and outcomes of individuals and groups within a society. 45) Bryan and Rachel’s household consists of Bryan’s parents, Rachel’s mother, and two teenage children. Bryan is the only working member of the family, and he provides financial support for the entire family. In this scenario, Bryan and Rachel can be described as the ________ generation. A) caregiver B) pillar C) sandwich D) traditional Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it accurately identifies Bryan and Rachel as belonging to the sandwich generation, a term used to describe adults who are simultaneously responsible for providing care and support to both their aging parents and their own children. This generation often finds itself "sandwiched" between the needs of multiple generations, requiring them to balance caregiving responsibilities with their own familial roles. 46) Jamie’s dressing and eating habits are heavily influenced by television programs, Internet fads, and pop music videos. Moreover, she acts and talks like her favorite actress as well. In this scenario, Jamie’s behavior is most likely influenced by ________. A) religious beliefs B) family values C) social movements D) popular culture Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it identifies popular culture as the primary influence on Jamie's behavior, including her dressing and eating habits, as well as her mannerisms. Popular culture, disseminated through television, internet, and media platforms, shapes individual behaviours, preferences, and identities by promoting certain trends, styles, and celebrity influences 47) Emily believes in the marriage movement and thinks that the movement is important to help restore the declining family. Which of the following is most likely to be one of Emily’s opinions? A) Women should be more than just homemakers for a marriage to be successful. B) Cohabiting couples can have happier family lives than married couples. C) Federal and state benefits for children born to unmarried low-income mothers should be reduced. D) Premarital counselling classes and marital skills programs are a waste of time and money as they do not help increase marital success. Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because it aligns with Emily's belief in the marriage movement and the importance of traditional family structures. By advocating for the reduction of benefits for children born to unmarried low-income mothers, Emily likely supports policies that incentivize or prioritize marriage as the ideal family form, aiming to strengthen traditional family units. 48) Which of the following measures directly addresses family policy? A) creating a poverty line B) improving housing facilities C) passing a new adoption law D) controlling substance abuse Answer: C Rationale: Option C is correct because passing a new adoption law directly addresses family policy by enacting legislation that governs adoption procedures, regulations, and rights, thereby shaping the legal framework and practices related to family formation and child welfare. Adoption laws influence family dynamics, parental rights, and child placement processes, making them a direct aspect of family policy. 49) Which of the following is an example of a direct family policy measure? A) providing information on disabilities B) identifying a clear financial poverty line C) increasing the density of health care centres D) passing a domestic violence law Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because passing a domestic violence law is an example of a direct family policy measure that addresses issues directly affecting family well-being and safety. Domestic violence laws establish legal protections, provisions, and penalties related to domestic abuse, providing resources, support, and avenues for intervention to safeguard individuals and families from harm within domestic settings. 50) During a debate about families, Carlos states that it is important to have a crosscultural and global perspective. However, Clark argues otherwise and states that having a local perspective will serve businesses better. Which of the following is an accurate statement that weakens Clark’s argument? A) Many critics have observed that information and understanding about different cultures tend to foster conflicts. B) Studies show that there has been a significant rise in the number of endogamous marriages since the last few decades. C) The Internet has significantly reduced the need for us to learn and know about other societies and cultures. D) The world today is an international place where the changes facing families are not only national but are also global. Answer: D Rationale: Option D is correct because it weakens Clark's argument by highlighting the importance of a cross-cultural and global perspective in understanding contemporary family dynamics. By emphasizing that the changes facing families are not only national but also global, it suggests that businesses need to consider diverse cultural contexts and global trends to effectively navigate international markets and demographics. 51) Explain the term fictive kin. Answer: Fictive kin are nonrelatives who are accepted as part of the family because they have strong bonds with biological family members and provide important services and care. These emotional ties may be stronger and more lasting than those established by blood or marriage. 52) What is a primary group? Explain with examples. Answer: A primary group is a small group of people who are characterized by close, longlasting, intimate, and face-to-face interaction. The family is a critical primary group because it provides the nurturance, love, and emotional sustenance that its members need to be happy, healthy, and secure. Our close friends are usually members of our primary groups, but they may come and go. In contrast, our family is usually our steadfast and enduring emotional anchor throughout life. 53) Dave and Maya, a married couple, could not have biological children, and so they adopted Mark. They lived independently, without their parents. Identify the family structure of Dave and Maya. What are the other forms of family structures? Answer: Bryan and Maya have a nuclear family structure. A nuclear family is one that is made up of a wife, a husband, and their biological or adopted children. The other family form is the extended family, which consists of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles and aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents. 54) How do families differ in residence patterns? Which is the most common pattern? Answer: Families differ in where they live. There are three main residence patterns— patrilocal, matrilocal, and neolocal. In a patrilocal residence pattern, newly married couples live with the husband’s family. In a matrilocal residence pattern, they live with the wife’s family. And in a neolocal residence pattern, the couple sets up its own residence. Around the world, the most common pattern is patrilocal, whereas in industrialized societies such as the United States, married couples are typically neolocal. 55) In his community, Jeff is legally allowed to have two wives. Against his wishes, he was forced by his family to marry a second time. Identify and briefly describe the marriage practice that prevails in Jeff’s community. Answer: Polygamy is being practiced in James’s community. If the community supports polygamy only for men, then polygyny is being practiced. Polygamy is a practice in which a man or woman has two or more spouses. It is subdivided into polygyny—one man married to two or more women—and polyandry—one woman with two or more husbands. 56) Explain why the concept of “golden days” is either rejected or considered invalid. Answer: Many historians believe that golden days never existed. According to them, people romanticize the golden days only because they know so little about the past. Even in the 1800s, many families experienced out of wedlock births, domestic violence, and desertion by a parent or spouse. Family life in the good old days was filled with deprivation, loneliness, and danger. Families worked very hard and often were crushed by accidents, illness, and disease. Until the mid-1940s, a much shorter life expectancy meant that parental death often led to children’s placement in extended families, foster care, or orphanages. 57) Can myths be functional? Provide an example. Answer: Not all myths are harmful. Some are functional because they bring people together and promote social solidarity. For example, if myths give us hope that we can improve marriage and family life, we won’t give up at the first sign of problems. In this sense, myths can help us maintain emotional balance during crises. Myths can also free us from guilt or shame. For instance, “We fell out of love” is a more face-saving explanation for getting a divorce than “I made a stupid mistake” or “I married an alcoholic.” 58) Explain why some scientists believe that the family is changing and not declining. Answer: Many analysts contend that family problems have always existed. Family studies published in the 1930s, for example, included issues such as divorce, desertion, and family crises resulting from discord, delinquency, and depression. Many researchers maintain that there is little empirical evidence that family change is synonymous with family decline. Instead, data support both perspectives—the belief that the family is in trouble as well as the notion that most families are resilient despite ongoing changes in gender roles, divorce rates, and alternatives to marriage such as living together. 59) Some scientists contend that divorce can be a good thing. Provide an accurate explanation that supports this view. Answer: In the past, many people stayed in unhappy marriages because of strong social norms and legal divorce obstacles. Today, in contrast, adults can more easily get a divorce, establish a new relationship, and raise children in a happier home. 60) Frank believes that most people who live in the United States speak English. However, Charlie argues that the number of people who are speaking other languages has risen in the past few decades. Provide an explanation which is likely to support Charlie’s view. Answer: Many people stereotype the United States as a single-language and single-culture society. In reality, it’s the most multicultural country in the world: Diversity is booming, ethnic groups speak many languages, and foreign-born families live in all the states. U.S. residents speak approximately 336 languages. Test Bank for Marriages and Families Nijole V Benokraitis 9780205957224, 9780134736150
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