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Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Questions 1. We can acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to the contingencies through a. instructions. b. observational learning. c. operant conditioning. d. both instructions and observational learning. Answer: d. both instructions and observational learning. Rationale: Both instructions and observational learning allow individuals to acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to contingencies. Instructions provide verbal information about appropriate behaviors, while observational learning involves learning by observing others' behaviors and their consequences. 2. Vicarious emotional responses are ____ responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others. a. classically conditioned b. instrumentally conditioned c. genetically predisposed d. positively reinforced Answer: a. classically conditioned Rationale: Vicarious emotional responses, such as feeling fear or sadness when witnessing similar emotions in others, are typically classically conditioned. The emotional response becomes associated with the stimulus (the observed emotional response of others) through repeated pairing. 3. Perceived similarity to oneself is most likely to affect which of the stages of Bandura’s model of observational learning? a. attention b. retention c. response capability d. motivation Answer: a. attention Rationale: Perceived similarity to oneself primarily affects the attentional stage of Bandura's model of observational learning. Individuals are more likely to pay attention to and imitate behaviors of others whom they perceive as similar to themselves. 4. Bandura (1965) showed that the consequences of a model’s behavior influenced _________. a. what the observer attended to but not what was retained b. what was retained but not that to which the observer attended c. what behaviors the observer learned d. what behaviors the observer performed Answer: d. what behaviors the observer performed Rationale: Bandura demonstrated that the consequences of a model's behavior influenced the behaviors that the observer performed. Observers were more likely to imitate behaviors that resulted in positive consequences and less likely to imitate behaviors that resulted in negative consequences. 5. Once a behavior has been acquired through observational learning, the most important determinant of whether the modeled behavior will be repeatedly performed by an observer is a. the consequences for the model's behavior. b. the consequences for the observer's behavior. c. perceived similarity to the model. d. the reinforcing value of the model. Answer: b. the consequences for the observer's behavior. Rationale: Once a behavior has been acquired through observational learning, the most important determinant of whether the behavior will be repeated by the observer is the consequences for the observer's behavior. If the observer experiences positive consequences as a result of performing the modeled behavior, they are more likely to repeat it. 6. The closest thing we see to human language in other species is a. bird songs. b. alarm calls by vervet monkeys. c. speech by parrots. d. tool-making by chimps. Answer: b. alarm calls by vervet monkeys. Rationale: Vervet monkeys utilize alarm calls to communicate specific information about predators to other members of their group. These calls have different meanings depending on the type of predator present, demonstrating a rudimentary form of communication akin to human language. 7. The fact that "The dog bit John" means something different from "John bit the dog" is an example of the ____ aspect of language. a. reference b. productivity c. grammar d. semantic Answer: c. grammar Rationale: Grammar refers to the structure and arrangement of words within a language, which determines the meaning of sentences. In this case, the different word order ("The dog bit John" versus "John bit the dog") changes the subject and object of the sentence, resulting in different meanings. 8. The situational freedom aspect of language is the fact that language allows us a. to control important aspects of our world. b. use arbitrary symbols to refer to objects and events. c. to generate an unlimited number of expressions. d. to refer to objects and events that are not present. Answer: d. to refer to objects and events that are not present. Rationale: Situational freedom in language refers to the ability to discuss or refer to objects, events, or concepts that are not immediately present in the physical environment. This aspect of language enables communication about past, future, hypothetical, or abstract situations. 9. From a behavioral perspective, a rule is a a. statement about what a person should do. b. a contingency. c. a verbal description of a contingency. d. a verbal statement. Answer: c. a verbal description of a contingency. Rationale: In behaviorism, a rule is understood as a verbal description of a contingency, meaning it describes the relationship between certain behaviors and their consequences. Rules provide guidance for behavior by specifying the conditions under which certain actions should be performed. 10. Which of the following self-instructions would be most effective? a. I will go swimming tomorrow evening. b. I will go swimming tomorrow at 7:00 pm at Coronation pool. c. I will go swimming tomorrow at Coronation pool. d. I will go swimming tomorrow. Answer: b. I will go swimming tomorrow at 7:00 pm at Coronation pool. Rationale: The most effective self-instruction is specific and includes details such as the time ("tomorrow at 7:00 pm") and location ("at Coronation pool"). This specificity provides clear guidance and increases the likelihood of successful execution compared to more vague instructions. 11. When traveling to England, you have difficulty adjusting to driving on the left side of the street. This is an example of _________. a. forgetting b. inhibition c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference Answer: c. proactive interference Rationale: Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. In this scenario, your prior experience of driving on the right side of the street (learned information) interferes with your ability to adjust to driving on the left side of the street in England. The old learning (driving on the right side) disrupts the acquisition of new learning (driving on the left side), resulting in difficulty adjusting. 12. When returning to the United States, you have difficulty readjusting to driving on the right side of the street. This is an example of _________. a. forgetting b. inhibition c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference Answer: d. retroactive interference Rationale: Retroactive interference occurs when newly acquired information interferes with the retrieval of old information. In this scenario, your recent experience of driving on the left side of the street in England (newly acquired information) interferes with your ability to readjust to driving on the right side of the street in the United States. The new learning (driving on the left side) disrupts the retrieval of old learning (driving on the right side), resulting in difficulty readjusting. Test Bank for Adaptive Learning and the Human Condition Jeffrey C. Levy 9780205950775
