CH-10 Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment – Psychology and Life : Exam Guide

Chapter 10: Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment 1) How many years ago were psychological assessments first used on a large scale? A) 100 B) 150 C) 200 D) 4,000 Answer: D Rationale: China employed a sophisticated program of civil service testing over 4000 years ago. 2) In 1869, who wrote the highly influential book, Hereditary Genius? A) Alfred Binet. B) David Wechsler. C) Sir Francis Galton. D) Lewis Terman. Answer: C Rationale: Sir Francis Galton published Hereditary Genius in 1869, in which he applied evolutionary theory to the study of human abilities. 3) The students’ math scores are representative of a normal distribution. What can be assumed about the students’ scores? A) They are very high on average. B) They are very low on average. C) They are clustered in the middle and fewer are at the extremes. D) They are clustered at the extremes and fewer are in the middle. Answer: C Rationale: Galton was the first to suggest that most people fell in the mid-range of intelligence with a small percentage falling toward the extremes of giftedness or intellectual disability. 4) On the topic of genius, what position did Sir Francis Galton take? A) Genius is a construct that does not exist. B) Genius is determined by early childhood experiences. C) There are more males than females in the genius category. D) Genius is inherited. Answer: D Rationale: Sir Francis Galton argued in his book Hereditary Genius (1869) that genius runs in families. 5) As Beth repeatedly got on and off her bathroom scale one morning, she noticed that her weight was dramatically different each time. In the language of assessment, which term best describes her bathroom scale? A) invalid. B) nonstandard. C) invariant. D) unreliable. Answer: D Rationale: Reliability is the extent to which an assessment instrument can be trusted to give consistent results. 6) A woman is part of an investigation in which she is asked to take an intelligence test and then is informed that she will have to take the same test again in approximately two weeks. What type of reliability is being described? A) test-retest B) parallel forms C) internal consistency D) split-half Answer: A Rationale: This is a measure of the correlation between the scores of the same people, on the same test, given on two different occasions. Reliable tests yield patterns of scores with correlations close to +1.00—the same people get the highest and lowest scores, and so on, across tests. A totally unreliable test results in a 0.00 correlation. 7) If one is using the test-retest measurement of reliability, what will a perfectly reliable test yield? A) a correlation coefficient of +1.00. B) a correlation coefficient of 0.00. C) comparable scores on parallel forms of the test. D) high internal consistency on a measure of split-half reliability. Answer: A Rationale: This means that the identical pattern of scores emerges both times; the people who got the highest and lowest scores the first time do so the second time also. 8) When the test-retest reliability correlation is measured, it is found to be 0.02. What does this value indicate? A) the test is highly reliable. B) the test will be reliable two times in every one thousand administrations. C) the same individuals who received the highest and lowest scores on the first test did so on the second test. D) the test is unreliable. Answer: D Rationale: When there is no relationship between the first set of scores and the second set, the correlation coefficient is 0.00. The closer to this number the correlation coefficient is, the less reliable it is. 9) A researcher wants to determine if a test is reliable in terms of its internal consistency. Which approach would be most appropriate to take? A) giving the same people the same test on two different occasions. B) administering alternate parallel forms of exactly the same test twice. C) comparing performance on odd- and even-numbered items. D) training individuals carefully before allowing them to administer the test. Answer: C Rationale: When we compare a person's scores on the odd- numbered items with scores on the evennumbered items, a reliable test yields very close to the same score for each half. 10) The project director for the latest test that is being developed informs her assistant that, because of certain concerns, she wants to use an internal consistency measure of reliability for this test. What approach should the assistant take? A) give the test two different times to two different groups of people. B) give the test two different times to the same group of people. C) give the test only once. D) compare the odd-numbered questions in the first testing with the odd-numbered questions on the second testing. Answer: C Rationale: Split-half reliability yields a measure of internal consistency. This is done through one administration of the test when, for example, scores on odd- and even-numbered items are compared. 11) In the language of assessment, which term refers to a test that measures what an assessor intends it to measure? A) reliable. B) valid. C) standardized. D) invariant. Answer: B Rationale: The validity of a test is the degree to which it measures what an assessor intends it to measure. 12) First the students groaned and then they let out a sigh of relief when the teacher realized her mistake. The test was supposed to be on the topic of the modern romance novel, but she inadvertently passed out exam questions that were intended for another course she was teaching on medieval poetry. What were the initial test questions lacking? A) reliability. B) criterion validity. C) predictive validity. D) construct validity. Answer: D Rationale: Construct validity is the extent to which a test adequately measures an underlying construct. For example, a measure of anxiety has construct validity if its scores correlate highly with the features that define anxiety. The medieval poetry exam would not have been an adequate measureof knowledge about the modern romance novel. 13) After an employer hires fifty widget wirers for the new plant, she gives them all the Widget Wiring Skills Test. If she later correlates scores on the test with the average daily production of widgets by the wirers, which aspect of the test is being assessed? A) content validity B) internal consistency C) criterion validity D) split-half reliability Rationale: This is also known as predictive validity. A person's scores on a test are compared with some other standard (daily production of widgets) associated with what the test measures (widget wiring skills). Answer: C 14) Carl is taking a test to assess his anxiety. The questions he is asked include “How anxious are you?” and “Do you feel anxious most of the time?” What type of validity does this test most likely have? A) face B) criterion C) predictive D) construct Answer: A Rationale: Face validity is the degree to which the test items appear to be directly related to the attribute the researcher wants to measure. 15) Which general statement about test reliability and validity is most accurate? A) A test that is not reliable is also not valid. B) A test can be valid without also being reliable. C) A test cannot be reliable without also being valid. D) A test cannot be both reliable and valid. Answer: A Rationale: A test that is unable to predict itself (reliability) is unlikely to predict anything else (validity). 16) A man receives a score of 50 on "The Anger Potential Scale." To understand what this score means, what else is necessary? A) to know the validity of the test. B) to have access to statistical norms for the test. C) to obtain collaborating information about the individual’s anger from a trained professional. D) to know if the test was administered using a standard protocol. Answer: B Rationale: Individual scores need to be compared with typical scores; you will want to see what the usual range of scores is and what the average is for people of your age and sex. 17) Susan is developing the norms for a creativity test. What should Susan ensure when selecting members of the comparison group? A) That they are similar to the individuals who will be tested. B) That they are different from the individuals who will be tested. C) That they have average creativity scores. D) That they have high creativity scores. Answer: A Rationale: Group norms are most useful when the comparison group shares with the individual being tested qualities such as age, social class, experience, and culture. 18) A youngster is taking a test in a large room. The test administrator is very careful that everyone takes the test under the same conditions. Everyone hears exactly the same instructions, and is given the same amount of time. Which term best characterizes this type of test? A) reliable. B) standardized. C) valid. D) predictive. Answer: B Rationale: Standardization makes it possible to interpret what a given test score means or how it relates to the comparison group. 19) Which of the following most likely constitutes a violation of standardization when administering a test? A) All test takers are given the same form to fill out. B) Due to excessive noise, some students are allowed to take more time to finish the test. C) The same set of instructions are read to everyone who is taking the test. D) Those taking the test are reminded of the amount of time left for the test, at 15-minute intervals. Answer: B Rationale: Standardization means that the test is administered to everyone in exactly the same way, under the same conditions, so that an individual's scores can be related to the comparison group in a meaningful way. 20) Which statement about the scientific study of intelligence would most psychologists likely agree upon? A) human intelligence can be represented by a single numerical score. B) intelligence has many components that should be separately assessed. C) there are several distinct kinds of intelligence, across different domains of experience. D) there is a difference of opinion about the nature of intelligence. Answer: D Rationale: Some say that intelligence can be reduced to a single quantitative score. Others believe that intelligence has many components that should be addressed separately. Still others say that there are many different kinds of intelligence. 21) What was the practical question that eventually led to the development of the first workable intelligence test? A) "What needs to be done to ensure a strong military-industrial complex?" B) "What needs to be done to produce mathematically gifted students?" C) "How can individuals be helped in their striving for self-actualization?" D) "How can developmentally disabled children be taught more effectively?" Answer: D Rationale: Alfred Binet responded to the call of the French minister of public instruction for the creation of more effective teaching methods for developmentally disabled children. Binet’s test was designed to classify and separate developmentally disabled from normal schoolchildren. 22) Which statement accurately characterizes the types of test questions developed by Alfred Binet? A) They allowed for comparison of children's responses. B) They could not be scored as correct or incorrect. C) They involved the same content throughout the test. D) They assessed judgment, reasoning, and rote memory. Answer: A Rationale: Binet designed age-appropriate problems on which children's responses could be compared. The test items were developed so they varied in content, could be scored objectively, assessed judgment and reasoning (not rote memory), and were not greatly influenced by differences in the children’s environments. 23) A child is tested by Alfred Binet. Her test results indicate that she has a mental age of five. What does this mean? A) Her score is the same as the average score of a group of 5-year-olds. B) She is 5 years old. C) She is developmentally delayed. D) There is no meaning that can be attached to the fact that she has a mental age of five. Answer: A Rationale: Her mental age need not be the same as her chronological age. Test results were expressed in terms of the average age at which normal children of age five achieved the same score as this girl. 24) A 5-year-old child has taken Alfred Binet's test of intelligence, and his parents have just been told that his mental age is nine. What does this score indicate? A) his chronological age is nine. B) he is less intelligent than most 9-year-olds. C) his score equals the score of the average 9-year-old. D) he is developmentally disabled. Answer: C Rationale: Scores on the test are related to mental age, the average score of the group of children of a particular chronological age. This child's score is similar to the average 9-year-old. 25) Miffy, who is 20 years old, is thrilled to report that she just took Alfred Binet’s test and her mental age is 15. What should Miffy be told about her score? A) she has a really good score; few people score 15 points above their age. B) she has an average score; most individuals above the age of 15 score a mental age of 15. C) she has a terrible score; she scored the same as the average 15-year old. D) She has a terrible score; most 15-year olds score better than 15. Answer: C Rationale: A mental age of 15 means that 15 is the age at which a person is performing intellectually, or the score which normal 15-year olds would achieve. 26) What was one consequence of the large-scale use of intelligence testing in the United States? A) assessment was seen as an evil that differentiated people into the haves and the have-nots. B) the public came to accept that intelligence tests could differentiate people in terms of socially important characteristics. C) a large section of the population became disillusioned with testing and launched a social movement against the use of intelligence testing. D) researchers strove to develop tests that could be used on an individual basis, and moved against group testing. Answer: B Rationale: Assessment was seen as a way to inject order into chaos and an orderly way to separate those who could benefit from education and/or military training from those who could not. 27) What do the Stanford-Binet scales and the Wechsler scales have in common? A) they were both developed in Europe, but popularized in the United States. B) they both measure potential, not intelligence. C) both were written and developed at the same time. D) both are individually administered tests of intelligence. Answer: D Rationale: Both the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales require one-on-one administration. 28) Lucy is taking an intelligence test that includes problems on block design, vocabulary, arithmetic, and digit span, to name a few. What test is Lucy most likely taking? A) Stanford-Binet B) Terman Intelligence Test C) WAIS D) WPPSI Answer: C Rationale: The WAIS-IV contains problems on block design, vocabulary, arithmetic, and digit span, as well as similarities, picture completion, symbol search and cancellation. 29) Who carried out revisions to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale? A) Evelyn Stanford. B) Lewis Terman. C) Earl Hunt. D) Harold Stevenson. Answer: B Rationale: Lewis Terman at Stanford University revised Binet’s original test questions and standardized them for American children. 30) Martina was asked to derive the IQ score for one of her friends. If Martina used Terman's concept of an IQ, how would she proceed? A) add mental age to chronological age and divide the result by 100. B) add 110 to mental age and then divide the result by chronological age. C) divide mental age by chronological age and multiply the result by 100. D) add chronological age to mental age and multiply the result by 100. Answer: C Rationale: This is the intelligence quotient, a term coined by William Stern in 1914. The score of 100 is considered the average IQ: mental age 10 and chronological age 10 = (10/10) x 100 = 100. 31) A boy who is 10 years old has just tested at a mental age of eight. What would his IQ be using Terman's formula for deriving this number? A) 80 B) 100 C) 125 D) The score is impossible to determine from the given information. Answer: A Rationale: Mental age (8) divided by chronological age (10) x 100 = IQ. 32) If Terman’s formula was used to determine that Jade’s IQ is 125, which of the following must be true? A) Her chronological age is greater than her mental age. B) Her mental age is greater than her chronological age. C) Her mental age equals her chronological age. D) Her mental age plus her chronological age equals 125. Answer: B Rationale: If IQ is greater than 100, then mental age is greater than chronological age. 33) Since its publication in 1916, what has been the status of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test? A) It has remained unchanged. B) It has not been used with individuals in the normal range of performance. C) It has been found to have low reliability and is used on a limited basis. D) It has been revised several times and is widely used today. Answer: D Rationale: The Stanford-Binet has undergone a series of revisions and is still widely used today. 34) In constructing his intelligence test for adults, what did David Wechsler attempt to achieve? A) a culturally-fair test that emphasized verbal items. B) a test that could be administered to groups of individuals. C) a test that included both verbal and performance subtests. D) a test that included items that assessed interpersonal skills. Answer: C Rationale: The Wechsler scales contain both verbal and nonverbal, or performance, subtests. 35) Which statement about the WAIS-IV, WISC-IV, and the WPPSI-III is accurate? A) They are Wechsler intelligence tests for adults of different ages. B) They are subtests of the adult version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. C) They were revised recently to be administered in groups. D) They yield full scale IQs at all age levels. Answer: D Rationale: The WAIS-IV is designed for people over 16 years of age, the WISC-IV is for children between 6 and 16 years of age, and the WPPSI-III is for children between 2.5 years and 7.25 years of age. 36) Which item is from one of the WAIS-IV subtests that measures perceptual reasoning? A) Performing a series of mathematical computations. B) Repeating a series of digits after the examiner has done so. C) Stating how two objects such as airplane and submarine are alike. D) Using patterned blocks to reproduce designs provided by the examiner. Answer: D Rationale: Block Design is a part of the Perceptual Reasoning Scale of the WAIS-IV, which organizes its subtests into four scales that measure verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. 37) Sam is taking the WAIS-IV. At the end, what will he receive? A) a WISC score, a WPPSI score, and a WAIS-III score. B) a crystallized intelligence score and a fluid intelligence score. C) a Full Scale IQ, a Verbal IQ, and a Performance IQ. D) a single IQ score. Answer: C Rationale: The WAIS-IV offers three scores: a Verbal IQ, a Performance IQ, and an overall, or Full Scale, IQ. 38) Child is to adult as A) WAIS-IV is to WISC-IV. B) WISC-IV is to WAIS-IV. C) WISC-IV is to WPPSI-III. D) WPPSI-III is to WISC-IV. Answer: B Rationale: The WAIS-IV, WISC-IV, and WPPSI-III form a family of intelligence tests that yield Full Scale IQ's at all ages. The WISC is for children ages 6 to 16 and the WAIS is for adults 16 and older. 39) A teacher presents a video showing a psychologist administering one of David Wechsler's tests, the WPPSI-III. What age is the individual who is being tested most likely to be? A) 1 year old B) 5 years old C) 10 years old D) 20 years old Answer: B Rationale: The WPPSI is appropriate for use with children 2.5 to 7.25 years of age. 40) What makes the Wechsler Intelligence Scales uniquely valuable? A) They test individuals with extremely high IQs. B) They test individuals with extremely low IQs. C) They track specific intellectual abilities over time. D) They measure verbal and quantitative skills. Answer: C Rationale: They are valuable when the same individual is tested at different ages, as when a child's progress in response to different educational programs is monitored. The family of intelligence tests, the WAIS-IV, the WISC-IV, and the WPPSI-III yield full scale IQ scores at all age levels. They also provide comparable subtest scores that allow researchers to track the development over time of specific intellectual abilities. 41) Using the latest version of the Stanford-Binet test, if someone were to receive an IQ score of 109 today, what would it mean? A) The individual scored lower than 50 percent of those who took the test. B) The individual had a "normal" IQ. C) The individual could be classified as having "superior" intelligence. D) The individual was "developmentally disabled." Answer: B Rationale: Average IQ ranges between 90 and 110. 42) Which criterion is required for classification as intellectually disabled? A) older than 18 years of age. B) significant disabilities in adaptive skill areas. C) a valid IQ score of over 75. D) a valid IQ score of below 100. Answer: B Rationale: To be considered intellectually disabled, the individual must also demonstrate limitations in their adaptive behaviours. 43) What do family studies suggest is at the root of mild retardation? A) poor parenting skills B) in-utero oxygen deprivation C) environmental toxins D) genetic inheritance Answer: D Rationale: Genetic inheritance likely plays a role in mild retardation, while genetic abnormalities likely play a role in more severe forms of retardation. 44) On IQ tests today, how are decisions made concerning which individuals would be labeled as "gifted"? A) on the basis of performance on selected test questions. B) on the basis of verbal IQ scores C) on the basis of cutoff points for scores. D) if an individual's score exceeds a standard score of 110. Answer: C Rationale: Individuals are most likely to be called "gifted" if they have IQ scores above 130. 45) Terman explored the popular myth that gifted children have problems with social and emotional adjustment. What did he discover? A) his sample was better adjusted than their less gifted peers. B) that gifted children had more problems with social adjustments as compared to their less gifted peers. C) that gifted children did not participate in athletic activities as compared to their less gifted peers. D) his sample was poorer on adjustment than their less gifted peers. Answer: A Rationale: He also found that gifted children are largely successful in life. Though both conclusions have been challenged, in general, current studies show that gifted children do well and are well adjusted. The dilemma seems to be whether we are able to give gifted children the educational supports they need. 46) Jeurgen has an above average IQ, is highly original and innovative, and will complete whatever assignment is given to him with a strong sense of commitment. Which phrase describes Jeurgen most aptly? A) He is gifted. B) He is reliable. C) He is honest. D) He is good-natured. Answer: A Rationale: People can be considered gifted if they have an above average IQ, rather than a superior IQ, if they also show high levels of creativity, and high levels of commitment to particular problems or domains of performance. 47) What is a research psychologist who adopts the psychometric approach to intelligence most likely to do? A) use factor analysis. B) collect case studies. C) carry out cross-cultural research. D) support a heredity view of intelligence. Answer: A Rationale: This is a statistical procedure that detects a smaller number of dimensions, clusters or factors within a larger set of variables, with the goal of identifying the psychological dimensions of the concept being investigated. 48) "My studies have shown that in fact there is only one factor, let us call it g, underlying all intelligence." Which psychologist most likely uttered this statement? A) Howard Gardner. B) Charles Spearman. C) Raymond Cattell. D) J.P. Guilford. Answer: B Rationale: He discovered that the performance of individuals on each of a variety of intelligence tests was highly correlated. From this he concluded that an underlying factor defining intelligence exists. 49) What did Charles Spearman discover when studying intelligence? A) that the performance of individuals on a variety of intelligence tests was highly correlated. B) that each individual domain had associated with it specific skills. C) that a person's performance on tests depended both on general intelligence and domainspecific abilities. D) that fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence were relatively independent. Answer: A Rationale: Charles Spearman carried out an early and influential application of factor analysis in the domain of intelligence. He discovered that the performance of individuals on a variety of intelligence tests was highly correlated. From this pattern he concluded that there is a factor of general intelligence underlying all intellectual performance. He called this factor “g”. 50) According to Raymond Cattell, which type of intelligence involves the knowledge that an individual has already acquired? A) verbal B) nonverbal C) fluid D) crystallized Answer: D Rationale: Cattell used factor analysis and determined that general intelligence can be broken down into two relatively independent components, which he called crystallized and fluid intelligence. Crystallized intelligence involves the knowledge a person has already learned and the ability to access that knowledge, and fluid intelligence is the ability to solve problems and see complex relationships. 51) A woman is great at dealing with situations that she has encountered before, but she has difficulty when thrown into a new situation that requires her to see complex relationships. According to Cattell, what type of intelligence is underdeveloped? A) fluid B) crystallized C) componential D) contextual Answer: A Rationale: Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel and abstract problems and deal with complex relationships. 52) Brian is very talented at memorizing bits of information and retrieving that information. Which type of intelligence is Brian demonstrating? A) crystallized B) fluid C) verbal D) analytical Answer: A Rationale: Crystallized intelligence involves the knowledge a person has already learned and the ability to access that knowledge, and fluid intelligence is the ability to solve problems and see complex relationships. 53) Manfred is planning on completing an intelligence test online. What should Manfred consider? A) there are serious questions about the reliability and validity of such tests. B) the online tests seem reliable, but may be lacking in validity. C) the range of online sites available yields fairly comparable intelligence test scores. D) the primary attribute of such tests is that they have been standardized. Answer: A Rationale: There is likely to be self-selection among people who chose to take an IQ test on the Web, and there is no reason to believe that everyone took the test under the same standard circumstances. So even if the test is reliable, we still have to question the validity of the test. 54) According to Robert Sternberg, a person's capacity for learning new facts, using problemsolving strategies, and monitoring progress toward desired goals is related to what type of intelligence? A) analytical B) creative C) practical D) conventional Answer: A Rationale: This type of intelligence provides basic information processing skills, which include ability to learn new facts, problem solving strategies and techniques, and selecting strategies and monitoring progress toward goals. 55) Applying Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, when individuals are solving anagram problems what components are they most likely to use to manipulate the letters in their heads? A) performance Rationale: To solve TRHOS, try consonant clusters that are probable in English. Metacognition allows you to select a strategy such as this. Manipulating letters in your head requires performance components. B) knowledge acquisition C) metacognitive D) analytical Answer: A 56) A group of friends has been to a concert, but finds that their car will not start when it is time to leave. One member of the group quickly helps the group find another way to get home. Based on Robert Sternberg's theory, what type of intelligence is being demonstrated? A) analytical B) creative C) practical D) crystallized Answer: B Rationale: Creative intelligence captures people’s abilities to deal with novel problems. Sternberg suggests that “creative intelligence involves skills used to create, invent, discover, suppose, or hypothesize.” 57) Garth does not do particularly well in his schoolwork, but those who know him say that he has "street smarts." He adapts well to new situations, gets along day to day with few problems, and seems to have a knack for getting his needs met. According to Sternberg's theory, what type of intelligence is Garth displaying? A) creative B) analytical C) logical D) practical Answer: D Rationale: Practical intelligence is reflected in the management of day-to-day affairs. It involves being able to adapt to different contexts, selectappropriate contexts, and shape your environment to suit your needs. 58) The textbook describes a study conducted on adolescents from the Yup'ik Eskimo group in Alaska. What did the results reveal in general? A) these adolescents had a high level of analytical intelligence. B) these adolescents had a high level of creative intelligence. C) those who lived in urban environments had less practical intelligence than those who lived in the rural environments. D) those who lived in urban environments had more practical intelligence than those who lived in rural environments. Answer: C Rationale: The study conducted on adolescents from the Yup’ik Eskimo revealed that those who lived in urban environments had less practical intelligence than those who lived in the rural environments. 59) According to Howard Gardner, how many types of intelligence exist? A) two B) three C) five D) eight Answer: D Rationale: Gardner identified eight intelligences that includes: logical-mathematical, linguistic, naturalist, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. 60) Using Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence as a guide, one would expect that an expert salesperson would be high in what type of intelligence? A) interpersonal B) intrapersonal C) spatial D) logical-mathematical Answer: A Rationale: Core components of the salesperson's intelligence are temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people. 61) Which of the following statements best captures the basic assumption of Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence? A) Learning to be an efficient processor of information is more important than genetic factors in determining intelligence. B) The society in which a person lives evaluates how intelligent that person is thought to be. C) Intelligence should be defined in terms of the ability to deal with abstract concepts. D) Assessing intelligence requires the use of paper-and-pencil tests and quantified measures. Answer: B Rationale: Gardner identifies numerous intelligences that cover a range of human experiences. The value of any of the abilities differs across societies, according to what is valued, needed, and prized by that society. 62) In a study described in the textbook, researchers had students complete a measure of emotional intelligence. They also obtained students' GPAs and videotaped students giving a speech. What did the results reveal? A) high emotional intelligence (EI) was positively correlated with the degree of enthusiasm measured in the speeches. B) there was no difference in public speaking ability among students with high and low EI. C) low EI students were more effective public speakers. D) high EI students were more effective public speakers. Answer: D Rationale: The results confirm the importance of emotional intelligence. Both knowledge and emotional intelligence affect students' success. 63) Due in part to the advocacy of psychologists such as Henry Goddard, it became national policy in 1924 to administer intelligence tests. What were these tests used to determine? A) the abilities of military recruits. B) the suitability of immigrants. C) the placement of students in public schools. D) the advancement of workers in government service. Answer: B Rationale: Goddard advocated mental testing of all immigrants and the selective exclusion of those who were found to be mentally defective. 64) Henry Goddard argued that certain groups were genetically inferior. What finding further reinforced his beliefs? A) a series of new studies comparing identical twins separated from birth proved the genetic basis of intelligence. B) case studies of families from a small midwestern city showed how the transmission of intelligence was traced to a genetic basis. C) intelligence testing found that people from Eastern Europe actually had higher IQ scores than those from Northern Europe. D) African Americans and other racial minorities scored lower than Whites in large-scale Army intelligence testing. Answer: D Rationale: Goddard’s genetic inferiority argument was further reinforced by the fact that, on the World War 1 Army Intelligence tests, African-Americans and other racial minorities scored lower than the white majority. 65) One tradition has been to attribute group differences in IQ scores to differences in environments. To what does the other tradition attribute group differences in IQ scores? A) nature. B) nurture. C) both nature and nurture. D) differences in academic opportunities. Answer: A Rationale: One very negative tradition has been to attribute these differences to genetic inferiority. 66) Studies have been done to explore the correlation between IQ score and genetic relationship. What have these studeis revealed? A) identical twins reared together show lower correlations than identical twins reared apart. B) identical twins reared apart show higher correlations than fraternal twins reared together. C) siblings reared together show lower correlations than siblings reared apart. D) siblings reared apart show higher correlations than fraternal twins reared apart. Answer: B Rationale: Identical twins reared apart show a higher correlation between IQ scores than fraternal twins reared together. 67) The correlation between IQ scores of identical twins raised together is found to be +.85 and the correlation between IQ scores of identical twins reared apart is found to be +.70. What is the most likely source of the .15 difference found between the two groups? A) the impact of genetics. B) the impact of the environment. C) sampling errors. D) validity of the assessment tool. Answer: B Rationale: Heritability is the estimate of the proportion of the variability in test scores on traits that can be traced to genetic factors. What cannot be traced to genetic factors is likely the result of environmental influence. The twins reared apart grew up with different environmental influences from one another. 68) Several decades ago, the gap between the IQ scores of African Americans and White Americans was estimated to be about 15 IQ points. What do contemporary studies reveal about the gap? A) It is approximately 20 points. B) It is 15 points. C) It is between 8 and 11 points. D) It is nonexistent. Answer: C Rationale: Decades ago the gap between the scores of whites and blacks was roughly 15 IQ points. However, researchers estimate that the gap closed by 4 to 7 points from 1972 to 2002. 69) In a classroom debate, a student says that, because research has determined that IQ is highly heritable, the IQ differences found between different racial groups must be genetic. What is an appropriate response to this student's conclusion? A) heritability that is based on an estimate within one group cannot be used to interpret differences between groups. B) racial differences in gene pools reflect the evolutionary pressures imposed by different environments. C) differences between groups do not occur when culturally-fair tests are used. D) heritability estimates that apply to one group apply to most groups. Answer: A Rationale: Heritability estimates pertain only to the average in a given population of individuals. They do not pertain to differences between groups. 70) According to a large-scale study of more than 26,000 children, what are the best predictors of a child's IQ at age four? A) the family's socioeconomic status and the level of the mother's education. B) the family's spiritual beliefs and the degree of social support. C) the family's physical and mental well-being. D) the age of the parents and the degree of familial support. Answer: A Rationale: This is equally true for African American and White children. 71) Larry is a single parent living below the poverty line. He cannot afford the proper food for his children to thrive, nor can he provide them with educational toys such as books and computers. Which contributing factor to intellectual functioning is being clearly highlighted? A) social support B) paternal education C) socioeconomic status D) heredity Answer: C Rationale: Social class can affect IQ in many ways: poor health during pregnancy, poor nutrition in childhood, lack of educational supplements at home, and the ‘survival orientation’ of overtaxed parents. 72) A program started in 1962 at the High/Scope Perry preschool in Ypsilanti, Michigan, focused on a group of 3- and 4-year-old low-income African American children who had been evaluated as being at risk for school failure. What was the focus of this program? A) participatory education. B) directive education. C) mandatory education. D) eclectic education. Answer: A Rationale: Children were encouraged to initiate and plan their own activities and activities for the classroom group. Parents were also involved in the children's education through home visits and parent group meetings. 73) Although IQ testing is controversial, what is one positive aspect of IQ testing that supports their continued use? A) moderate correlation between IQ scores and longevity. B) high degree of face validity. C) capacity to predict success in school and work environments. D) high construct validity across racial and ethnic groups. Answer: C Rationale: Research shows that IQ scores are valid predictors of school grades from elementary school through college, of occupational status, and of performance in many jobs. 74) Because of the strict provisions of her religion, a child learns to listen respectfully to authority figures rather than expressing her own opinions. Based on a case that is described in the textbook, if this child goes to school in which students are expected to speak assertively, what is likely to happen? A) She will be motivated to adjust to the new norms. B) She may be labeled with a learning disability. C) She will be viewed somewhat negatively by the teacher. D) She will be considered a positive role model for other students. Answer: C Rationale: The negative assessment comes from a teacher's assessment of the child within a particular cultural norm. What is a valued communication skill in one culture becomes a negative assessment of academic skills in a culture that does not value the same communication style. 75) Omar is a member of a social group that is stereotypically expected to perform poorly in mathematics. In fact, when Omar takes a math test he does indeed perform poorly. Which term best characterizes this phenomenon? A) stereotype threat B) culture bias C) discrimination D) demand characteristics Answer: A Rationale: A stereotype threat is the risk one has of confirming a negative stereotype of one's group. The belief that the stereotype is relevant can bring about poor performance. 76) When Harold Stevenson and his colleagues asked U.S. and Asian respondents to explain the fact that Asian children consistently outperform American children in mathematics achievement, Asian respondents emphasized studying hard. What did the respondents from the United States emphasize? A) degree of maternal education B) socioeconomic status C) effort put forth D) innate intelligence Answer: D Rationale: When researchers asked Asian and U.S. students, teachers, and parents to contrast the importance of “studying hard” versus “innate intelligence”, Asian respondents emphasized hard work while U.S. respondents emphasized innate ability. The perspective that emphasizes innate ability may lead Americans to think that Asians are genetically superior in math. The implication for public policy is “how much money should be spent on teaching math to American students if they cannot learn math anyway?” 77) An artist is thought to be creative. According to the psychological definition of creativity, how is the artist's behaviour best described? A) original. B) novel and appropriate. C) unique and artistic. D) talented and exceptional. Answer: B Rationale: Creativity is an individual's ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and appropriate to the circumstances in which they were generated. 78) An inventor devises a revolutionary type of trap, but has a difficult time selling her idea because the animals that can be caught by the trap are extinct. Why would the inventor's creation fail to satisfy the definition of creativity? A) The aspect of novelty has not been met. B) The cost would be prohibitive. C) It has no valid application. D) It doesn’t lead to the generation of other unique ideas. Answer: C Rationale: Creativity is an individual’s ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and appropriate to the circumstances in which they were generated. In this case, the idea is novel because no trap like this one has been built before. However, it is not appropriate because it cannot be put to use in these circumstances. Instead of creative, it is likely to be considered irrelevant or strange. 79) Corinna is taking a test of creativity. She is asked to name as many soft, yellow things as she can in three minutes. What type of thinking is being tested? A) divergent B) convergent C) crystallized D) heuristic Answer: A Rationale: Divergent thinking is the ability to generate a variety of unusual solutions to a problem that demonstrate fluid and flexible thinking. 80) When the responses on a test of creativity are scored, the scorer finds that one individual has given a response to a question that no one else has given. Which creativity dimension will most likely receive a high score? A) fluency. B) uniqueness. C) fluidity. D) flexibility. Answer: B Rationale: Uniqueness refers to ideas that were given by no other person in a sample, while at the same time fitting the situation in appropriate ways. 81) Sally is taking a test that is asking her to find a word that is related to the words ‘flower’, ‘friend’, and ‘scout’. Which cognitive ability is most likely being assessed? A) divergent thinking B) convergent thinking C) fluid intelligence D) vocabulary Answer: B Rationale: Convergent thinking is defined as the ability to gather together different sources of information to solve a problem. The test described is an example of the remote associates test, which assesses convergent thinking. 82) In addition to the use of divergent thinking tests, what other approach is used to judge creativity? A) ask individuals to introspect about their creativity. B) ask those that know the individual well whether the target person is creative. C) ask individuals to generate a creative product. D) implement physiological measures of nervous system functioning. Answer: C Rationale: For example, individuals might attempt to produce drawings or poems, which are then rated by judges. 83) A man has an IQ of 95 and a woman has an IQ of 120. Based on research findings, what can be predicted about their levels of creativity? A) The man and woman will be equally creative. B) The woman is likely to be somewhat more creative. C) The man is likely to be somewhat more creative. D) It is impossible to predict who will be more creative. Answer: B Rationale: A certain level of intelligence gives a person the opportunity to be creative, but the person may or may not take the opportunity to think or behave creatively. 84) According to the textbook, what is the primary goal of psychological assessment? A) to ultimately foster the development of self-actualization. B) to make accurate assessments of people as free from errors as possible. C) to validate theories of personality and vocational interest. D) to aid in the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders. Answer: B Rationale: This goal is achieved by replacing subjective judgments with more objective measures that have been carefully constructed and are open to critical evaluation. 85) In an incident that is described in the textbook, fifth-graders at an elementary school were apparently given extra time and second chances to improve their test scores. When did this situation come to light? A) when students reported to their parents that they were asked or allowed to cheat. B) when parents reported to the school administrators that their children could not have performed as well as their test scores indicated. C) when school administrators found a negative relationship between test scores and school grades. D) when school psychologists retested some children and found discrepancies. Answer: A Rationale: The 10-year old students reported to their parents that they had been asked or allowed to cheat. 86) Barry took an intelligence test in his fifth grade class and he didn’t do very well. It was the morning after a late hockey game, and he barely slept the night before. Ever since that day, his teacher has been treating him differently. He is not called on in class anymore, and his homework assignments are easier than the rest of the class. He is succeeding on the easy homework, but his teacher won’t let him try the harder homework, saying that he’s not ready for it yet. What is the underlying message in this scenario? A) Self-efficacy is easily compromised. B) Streotype threat is likely to result in poor performance. C) The willingness to tackle challenges is closely linked to IQ. D) Unchangeable labels can have a negative effect. Answer: D Rationale: People think of themselves as the IQ, and come to believe that their mental and personal qualities are fixed and unchangeable. Labels can be very negative when they lead an individual and those around him/her to believe that the individual cannot become better educated or improve his/her lot in life. 87) In an effort to enhance individuals’ creativity, what have researchers discovered? A) the capacity for individuals to be creative is inborn and cannot be easily enhanced. B) contexts can greatly influence the quality of individuals’ creative products. C) Individuals who travel a great deal have higher creativity scores. D) Individuals who focus on the near future are more likely to produce creative responses than those who focus on the distant future. Answer: B Rationale: By inventing and applying different manipulations, researchers have begun to demonstrate that contexts can enhance creativity. In one study, researchers demonstrated that multicultural experience in the form of slide shows that juxtaposed two different cultures had a positive impact on students’ creativity. Another study demonstrated that people who thought about their lives in the distant future were more likely to provide more creative responses to a scenario than those who focused on the near future. A third study explored how people ponder what might have been. Those who thought, “If I had done…” were able to generate more creative responses to the experimental task than were those who thought, “If I had not done…” 88) Sir Francis Galton wrote the book Hereditary Genius, started the eugenics movement, and suggested a number of controversial ideas concerning the nature of intelligence. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: Sir Francis Galton was indeed a prominent figure who wrote the book "Hereditary Genius" and was a key figure in the eugenics movement. He proposed controversial ideas related to intelligence, including the concept of hereditary intelligence and the idea of measuring intelligence through tests. 89) A totally unreliable test results in a correlation coefficient of 0.00. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: A correlation coefficient of 0.00 indicates no relationship between the variables being measured. In the context of a test, if it is totally unreliable, it means it fails to measure consistently or accurately, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0.00. 90) Internal consistency is a measure of reliability. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: Internal consistency refers to the extent to which items within a test are correlated with one another. It is a measure of reliability because it assesses the consistency of responses across different items in the same test. 91) A test that produces similar scores each time it is used is said to be valid. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. A test can produce similar scores each time it is used (which indicates reliability), but if it does not actually measure the intended construct or trait, it lacks validity. 92) When scores on a test designed to predict success in college correlate highly with college grades, the test has criterion validity. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: Criterion validity refers to the extent to which scores on a test are predictive of or correlate with some criterion measure. If a test designed to predict success in college (the criterion) correlates highly with actual college grades, it demonstrates criterion validity. 93) A test is designed to predict how well someone will do in law school. If the test scores correlate highly with law school performance, then the test has criterion validity. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: This statement is true. If a test designed to predict performance in law school (the criterion) correlates highly with actual law school performance, it demonstrates criterion validity, indicating that the test is effective in predicting the intended outcome. 94) Norms are a uniform set of procedures for treating each participant in a test, interview, or experiment. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Norms in psychological testing refer to standards or benchmarks derived from the performance of a representative group of individuals. They provide a basis for interpreting an individual's test scores relative to the scores of the reference group, but they do not dictate procedures for treating participants. 95) Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test at the request of the United States military to develop an instrument that would determine which recruits would benefit from special leadership training. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test in France in the early 20th century, not at the request of the United States military. His goal was to identify children who might need extra assistance in school, not to assess military recruits. 96) All children who are 5-years-old will, by definition, have a mental age of five. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Mental age is a concept introduced by Alfred Binet to describe the level of intellectual functioning typically associated with a certain chronological age. However, not all children of the same chronological age will have the same mental age; some may be ahead or behind developmentally. 97) An 8-year-old child who has a mental age of ten will have an IQ of 80. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. IQ (intelligence quotient) is calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100. In this case, dividing a mental age of ten by a chronological age of eight would result in an IQ greater than 100, not 80. 98) Subtests of the WAIS-IV are organized into four scales that measure verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: This statement is true. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) does indeed consist of four index scales: Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), Working Memory Index (WMI), and Processing Speed Index (PSI). Each scale assesses different aspects of cognitive functioning. 99) A woman has many limitations with respect to her adaptive skills and an IQ of 65. According to the system in use today, she would be classified as intellectually disabled. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: This statement is true. Intellectual disability is typically defined as having an IQ below 70 along with limitations in adaptive functioning. A person with an IQ of 65 and limitations in adaptive skills would likely be classified as intellectually disabled according to contemporary diagnostic criteria. 100) A person is diagnosed as having a learning disorder when they demonstrate a large discrepancy between their achievement and measured IQ, due to such factors as low motivation or physical problems such as visual deficits. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. A learning disorder is diagnosed when there is a significant discrepancy between a person's intellectual ability (as measured by IQ) and their achievement in specific academic areas (such as reading, writing, or math), and this cannot be explained by factors like low motivation or physical problems alone. 101) Using factor analysis, Raymond Cattell determined that there is a factor of general intelligence, or g, underlying all intelligent performance; each individual domain also has associated with it specific skills that he called s. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. While Raymond Cattell did propose the existence of general intelligence (g), he did not suggest that each domain of intelligence had associated specific skills (s). This concept is more closely associated with Charles Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence. 102) Crystallized intelligence is measured by tests of vocabulary, arithmetic, and general information. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: This statement is true. Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills acquired through experience and education. Tests of vocabulary, arithmetic, and general information assess crystallized intelligence. 103) Howard Gardner identified fifteen intelligences, all related to emotional intelligence. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which includes various forms of intelligence beyond the traditional measures of IQ. However, emotional intelligence is not among the intelligences identified by Gardner, and he did not specify a total of fifteen intelligences. 104) In Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence, someone who has "street smarts" or "business sense" is high in analytical intelligence. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, "street smarts" or "business sense" would be indicative of practical intelligence, not analytical intelligence. Analytical intelligence pertains more to academic problem-solving and critical thinking abilities. 105) Intuitive intelligence and transpersonal intelligence are two types of intelligence suggested by Howard Gardner, who has compiled a list of well over 100 different forms of intelligence. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Howard Gardner did propose the theory of multiple intelligences, but neither intuitive intelligence nor transpersonal intelligence are among the intelligences he identified. Additionally, Gardner did not compile a list of over 100 different forms of intelligence. 106) Howard Gardner's concepts of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence are related to the concept of emotional intelligence, or EI. A) True B) False Answer: True Rationale: This statement is true. Gardner's interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences are closely related to the concept of emotional intelligence (EI). Interpersonal intelligence involves understanding and interacting effectively with others, while intrapersonal intelligence pertains to understanding oneself, including one's emotions and motivations. 107) A valuable quality of heritability estimates is that, once a heritability estimate has been computed within a given group, it can be used to interpret differences between groups. A) True B) False Answer: False Rationale: This statement is false. Heritability estimates pertain to the proportion of variation in a trait within a particular population that can be attributed to genetic factors. They are not transferable between different populations or groups, as heritability is specific to the population and environment in which it is measured. 108) _________ reliability is a measure of the correlation between the scores of the same people on the same test given on two different occasions. Answer: Test-retest Rationale: Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of test scores over time by administering the same test to the same individuals on two separate occasions and then correlating their scores. A high correlation indicates that the test produces consistent results over time. 109) Three important types of validity are _________ validity, _________ validity, and _________ validity. Answer: construct : criterion : face Rationale: Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Construct validity assesses whether a test accurately measures the theoretical construct or trait it is intended to measure. Criterion validity examines whether test scores correlate with some criterion measure or outcome. Face validity refers to the degree to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure at face value. 110) When it was developed in the early 1900s, the IQ was the ratio of _________ to _________ multiplied by 100. Answer: mental age : chronological age Rationale: The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was originally defined by dividing an individual's mental age (as determined by performance on intelligence tests) by their chronological age and multiplying the result by 100. This formula was proposed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in the early 20th century. 111) Imagine that you are 21 years old, have taken a test that has ten subtests and five supplemental subtests, and have received scores: a Full Scale IQ and separate measures for comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. The test you have taken is most likely the __________. Answer: WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) Rationale: The description provided matches the structure and components of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV), which is a comprehensive intelligence test commonly used with adults. It consists of various subtests and supplemental subtests, providing scores for different cognitive abilities and a Full Scale IQ score. 112) The field of psychology that specializes in mental testing in any of its facets is called __________. Answer: psychometrics Rationale: Psychometrics is the field of psychology concerned with the theory and techniques of psychological measurement, particularly as applied to intelligence testing, personality assessment, and other forms of mental testing. Psychometricians develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of psychological tests. 113) According to Raymond Cattell, general intelligence can be broken down into two relatively independent components, which he called __________ and __________ intelligence. Answer: crystallized : fluid Rationale: Raymond Cattell proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence, which distinguishes between crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills acquired through experience) and fluid intelligence (the ability to reason and solve novel problems independent of previously acquired knowledge). 114) In Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, three types of intelligence are suggested, including __________, creative, and practical. Answer: analytical Rationale: Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence proposes three distinct types of intelligence: analytical intelligence (problem-solving and critical thinking abilities), creative intelligence (ability to generate novel ideas and solutions), and practical intelligence (ability to adapt to everyday life situations and solve real-world problems). 115) __________ thinking is an aspect of creativity that is characterized by an ability to produce unusual but appropriate responses to problems. Tests that measure this form of thinking give the test taker the opportunity to demonstrate fluid and flexible thinking. Answer: Divergent Rationale: Divergent thinking is a cognitive process associated with creativity, involving the generation of multiple and varied solutions to a problem. It emphasizes flexibility, originality, and the ability to think "outside the box" to produce novel and appropriate responses. 116) Exceptional creativity is characterized by __________. Answer: willingness to take risks Rationale: Exceptional creativity often involves a willingness to take risks, challenge conventional thinking, and explore unconventional ideas or solutions. Creative individuals are often comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty, allowing them to push boundaries and pursue innovative paths. 117) The primary goal of psychological assessment is to __________ as free as possible of by the assessor. Answer: accurately test and evaluate people : judgment errors Rationale: The primary goal of psychological assessment is to accurately test and evaluate individuals' cognitive abilities, personality traits, emotional functioning, and other relevant characteristics while minimizing judgment errors and biases introduced by the assessor. This ensures that assessments provide valid and reliable information for making informed decisions. 118) A key figure in the development of Western intelligence testing was Sir Francis Galton. Summarize his contributions, then briefly describe the evolution of the intelligence test, including the work of Binet, Terman, and Wechsler. Answer: Galton was the first to suggest four important concepts regarding intelligence; include an explanation. Include Galton’s controversial ideas. Discuss Binet’s original work with Simon, the early concept of an score called a mental age, and the new Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Briefly discuss the Wechsler scales, including the purpose of each scale. Discuss Terman’s development of the intelligence quotient. 119) What is reliability and validity? What are some ways that a researcher can determine if a test is reliable? What are the different types of validity? Why are norms and standardization important? Answer: Define reliability and validity. Discuss test-retest reliability, parallel forms, and split-half reliability as a means to determine internal consistency. Discuss face validity, criterion/predictive validity, and construct validity. Explain how norms are necessary to interpret a score because it compares the score with other, typical scores. Standardization is also important because it ensures that everyone is taking the test under similar circumstances, so that no individual is at an advantage or disadvantage. 120) When is someone classified as having mental retardation or giftedness? How has the diagnosis of intellectual disabilities changed in recent times? What are some causes of intellectual disability? How do gifted students compare with their peers in terms of social and emotional adjustment? Answer: Mental retardation is when an individual has an IQ below 70 to 75 and also demonstrate limitations in adaptive behaviour. Intellectual disability is the modern preferred term as it incorporates the adaptive behaviours into the definition. Intellectual disability could be caused by genetic factors (e.g., Down syndrome, PKU) and environmental factors (prenatal environment). Gifted is the label given to someone with an IQ over 130. Terman’s longitudinal study showed that gifted children adjust as well as their non-gifted peers, and that they were largely successful in life as adults. 121) Theories of intelligence vary greatly. Some theorists believe that intelligence is just one or a few factors, and other theorists believe that there are many different forms of intelligence. Describe theories that support both points of view. Which theory seems most reasonable to you and why? Answer: Include the work of Charles Spearman, Raymond Cattell, Robert Sternberg, and Howard Gardner, with an explanation of how each theorist defined intelligence, giving examples of the factors each included in his theory to explain intelligence. 122) Discuss Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences, listing and describing the eight categories of intelligence. How is emotional intelligence related to his concepts of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence? Answer: Include logical-mathematical, linguistic, naturalist, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences with a brief description of each. Define emotional intelligence, its four components, and its consequences for everyday life. 123) Almost from the outset, intelligence tests have been used to make negative claims about ethnic and racial groups. What are the "politics of intelligence"? How have psychologists studied the heredity versus environment controversy in the context of intelligence, and what can be concluded from the research? Cite specific studies to support your conclusions. Answer: Include the history of group comparisons, including the work of Henry Goddard. Discuss heritability estimates. Discuss the assessment of Whites and Blacks in the United States. Explain why genetics is a necessary but not sufficient explanation for IQ differences. Discuss IQ testing from the point of view of culture and environment. 124) Discuss the relationship between creativity and intelligence. Be sure to mention divergent thinking, convergent thinking, and insight. Answer: Creativity is an individual's ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and appropriate. Link creativity to convergent and divergent thinking. Include the concept of insight. Discuss how fluid and crystallized intelligence relate to types of thinking and creativity. 125) What ethical concerns are central to the controversy surrounding psychological assessment? Answer: Discuss the fairness of test-based decisions, the utilization of tests for evaluating education, and the implications of using scores as labels to categorize individuals. 1) A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be: A) valid. B) normed. C) standardized. D) reliable. Answer: A Rationale: Validity in psychological testing refers to the degree to which a test measures what it claims or intends to measure. If a test is valid, it accurately assesses the construct or behavior it is designed to evaluate. 2) On Monday, Sal took a test developed to measure levels of sensation seeking and obtained a score of 13; he took the same test one week later and obtained the same score. Based on this information, you can most accurately conclude that the test is likely to be: A) standardized. B) reliable. C) valid. D) normed Answer: B Rationale: Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of test scores over time and across different administrations. If Sal obtained the same score on the test when he took it one week apart, it indicates that the test is reliable, as it produces consistent results. 3) A valid test is one that __________. A) produces consistent results B) has split-half reliability C) actually measures what it sets out to measure D) has a correlation coefficient of .50 Answer: C Rationale: The key aspect of validity is whether a test accurately measures the construct or behavior it is intended to assess. Thus, a valid test is one that indeed measures what it purports to measure. 4) When you took your college entrance exam, students across the country took the same test at the same time with the same instructions. What characteristic of a good psychological test do these similarities reflect? A) reliability B) standardization C) validity D) norms Answer: B Rationale: Standardization involves administering a test to a large, representative sample under uniform conditions, such as providing the same instructions and time limits. This ensures fairness and comparability of scores across test-takers. 5) What was the original purpose of the first well-established test of intelligence? A) to make accurate diagnoses of savant syndrome B) to classify children as to their level of retardation C) to select those children who could benefit from classes for slow learners D) to determine who required services under Public Law 94-142 Answer: C Rationale: The first well-established test of intelligence, the Binet-Simon Scale, was developed to identify children who might require special educational assistance, such as classes for slow learners. 6) __________ percent of the population has IQ scores between 70 and 130. A) Sixty B) Seventy C) Eighty D) Ninety Answer: D Rationale: In a normal distribution of IQ scores, approximately 90% of the population falls within the range of 70 to 130, which is considered the average or typical range of intelligence. 7) The Binet and Simon intelligence test measured children on what new concept? A) divergent thinking B) mental set C) mental age D) creativity Answer: C Rationale: The Binet-Simon Scale introduced the concept of mental age, which is a measure of a child's intellectual development relative to typical norms for their age group. 8) Geoffrey has a Stanford-Binet IQ score of 60 and deficits in adaptive behaviour. He is likely to be considered __________. A) mildly retarded B) moderately retarded C) severely retarded D) profoundly retarded Answer: A Rationale: In the context of intellectual disability classification, individuals with IQ scores between 50 and 70 are typically classified as having mild intellectual disability. Geoffrey's IQ score of 60 falls within this range. 9) The individual test most often given to adults is __________. A) the WAIS-IV B) the MMPI C) the Stanford-Binet D) the WISC-III Answer: A Rationale: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most commonly used individual intelligence test for adults, providing a comprehensive assessment of intellectual functioning across various domains. 10) Ted and Jessica’s son was recently diagnosed as mentally retarded. What is his likely degree of retardation? A) severe B) moderate C) profound D) mild Answer: D Rationale: In contemporary classification systems, intellectual disability is often categorized based on severity, with mild intellectual disability typically characterized by IQ scores between 50 or 55 and 70. Therefore, Ted and Jessica's son is likely to have a mild intellectual disability based on the diagnosis. 11) What score indicates how one individual compares to others on an intelligence test? A) intelligence quotient B) deviation C) intelligence component D) mental estimate Answer: A Rationale: The intelligence quotient (IQ) is a score derived from standardized intelligence tests that compares an individual's performance to the performance of others in the same age group, typically with a mean score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. 12) Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of: A) crystallized and visual-motor abilities. B) general intelligence and specific abilities. C) analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. D) verbal and mathematical abilities. Answer: B Rationale: Charles Spearman proposed the theory of general intelligence (g factor), suggesting that intelligence is composed of a general mental ability (g) that influences performance on diverse cognitive tasks, along with specific abilities (s factors) that are specific to particular tasks. 13) Sal is being evaluated as a possible candidate for the space program. On which of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences would we expect him to excel if he is a good candidate? A) spatial reasoning B) interpersonal C) naturalist D) intrapersonal Answer: A Rationale: Spatial reasoning involves the ability to perceive and manipulate spatial relationships. Individuals with strong spatial intelligence are often adept at tasks such as navigation, map reading, and mental rotation, skills that would be beneficial for a candidate in the space program. 14) Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences? A) poetic B) naturalistic C) digital D) creative Answer: B Rationale: Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which includes various domains of intelligence beyond traditional measures like IQ. Naturalistic intelligence involves sensitivity and skill in understanding and interacting with the natural world, including recognizing and categorizing plants, animals, and other elements of the environment. 15) Which of these might be an example of a performance item on the Wechsler tests of intelligence? A) defining a word such as lunch B) repeating a series of digits C) using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture D) adding a series of orally presented numbers Answer: C Rationale: Performance items on the Wechsler tests typically involve non-verbal tasks that assess visualspatial abilities, motor coordination, and problem-solving skills. Using blocks to recreate a design from a picture fits this description, as it requires visual analysis, manipulation of spatial relationships, and motor skills. This type of task is commonly found in performance subtests like Block Design in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) or Matrix Reasoning in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Therefore, option C is the most appropriate example of a performance item on the Wechsler tests of intelligence. 16) The concept of generalized intelligence is largely based on the theories of __________. A) Thurstone B) Simon C) Gardner D) Spearman Answer: D Rationale: Charles Spearman's theory of general intelligence (g factor) is the basis for the concept of generalized intelligence, suggesting that there is a common underlying factor influencing performance across diverse cognitive tasks. 17) The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by __________. A) Gardner B) Sternberg C) Thurstone D) Spearman Answer: A Rationale: Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which suggests that there are distinct types of intelligence beyond traditional measures like IQ, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences. 18) A committee has been set up to identify young people who are likely to become great Olympic skaters. In addition to physical skills, the committee believes that an understanding of one’s emotions is a plus because it will help the skaters through training and competitions. Using Howard Gardner’s types of intelligences, which two should be the focus of the committee’s search? A) bodily kinesthetic and intrapersonal B) logical/mathematical and visual/spatial C) visual/spatial and interpersonal D) verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical Answer: A Rationale: Bodily kinesthetic intelligence involves the ability to control one's body movements effectively, which is crucial for activities such as figure skating. Intrapersonal intelligence involves self-awareness and understanding of one's emotions, which can aid in managing stress, setting goals, and maintaining motivation during training and competitions. 19) Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences? A) poetic B) naturalistic C) creative D) digital Answer: B Rationale: Naturalistic intelligence, as proposed by Howard Gardner, refers to the ability to recognize and understand patterns in the natural world, including flora, fauna, and other aspects of the environment. 20) Which of these might be an example of a performance item on the Wechsler tests of intelligence? A) repeating a series of digits B) defining a word such as lunch C) using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture D) adding a series of orally presented numbers Answer: C Rationale: Performance items on the Wechsler tests typically involve non-verbal tasks that assess visualspatial abilities, motor coordination, and problem-solving skills. Using blocks to recreate a design from a picture fits this description, as it requires visual analysis, manipulation of spatial relationships, and motor skills. This type of task is commonly found in performance subtests like Block Design in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) or Matrix Reasoning in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Therefore, option C is the most appropriate example of a performance item on the Wechsler tests of intelligence. 21) A form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own feelings and the feelings of others is __________ intelligence. A) fluid B) emotional C) bodily-kinesthetic D) crystallized Answer: B Rationale: Emotional intelligence, as described by Daniel Goleman, encompasses the ability to perceive, understand, and manage one's own emotions as well as to recognize and empathize with the emotions of others. It involves skills such as emotional awareness, empathy, interpersonal relationships, and emotional regulation, making option B, "emotional intelligence," the correct answer. 22) What is one criticism of the conclusions offered by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in The Bell Curve? A) They confused polygenic and monogenic inheritance. B) Few people have taken intelligence tests, so their conclusions have limited generalizability. C) They failed to distinguish between correlation and causation. D) Their data were obtained improperly. Answer: C Rationale: One significant criticism of Herrnstein and Murray's conclusions in "The Bell Curve" is that they often failed to adequately differentiate between correlation and causation. While they presented correlations between variables such as IQ and socioeconomic status, they often implied causal relationships without sufficient evidence to support such claims. 23) What number reflects the amount of differences in a population attributable to genetic influences? A) concordance B) heritability C) eugenics index D) correlation coefficient Answer: B Rationale: Heritability reflects the proportion of observed differences in a population's traits (such as intelligence) that can be attributed to genetic variations. It ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating a greater influence of genetics on the trait. 24) What number reflects the amount of differences in a population attributable to genetic influences? A) correlation coefficient B) concordance C) heritability D) eugenics index Answer: C Rationale: Heritability is the correct term that reflects the amount of differences in a population attributable to genetic influences. It measures the extent to which individual differences in a trait within a population can be attributed to genetic factors. 25) What is one criticism of the conclusions offered by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in The Bell Curve? A) They failed to distinguish between correlation and causation. B) Few people have taken intelligence tests, so their conclusions have limited generalizability. C) Their data were obtained improperly. D) They confused polygenic and monogenic inheritance Answer: A Rationale: Herrnstein and Murray's failure to adequately distinguish between correlation and causation is a notable criticism of their conclusions. This oversight led to unwarranted assumptions about the causal relationship between variables like IQ and socioeconomic status. 26) The ability to produce work that is both novel and appropriate is called: A) insight. B) heuristics. C) creativity. D) latent learning. Answer: C Rationale: Creativity involves generating novel and valuable ideas or solutions to problems. It goes beyond merely using heuristics or insights, as it requires the production of something original and appropriate to the context. 27) Creativity is the ability to __________. A) produce novel or unique ideas or objects B) think about concrete objects abstractly C) work well with input from internal sources D) work well without input from internal sources Answer: A Rationale: Creativity involves the generation of novel or unique ideas, solutions, or objects. It encompasses the ability to think divergently, combine existing ideas in new ways, and produce something original and valuable. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate description of creativity. Test Bank for Psychology and Life Richard J. Gerrig, Philip G. Zimbardo, Serge Desmarais, Tammy Ivanco 9780205037117, 9780205859139