Chapter 8 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Words can serve as a. discriminative stimuli and warning stimuli. b. reinforcers and punishers. c. a & b. d. none of the above. Answer: c. a & b. Rationale: Words can function both as discriminative stimuli, signaling certain behaviors or consequences, and as reinforcers or punishers depending on the context and the individual's interpretation of them. 2. Chomsky is to Skinner as ____ is to ____. a. nature; nurture b. nurture; nature c. classical conditioning; instrumental conditioning d. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning Answer: a. nature; nurture Rationale: Chomsky is associated with the idea of innate language acquisition abilities (nature), while Skinner is known for his emphasis on environmental influences on behavior (nurture). 3. According to Baumrind, the most effective parental style is a. authoritarian. b. authoritative. c. indifferent. d. indulgent. Answer: b. authoritative. Rationale: Baumrind's research suggests that an authoritative parental style, characterized by warmth, responsiveness, and appropriate levels of control, tends to result in the best developmental outcomes for children. 4. A negligent parental style is to ____ as an authoritarian parental style is to ____. a. pre-conventional morality; post-conventional morality. b. post-conventional morality; pre-conventional morality. c. pre-conventional morality; conventional morality d. conventional morality; pre-conventional morality Answer: c. pre-conventional morality; conventional morality Rationale: Negligent parenting often leads to children developing pre-conventional moral reasoning, where decisions are based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards, whereas authoritarian parenting tends to encourage adherence to conventional moral standards without much flexibility. 5. An indulgent parental style is to ____ as an authoritative parental style is to ____. a. pre-conventional morality; sense of entitlement. b. sense of entitlement; pre-conventional morality. c. post-conventional morality; sense of entitlement. d. sense of entitlement; post-conventional morality Answer: d. sense of entitlement; post-conventional morality Rationale: Indulgent parenting may lead to children developing a sense of entitlement, whereas authoritative parenting is associated with the development of post-conventional moral reasoning, where individuals base decisions on internalized principles and values. 6. According to Freud, the two major developmental tasks are ____ and ____. a. school; work. b. school; love. c. love; work. d. love; parenting. Answer: c. love; work. Rationale: Freud posited that the primary developmental tasks individuals face are establishing intimate relationships (love) and engaging in productive work (work). 7. A teacher divides the class in half and rewards the group with the least amount of inappropriate behaviors at the end of the day. The teacher is implementing the procedure known as ____. a. shaping b. prompting c. fading d. the Good Behavior Game Answer: d. the Good Behavior Game Rationale: The Good Behavior Game involves dividing a group into teams and providing positive reinforcement to the team showing the best behavior, thus encouraging positive peer influence and cooperation. 8. Head-banging is to ____ as lack of speech is to ____. a. autism; schizophrenia b. schizophrenia; autism c. behavioral deficit; behavioral excess d. behavioral excess; behavioral deficit Answer: d. behavioral excess; behavioral deficit Rationale: Head-banging is an example of a behavioral excess, while lack of speech represents a behavioral deficit. 9. Which combination of attributions is most likely to result in depression? a. internal, specific, permanent b. internal, global, permanent c. external, specific, permanent d. external, global, permanent Answer: b. internal, global, permanent Rationale: According to the learned helplessness theory of depression, individuals who attribute negative events to internal (personal), global (affecting many areas of life), and stable (permanent) factors are more prone to developing depression. 10. Which of the following has been found to be a significant cause of relapse? a. negative emotions b. interpersonal conflict c. peer pressure d. all of the above Answer: d. all of the above Rationale: Negative emotions, interpersonal conflict, and peer pressure have all been identified as significant triggers for relapse in various psychological disorders and addictive behaviors. Test Bank for Adaptive Learning and the Human Condition Jeffrey C. Levy 9780205950775
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