Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following have been established through classical conditioning? a. fears b. word meaning c. attitudes d. all of the above Answer: d. all of the above Rationale: Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit similar responses. Fears, word meanings, and attitudes can all be established or influenced through classical conditioning. For example, fears can be conditioned by pairing a neutral stimulus (like a white rat) with a frightening stimulus (like a loud noise), leading to fear responses towards the neutral stimulus alone. 2. In the "Little Albert" research, loud noise is to white rat as ____ is to ____. a. CS; CR b. US; CS c. CS; US d. CR; CS Answer: b. US; CS Rationale: In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) naturally elicits a response without prior learning, while the conditioned stimulus (CS) is initially neutral but comes to elicit a response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. In the "Little Albert" experiment, the loud noise (US) naturally elicited fear (unconditioned response, UR), but through pairing with the white rat (initially neutral), the rat became the conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicited fear (conditioned response, CR). 3. In the "Little Albert" research, the child eventually appeared afraid of Santa Claus. This is an example of __________. a. stimulus generalization b. semantic generalization c. observational learning d. language Answer: a. stimulus generalization Rationale: Stimulus generalization occurs when a response is elicited by a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus. In the "Little Albert" experiment, the fear response generalized from the white rat (conditioned stimulus) to other similar stimuli such as Santa Claus. 4. Mary Cover Jones (1924) was able to eliminate Peter's rabbit phobia by a. gradually moving the rabbit closer and closer. b. pairing the presentation of the rabbit with Peter’s favorite food. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b Answer: c. both a and b Rationale: Mary Cover Jones utilized systematic desensitization to eliminate Peter's rabbit phobia. This involved pairing the feared stimulus (the rabbit) with a positive stimulus (Peter's favorite food) and gradually exposing Peter to the rabbit in a controlled manner, starting from a distance and progressively moving closer. 5. The method of systematic desensitization involves pairing ____ with a succession of stimuli that elicit ____ levels of fear. a. relaxation; decreasing b. muscle tension; increasing c. relaxation; increasing d. muscle tension; decreasing Answer: c. relaxation; increasing Rationale: Systematic desensitization involves pairing relaxation techniques with progressively more anxiety-inducing stimuli. The aim is to replace the fear response with a relaxation response, hence the relaxation level should increase as the fear-inducing stimuli become more intense. 6. Susan Mineka showed that it was possible to establish the fear of snakes in monkeys through __________. a. classical conditioning b. instrumental conditioning c. observational learning d. language Answer: c. observational learning Rationale: Susan Mineka's research demonstrated that fear of snakes could be acquired through observational learning. Monkeys who observed other monkeys showing fear responses towards snakes subsequently exhibited fear responses themselves, even though they had no direct negative experiences with snakes. 7. A person’s mouth waters when reading about food. This is an example of __________. a. stimulus generalization b. semantic generalization c. observational learning d. language Answer: b. semantic generalization Rationale: Semantic generalization refers to the extension of a learned response from the original stimulus to other similar stimuli based on meaning or concept. In this case, the concept of food triggers a physiological response (mouth watering) even in the absence of the actual food stimulus. 8. A sickness inducing drug is paired with alcoholic beverages in order to reduce problem drinking. This is an example of __________. a. sensitization b. desensitization c. observational learning d. stimulus generalization Answer: a. sensitization Rationale: Sensitization involves increasing sensitivity or responsiveness to a stimulus over time. In this scenario, pairing a sickness-inducing drug with alcoholic beverages aims to make the person more sensitive to the negative effects of alcohol, thereby reducing the desire to drink excessively. 9. In keeping with the ____ model of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when the person injects a normal dosage of the drug in a(n) ____ environment. a. stimulus substitution; familiar b. stimulus substitution; unfamiliar c. compensatory response; familiar d. compensatory response; unfamiliar Answer: d. compensatory response; unfamiliar Rationale: The compensatory response model of conditioning suggests that the body may develop physiological responses opposite to those produced by a drug in anticipation of its effects. Drug fatalities can occur when the drug is taken in an unfamiliar environment where these compensatory responses are not elicited, leading to an overdose. 10. Research with humans suggests that it would be __________ to establish a fear to a snake than (as) an electrical outlet. a. easier b. more difficult c. just as difficult d. more important Answer: a. easier Rationale: Research indicates that humans are evolutionarily predisposed to develop fears of certain stimuli, such as snakes, more readily than others, like electrical outlets. This predisposition makes it easier to establish a fear response to a snake compared to an electrical outlet. Test Bank for Adaptive Learning and the Human Condition Jeffrey C. Levy 9780205950775
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