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Chapter 7: Organizing and Outlining Your Speech 7.1 Multiple Choice 1. If a person is giving a speech and uses words such as "first," "next," and "then" to connect the ideas, he/she is using a(n) a. dissociation. b. association. c. conjunction. d. elimination. Answer: b. association. Rationale: These words ("first," "next," "then") are used to show a relationship between ideas, indicating that they are connected and following a logical sequence, hence indicating association. 2. The first step in planning the organization of your speech is determining the a. specific purpose. b. general purpose. c. central idea. d. outline. Answer: c. central idea. Rationale: Before outlining or determining specific purposes, it's important to establish the central idea or thesis of the speech, as it serves as the foundation for organizing the content. 3. If you were giving a speech on the history of rock 'n roll, what would be the best organizational pattern for the speech? a. spatial order b. causal order c. chronological order d. topical order Answer: c. chronological order Rationale: Chronological order would be most suitable for presenting the history of rock 'n roll, as it allows the speaker to present events in the order they occurred, providing a clear timeline of the subject. 4. Laura was giving a speech on how to start a child care business. What would be the best organizational pattern for her? a. causal b. chronological c. spatial d. inquiry Answer: b. chronological Rationale: For a speech on how to start a child care business, chronological order would be effective, as it would allow the speaker to present the steps involved in starting the business in a logical sequence. 5. Robert's speech demonstrating the specific steps to do the dance called the electric slide would most likely use a __________ pattern of organization. a. chronological b. spatial c. causal d. topical Answer: a. chronological Rationale: A speech demonstrating the steps to do a dance would typically use a chronological pattern, as it allows the speaker to present the steps in the order they should be performed. 6. All of the following are examples of speech-centered patterns of organization EXCEPT a. elimination order. b. chronological order. c. causal order. d. topical order. Answer: a. elimination order. Rationale: Elimination order is not a common pattern of organization for speeches. The other options (chronological, causal, and topical) are commonly used patterns for organizing speech content. 7. Paul's speech explaining how to put on hockey equipment would most likely use what type of organizational pattern? a. topical b. chronological c. spatial d. causal Answer: c. spatial Rationale: A speech explaining how to put on hockey equipment would likely use a spatial organizational pattern, as it would allow the speaker to describe the process in a step-by-step manner, focusing on the physical arrangement of the equipment. 8. If you were to give a speech on destruction of the Mayan civilization, what would be the best organizational pattern? a. causal b. topical c. chronological d. spatial Answer: a. causal Rationale: A speech on the destruction of the Mayan civilization would likely use a causal organizational pattern, as it would allow the speaker to explore the causes and effects leading to the civilization's downfall. 9. When the main points in a speech are organized by their position, they are in a. spatial patterns. b. inquiry patterns. c. topical patterns. d. elimination patterns. Answer: a. spatial patterns. Rationale: Spatial patterns organize main points based on their physical arrangement or location, making it suitable for describing physical objects or processes. 10. A speech about the cause and effect of the war on terrorism would most likely be presented in what organizational pattern? a. inquiry b. topical c. causal d. elimination Answer: c. causal Rationale: A speech about the cause and effect of the war on terrorism would likely use a causal organizational pattern, as it would allow the speaker to explain the relationship between specific actions (causes) and their outcomes (effects). 11. Which of the organizational patterns is among the most popular and the easiest to use when organizing a speech? a. causal b. topical c. spatial d. chronological Answer: b. topical Rationale: Topical organization is often used because it allows the speaker to group related ideas together, making it easier to organize and understand the speech. 12. Which of the following organizational patterns begin with what the audience knows or believes and move on to new or challenging ideas? a. familiarity-acceptance order b. inquiry order c. question-answer order d. elimination order Answer: a. familiarity-acceptance order Rationale: The familiarity-acceptance order starts with ideas that are familiar to the audience and then progresses to new or challenging ideas, making it easier for the audience to accept the new information. 13. A question-answer order is a type of __________ of organization. a. speech-centered pattern b. sequential pattern c. topical order d. audience-centered pattern Answer: d. audience-centered pattern Rationale: A question-answer order focuses on engaging the audience by posing questions that they may have and then providing answers, making it audience-centered. 14. If you want to promote changes in action or beliefs, what organizational pattern would be the best way to organize the speech? a. question-answer order b. problem-solution order c. familiarity-acceptance order d. elimination order Answer: b. problem-solution order Rationale: The problem-solution order is effective for promoting changes in action or beliefs because it identifies a problem and then presents a solution, encouraging the audience to take action. 15. A speech about how the neighbors should use a variety of plants in the center island of the street would most likely use what organizational pattern? a. question-answer order b. inquiry order c. problem-solution order d. elimination order Answer: b. inquiry order Rationale: An inquiry order would be suitable for this topic, as it would involve exploring different options or possibilities for using a variety of plants in the center island of the street. 16. Joan presented a speech on how best to decrease crime in her neighborhood. She addressed all of the possible solutions and then narrowed them down to one: increase the number of police officers walking the beat. Which type of organizational pattern did Joan most likely use? a. problem-solution order b. inquiry order c. elimination order d. familiarity-acceptance order Answer: c. elimination order Rationale: Joan used an elimination order by presenting all possible solutions and then eliminating all but one, which was the increase in the number of police officers walking the beat. 17. The elimination order would be most effective in what type of speech? a. impromptu b. persuasive c. informative d. demonstration Answer: b. persuasive Rationale: The elimination order is most effective in a persuasive speech because it allows the speaker to present multiple options or solutions and then argue for the best one. 18. Outlining is important to a speaker because a. it is a testing device. b. the ideas are concrete and cannot be changed. c. it is the same as the central idea. d. it is brainstorming. Answer: a. it is a testing device. Rationale: Outlining serves as a testing device for a speaker to organize and structure their ideas before delivering the speech, ensuring that the content flows logically. 19. The general pattern of a speech is called the a. organization. b. outline. c. audience analysis. d. connectives. Answer: b. outline. Rationale: The outline is the general pattern or structure of a speech, outlining the main points and their organization. 20. When preparing the rough outline, you should make sure that the topic connects with the audience in a. at least half of the main points. b. each of the main points. c. the introduction. d. the conclusion. Answer: b. each of the main points. Rationale: Each main point in the rough outline should connect with the audience to ensure that the speech remains relevant and engaging throughout. 21. The first outline that you should write for the speech is called the a. formal outline. b. rough outline. c. speaking outline. d. key word outline. Answer: b. rough outline. Rationale: The rough outline is the first draft of the speech outline, providing a basic structure for the speech before it is refined into a formal outline. 22. Two types of outlines are the a. preparation outline and formal outline. b. audience outline and speech outline. c. rough outline and speaking outline. d. preparation outline and speaking outline. Answer: c. rough outline and speaking outline. Rationale: The rough outline is the initial draft of the speech outline, while the speaking outline is a condensed version used during the actual delivery of the speech. 23. Why should the main points in a speech be limited? a. It is difficult to fully develop too many main points. b. There is not enough time to discuss too many points. c. The speaker has not thought out the speech. d. It is not easy for the audience to keep track of too many points. Answer: d. It is not easy for the audience to keep track of too many points. Rationale: Limiting the main points in a speech makes it easier for the audience to follow and understand the speech, as too many points can be overwhelming and difficult to remember. 24. Subordinate ideas in outlines are called __________. a. main points b. subpoints c. transitions d. sign posts. Answer: b. subpoints Rationale: Subordinate ideas in an outline support the main points and are therefore called subpoints. 25. Regarding memory and organization, the number of main points should be limited to a. from three to five. b. from four to six. c. from two to five. d. from two to four. Answer: a. from three to five. Rationale: Limiting the number of main points to three to five helps the audience to better grasp and remember the key ideas of the speech. 26. Regarding memory and organization, what can a speaker use to remember and identify the key ideas in the speech? a. chunking information b. magic numbers c. a mnemonic device d. mapping the movements Answer: c. a mnemonic device Rationale: A mnemonic device is a memory aid that can help a speaker remember and identify the key ideas in a speech. 27. All of the following are things to keep in mind as you prepare the speaking outline EXCEPT a. use the outline just to write down the ideas. b. use only key words or phrases. c. include directions for delivery. d. find methods of emphasis to help you to remember the ideas. Answer: a. use the outline just to write down the ideas. Rationale: The speaking outline should be more than just a list of ideas; it should include key words or phrases, delivery directions, and methods of emphasis to aid in delivery. 28. Using parallelism will a. appeal to your listeners' needs for immediacy. b. lead to the confusion of one idea with another. c. help listeners grasp and remember the major ideas in your speech. d. eliminate the need for transitional statements. Answer: c. help listeners grasp and remember the major ideas in your speech. Rationale: Parallelism, or the use of similar grammatical structures for main points, helps listeners to understand the relationships between ideas and makes it easier for them to remember the major ideas in the speech. 7.2 True/False 1. Giving a speech is somewhat like a shopping trip. Answer: True Rationale: This analogy suggests that, like a shopping trip where you have a list of items to buy (main points) and a plan to navigate the store (organization), a speech requires a clear plan and objectives. 2. Association is a connection asserted between two or more parts of an utterance, or parts of the speech. Answer: True Rationale: Association refers to the connection or relationship between different parts of a speech, such as main points or ideas, to help the audience follow the speaker's train of thought. 3. Good speech organization increases anxiety. Answer: False Rationale: Good speech organization actually helps reduce anxiety by providing a clear structure and plan for the speaker to follow, making the speech easier to deliver. 4. Organizing the speech is NOT for the benefit of the audience. Answer: False Rationale: Organizing the speech is crucial for the benefit of the audience, as it helps them follow the speaker's ideas, understand the message, and retain information. 5. There are speech-centered and audience-centered organizational patterns. Answer: True Rationale: Speech-centered organizational patterns focus on the structure and content of the speech, while audience-centered patterns consider the audience's needs, interests, and level of understanding. 6. A speaker will appear more credible with an unorganized speech. Answer: False Rationale: An organized speech helps the speaker appear more credible, as it demonstrates preparation, thoughtfulness, and respect for the audience's time and attention. 7. An organized speech is easier to present. Answer: True Rationale: An organized speech is easier to present because it provides a clear roadmap for the speaker, making it easier to remember key points and transitions between ideas. 8. The plan of the speech must be difficult for the audience to understand and remember. Answer: False Rationale: The plan of the speech should be clear and easy for the audience to understand and remember, as this enhances the effectiveness of the speech. 9. The first step in planning the organization of the speech is to determine the specific purpose. Answer: False Rationale: The first step in planning the organization of a speech is to determine the central idea or thesis, which serves as the foundation for the rest of the speech. 10. To be effective, a speaker should always adapt to audience needs and levels of knowledge. Answer: True Rationale: Adapting to audience needs and levels of knowledge is essential for effective communication, as it ensures that the message is tailored to the audience's understanding and interests. 11. Chronological patterns organize information by their position. Answer: False Rationale: Chronological patterns organize information based on time or sequence, not by their physical position or location. 12. A spatial sequence is preferable to a chronological sequence when you want the audience to have a strong sense of development or forward locomotion. Answer: False Rationale: A spatial sequence organizes information based on physical location or direction, not development or forward locomotion. 13. Spatial patterns organize information by their location or direction. Answer: True Rationale: Spatial patterns arrange information based on physical location, direction, or relationship, such as describing a place from left to right or top to bottom. 14. Causal patterns organize the speech in a time sequence. Answer: False Rationale: Causal patterns organize information based on cause-and-effect relationships, not necessarily in a time sequence. 15. Problem-solution order is used most often in an informative speech. Answer: False Rationale: Problem-solution order is typically used in persuasive speeches, where the speaker presents a problem and then proposes a solution. 16. Question-answer order is based on questions that might arise in the listeners' minds. Answer: True Rationale: Question-answer order anticipates and answers questions that the audience may have about the topic, making it easier for them to follow the speech. 17. The elimination order, which begins with accepted audience values, tends to be very effective with hostile audiences. Answer: False Rationale: The elimination order presents a series of options, eliminating them one by one until only one remains. It is not specifically designed for hostile audiences. 18. Elimination order is best when the options made are mutually exclusive. Answer: True Rationale: Elimination order works well when the options presented are distinct and mutually exclusive, allowing the audience to clearly see the differences between them. 19. The outline becomes simpler as the ideas in your speech evolve. Answer: False Rationale: The outline should become more detailed and refined as the ideas in your speech evolve, not simpler. 20. A rough outline identifies your topic, provides a reasonable number of subtopics, but does NOT reveal a method for organizing the speech. Answer: False Rationale: A rough outline provides a basic structure and organization for the speech, including the main topic, subtopics, and a method for organizing the content. 21. The rough outline identifies your topic, provides a reasonable number of subtopics, and reveals a method for organizing and developing your speech. Answer: True Rationale: The rough outline serves as a blueprint for the speech, outlining the main topic, subtopics, and the organizational structure. 22. A rough outline should be written in complete sentences. Answer: False Rationale: A rough outline is typically written in short phrases or bullet points, rather than complete sentences, to serve as a quick reference during speech preparation and delivery. 23. Chunking information means to throw out unnecessary information. Answer: False Rationale: Chunking information refers to organizing information into manageable chunks or groups, making it easier to process and remember, rather than discarding information. 24. One way to use a mnemonic device to aid your listeners in following and remembering your speech would be to NEVER use an acronym. Answer: False Rationale: Mnemonic devices, including acronyms, can be effective in helping listeners remember key points or the structure of a speech. 25. The speaker should make sure that the speech does not turn into a "string of beads." Answer: True Rationale: A "string of beads" refers to a speech that is disjointed, with each main point or idea presented independently, like beads on a string. Speakers should ensure that their speech flows smoothly and transitions between ideas are clear. 26. A speaking outline should be written in full sentences. Answer: False Rationale: A speaking outline is typically written using keywords or phrases, rather than full sentences, to serve as a brief and easily accessible guide during speech delivery. 27. A speaking outline should use keywords or phrases. Answer: True Rationale: Keywords or phrases help the speaker remember key points and maintain a conversational tone during speech delivery. 28. Large notebook pages for the speaking outline will distract the listeners from what you have to say. Answer: True Rationale: Using large notebook pages can be distracting for the audience, as it may draw attention away from the speaker and the message. 29. The speaking outline should be used during the practice sessions. Answer: True Rationale: Using the speaking outline during practice sessions helps the speaker become familiar with the flow of the speech and ensures that key points are effectively communicated. 7.3 Short Answer 1. What is a paradigm? Answer: A paradigm is a kind of pattern that helps people remember information and understand new concepts. 2. Provide five reasons for organizing your speech. Answer: (1) Your listeners won't learn as much without an obvious pattern for organizing the new material presented. (2) An organized speech is easier to present. (3) You will appear more credible when you give an organized speech. (4) Well-organized speeches have increased persuasiveness. (5) Good organization lowers the frustration for everyone. 3. In choosing an organizational pattern, what are three concerns that the speaker may have? Answer: (1) The structure that is best suited for the ideas, (2) The best structure for the audience's needs, and (3) The speech moving forward toward closure. 4. What are the four general categories of a speech-centered organizational pattern? Answer: (1) chronological, (2) spatial, (3) causal, and (4) topical. 5. What is the difference between the speech-centered organizational pattern and an audiencecentered organizational pattern? Answer: The difference between a speech-centered organizational pattern and an audiencecentered organizational pattern is that the speech-centered pattern relates more to the subject matter rather than the audience. The audience-centered pattern, however, is organized based on the listeners' needs. 6. What is a spatial pattern? Answer: A spatial pattern is when the major points are organized by their position, location, or direction. 7. Give an example of when a spatial organizational pattern would be a good choice for a speech. Answer: Spatial organizational patterns are used when the major points of the speech are organized by their positions. The answers will vary, however, they should include examples such as describing the three main sections of the Eiffel Tower in Paris; a person explaining how to drive from the eastern United States to western United States; when a person is explaining how to put on hockey equipment by dividing the body into the lower and upper half and explaining the purpose and function of the equipment on the lower and upper half, respectively. 8. What are the five types of audience-centered organizational patterns? Answer: (1) familiarity-acceptance, (2) inquiry, (3) question-answer, (4) problem-solution, and (5) elimination. 9. If you wanted to give a persuasive speech advocating making changes in thoughts or actions, which organizational pattern would be most effective? Answer: The problem-solving organizational pattern would be the most effective. 10. Give an example of when you would use a question-answer organizational pattern. Answer: The question-answer order is used when the speaker determines the questions that listeners might ask. Examples may vary, however, according to the textbook, when you want to buy a new car, you want to know about the principal features, the available options, its gas mileage, and its costs. Other examples may include learning about a new bond issue or illegal drug use in professional sports. 11. What is elimination order? Answer: Elimination order is a type of speech in which the speaker surveys and presents the available solutions and courses of action that can be reasonably pursued, then eliminates each of the possibilities until only one remains. 12. What is an outline? Answer: An outline is a way of arranging your ideas in an orderly fashion. 13. What is the difference between a rough outline and a speaking outline? Answer: A rough outline identifies your topic, provides a reasonable number of subtopics, and reveals a method for organizing and developing your speech. The speaking outline reduces the rough outline into a more useful format by using keywords and phrases. 14. Why should the number of main points in a speech be limited? Answer: The number of main points should be limited because that helps the listeners recall information. In this case, less is more. The fewer the number of main points, the more the listeners will remember. 15. What are the three steps used to organize your speech and help the speaker and the audience remember what the speaker is speaking about? Answer: (1) The magic numbers, which is limiting the number of main points; (2) Chunking, which is dividing the information into chunks or groups; (3) Mnemonics, which helps the speaker remember ideas. 7.4 Essay Questions 1. Explain the five reasons for developing your speech plan. Answer: (1) Your listeners learn from an organized speech because there is an obvious pattern for categorizing the new material you present; (2) An organized speech is easier to present; (3) You will appear more credible when you give an organized speech; (4) Some evidence suggests that wellorganized speeches are more persuasive; and (5) Good organization lowers the frustration level for you and your listeners. 2. Suppose you were going to give a speech on identity theft (stealing someone else's identity by using the person's credit cards and driver's license). What organizational pattern would you use? Answer: The most effective organizational pattern would be topical. Since this is an informative speech, the topical pattern provides information that categorizes identity theft into subtopics. 3. Explain the five things that you should keep in mind as you prepare your speaking outline. Answer: (1) Use key words or phrases because they will trigger your memory, especially if you have practiced the speech. (2) To avoid making mistakes or misquoting, write out names or quotes verbatim. (3) Include directions for the delivery of the speech. This helps when you are using a visual aid; you can write a note to yourself on the note cards. (4) Find methods that will easily catch your eye, show the relationship of ideas, or jog your memory. This prevents you from reading the note cards instead of referring to the note cards. (5) Use the speaking outline during practice sessions. This helps you become familiar with the notes and deliver a more credible speech. 4. Explain three ways in which the phrasing of the main points can be made effective. Answer: The phrasing of the main points will help the listener to follow the speech and better understand the message. The three ways that a speaker can make sure that the phrasing is effective are to: (1) Use concise language. Vague or unclear language is ambiguous. Avoid rambling, it confuses the listener. (2) Use vivid language. Use language that evokes a response or grabs the attention from the audience. "Colorless" language is boring and makes the audience forget the message. (3) Use parallel structuring in the speech. One way of using parallelism is to repeat a key phrase throughout the speech. It helps the listener to remember. Test Bank for Principles of Public Speaking Kathleen M. German, Bruce E. Gronbeck, Douglas Ehninger, Alan H. Monroe 9780205857548, 9780205843893
