CH-25 The Middle East and China in the Imperialist Century – World History in Brief: Major Patterns of Change and Continuity : Exam Guide

Chapter 25 The Middle East and China in the Imperialist Century Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following issues encountered by the Qing dynasty in the 19th century were similar to problems faced by earlier Chinese dynasties in decline? A) growing peasant unrest B) reluctance to export tea and tobacco C) the decline in population D) the Chinese plague Answer: A Rationale: Growing peasant unrest was a recurring issue faced by the Qing dynasty in the 19th century, mirroring challenges experienced by earlier Chinese dynasties in decline. Throughout Chinese history, periods of social instability often stemmed from discontent among the peasant class due to factors such as heavy taxation, land redistribution, and government corruption. This discontent frequently led to peasant uprisings and rebellions, which posed significant challenges to dynastic authority. Therefore, the similarity of growing peasant unrest underscores the continuity of socioeconomic tensions across different periods of Chinese history. 2) The movement of Young Turks wanted A) a democratic voting system. B) to protect of Islamic tradition against Christian missionaries. C) less political corruption and a stronger foreign policy. D) land reform and social welfare. Answer: C Rationale: The movement of Young Turks aimed for less political corruption and a stronger foreign policy. The Young Turks advocated for reform within the Ottoman Empire, seeking to modernize and strengthen the state to counter internal decay and external threats. Their objectives included reducing corruption within the government, revitalizing the economy, and enhancing the military to resist foreign encroachment. While they did not specifically advocate for democratic voting systems or religious conservatism, their emphasis on political and administrative reform reflected a desire to address the empire's weaknesses and restore its power and prestige. 3) The westernization program that won great support from Ottoman government but not from Chinese government involved A) military technology and organization. B) religious reform and Christian conversion. C) women’s rights and birth control. D) the establishment of the cotton industry. Answer: A Rationale: The westernization program that won great support from the Ottoman government but not from the Chinese government involved military technology and organization. Under the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, efforts were made to modernize the military by adopting Western military techniques, technology, and organizational structures. This included reforms such as the creation of a modernized army equipped with European-style weaponry, the establishment of military schools, and the reorganization of the military bureaucracy. In contrast, while the Qing dynasty in China also faced pressures to modernize its military, it was less receptive to Westernization and modernization efforts, leading to challenges in adapting to changing military technologies and tactics. 4) Why did China and the Middle East fail to come fully under Western control? A) because of their military superiority B) because of the continuing strength of their governments C) because their weak central governments left them with highly individualistic populations D) because Western governments were uninterested in controlling them Answer: B Rationale: China and the Middle East failed to come fully under Western control primarily due to the continuing strength of their governments. Despite facing challenges from Western imperialism and colonial expansion, both China and various Middle Eastern states maintained relatively strong central governments that resisted complete domination by Western powers. These governments, though facing internal and external pressures for reform and modernization, were able to assert their sovereignty and negotiate treaties that preserved their territorial integrity and political autonomy to some extent. Additionally, factors such as cultural resilience, geographical size, and strategic importance also contributed to their ability to resist full Western control. 5) Which of the following statements applies to both China and the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th century? A) A strong women’s rights movement developed in both societies. B) Both societies worked to secularize their governments. C) Forces from within both societies sought fundamental reforms that made them more like the West. D) Both societies made land redistribution a main priority. Answer: C Rationale: Forces from within both China and the Ottoman Empire sought fundamental reforms that made them more like the West in the late 19th century. In both cases, there were efforts to modernize and reform various aspects of society and government, influenced by encounters with Western ideas, technology, and institutions. These reform movements aimed to strengthen the state, modernize the economy, and enhance military capabilities to compete with Western powers. While the specific reforms and their outcomes varied between China and the Ottoman Empire, the overarching goal of adopting Western practices and institutions to address internal weaknesses and external threats was a common theme. 6) Which Egyptian sultan dismantled the janissary corps and created a separate, modern artillery corps armed with a European cannon? A) Muhammad Ali B) Muhammad Ali II C) Mahmud II D) Mahmud III Answer: C Rationale: Mahmud II dismantled the janissary corps and created a separate, modern artillery corps armed with a European cannon. As part of his efforts to modernize and centralize the Ottoman military, Mahmud II initiated reforms aimed at reducing the power of the janissaries, who had become a conservative and disruptive force within the empire. In 1826, he ordered the disbandment of the janissary corps and the establishment of a new, modernized artillery corps trained in European military techniques and equipped with advanced weaponry, including European cannons. This move was part of Mahmud II's broader Tanzimat reforms, which aimed to modernize various aspects of Ottoman society and government to strengthen the empire's position vis-à-vis Western powers. 7) What movement aimed for a partial westernization of the Ottoman Empire through centralization and partial secularization of law and education? A) the Ottoman reform B) the Arabian reform C) the Tanzimat reform D) the Boxer Rebellion Answer: C Rationale: The movement that aimed for a partial westernization of the Ottoman Empire through centralization and partial secularization of law and education was the Tanzimat reform. Initiated in the mid-19th century, the Tanzimat reforms sought to modernize and Europeanize various aspects of Ottoman administration, law, and education to strengthen the empire and resist Western encroachment. Under the Tanzimat, efforts were made to centralize state authority, codify laws based on European legal systems, and establish secular educational institutions to promote Western-style education and knowledge. These reforms aimed to create a more efficient and capable Ottoman state that could compete with Western powers on equal footing. 8) What resulted from British-French opposition to further Russian expansion in the Mediterranean? A) the Western-Russia revolt B) the Crimean War of 1854–1856 C) the Crimean revolt of 1854 D) the Russian Revolution Answer: B Rationale: The result of British-French opposition to further Russian expansion in the Mediterranean was the Crimean War of 1854–1856. The Crimean War was fought between an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia on one side, and Russia on the other. The war was sparked by concerns over Russian expansionism and the desire of Britain and France to check Russian influence in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. The conflict saw major battles fought primarily on the Crimean Peninsula, including the famous Siege of Sevastopol. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which affirmed the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire and sought to maintain the balance of power in Europe by limiting Russian expansion in the region. 9) Soon after 1900, Italy gained ________ and France gained ________. A) Tunisia; Libya B) Turkey; Libya C) Libya; Morocco D) Morocco; Transylvania Answer: C Rationale: Soon after 1900, Italy gained Libya and France gained Morocco. Both Italy and France pursued imperialist expansion in North Africa in the early 20th century, seeking to acquire colonies and extend their influence in the region. Italy invaded and annexed Libya in 1911– 1912, following the Italo-Turkish War, while France established a protectorate over Morocco through the Treaty of Fez in 1912. These acquisitions reflected the broader scramble for Africa among European powers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as colonialism and imperialism reshaped global geopolitics and economic relations. 10) What sultan reestablished authoritarian rule in Turkey after 1878? A) Kareem Hamid B) Kareem Harem C) Abdul Habib D) Abdul Hamid Answer: D Rationale: Abdul Hamid reestablished authoritarian rule in Turkey after 1878. Known as Abdul Hamid II, he ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909, during a period marked by political repression, centralized control, and efforts to resist Western encroachment. Abdul Hamid suspended the Ottoman constitution in 1878 and implemented a system of authoritarian rule characterized by censorship, surveillance, and suppression of dissent. His reign saw the consolidation of autocratic power in the hands of the sultan and the weakening of parliamentary institutions. Despite his efforts to modernize the empire's infrastructure and military, Abdul Hamid's repressive policies ultimately contributed to growing discontent and unrest within the Ottoman Empire, leading to his eventual overthrow in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. 11) Most people in the Middle East remained faithful to ________ despite the new currents for change. A) Hinduism B) Islam C) Iraq D) Taoism Answer: B Rationale: Most people in the Middle East remained faithful to Islam despite the new currents for change. Islam has been the dominant religion in the Middle East for centuries, shaping the cultural, social, and political landscape of the region. Despite encounters with Western ideas, imperialism, and modernization efforts, the majority of people in the Middle East continued to adhere to Islam as their faith, maintaining religious traditions, practices, and institutions. While there were efforts to secularize and modernize aspects of society in some countries, Islam remained a central and enduring aspect of identity and community for many people in the Middle East. 12) What fact can be said about the Taiping Rebellion? A) It was led by a man who claimed to be Christ’s brother. B) It sought to raise taxes. C) It took away land from the peasants. D) It was a successful overthrow of the Chinese empire. Answer: A Rationale: The fact about the Taiping Rebellion is that it was led by a man who claimed to be Christ’s brother. The Taiping Rebellion, which occurred in mid-19th century China, was led by Hong Xiuquan, who proclaimed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. Hong's vision combined elements of Christianity, Confucianism, and millenarianism, attracting millions of followers who sought to establish a utopian society based on his teachings. The rebellion, fueled by grievances against the Qing dynasty and social unrest, led to one of the deadliest conflicts in human history, resulting in millions of deaths and widespread devastation before it was eventually suppressed by Qing forces with the support of Western military advisers. 13) What resulted from the West’s greed in exporting Chinese goods? A) the Taiping Rebellion B) the Opium Rebellion C) the Opium War of 1849-1852 D) the Opium War of 1839-1842 Answer: D Rationale: The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted from the West's greed in exporting Chinese goods, particularly opium, to China. British merchants smuggled opium into China to offset their trade imbalance caused by the high demand for Chinese goods such as tea and silk in Europe. This trade imbalance led to the outflow of silver from China to Britain. In response to the detrimental effects of opium addiction on Chinese society and the efforts of Chinese authorities to suppress the opium trade, the British government initiated the First Opium War (1839-1842) to protect its economic interests and expand its trading privileges in China. The conflict culminated in the Treaty of Nanking, which forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain, open several ports to British trade, and pay indemnities, marking the beginning of Western imperialist dominance in China. 14) What was China able to do by the end of the 18th century? A) maintain its isolation B) welcome foreign interest C) trade large amounts of exports D) depend on foreign investment Answer: A Rationale: By the end of the 18th century, China was able to maintain its isolation from foreign influence and control over its domestic affairs. Throughout much of its history, China pursued a policy of isolationism, characterized by restrictions on foreign trade, limited contact with outsiders, and the maintenance of cultural and political independence. Despite occasional interactions with neighboring regions and foreign powers, China largely preserved its traditional social, economic, and political structures and remained insulated from the rapid changes occurring in other parts of the world during the 18th century. 15) Which uprising called for more land and tax reform? A) the Boxer Rebellion B) the Taiping Rebellion C) the Opium Wars D) Zionism Answer: B Rationale: The Taiping Rebellion called for more land and tax reform. The Taiping Rebellion, which lasted from 1850 to 1864, was one of the largest and most devastating uprisings in Chinese history. Led by Hong Xiuquan, who proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus Christ, the rebellion aimed to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a utopian society based on radical social and economic reforms. Among the grievances of the Taiping rebels were issues related to land distribution, taxation, and social inequality, prompting calls for comprehensive land reform and the redistribution of wealth to address the plight of the peasantry. 16) During what years did the first Opium War take place? A) 1839-1842 B) 1850-1857 C) 1820-1825 D) 1830-1838 Answer: A Rationale: The first Opium War took place during the years 1839-1842. The Opium War was sparked by tensions between China and Britain over the illegal opium trade conducted by British merchants in China. The conflict culminated in a series of military engagements between the two powers, leading to China's defeat and the signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. The war marked the beginning of Western imperialist aggression against China and the erosion of Chinese sovereignty, as well as the onset of the "Unequal Treaties" that granted foreign powers extraterritorial rights and concessions within China. 17) What year was the Taiping Rebellion crushed? A) 1860 B) 1857 C) 1864 D) 1900 Answer: C Rationale: The Taiping Rebellion was crushed in the year 1864. The Taiping Rebellion, which began in 1850 under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan, lasted for over a decade and resulted in widespread devastation and loss of life throughout China. Despite initially posing a significant challenge to the Qing dynasty's rule, the rebellion was eventually suppressed through a combination of military campaigns by Qing forces, internal divisions within the Taiping ranks, and the intervention of Western powers. The decisive defeat of the Taiping forces in 1864 marked the end of one of the deadliest conflicts in Chinese history and reaffirmed Qing control over the empire. 18) Which of the following was part of the Qing Empire? A) Siam B) Manchuria C) Burma D) Korea Answer: B Rationale: Manchuria was part of the Qing Empire. Manchuria, also known as Northeast China, was historically inhabited by the Manchu people and served as the ancestral homeland of the Qing dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1912. Under Qing rule, Manchuria became an integral part of the empire and played a significant role in China's economy, defense, and administration. The region was characterized by its vast territory, fertile land, and strategic importance as a buffer zone against potential foreign invasions from the north. 19) Which of the following was leased by European powers? A) Siam B) Manchuria C) Tibet D) Macao Answer: D Rationale: Macao was leased by European powers. Macao, located on the southern coast of China, was a Portuguese colony and trading post established in the early 16th century. In 1887, Portugal and China signed the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, which leased Macao to Portugal for a period of 50 years. The treaty granted Portugal territorial sovereignty over Macao while recognizing Chinese suzerainty over the territory. Macao served as a major hub for European trade and commerce in East Asia and played a significant role in facilitating cultural exchange between China and the West. 20) Which ruler seized power in 1898 and gave secret support to the Boxers, who killed Europeans and Christian Chinese? A) Kuang-hsi B) Kuang-hsu C) Tzu-hsi D) Sino-hsi Answer: C Rationale: Tzu-hsi seized power in 1898 and gave secret support to the Boxers, who killed Europeans and Christian Chinese. Empress Dowager Cixi, also known as Tzu-hsi, was a powerful figure in late Qing China who effectively controlled the imperial court and government from behind the scenes. In 1898, she orchestrated the Hundred Days' Reform, which aimed to modernize and reform various aspects of Chinese society and governance. However, conservative opposition led by Empress Dowager Cixi resulted in the suppression of the reform movement, and she subsequently emerged as the de facto ruler of China. During the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, Empress Dowager Cixi covertly supported the Boxer insurgents, who launched attacks against foreigners and Christian communities in China, leading to a violent conflict with Western powers and the eventual defeat of the Boxers. 21) The Boxer Rebellion was suppressed by A) a European–American military force. B) a Sino-Japanese military force. C) the Tzu-hsi army. D) the Righteous Harmony Fists. Answer: A Rationale: The Boxer Rebellion was suppressed by a European–American military force. The Boxer Rebellion, which occurred in 1900, was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, commonly known as the Boxers. In response to the Boxer threat, Western powers, including European nations and the United States, dispatched a multinational military force, known as the Eight-Nation Alliance, to quell the rebellion and protect foreign interests in China. The allied forces, consisting of troops from Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, the United States, Italy, and AustriaHungary, besieged Beijing and defeated the Boxer insurgents, leading to the suppression of the rebellion and the imposition of punitive measures against China. 22) Tzu-hsi established a Western-style military structure and updated the education of the A) Confucian society. B) Young Turks. C) imperial army. D) imperial bureaucrats. Answer: D Rationale: Tzu-hsi established a Western-style military structure and updated the education of the imperial bureaucrats. Empress Dowager Cixi, also known as Tzu-hsi, played a prominent role in the late Qing dynasty's attempts to modernize China and strengthen its military capabilities. In response to the increasing threats posed by Western imperialism and internal unrest, she implemented a series of reforms aimed at modernizing the Chinese military and bureaucracy. Tzu-hsi introduced Western military training methods, technology, and organizational structures to the imperial army, as well as initiatives to improve the education and training of government officials and bureaucrats in order to enhance administrative efficiency and governance. 23) What were Chinese students interested in that schools did not provide? A) new technology B) import and export studies C) creative arts D) religious studies Answer: A Rationale: Chinese students were interested in new technology that schools did not provide. During the late Qing dynasty, China experienced increasing exposure to Western ideas, technologies, and scientific advancements, leading to growing interest among Chinese intellectuals and students in acquiring knowledge about modern science, technology, and industry. However, traditional Chinese educational institutions, which were based on Confucian principles and focused primarily on classical learning and literary studies, were ill-equipped to meet the demands of the changing times and the needs of students aspiring to engage with Western knowledge and disciplines. As a result, many Chinese students sought alternative avenues, such as foreign missionary schools, self-study, or overseas education, to access information about new technologies and scientific developments that were not available in traditional Chinese schools. 24) What did reformers attack in an effort to westernize China? A) women’s rights B) parliamentary rights C) Confucian tradition D) creative arts Answer: C Rationale: Reformers attacked Confucian tradition in an effort to westernize China. During the late Qing dynasty, Chinese reformers and intellectuals advocated for radical changes to China's traditional social, cultural, and political institutions in order to modernize and strengthen the country in the face of Western imperialism and internal decay. One of the primary targets of these reform efforts was Confucianism, which had long served as the dominant ideological and philosophical framework shaping Chinese society and governance. Reformers criticized Confucian orthodoxy for its perceived role in perpetuating feudalism, hierarchy, and conservatism, and they called for the abolition of Confucian-based civil service examinations, educational reforms to promote modern science and critical thinking, and the adoption of Western political and social models to revitalize China's economy and military capabilities. 25) What replaced the Qing dynasty? A) the Western Han dynasty B) the Ming dynasty C) a republic D) the Ottoman Empire Answer: C Rationale: A republic replaced the Qing dynasty. The collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 marked the end of imperial rule in China and the beginning of a new era in Chinese history. Following years of political upheaval, social unrest, and external pressures, the Qing dynasty was overthrown by a coalition of revolutionaries, military leaders, and reformers who sought to establish a modern, democratic republic in China. The Republic of China was formally proclaimed on January 1, 1912, with Sun Yat-sen, a prominent revolutionary leader and founder of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), serving as its provisional president. The establishment of the republic marked a significant departure from China's millennia-old imperial tradition and set the stage for subsequent political developments, including the emergence of rival political factions, the rise of warlordism, and the eventual founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. 26) Britain and China fought over opium because A) China wanted larger opium supplies than Britain was willing to provide. B) China refused to stop growing opium, which was supplying drug addicts in Britain. C) Britain wanted to import opium into China to pay for exports. D) British officials felt that it was the “white man’s burden” to eliminate opium use. Answer: C Rationale: Britain and China fought over opium because Britain wanted to import opium into China to pay for exports. During the 19th century, Britain became increasingly involved in the opium trade with China, which was a lucrative business for British traders. However, the Chinese government, recognizing the harmful effects of opium addiction on its population, sought to restrict the importation and consumption of opium. This led to tensions between Britain and China, culminating in the Opium Wars, during which Britain sought to maintain its opium trade by force, resulting in the imposition of unequal treaties on China and the legalization of the opium trade. 27) Which of the following may have impeded China’s ability to westernize? A) strict religious practices, foreign policies, frequent change in leadership B) conservative traditions, growing weakness of the reigning dynasty, and rapid population growth C) longstanding Mongol rule, outdated trading practices, and decline in population D) student and peasant revolts, lack of education reform, and lack of effective medical care Answer: B Rationale: Conservative traditions, growing weakness of the reigning dynasty, and rapid population growth may have impeded China’s ability to westernize. Despite efforts by certain reformminded leaders and intellectuals to modernize China and adopt Western ideas and technologies, the entrenched conservatism of Chinese society, the weakening authority of the Qing dynasty, and the challenges posed by rapid population growth hindered the pace and extent of China's modernization efforts. Conservative factions within the imperial court resisted attempts at reform, while the deteriorating condition of the Qing government undermined its ability to effectively implement changes and address the country's pressing social and economic problems. 28) The Boxer Rebellion constituted a(n) A) effort by the Chinese government to reject Western-style reforms. B) effort by Confucian leaders to eliminate violent sports. C) protest by oppressed peasants against high taxes. D) attempt by British merchants to force open Chinese markets. Answer: A Rationale: The Boxer Rebellion constituted an effort by the Chinese government to reject Western-style reforms. The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement, was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China that occurred from 1899 to 1901. The Boxers, who were members of the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, sought to expel foreign influences from China and resist the spread of Western imperialism and Christianity. Although initially a grassroots movement, the Boxers received tacit support from elements within the Qing government who were hostile to Western encroachment and had grown disillusioned with attempts at Westernization and reform. As a result, the Boxer Rebellion represented a reactionary backlash against Western-style reforms and modernization efforts in China. 29) The Suez Canal A) prompted an influx of Jewish people into nearby Palestine. B) cut the travel time between Europe and the Indian Ocean. C) caused growing Russian influence in the Middle East. D) allowed Arab traders to reach the east coast of Africa. Answer: B Rationale: The Suez Canal cut the travel time between Europe and the Indian Ocean. The Suez Canal, completed in 1869, is a man-made waterway located in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, providing a shorter maritime route between Europe and Asia. Prior to the construction of the canal, ships had to navigate around the southern tip of Africa, a lengthy and hazardous journey. The opening of the Suez Canal revolutionized global maritime trade by significantly reducing transit times and costs for shipping between Europe and the Indian Ocean region, facilitating the movement of goods, people, and ideas across continents. 30) Muhammad Ali’s westernization program included the following. A) use of Western advisors, the export of Egyptian cotton, and printing and translation B) building of more temples, destruction of old pyramids, and new religious restrictions C) building of more pyramids, destruction of temples, and translation D) new religious practices and attacks on the restrictive features of Muslim family law Answer: A Rationale: Muhammad Ali’s westernization program included the use of Western advisors, the export of Egyptian cotton, and printing and translation. Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, initiated a series of modernization and reform efforts aimed at strengthening Egypt's economy, military, and administrative infrastructure. As part of his westernization program, Muhammad Ali sought to modernize Egypt's agriculture and industry, promote trade and commerce, and enhance education and technology through the adoption of Western techniques and expertise. He encouraged the cultivation and export of cash crops like cotton, established Western-style factories and schools, and recruited foreign experts to advise and assist in various sectors of Egyptian society. 31) Why was China forced to open its borders from the 1820s on? A) decreasing wealth of Western rulers B) Qing dynasty maintaining its imperial rule C) local rebellions were squashed D) Western traders insisting on Chinese markets and products Answer: D Rationale: China was forced to open its borders from the 1820s on because Western traders insisted on Chinese markets and products. During the 19th century, Western powers, particularly Britain, sought to expand their trade relations with China and gain access to Chinese markets for their manufactured goods. However, China maintained a policy of strict isolationism and limited foreign trade, leading to tensions and conflicts with Western nations seeking to penetrate the Chinese market. The Opium Wars, which erupted between China and Britain in the mid-19th century, were sparked by British efforts to circumvent Chinese restrictions on trade and import opium into China. The resulting treaties, such as the Treaty of Nanking (1842), forced China to open its ports to foreign trade, grant extraterritorial rights to Western powers, and cede territories to Western control, thereby undermining China's sovereignty and traditional self-imposed isolation. 32) Why was China resistant to imitating Western models? A) the natural innovation of China B) they had their own scientific methods C) their naval bases were strong D) the influence of Confucianism Answer: D Rationale: China was resistant to imitating Western models due to the influence of Confucianism. Confucianism, an ancient Chinese ethical and philosophical system, exerted a profound influence on Chinese society, culture, and governance for centuries. Central to Confucian thought were principles emphasizing social hierarchy, filial piety, respect for authority, and the importance of tradition and stability. As a result, Chinese elites often viewed Western ideas and practices with suspicion, perceiving them as threats to Confucian values and the established social order. Additionally, Confucianism promoted a sense of cultural superiority and self-sufficiency, leading many Chinese intellectuals and officials to resist efforts at Westernization and embrace traditional Chinese ways of thinking and governing. 33) What efforts did the Chinese empire put forth after 1864? A) putting in more rail lines B) restoring the prestige of the emperor C) reforming Confucian principles D) uniting forces with Christian missionaries Answer: B Rationale: After 1864, the Chinese empire put forth efforts to restore the prestige of the emperor. The mid-19th century witnessed a period of significant upheaval and internal unrest in China, including the devastating Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) and the decline of Qing imperial authority. In response to these challenges, the Qing government sought to strengthen its grip on power and reaffirm the legitimacy of imperial rule by implementing measures aimed at restoring the authority and prestige of the emperor. These efforts included attempts to centralize political control, modernize the military and bureaucracy, and promote a sense of national unity and loyalty to the imperial system. However, despite such efforts, the Qing dynasty continued to face mounting internal and external pressures, ultimately leading to its collapse in the early 20th century. 34) What were some of the improvements that France made in Tunisia? A) new port facilities, rails, schools, and a communication system B) established port facilities, clinics, and a voting system C) new plantations, bridges, universities, and a writing system D) improved air travel and established a new taxing system Answer: A Rationale: Some of the improvements that France made in Tunisia included new port facilities, rails, schools, and a communication system. In the late 19th century, Tunisia, located in North Africa, came under French colonial rule following the signing of the Treaty of Bardo in 1881, which established a French protectorate over the country. Under French colonial administration, Tunisia experienced significant infrastructure development, modernization, and urbanization efforts aimed at integrating the region into the French colonial empire and facilitating economic exploitation. These initiatives included the construction of new port facilities to facilitate trade and commerce, the expansion of railroads to improve transportation networks, the establishment of schools and educational institutions to promote French language and culture, and the implementation of modern communication systems to enhance administrative efficiency and control. 35) What was one of the causes for internal unrest in China at the turn of the 20th century? A) the tea trade B) the exodus of Chinese students C) the population decline D) the opium trade Answer: B Rationale: One of the causes for internal unrest in China at the turn of the 20th century was the exodus of Chinese students. During the late Qing dynasty and the early 20th century, China experienced widespread social, economic, and political upheaval, characterized by internal unrest, foreign encroachment, and declining imperial authority. One contributing factor to this unrest was the growing dissatisfaction among Chinese intellectuals, students, and reformminded individuals with the perceived weaknesses and failures of the Qing government, as well as the influence of foreign powers in China's internal affairs. Many Chinese students, inspired by the ideas of modernization, nationalism, and democracy, traveled abroad to study in Western countries, where they were exposed to new political ideologies and movements advocating for social and political change. Upon their return to China, these students became active participants in the reform movements and revolutionary activities that sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a modern, democratic government in China. 36) What did the Middle East and China have in common by the beginning of the 20th century? A) They had maintained their political cohesions. B) They had a laissez faire economic environment. C) They suffered from weak imperial administrations. D) They had flourishing ports and cities. Answer: C Rationale: What the Middle East and China had in common by the beginning of the 20th century was that they suffered from weak imperial administrations. Both the Middle East and China experienced significant political and social challenges during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including internal unrest, external pressures, and declining imperial authority. In the Middle East, the once-powerful Ottoman Empire faced increasing internal strife, territorial losses, and challenges to its traditional authority structure, leading to a weakening of central control and the rise of nationalist movements and regional autonomy. Similarly, in China, the Qing dynasty struggled to maintain control over its vast territories in the face of foreign imperialism, domestic rebellions, and social upheaval, ultimately culminating in the overthrow of imperial rule and the establishment of a republic in 1912. These commonalities underscored the broader trends of decline and instability that characterized both regions during this period. 37) What was the oldest imperial government? A) Qing dynasty B) the Ottoman Empire C) the Middle East D) the East India Tea Company Answer: A Rationale: The oldest imperial government was the Qing dynasty. The Qing dynasty, also known as the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912. Founded by the ethnic Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, the Qing dynasty succeeded the Ming dynasty and presided over a vast multiethnic empire that encompassed modern-day China, Mongolia, Tibet, and other territories. The Qing dynasty reached its zenith during the 18th century under the reign of Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong, but began to decline in the 19th century due to internal corruption, foreign encroachment, and domestic unrest. The overthrow of the Qing dynasty in the early 20th century marked the end of imperial rule in China and the establishment of the Republic of China. 38) What was the legacy of the 19th century on China and the Middle East? A) increased isolationism B) Western withdrawal from these regions C) industrial revolution D) persistent setback Answer: D Rationale: The legacy of the 19th century on China and the Middle East was a persistent setback. Both China and the Middle East experienced significant challenges and upheavals during the 19th century, including foreign imperialism, internal unrest, and social, economic, and political decline. These challenges left lasting scars on both regions and hindered their ability to modernize, develop, and assert their sovereignty in the face of external pressures. While some attempts at reform and modernization were made in both China and the Middle East, they often proved insufficient to address the underlying structural weaknesses and entrenched problems facing these societies, leading to continued instability and underdevelopment in the subsequent decades. 39) What happened to the regimes that held onto power in China and the Middle East in the latter part of the 19th century? A) They faded into oblivion. B) They continued to rule. C) They introduced reforms. D) They coexisted peacefully with Western governments. Answer: A Rationale: The regimes that held onto power in China and the Middle East in the latter part of the 19th century faded into oblivion. The late 19th century was a period of significant turmoil and upheaval for both China and the Middle East, characterized by internal unrest, foreign intervention, and declining imperial authority. In China, the Qing dynasty faced mounting challenges from domestic rebellions, foreign imperialism, and internal corruption, leading to the eventual collapse of imperial rule and the establishment of a republic in 1912. Similarly, in the Middle East, the once-powerful Ottoman Empire experienced a period of decline and disintegration, marked by territorial losses, internal strife, and challenges to its traditional authority structure. While attempts were made to reform and modernize these regimes, they ultimately proved insufficient to address the deep-seated problems facing these societies, resulting in their eventual downfall and the emergence of new political orders in the 20th century. 40) How did Turkish, Arab, and Jewish nationalism shape the post-19th century? A) They ushered in lessons learned from the Chinese emperor. B) They returned to their roots from ancient Middle Eastern traditions. C) They played a major role in shaping the contemporary Middle East. D) They reflected 18th-century ideals. Answer: C Rationale: Turkish, Arab, and Jewish nationalism played a major role in shaping the contemporary Middle East. In the aftermath of the 19th century, nationalist movements emerged among various ethnic and religious groups in the Middle East, seeking self-determination, independence, and cultural revival. Turkish nationalism, exemplified by the Young Turks movement, aimed to modernize and secularize the Ottoman Empire while preserving Turkish identity and sovereignty. Arab nationalism, fueled by a desire for unity and independence from Ottoman and European control, contributed to the rise of Arab nationalist movements and the eventual dissolution of Ottoman imperial authority. Jewish nationalism, embodied by the Zionist movement, sought to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine and promote Jewish cultural and political identity. Collectively, these nationalist movements reshaped the political landscape of the Middle East, paving the way for the emergence of new nation-states and ongoing struggles for sovereignty and self-determination in the region. 41) What happened to the Middle East in 1798? A) Algeria was invaded by Napoleon. B) Morocco was invaded by Napoleon. C) Tunisia was invaded by Napoleon D) Egypt was invaded by Napoleon Answer: D Rationale: Egypt was invaded by Napoleon in 1798. This event marked the beginning of French occupation in Egypt and had significant implications for the region's political and social dynamics. Napoleon's campaign in Egypt aimed to challenge British influence in the Middle East, disrupt British trade routes to India, and establish French dominance in the region. While the French occupation of Egypt was relatively short-lived, lasting until 1801, it left a lasting impact on Egyptian society and contributed to the decline of Ottoman authority in the region. 42) Who was Muhammad Ali? A) an Egyptian poet B) an Ottoman military officer C) an Ottoman religious leader D) an Egyptian peasant rebel Answer: B Rationale: Muhammad Ali was an Ottoman military officer. Born in 1769 in Kavala, Greece, Muhammad Ali rose to prominence as a commander in the Ottoman military and eventually became the de facto ruler of Egypt and Sudan in the early 19th century. He is best known for his ambitious modernization and reform efforts in Egypt, which aimed to strengthen the economy, military, and administrative infrastructure of the region. Muhammad Ali's rule had a profound impact on Egyptian society and politics, laying the foundation for Egypt's transition from Ottoman province to modern nation-state. 43) What were some policies that Muhammad Ali introduced to Egypt? A) Landlords’ powers were strengthened. B) He limited agricultural exports. C) French advisors flooded the country to aid in technology, science, and education. D) He banned Western books from Egypt. Answer: C Rationale: Muhammad Ali introduced policies such as French advisors flooding the country to aid in technology, science, and education. During his reign in Egypt, Muhammad Ali implemented a series of ambitious modernization and reform initiatives aimed at strengthening the economy, military, and administrative institutions of Egypt. To achieve these goals, Muhammad Ali sought assistance from European powers, particularly France, and invited French advisors and experts to Egypt to help modernize various sectors such as industry, agriculture, education, and military organization. These policies marked a significant departure from traditional Ottoman governance and laid the groundwork for Egypt's transformation into a modern nation-state. 44) What became the official second language of Egypt? A) Arabic B) English C) Spanish D) French Answer: D Rationale: French became the official second language of Egypt under Muhammad Ali's rule. As part of his efforts to modernize Egypt and align it with European standards, Muhammad Ali introduced various reforms aimed at modernizing the educational system, bureaucracy, and military. One of these reforms included the adoption of French as the official second language of Egypt, alongside Arabic. French became the language of instruction in schools, the language of administration, and the preferred language of diplomacy and commerce, reflecting Egypt's growing engagement with European powers and its aspiration to modernize and Westernize. 45) Why was Muhammad Ali’s success limited in Egypt’s development as a world power? A) Western dominance was too great. B) Traditions were seen as old-fashioned. C) Egypt was able to command favorable prices for its cotton. D) Many Egyptians remained illiterate. Answer: A Rationale: Muhammad Ali's success was limited in Egypt's development as a world power primarily because Western dominance was too great. Despite Muhammad Ali's ambitious modernization efforts and reforms in Egypt, the region remained subject to European imperialism and domination during the 19th century. Western powers, particularly Britain and France, exerted significant influence over Egypt's economy, politics, and foreign relations, limiting Muhammad Ali's ability to fully assert Egypt's independence and sovereignty on the world stage. Additionally, Egypt's strategic location and geopolitical importance as a gateway between Europe and Asia made it a target for competing imperial powers, further constraining Muhammad Ali's ambitions for Egypt's development as a world power. 46) Who built the Suez Canal? A) a British company B) a French company C) a Spanish company D) an Egyptian company Answer: B Rationale: The Suez Canal was built by a French company. The construction of the Suez Canal was initiated by the French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps in the mid-19th century, with the support of the Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali and later his grandson, Khedive Ismail. The Suez Canal Company, a French-led consortium, undertook the construction of the canal, which aimed to create a direct maritime route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, facilitating trade and transportation between Europe and Asia. The canal was completed in 1869 and quickly became a vital artery for global commerce, significantly reducing travel time and shipping costs between Europe and the Indian Ocean. 47) Why did the British buy shares in the Suez Canal? A) Britain wanted Egypt to rule its own affairs without interference. B) Britain and France became business partners with this deal. C) Britain wanted to help Egypt get out of debt. D) Britain wanted to safeguard its interests and passage to India. Answer: D Rationale: The British bought shares in the Suez Canal because Britain wanted to safeguard its interests and passage to India. The completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 had profound implications for global trade and navigation, particularly for Britain, which relied heavily on maritime routes for its imperial commerce and military deployments to India and the Far East. Recognizing the strategic importance of the canal, the British government acquired a significant ownership stake in the Suez Canal Company to ensure British control over this vital waterway and secure uninterrupted access to its colonial possessions in Asia. The British purchase of shares in the Suez Canal reflected the imperial ambitions and strategic calculations of the British Empire in the late 19th century. 48) The Ottoman Empire did not completely collapse during the 19th century in part because A) Britain and France wanted to prevent Russian domination of the region. B) the United States opposed takeovers in this region, insisting on an “open door” trading policy. C) political reforms created a new Ottoman nationalism shared by the Arab and Turkish masses. D) the janissary corps provided just enough military strength to prevent outside attack. Answer: A Rationale: The Ottoman Empire did not completely collapse during the 19th century in part because Britain and France wanted to prevent Russian domination of the region. Throughout the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire faced numerous challenges to its territorial integrity, internal cohesion, and imperial authority, including territorial losses, internal unrest, and external pressures from European powers and neighboring states. However, the strategic interests of Britain and France in maintaining a balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean and preventing Russian expansionism in the region led them to support the Ottoman Empire's survival and territorial integrity. Both Britain and France intervened diplomatically and militarily to prop up the Ottoman Empire and prevent its complete collapse, fearing that Russian dominance in the region would upset the geopolitical balance of power and threaten their own imperial interests in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. 49) Why was China on the brink of revolution in 1900? A) The intellectual minority was passive. B) Imperial administration was strong. C) Western powers left China alone. D) Population pressure caused internal unrest. Answer: D Rationale: China was on the brink of revolution in 1900 primarily because population pressure caused internal unrest. By the turn of the 20th century, China faced a myriad of internal and external challenges, including population growth, social inequality, economic stagnation, foreign imperialism, and domestic rebellions. Population pressure, exacerbated by rapid population growth and limited resources, fueled social unrest, rural discontent, and anti-government sentiments among the Chinese populace, contributing to the destabilization of the Qing dynasty and the outbreak of revolutionary movements such as the Boxer Rebellion. The convergence of these factors placed China on the brink of revolution, marking the beginning of the end for imperial rule and the onset of profound political and social transformations in the country. 50) How did Japan and China differ in their responses to pressures from the West? A) China successfully and rapidly adapted to new global framework. B) Japan successfully and rapidly adapted to new global framework. C) Japan’s empire collapsed from intense Western pressure and intervention. D) China’s empire flourished without any rebellions or social upheaval. Answer: B Rationale: Japan and China differed in their responses to pressures from the West in that Japan successfully and rapidly adapted to the new global framework. In the 19th century, both Japan and China faced increasing pressure from Western powers, including demands for trade concessions, territorial encroachments, and unequal treaties. However, while China struggled to effectively respond to these challenges, leading to internal instability and imperial decline, Japan embarked on a comprehensive program of modernization and reform known as the Meiji Restoration. Under the Meiji government, Japan undertook ambitious reforms in areas such as industry, education, military organization, and governance, aiming to strengthen the country and fend off Western imperialism. Japan's successful adaptation to the new global framework enabled it to emerge as a modern industrial power and avoid the fate of colonization experienced by many other Asian countries. Short Answer Questions 51) Identify and briefly give the significance of the Opium War in China. Answer: The Opium War in China, which occurred from 1839 to 1842, marked a significant turning point in Chinese history. It was a conflict between China's Qing dynasty and the British Empire over the opium trade. The British, seeking to address a trade imbalance with China, began smuggling opium into the country, leading to widespread addiction and social problems. When the Chinese government attempted to crack down on the opium trade, the British responded with military force, leading to the outbreak of the Opium War. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, which forced China to cede territory, open several ports to foreign trade, grant extraterritorial rights to British citizens, and pay reparations. The Opium War exposed China's military weakness and vulnerability to Western imperialism, leading to a series of unequal treaties and further encroachments on Chinese sovereignty. 52) What were the main issues that plunged Russia and the Ottoman Empire into recurrent war? Answer: The main issues that plunged Russia and the Ottoman Empire into recurrent war were territorial disputes, geopolitical rivalries, and competition for control over strategic regions such as the Balkans and the Black Sea. Both empires sought to expand their influence and territories at the expense of the other, leading to frequent conflicts and power struggles. Additionally, religious and ethnic tensions, particularly between Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire and Slavic populations under Russian rule, fueled hostilities and served as pretexts for military interventions and territorial claims. The rivalry between Russia and the Ottoman Empire played a significant role in shaping the geopolitics of Eastern Europe and the Middle East during the 19th century, contributing to a series of wars and diplomatic crises known as the "Eastern Question." 53) Identify and briefly give the significance of the Taiping Rebellion. Answer: The Taiping Rebellion was a massive civil war in China that lasted from 1850 to 1864 and posed a serious challenge to the Qing dynasty's rule. Led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ, the Taiping rebels sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish a utopian Christian-based society known as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The rebellion was fueled by widespread social discontent, economic grievances, and opposition to Qing rule. Despite initial successes and the capture of major cities such as Nanjing, the Taiping rebels were ultimately defeated by a combination of Qing imperial forces, regional militias, and Western military assistance. The Taiping Rebellion resulted in massive loss of life, estimated to be tens of millions, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in human history. Its significance lies in its challenge to traditional Chinese authority, its impact on the weakening of the Qing dynasty, and its role in paving the way for subsequent political and social reforms in China. 54) What did Chinese government officials think they had to learn from Western government experts by the late 19th century? Answer: By the late 19th century, Chinese government officials believed they had to learn from Western government experts in order to modernize and strengthen the Chinese state. Facing increasing pressure from Western powers, internal unrest, and a series of military defeats, Chinese officials recognized the need to adopt Western political, military, and administrative practices to modernize the country and fend off foreign encroachments. Specifically, Chinese officials sought to learn about Western concepts of constitutional government, legal systems, military organization, industrial technology, and economic management. Efforts to send students abroad for education, establish modern institutions, and implement reforms were part of China's broader strategy to catch up with the industrialized West and preserve Chinese sovereignty in the face of imperialism. 55) Identify and briefly give the significance of the Boxer Rebellion. Answer: The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China that took place from 1899 to 1901. The Boxers, officially known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, were a secret society that practiced martial arts and adhered to traditional Chinese beliefs. Motivated by resentment towards foreign imperialism, missionary activities, and economic hardships, the Boxers launched attacks on foreigners, Chinese Christians, and Western institutions across northern China. The rebellion quickly escalated into a widespread conflict, leading to a siege of foreign legations in Beijing and the intervention of a multinational force comprising troops from Western powers, Japan, and other countries. The suppression of the Boxer Rebellion resulted in the imposition of harsh penalties on China, including indemnities, territorial concessions, and increased foreign control over Chinese affairs. The significance of the Boxer Rebellion lies in its demonstration of popular resistance to foreign influence, its impact on China's relations with the West, and its role in accelerating the decline of the Qing dynasty. Essay Questions 56) Compare the impact of the West and its costs and benefits in India and China during the 19th century. Answer: The impact of the West on India and China during the 19th century had both costs and benefits, albeit with variations in their experiences. In India, British colonialism led to the exploitation of resources, economic disruption through land dispossession, and the imposition of oppressive policies such as heavy taxation and discriminatory laws. However, the British also introduced modern education, infrastructure development such as railways and telegraph systems, and administrative reforms that laid the foundation for future governance structures. In contrast, China faced similar challenges of Western imperialism, including territorial encroachments, the imposition of unequal treaties, and the devastation caused by the Opium Wars. Despite the negative aspects, the West brought technological advancements, modernization efforts, and exposure to global trade networks to China. However, both countries experienced significant social upheaval, economic exploitation, and erosion of traditional cultures and institutions as a result of Western intervention. 57) Compare the reasons for which both China and the Ottoman Empire were fairly slow in responding to their political and economic problems during the 19th century. Answer: Both China and the Ottoman Empire were relatively slow in responding to their political and economic problems during the 19th century due to a combination of internal weaknesses, conservative resistance to change, and external pressures from Western powers. In China, the Qing dynasty faced deep-seated institutional inertia, bureaucratic corruption, and ideological rigidity, which hindered effective governance and reform efforts. The empire's vast size and diverse population also posed challenges to centralized rule and cohesive policymaking. Similarly, the Ottoman Empire grappled with administrative inefficiency, provincial autonomy, and a sclerotic bureaucracy that impeded meaningful reform initiatives. Both empires also faced external threats from Western imperialism, which exploited their vulnerabilities and exacerbated internal divisions. Additionally, cultural conservatism and entrenched traditionalism within elite circles further obstructed efforts to modernize and adapt to changing global dynamics. 58) “In most respects, the decline of the Qing dynasty was a standard case of dynastic decline in Chinese history, nothing very novel about it.” Discuss. Answer: The decline of the Qing dynasty exhibited many similarities to previous instances of dynastic decline in Chinese history, suggesting a pattern of political, economic, and social decay that was not entirely novel. Like previous dynasties, the Qing rulers faced challenges such as corruption, fiscal mismanagement, peasant unrest, and external pressures from foreign powers. These factors contributed to a gradual erosion of imperial authority, loss of legitimacy, and ultimately, the collapse of centralized governance. Additionally, internal rebellions, such as the Taiping Rebellion, and external conflicts, such as the Opium Wars, further weakened the Qing state and hastened its demise. However, the Qing dynasty's decline also bore unique characteristics, including the impact of Western imperialism, the influence of global trade networks, and the introduction of Western ideas and technologies. These factors added complexity to the Qing's decline and distinguished it from previous dynastic transitions in Chinese history. 59) What did Muhammad Ali or, much later, the Young Turks have in mind when they thought about westernization? What aspects of the West did not greatly attract them? Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire envisioned westernization as a means to modernize their respective societies, strengthen state power, and bolster military capabilities. They sought to emulate Western models of governance, education, military organization, and technological innovation to enhance their countries' competitiveness and assertiveness on the global stage. Westernization efforts included reforms in administration, legal systems, education, industrialization, and military modernization. However, aspects of Western culture, such as individualism, secularism, and liberal democracy, did not greatly attract them due to concerns about undermining traditional values, religious authority, and social cohesion. Moreover, Western imperialism and interventionism raised suspicions about Western intentions and reinforced nationalist sentiments, prompting caution in embracing all aspects of Westernization uncritically. 60) In what ways was nationalism a new force in the Middle East? Answer: Nationalism emerged as a new force in the Middle East during the 19th and early 20th centuries, challenging traditional forms of political allegiance and identity based on religion, ethnicity, or imperial loyalty. Nationalist movements sought to mobilize populations around shared ethnic, linguistic, cultural, or territorial identities, advocating for selfdetermination, independence, and sovereignty. This represented a departure from earlier forms of political organization, which were often centered around dynastic loyalty or religious affiliations. Nationalist movements in the Middle East were inspired by Western notions of nationalism, particularly in Europe, and were fueled by grievances against foreign domination, colonialism, and imperialism. These movements played a significant role in shaping the modern Middle East, contributing to the breakup of empires, the formation of nation-states, and the rise of secular and ethno-nationalist ideologies. Nationalism also became a rallying cry for resistance against foreign intervention and a means of asserting cultural, political, and territorial rights in the face of external pressures. Test Bank for World History in Brief: Major Patterns of Change and Continuity Peter N. Stearns 9780205896301, 9780134085623