Chapter 24 The Development of Latin American Civilization Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Slavery ended last in A) Mexico. B) the United States. C) Brazil. D) Bolivia and Peru. Answer: C Rationale: Brazil was the last country in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery, doing so in 1888. This was nearly 20 years after the United States abolished slavery with the end of the Civil War in 1865. Other countries, such as Mexico, abolished slavery earlier. 2) Which of the following focused less on the creative area of 19th-century Latin American culture? A) architecture B) poetry C) literature D) biology Answer: D Rationale: Biology was less focused on in the creative sphere of 19th-century Latin American culture compared to architecture, poetry, and literature. While biology certainly played a role in scientific and intellectual pursuits, it was not typically considered a creative field in the same sense as the arts and literature. 3) Independence in the main Latin American states resulted in part from A) U.S. aid. B) massive slave revolts. C) weakness of the Spanish government. D) revival of the Aztec empire. Answer: C Rationale: The weakness of the Spanish government played a significant role in the independence movements of Latin American states. Decades of colonial rule had weakened Spain's hold over its American colonies, leading to revolts and uprisings that ultimately culminated in independence for many Latin American nations. 4) What did many of the new Latin American nations face in the three decades following independence? A) economic stability B) frequent revolts C) stable regimes D) seizure of other territories Answer: B Rationale: Many of the new Latin American nations faced frequent revolts in the three decades following independence. The period after independence was marked by political instability, as new governments struggled to establish authority and address social, economic, and political challenges. 5) Liberals in Latin America supported policies that repressed A) American Indians. B) conservative politicians. C) landlords. D) school teachers. Answer: A Rationale: Liberals in Latin America often supported policies that repressed indigenous populations, viewing them as obstacles to progress and modernization. This sometimes involved forced assimilation, displacement from traditional lands, or violent suppression of indigenous uprisings. 6) United States imperialism in Latin America included A) military intervention. B) humanitarian aid. C) giving Latin American officials control of key U.S. resources. D) the belief that several nations in Latin America should be added as states of the Union. Answer: A Rationale: United States imperialism in Latin America included military intervention, often to protect American economic interests or to influence political outcomes in the region. This intervention ranged from direct military occupations to covert operations aimed at regime change or supporting friendly governments. 7) Growing commercialism in the Latin American economy of the late 19th century A) put pressure on peasant traditions of land ownership and leisure. B) created a large factory system. C) was directed almost entirely by foreign-owned businesses. D) broke Latin America’s dependent position in the world economy. Answer: A Rationale: Growing commercialism in the Latin American economy of the late 19th century put pressure on peasant traditions of land ownership and leisure. As economies became increasingly oriented toward export-oriented agriculture and resource extraction, traditional peasant livelihoods faced challenges from encroaching commercial interests. 8) After 1850, Latin America received the fewest number of immigrants from A) Spain, Italy, and Portugal. B) France and Germany. C) Africa. D) Japan and China. Answer: C Rationale: After 1850, Latin America received the fewest number of immigrants from Africa. While Latin America did receive significant immigration from Europe and, to a lesser extent, Asia, the transatlantic slave trade had largely ended by the mid-19th century, resulting in fewer African immigrants compared to earlier periods. 9) Which of the following nations was culturally most like Europe? A) Argentina B) Brazil C) Mexico D) Chile Answer: A Rationale: Argentina was culturally most like Europe among the listed options. Argentina experienced significant European immigration, particularly from Italy and Spain, which had a profound influence on its culture, language, cuisine, and social norms. Buenos Aires, in particular, became known as the "Paris of South America" due to its European-inspired architecture and cultural scene. 10) Which of the following relied most consistently on parliamentary forms of government in the 19th century? A) Mexico B) Colombia C) Argentina D) Bolivia Answer: B Rationale: Colombia relied most consistently on parliamentary forms of government in the 19th century. Colombia, along with other countries in the region, experimented with various forms of government, including parliamentary systems, presidential systems, and dictatorships. However, Colombia had a relatively stable parliamentary tradition compared to its neighbors during certain periods of the 19th century. 11) In contrast to conservatives, Latin American liberals were greatly interested in A) expanding educational systems. B) encouraging the Catholic church. C) letting Indians administer their own affairs. D) offering the vote to women. Answer: A Rationale: Latin American liberals were greatly interested in expanding educational systems as part of their agenda for modernization and progress. They saw education as a means to promote literacy, civic participation, and economic development, which they believed would contribute to social stability and advancement. 12) The late 19th century in Latin America saw a large influx of immigrants from A) the United States. B) central Africa. C) southeast Asia. D) southern Europe. Answer: D Rationale: The late 19th century in Latin America saw a large influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly countries such as Italy, Spain, and Portugal. These immigrants were attracted to Latin America by opportunities for economic advancement, such as jobs in agriculture, industry, and urban development. 13) Toussaint L’Ouverture was a revolutionary leader in the French West Indian colony of A) Haiti. B) Dominica. C) Santo Domingo. D) Trinidad. Answer: A Rationale: Toussaint L’Ouverture was a revolutionary leader in the French West Indian colony of Haiti. He played a key role in the Haitian Revolution, leading enslaved Africans and free people of color in a successful rebellion against French colonial rule, ultimately establishing Haiti as the first independent black republic in the Western Hemisphere. 14) Simón Bolívar proclaimed the republic of ________ in 1819. A) Venezuela B) Ecuador C) Gran Colombia D) Creole Answer: C Rationale: Simón Bolívar proclaimed the republic of Gran Colombia in 1819. Gran Colombia was a short-lived federation that encompassed the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, and parts of Peru and Brazil. Bolívar envisioned Gran Colombia as a union of independent states based on republican principles. 15) Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos led a rebellion of A) middle-class merchants and tradesmen. B) British, Irish, and German soldiers. C) Creoles and landowners. D) American Indians and mestizos. Answer: D Rationale: Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos led a rebellion of American Indians and mestizos in Mexico. Known as the Mexican War of Independence, the rebellion sought to overthrow Spanish colonial rule and establish an independent Mexican nation. Hidalgo and Morelos were key figures in the early stages of the independence movement. 16) The United Provinces of Central America had split into ________ small states by 1840. A) seven B) five C) three D) ten Answer: B Rationale: The United Provinces of Central America had split into five small states by 1840. Originally formed as a federation in 1823, the United Provinces of Central America included the present-day countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Internal conflicts and regional rivalries led to the dissolution of the federation into separate states. 17) ________ was the most successful of a series of Venezuelan dictators. A) Antonio Guzmán Blanco B) Santa Anna C) Benito Juárez D) Porfirio Díaz Answer: A Rationale: Antonio Guzmán Blanco was the most successful of a series of Venezuelan dictators. He served as president of Venezuela multiple times during the 19th century and implemented a series of political and economic reforms aimed at modernizing the country. Guzmán Blanco's rule was marked by authoritarianism but also by significant infrastructure development and expansion of education. 18) Oligarchic democracies developed in countries that A) only allowed the peasant class to vote. B) featured regular elections with very restricted voting rights. C) maintained political ties to former European colonizers. D) relied on estate agriculture. Answer: B Rationale: Oligarchic democracies developed in countries that featured regular elections with very restricted voting rights. In these systems, political power was concentrated among a small elite, often composed of wealthy landowners, business magnates, and military leaders. While elections were held, the electorate was limited, and electoral processes were often marred by corruption and fraud. 19) The United States absorbed ________ of Mexico’s territory between 1830 and 1860. A) half B) three-quarters C) one fifth D) hardly any Answer: A Rationale: The United States absorbed half of Mexico’s territory between 1830 and 1860 through a combination of military conquest and diplomatic agreements. This territory, known as the Mexican Cession, included present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and parts of Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma. 20) Porfirio Díaz, the last strongman ruler of Mexico, had what effect on Mexican landholdings? A) He returned many agricultural estates to mestizo control. B) He aggressively annexed territory, expanding Mexico’s southern holdings. C) He introduced a series of agricultural reforms that led to more productive crops and more land use. D) He sold off 20 percent of Mexican land to large landlord and U.S. investors. Answer: D Rationale: Porfirio Díaz, the last strongman ruler of Mexico, sold off 20 percent of Mexican land to large landlords and U.S. investors as part of his policies to attract foreign investment and stimulate economic development. This contributed to the concentration of landownership in the hands of a wealthy elite, exacerbating social inequality and rural poverty. 21) Why was regime change so frequent in Colombia and Venezuela in the late 19th century? A) Citizens were unhappy with a series of repressive leaders in each country and forced the tyrants out of power on a regular basis. B) Disputes between conservatives and liberals could not be resolved, leading to political instability. C) In each country, the military elite were hungry for power and were successful in staging a series of coups. D) Spain was unhappy with a series of uncooperative local rulers in each country, leading them to frequently install new local regimes hoping to find more cooperative leaders. Answer: B Rationale: Regime change was frequent in Colombia and Venezuela in the late 19th century due to unresolved disputes between conservatives and liberals. These ideological conflicts, centered around issues such as governance, religion, and land distribution, led to political instability and a succession of governments, each seeking to impose its vision on the nation. 22) Which Latin American country enjoyed the highest literacy rate by the end of the 19th century? A) Uruguay B) Brazil C) Argentina D) Mexico Answer: C Rationale: Argentina enjoyed the highest literacy rate by the end of the 19th century among the options provided. This was attributed to the country's relatively stable political environment, emphasis on education, and economic prosperity, which contributed to increased access to schools and literacy programs for the population. 23) What percentage of the world’s coffee did Brazil produce by 1904? A) 76 percent B) 56 percent C) 87 percent D) 42 percent Answer: A Rationale: By 1904, Brazil produced approximately 76 percent of the world's coffee supply. This significant share of the global coffee market established Brazil as a dominant force in the coffee industry, contributing to its economic growth and influence on the international stage. 24) An 1894 land law passed in Mexico stipulated that A) American Indians and mestizos could not legally own land. B) land could be declared vacant without a legal title. C) U.S. interests could force peasant groups to sell land. D) taxes owed to the government were higher for peasants than they were for landlords. Answer: B Rationale: The 1894 land law passed in Mexico stipulated that land could be declared vacant without a legal title. This provision facilitated the dispossession of indigenous communities and smallscale farmers from their ancestral lands, enabling powerful interests to acquire vast tracts of land for commercial agriculture and other ventures. 25) In 1950, Costa Rica became the only Latin American country to A) conduct a majority of its trade with Asia. B) start a war of territorial aggression. C) declare a socialist government. D) abolish its army. Answer: D Rationale: In 1950, Costa Rica became the only Latin American country to abolish its army. This decision was made as part of the country's commitment to promoting peace, stability, and investment in social development rather than military expenditures. Costa Rica's demilitarization has been credited with contributing to its political stability and economic prosperity compared to its neighbors. 26) Describe an aspect of a caudillismo government in the 19th century. A) nonexistent contact with the constituents B) strength of government control over outlying provinces C) unimportance of the military as a unifying institution D) cooperation between landlords and peasants Answer: A Rationale: An aspect of a caudillismo government in the 19th century was nonexistent contact with the constituents. Caudillos, or strongman rulers, often maintained authoritarian control over their domains, relying on personal charisma, military power, and patronage networks rather than democratic processes or popular participation. As a result, they frequently disregarded the needs and interests of the general population, ruling through coercion and intimidation rather than consultation or representation. 27) The status of Latin America in the world economy was a result of A) reliance on imports of unprocessed raw materials. B) frequent indebtedness to Western banks. C) export of cheap labor to western Europe. D) massive development of factory industry. Answer: B Rationale: The status of Latin America in the world economy was a result of frequent indebtedness to Western banks. Latin American countries often relied on loans from Western banks and financial institutions to finance infrastructure projects, industrialization efforts, and government spending. However, these loans frequently led to high levels of debt, economic dependency, and vulnerability to external economic shocks, perpetuating a cycle of financial instability and underdevelopment. 28) Which of the following was a major similarity between the United States and Latin America in the 19th century? A) frequency of government overthrow B) introduction of new technologies into agriculture C) high levels of personal violence D) no major change in the status of women Answer: C Rationale: A major similarity between the United States and Latin America in the 19th century was high levels of personal violence. Both regions experienced significant levels of interpersonal violence, including duels, feuds, riots, and political conflicts. Factors such as frontier conditions, ethnic tensions, social inequalities, and weak state institutions contributed to the prevalence of violence in both contexts. 29) Peasant protest in late 19th-century Latin America resulted especially from resentment against A) lack of voting rights. B) growing control of the land by large estates. C) United States imperialism in Central America and elsewhere. D) recurrent warfare among Latin American states. Answer: B Rationale: Peasant protest in late 19th-century Latin America resulted especially from resentment against growing control of the land by large estates. As wealthy landowners expanded their holdings through mechanisms such as land grants, purchases, and government policies favoring agribusiness, small-scale farmers and indigenous communities faced displacement, landlessness, and exploitation. This fueled social unrest and resistance movements aimed at defending traditional land rights and livelihoods. 30) Why was Spain unable to retain control of Latin American colonies in the early 19th century? A) It was distracted by invasion and uprising in the homeland. B) The distance between Spain and South America made effective colonial management nearly impossible. C) An economic crash in Latin America caused a massive popular uprising against colonial rule. D) Spanish territories in South and Central America were claimed by British and American interests. Answer: A Rationale: Spain was unable to retain control of Latin American colonies in the early 19th century primarily because it was distracted by invasion and uprising in the homeland. The Napoleonic Wars and the Peninsular War in Europe diverted Spain's attention and resources away from its overseas colonies, weakening its ability to suppress independence movements in Latin America effectively. This provided an opportunity for local revolutionary leaders, inspired by Enlightenment ideals and spurred by socio-economic grievances, to challenge Spanish colonial authority and declare independence. 31) The declaration of independence by Haiti A) dramatically changed the status quo in the Caribbean. B) did not have widespread repercussions. C) inspired a series of slave revolts in the United States. D) was purely nominal. Answer: B Rationale: The declaration of independence by Haiti did not have widespread repercussions. While it was a significant event in world history as the first successful slave revolt leading to the establishment of an independent state governed by formerly enslaved individuals, its immediate impact was not felt extensively outside of Haiti itself. The broader Caribbean region and other parts of the world did not experience direct consequences of Haiti's independence in the short term. 32) Resentment grew among the Creoles after 1750 because A) the Spanish considered them to be native Latin Americans. B) their voting rights were revoked. C) they were excluded from government administration. D) of the abolition of slavery by the Spanish government. Answer: C Rationale: Resentment grew among the Creoles after 1750 because they were excluded from government administration. Creoles, who were descendants of European settlers born in the colonies, often faced discrimination and marginalization from the colonial authorities who favored peninsulares, or those born in Spain. This exclusion from political power and decision-making processes fueled grievances among the Creole population, contributing to their desire for greater autonomy and eventually independence. 33) Why was Simón Bolívar compared to George Washington? A) Both men owned slaves. B) Both men used American Indians to bolster their revolutionary causes. C) Both men were known for having wooden teeth. D) Both men represented Enlightenment ideals against European colonial power. Answer: D Rationale: Simón Bolívar was compared to George Washington because both men represented Enlightenment ideals against European colonial power. Bolívar, like Washington, was a prominent revolutionary leader who fought for the independence of his nation from colonial rule. Both figures embodied principles of liberty, democracy, and national sovereignty, making comparisons between them common among contemporaries and historians seeking to understand their respective roles in shaping the course of history. 34) Brazil achieved independence by A) staging an armed revolt against Portuguese rule. B) uniting with several smaller nations to declare a republic. C) peaceful transition after Portuguese control weakened. D) brokering a deal with the United States against European colonial interests. Answer: C Rationale: Brazil achieved independence through peaceful transition after Portuguese control weakened. Unlike many other Latin American countries that underwent protracted wars of independence, Brazil's path to independence was relatively peaceful and occurred through a series of political negotiations and agreements between the Portuguese crown and local elites. This process culminated in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and the establishment of the Empire of Brazil under Emperor Pedro I. 35) Over which of the following did mid-19th century Latin Americans disagree, leading to the dissolution of large nations? A) the establishment of monarchies versus liberal republics B) whether voting rights should be granted to American Indians C) how much contact should be retained with previous European colonial powers D) the level of taxation levied toward the upper classes Answer: A Rationale: Mid-19th century Latin Americans disagreed over the establishment of monarchies versus liberal republics, leading to the dissolution of large nations. After achieving independence from colonial rule, Latin American nations grappled with questions of governance and political structure. Divisions between monarchists and republicans, who favored different forms of government, contributed to internal conflicts and the breakup of larger political entities such as Gran Colombia into smaller, independent nations. 36) Many new Latin American regimes in the mid-19th century were hampered by A) a lack of leaders who knew how to operate governments. B) active interference on behalf of former European colonial powers. C) near-constant Creole revolts. D) a lack of pre-existing contact with the world of international trade. Answer: A Rationale: Many new Latin American regimes in the mid-19th century were hampered by a lack of leaders who knew how to operate governments. Following the upheaval of independence and the establishment of new political systems, Latin American nations faced challenges in governance and administration. The transition from colonial rule to independent statehood required competent leadership and institutional capacity, which were often lacking, leading to instability, corruption, and inefficiency in government operations. 37) Latin American political trends in the latter half of the 19th century A) favored a return to power by liberal leaders. B) consolidated the power of conservative rulers in many nations. C) raised issues of entrenched social inequality to the forefront. D) allowed for the re-insertion of European influence into the outcomes of many elections. Answer: A Rationale: Latin American political trends in the latter half of the 19th century favored a return to power by liberal leaders. After periods of conservative dominance following independence, liberal movements gained momentum, advocating for political reforms, social progress, and greater democratic participation. These trends led to the ascendancy of liberal governments in several Latin American countries, marking a shift towards more progressive policies and initiatives aimed at addressing social and economic challenges. 38) Western intervention in Latin American affairs was predicated on A) the encouragement of democracy against authoritarian political development. B) protecting American and European economic interests. C) the revival of old tensions between rival imperialist powers. D) the need for a canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Answer: B Rationale: Western intervention in Latin American affairs was predicated on protecting American and European economic interests. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Western powers, particularly the United States and European colonial empires, intervened in Latin America to safeguard their economic investments, secure access to natural resources, and expand their spheres of influence. This intervention often took the form of military interventions, diplomatic pressure, and economic coercion aimed at preserving Western dominance in the region. 39) Why did Americans look down upon Latin American political development in the latter half of the 19th century? A) Many U.S. citizens lost large amounts of money in Latin American investments due to political upheaval. B) They considered Latin Americans to be inherently inferior. C) They valued stability and consensus after the Civil War. D) The prevalence of European influence in Latin America was seen as aggressive toward U.S. interests. Answer: C Rationale: Americans looked down upon Latin American political development in the latter half of the 19th century because they valued stability and consensus after the Civil War. The United States, having undergone its own period of internal strife and reconstruction, sought to consolidate its own political institutions and promote unity among its states. Consequently, the perceived political instability and factionalism in Latin America were viewed unfavorably by many Americans, who saw them as hindrances to progress and development in the region. 40) What is one reason liberal leaders often failed to develop popular followings? A) They were unconcerned with issues facing the underclasses. B) They failed to field effective strongman rulers to promote their causes. C) They were politically aligned with former colonial European powers. D) They supported the politically unpopular involvement of the Catholic church in government policy. Answer: A Rationale: One reason liberal leaders often failed to develop popular followings is that they were unconcerned with issues facing the underclasses. Despite advocating for political reforms and liberal principles, many liberal leaders in Latin America failed to address the socio-economic grievances of the lower classes, including peasants, indigenous populations, and urban workers. This lack of attention to the needs and aspirations of marginalized groups undermined their popularity and credibility among the broader population, leading to their inability to mobilize widespread support for their agendas. 41) What likely contributed to increased cultural activity in Latin America in the later 19th century? A) the creation of state-run newspapers in most countries B) the widespread adoption of Western trends C) the opening up of South American ports to foreign trade D) the promotion of literacy by several large nations Answer: D Rationale: The promotion of literacy by several large nations likely contributed to increased cultural activity in Latin America in the later 19th century. As literacy rates rose due to efforts by governments and educational institutions to improve access to education, more people were able to engage with cultural and intellectual pursuits such as literature, art, and journalism. This led to a flourishing of cultural expression and creativity, as individuals gained the ability to read, write, and participate in broader intellectual discourse. 42) Why did Latin America fail to develop a distinctive architectural style? A) The materials available to build with in Latin America did not lend themselves to architectural innovation. B) Funders of projects sought to replicate styles popular in western Europe. C) The generally hot climate of much of Latin America required simple architecture. D) Architecture was not considered one of the arts by the intellectual class, and thus received little aesthetic attention. Answer: B Rationale: Latin America failed to develop a distinctive architectural style because funders of projects sought to replicate styles popular in western Europe. Due to the influence of European colonial powers and the aspirations of local elites to emulate European cultural norms and standards of sophistication, architectural projects in Latin America often followed European architectural trends rather than innovating with distinctively Latin American styles. This emulation of European architectural styles contributed to the lack of a unique architectural identity in the region. 43) How did literary culture in Latin America compare to other regions? A) It carved out distinctive literary styles. B) It placed a greater emphasis on poetry. C) It was not encouraged by the state. D) It avoided political expression. Answer: B Rationale: Literary culture in Latin America placed a greater emphasis on poetry compared to other regions. Poetry held a central place in Latin American literary traditions, with poets often serving as important cultural figures and expressing the sentiments of the people through their verses. The rich tradition of Latin American poetry encompassed diverse themes, styles, and voices, reflecting the complexity and diversity of the region's cultural landscape. This emphasis on poetry contributed to the vibrant and influential literary culture that emerged in Latin America during the later 19th century. 44) What is one reason that slavery continued in Latin America later than most other regions? A) Political forms made extending rights to the lowest classes a slow process. B) The rise of manufacturing came later than in most other regions. C) Its export-oriented economy necessitated a large supply of cheap labor. D) Leaders of Latin American countries wished to avoid a large war after witnessing the American struggle. Answer: C Rationale: One reason that slavery continued in Latin America later than most other regions is that its export-oriented economy necessitated a large supply of cheap labor. Slavery persisted in Latin America well into the 19th century, particularly in countries with economies dependent on the production of cash crops such as sugar, coffee, and cotton for export. The profitability of these industries relied on the availability of abundant and inexpensive labor, leading to the persistence of slavery despite growing abolitionist movements and changing attitudes towards human rights globally. 45) Why were many of the developing export economies in Latin America fragile? A) Landlords took over the main share of agriculture and manufacturing. B) The disruption of trade with Spain following the wars of independence left commerce weak. C) The constant threat of political upheaval discouraged foreign investment. D) The dependence on raw materials and food crops left the market vulnerable to price shocks. Answer: D Rationale: Many of the developing export economies in Latin America were fragile because the dependence on raw materials and food crops left the market vulnerable to price shocks. Latin American economies relied heavily on the export of primary commodities such as minerals, agricultural products, and raw materials to generate revenue and foreign exchange. However, this dependence on a limited range of commodities made these economies susceptible to fluctuations in global market prices, leading to economic instability, vulnerability to external shocks, and challenges in achieving sustainable development. 46) What contributed to the growing foreign debt held by many Latin American nations? A) the rapid buildup of military forces by many strongman leaders B) the predatory lending practices of American banks C) the cultural emphasis on acquiring Western luxury imports D) the low prices received on the world market for Latin American goods Answer: C Rationale: The cultural emphasis on acquiring Western luxury imports contributed to the growing foreign debt held by many Latin American nations. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, Latin American elites sought to emulate European lifestyles and consumer habits, importing luxury goods, consumer products, and technologies from Western markets. This led to increased consumption and expenditure, financed through borrowing from foreign creditors and accumulation of external debt. The desire to maintain extravagant lifestyles and keep up with Western standards of living contributed to the accumulation of foreign debt and economic vulnerability in Latin America. 47) Slums swelled around the outskirts of many Latin American cities because of A) the demand for cheap labor in quickly-developing manufacturing centers. B) formal government policies encouraging urbanization. C) the declining appeal of the rural, agricultural lifestyle. D) the prevalent practice of forcing peasants off of their land. Answer: D Rationale: Slums swelled around the outskirts of many Latin American cities because of the prevalent practice of forcing peasants off of their land. Rapid urbanization in Latin America during the 19th and 20th centuries was driven in part by the displacement of rural populations, particularly peasants and indigenous communities, from their traditional lands. This displacement, often facilitated by government policies, land grabs, and economic restructuring, forced marginalized populations to migrate to cities in search of livelihoods and opportunities. As a result, informal settlements and slums emerged on the outskirts of urban centers, characterized by poverty, overcrowding, and inadequate infrastructure. 48) Violence remained high in many areas of Latin America due to A) the lack of central government presence in rural areas. B) the traditional system of village justice practiced by peasants. C) the prevalence of weapons left over from the wars of independence. D) pervasive high illiteracy rates. Answer: A Rationale: Violence remained high in many areas of Latin America due to the lack of central government presence in rural areas. In regions with limited state authority and weak law enforcement institutions, rural areas often experienced high levels of violence stemming from disputes over land, resources, and power. The absence of effective governance and law enforcement allowed criminal organizations, armed groups, and local elites to operate with impunity, exacerbating insecurity and instability in rural communities. This lack of state presence and governance contributed to ongoing cycles of violence and conflict in many parts of Latin America. 49) The independence of Mexico in the early 1830s was demonstrative in what way of Latin American political patterns? A) It was accomplished with tacit support from Western powers that desired a new government favorable to exploitative trade. B) It installed a strong government leader to support the elite against the danger of lowerclass radicalism. C) The movement for independence was led by a mestizo figure that agitated against the injustices practiced by the Creole class. D) It was accomplished without violence or abrupt regime change, and with the open cooperation of the receding European colonial power. Answer: B Rationale: The independence of Mexico in the early 1830s was demonstrative of Latin American political patterns in that it installed a strong government leader to support the elite against the danger of lower-class radicalism. Following independence, Mexico experienced political instability and conflict as different factions vied for power. Eventually, Porfirio Díaz emerged as a strongman leader who established a centralized and authoritarian regime, known as the Porfiriato, to maintain control and stability. Díaz's rule favored the interests of the elite and suppressed dissent, illustrating a common pattern of political consolidation under strong leaders in Latin American history. 50) Which statement best characterizes the differences between Latin American regions? A) The southern region was the most European in culture and economy, the Andes region was the poorest and most oppressed, and the Central American region was most vulnerable to Western imperialism. B) The southern region was the largest slaveholding bloc, the Andes region was the richest in precious metal production, and the Central American region was the most active in textile manufacturing. C) The southern region had the largest population of mestizos, the Andes region had the largest population of American Indians, and the Central American region had the most Creoles. D) The southern region was the most liberal in its political development, the Andes region was the most controlled by Western interests, and the Central American region was the region with the strongest history of conservative rule. Answer: A Rationale: The statement that best characterizes the differences between Latin American regions is that the southern region was the most European in culture and economy, the Andes region was the poorest and most oppressed, and the Central American region was most vulnerable to Western imperialism. This characterization reflects key regional variations in Latin America based on historical, cultural, and economic factors. The southern region, encompassing countries such as Argentina and Uruguay, had a stronger European influence due to significant immigration from Europe and a more developed economy. The Andes region, including countries like Bolivia and Peru, faced challenges such as poverty, inequality, and oppression, particularly among indigenous populations. The Central American region, comprising countries like Guatemala and Honduras, was often subject to interventions and influences from Western powers due to its geopolitical importance and economic vulnerabilities. Short Answer Questions 51) Compare the process by which Argentina won independence with that of Mexico. Answer: Argentina's process of winning independence was characterized by a prolonged struggle against Spanish colonial rule, marked by military campaigns led by figures like José de San Martín and Manuel Belgrano. The Argentine War of Independence began in 1810 with the May Revolution and culminated in 1816 with the Declaration of Independence. In contrast, Mexico's independence movement, led by figures such as Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos, involved a series of uprisings and armed conflicts starting in 1810 with Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores and lasting until 1821 when the Plan of Iguala was agreed upon, leading to Mexican independence. While both countries experienced prolonged periods of conflict and upheaval, Mexico's struggle was characterized by a more protracted and multifaceted process involving various leaders and factions. 52) Describe three changes in the Latin American map between independence (the early 1820s) and 1900. Answer: 1. Fragmentation and Reorganization: Following independence, many large colonial territories fragmented into smaller nation-states, leading to the emergence of new countries such as Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Borders were redrawn, and new political entities were formed as a result of wars, treaties, and diplomatic negotiations. 2. Territorial Losses and Annexations: Some countries experienced territorial losses or changes in borders due to wars, conflicts, and diplomatic agreements. For example, Mexico lost vast territories to the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, while Brazil expanded its territory through wars and negotiations, including the War of the Triple Alliance. 3. Immigration and Urbanization: The influx of immigrants from Europe and other regions during the 19th century contributed to demographic shifts and urbanization in many Latin American countries. Cities grew rapidly, absorbing migrants and becoming centers of commerce, industry, and culture. This demographic transformation altered the social and economic landscape of the region, leading to the rise of new urban centers and the decline of rural economies. 53) Briefly discuss three characteristic differences between liberals and conservatives in Latin America. Answer: 1. Views on Centralized Authority: Liberals generally favored centralized authority and strong, centralized government institutions to promote modernization, economic development, and political stability. They often supported constitutionalism, secularism, and the expansion of individual rights and freedoms. In contrast, conservatives tended to advocate for decentralized power structures, preserving traditional social hierarchies, and maintaining the influence of the Catholic Church and traditional elites in governance. 2. Economic Policies: Liberals typically endorsed free-market principles, promoting trade, investment, and industrialization through policies such as free trade, privatization, and foreign investment. They sought to dismantle colonial economic systems and promote capitalist development. Conservatives, on the other hand, often favored protectionist policies, agrarian interests, and state intervention in the economy to protect traditional landowners, rural economies, and domestic industries. 3. Social and Cultural Values: Liberals generally embraced secularism, modernization, and Enlightenment ideals, advocating for social progress, education, and scientific advancement. They supported the separation of church and state, individual freedoms, and the rights of marginalized groups such as indigenous peoples and non-Catholic minorities. Conservatives, meanwhile, tended to uphold traditional social values, religious institutions, and cultural norms, resisting social change and modernization efforts that challenged established hierarchies and cultural traditions. 54) Briefly discuss three reasons that ordinary people might prefer a caudillo to a liberaldominated parliamentary regime. Answer: 1. Stability and Security: Caudillos often projected an image of strength, authority, and stability, promising to restore order and protect ordinary people from internal unrest, external threats, and lawlessness. In contrast, liberal-dominated parliamentary regimes were sometimes perceived as weak, ineffective, and prone to political instability, factionalism, and gridlock, leading some to view caudillos as strong and decisive leaders who could maintain law and order. 2. Patronage and Personal Connections: Caudillos often cultivated personal relationships and networks of patronage with ordinary people, offering political favors, protection, and material support in exchange for loyalty and support. This personalized style of governance allowed caudillos to establish direct connections with their followers, providing them with a sense of belonging, identity, and security that liberal parliamentary regimes might not offer. 3. Populist Appeals and Symbolism: Caudillos often employed populist rhetoric and symbols to appeal to ordinary people, presenting themselves as champions of the common people against corrupt elites, foreign interests, and entrenched power structures. They portrayed themselves as embodiments of national identity, tradition, and unity, appealing to popular sentiment and nationalist sentiments. In contrast, liberal-dominated parliamentary regimes were sometimes perceived as elitist, disconnected, and out of touch with the needs and aspirations of ordinary citizens, leading some to gravitate towards caudillos who promised to represent their interests and grievances. 55) Briefly discuss: What are the three or four most important developments in 19th-century Latin American history? Answer: 1. Wars of Independence: The wars of independence in the early 19th century marked the end of Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule in Latin America, leading to the emergence of independent nation-states throughout the region. These wars were characterized by a complex mix of social, economic, and political factors, including the influence of Enlightenment ideas, social inequality, and resentment against colonial exploitation. 2. Political Instability and Caudillismo: The 19th century was marked by political instability and recurring cycles of authoritarian rule, often led by charismatic military leaders known as caudillos. These strongman rulers exerted significant influence over their respective countries, often ruling through personalistic and authoritarian methods, contributing to a legacy of instability and weak democratic institutions in some parts of Latin America. 3. Economic Transformation: The 19th century witnessed significant economic transformations in Latin America, including the transition from colonial economies based on agriculture and mining to more diversified economies influenced by global market forces. The abolition of slavery, the expansion of export industries such as coffee, sugar, and rubber, and the influx of European immigrants contributed to economic changes that reshaped the social and economic landscape of the region. 4. Social Change and Identity: The 19th century saw profound social changes in Latin America, including shifts in racial dynamics, class structures, and cultural identities. The abolition of slavery, the rise of mestizo and Creole elites, and the emergence of nationalist movements contributed to evolving conceptions of race, ethnicity, and national identity in the region, shaping patterns of social inclusion and exclusion that continue to influence Latin American societies today. Essay Questions 56) How and why did Latin American nations achieve independence? How did their experiences of “decolonization” and “new nation building” compare to those of the United States? Answer: Latin American nations achieved independence through a combination of internal uprisings, external pressures, and protracted wars against Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule. Influenced by Enlightenment ideas, social inequalities, and resentment against colonial exploitation, leaders such as Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, and Miguel Hidalgo led movements for independence, culminating in the dissolution of colonial ties and the emergence of independent nation-states. However, unlike the United States, Latin American decolonization was often marked by internal divisions, regional conflicts, and political instability, leading to prolonged struggles to establish stable governments and institutions. While both regions experienced processes of nation-building, Latin American nations faced greater challenges due to ethnic, racial, and social diversity, as well as ongoing struggles with foreign intervention and economic dependence. 57) “Latin America in the 19th century demonstrates how a dependent economy can witness great changes in products, labor systems, and work organization without breaking out of its basic dependent role in the world economy.” Discuss. Answer: In the 19th century, Latin America underwent significant economic transformations characterized by changes in products, labor systems, and work organization. However, despite these changes, Latin American economies remained fundamentally dependent on external forces and structures. The region continued to rely on the export of primary commodities such as minerals, agricultural products, and raw materials to meet the demands of global markets, perpetuating its status as a dependent economy. While there were shifts in labor systems, including the abolition of slavery and the rise of wage labor, these changes did not fundamentally alter the underlying dynamics of economic dependence. Factors such as foreign investment, debt dependency, and unequal trade relations with Western powers reinforced Latin America's subordinate position in the world economy, limiting its ability to achieve true economic independence. 58) In what ways did Latin American cultural patterns resemble those of the West in the 19th century? In what ways did they differ? Answer: Latin American cultural patterns in the 19th century shared similarities with those of the West in terms of language, religion, education, and legal systems, reflecting the legacy of European colonization. Spanish and Portuguese languages, Catholicism, and Western legal frameworks were widely adopted across the region, contributing to a sense of cultural continuity with Europe. Additionally, Latin American intellectual and artistic movements often paralleled European trends, with writers, artists, and scholars engaging with Enlightenment ideals, Romanticism, and nationalism. However, Latin American cultural patterns also exhibited distinctiveness shaped by indigenous, African, and mestizo influences, leading to unique expressions of identity, art, music, and literature. Indigenous languages, Afro-Latin cultural practices, and syncretic religious traditions such as Santería and Candomblé contributed to a rich tapestry of cultural diversity that distinguished Latin America from the West. 59) Why was caudillismo such a common political option in Latin American history? Answer: Caudillismo emerged as a common political option in Latin American history due to a combination of historical, social, and political factors. In the wake of independence, Latin American nations faced challenges related to weak institutions, regional divisions, and ongoing conflicts, creating conditions ripe for the rise of strongman leaders known as caudillos. These charismatic military figures often exploited social unrest, ethnic tensions, and economic grievances to gain power and influence, presenting themselves as saviors and protectors of the people. Caudillos wielded authority through personalistic rule, patronage networks, and control over military forces, offering stability, protection, and a sense of belonging to their followers. Despite their often authoritarian and repressive tactics, caudillos were able to garner support from diverse segments of society, including peasants, urban workers, and elites, contributing to their enduring influence in Latin American politics. 60) Why did Latin America not experience political revolutions during the 19th century similar to those of the West through 1848? Answer: Latin America's lack of political revolutions similar to those of the West in the 19th century can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, the process of decolonization in Latin America was characterized by protracted wars of independence against colonial powers, which exhausted resources and diverted attention away from internal political reform. Additionally, the legacy of colonialism left deep social and ethnic divisions within Latin American societies, making it difficult to achieve consensus and unity around revolutionary agendas. Furthermore, the presence of strongman leaders, such as caudillos, often co-opted popular movements for change, leading to cycles of authoritarian rule rather than democratic revolutions. Economic dependence on export-oriented agriculture and mineral extraction also contributed to social inequality and political instability, inhibiting the emergence of revolutionary movements focused on socioeconomic transformation. Overall, the unique historical, social, and economic conditions in Latin America shaped the trajectory of political change, resulting in a distinct pattern of development compared to the revolutions experienced in the West. Test Bank for World History in Brief: Major Patterns of Change and Continuity Peter N. Stearns 9780205896301, 9780134085623
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