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Chapter 17 Western Civilization Changes Shape in the Early Modern Centuries Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The “European-style family” was characterized by A) the worship of ancestors. B) the abandonment of agriculture in favor of life in the cities. C) late marriage age on average. D) intolerance for people who did not marry. Answer: C Rationale: Late marriage age was a characteristic of the "European-style family" during this period due to factors such as economic considerations, the need for stability before starting a family, and the influence of societal norms and expectations. 2) The witchcraft persecutions were a result of A) actual witches. B) the strain caused by a rapidly changing society. C) an attempt by the Catholic church to get rid of Protestantism. D) the failure of the scientific revolution. Answer: B Rationale: The witchcraft persecutions were largely a result of the strain caused by a rapidly changing society during the early modern period. Factors such as social unrest, religious tensions, economic instability, and fear of the unknown contributed to the scapegoating of individuals, often women, as witches. 3) By 1689, English government clearly differed from the absolute monarchies in A) the role of Parliament. B) its tolerance for all religions. C) its unwillingness to regulate any aspect of the economy. D) granting the vote to all adult males. Answer: A Rationale: By 1689, English government clearly differed from absolute monarchies in its recognition of the role of Parliament as a significant governing body, with powers and influence distinct from the monarchy. 4) Key sciences in the scientific revolution included all of the following EXCEPT A) physics. B) chemistry. C) biology. D) botany. Answer: D Rationale: The key sciences in the scientific revolution included physics, chemistry, and biology, which contributed to significant advancements in understanding the natural world and laid the foundation for modern scientific inquiry. Botany, while important, was not as central to the scientific revolution as the other listed disciplines. 5) The domestic manufacturing system involved A) motors set up in individual homes. B) production of cloth by female servants in the homes of the wealthy. C) factories that turned out goods without using machines. D) decentralized production based on machines powered by people. Answer: D Rationale: The domestic manufacturing system involved decentralized production based on machines powered by people, often operating within individual homes or small workshops. This system predated the factory-based industrialization that emerged later. 6) Taking the period spanning 1400-1750 as a whole, the key direction of political change in western Europe was toward A) more controls on central governments by elected legislatures. B) increased prospects of political unification in western Europe. C) growth in the functions of central governments. D) a decline of the monarchy as a political form. Answer: C Rationale: During the period spanning 1400-1750, the key direction of political change in western Europe was toward the growth in the functions of central governments, with monarchies consolidating power and asserting control over various aspects of governance. 7) The price revolution was caused by A) governments printing too much money. B) aid to the poor driving up demand for goods. C) new supplies of precious metal outpacing production. D) the ruling class, which benefited by inflation, wanting to discredit merchants. Answer: C Rationale: The price revolution was caused by new supplies of precious metal outpacing production, leading to inflationary pressures and a significant increase in prices across various goods and commodities. 8) The renaissance began as a(n) ________ movement. A) political B) economic C) literary and artistic D) aristocratic Answer: C Rationale: The Renaissance began as a literary and artistic movement characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning, culture, and artistic expression, particularly in Italy during the 14th to 17th centuries. 9) The work of writers and artists during the Renaissance reflects A) increasing interest in abstraction. B) influence from China. C) an emphasis on realism. D) primarily mythological themes. Answer: C Rationale: The work of writers and artists during the Renaissance reflects an emphasis on realism, as seen in the portrayal of human figures, landscapes, and everyday life with greater attention to detail and accuracy. 10) Humanism is A) the idea that man is the most important thing in the universe. B) a focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. C) a heresy in the Catholic church. D) tied to medical discoveries of the 15th century. Answer: B Rationale: Humanism is a focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor, emphasizing the value of human potential, reason, and individual achievement, particularly in the realms of literature, philosophy, and education. 11) The Renaissance spread ________ from Italy after 1450. A) north B) east C) to the Americas D) to eastern Europe Answer: A Rationale: The Renaissance began in Italy during the 14th century and gradually spread northward across Europe after 1450, influencing art, literature, architecture, and intellectual thought in countries such as France, Germany, England, and the Netherlands. 12) Martin Luther was protesting A) the growing power of the church. B) missionary efforts in the Americas. C) the selling of indulgences. D) the mixing of church and state. Answer: C Rationale: Martin Luther's protest centered on the selling of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which he saw as corrupt and contrary to the teachings of Christianity. His Ninety-five Theses, posted in 1517, ignited the Protestant Reformation. 13) The Jesuits were part of A) the Catholic church’s reaction to Protestantism. B) the Spanish conquest of Central America. C) Calvin’s teachings. D) Henry VIII’s new Anglican church. Answer: A Rationale: The Jesuits, officially known as the Society of Jesus, were a religious order within the Catholic Church founded in response to the Protestant Reformation. They played a significant role in combating Protestantism and promoting Catholicism through education, missionary work, and intellectual endeavors. 14) The Thirty Years War broke out in A) 1598. B) 1618. C) 1623. D) 1637. Answer: B Rationale: The Thirty Years' War broke out in 1618 and lasted until 1648. It was a complex conflict primarily centered in the Holy Roman Empire, involving religious, political, and territorial disputes between Protestant and Catholic states. 15) The political system that emerged in France in the 17th century is called a(n) A) constitutional monarchy. B) republic. C) oligarchy. D) absolute monarchy. Answer: D Rationale: The political system that emerged in France in the 17th century is called an absolute monarchy, characterized by centralized royal authority, where the king held absolute power and authority over all aspects of governance. 16) In parliamentary monarchies, kings A) had absolute power. B) were limited in power by some kind of assembly. C) had a constitution. D) controlled the church. Answer: B Rationale: In parliamentary monarchies, kings were limited in power by some kind of assembly, such as a parliament or representative body, which played a role in governance and decision-making, balancing the authority of the monarch with that of elected representatives. 17) In France, a massive revolution in response to absolute monarchy occurred in A) 1660. B) 1717. C) 1789. D) 1864. Answer: C Rationale: In France, a massive revolution in response to absolute monarchy occurred in 1789, leading to the French Revolution, which resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of a republic, and significant social and political upheaval. 18) The Reformation enhanced the power of the state by A) weakening the influence of Protestant churches. B) encouraging splendor and ceremony. C) weakening the power of the church. D) creating stronger ties between church and state. Answer: C Rationale: The Reformation weakened the power of the church and the influence of Protestant churches, thereby enhancing the power of the state by diminishing the authority of ecclesiastical institutions and centralizing control under secular rulers. 19) After the Reformation, bureaucratic positions were open to A) the middle class. B) women. C) clergy only. D) the lower class. Answer: A Rationale: After the Reformation, bureaucratic positions were open to the middle class, as the Protestant emphasis on individual merit and education created opportunities for individuals outside the traditional aristocratic and clerical circles to enter administrative roles within governments and institutions. 20) In the 17th and 18th centuries, many governments _________ in an effort to stimulate their national economies. A) did not found colonies B) did not practice mercantilism C) broke down local internal barriers to trade D) encouraged imports Answer: C Rationale: In the 17th and 18th centuries, many governments broke down local internal barriers to trade in an effort to stimulate their national economies, promoting domestic commerce and fostering economic growth through increased trade and market integration. 21) The theory of the “divine right” to rule held that A) the king was divine. B) kings derived their power from god. C) kings were accountable to no one. D) Parliaments derived their power from God. Answer: B Rationale: The theory of the "divine right" to rule asserted that kings derived their power directly from God, implying that their authority was absolute and not subject to questioning or challenge from earthly authorities. This concept was used to justify monarchical absolutism and the concentration of power in the hands of monarchs. 22) The European scientific revolution built upon A) the religious foundations of the Middle Ages. B) accepted Greek scientific principles. C) the accomplishments of the Chinese. D) work on optics and Arab science. Answer: D Rationale: The European scientific revolution built upon the work on optics and Arab science, as well as advancements in mathematics and experimental techniques. These developments laid the groundwork for significant breakthroughs in scientific understanding during the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods. 23) Enlightenment thinkers such as Adam Smith argued that A) people act according to self-interest. B) religion had no merit. C) economic behavior had nothing to do with psychology. D) government should be active in all aspects of life. Answer: A Rationale: Enlightenment thinkers like Adam Smith argued that people act according to self-interest, which they believed could lead to positive outcomes for society as a whole through mechanisms such as the invisible hand of the market. Smith's ideas laid the foundation for classical economics and the belief in the benefits of free markets and limited government intervention. 24) According to Luther and Calvin, a merchant’s commercial success could be seen as A) proof that man placed too much emphasis on the world. B) merchants cared only about money. C) proof of God’s favor. D) a non-Christian value. Answer: C Rationale: According to Luther and Calvin, a merchant's commercial success could be seen as proof of God's favor, as it was believed that prosperity and wealth were signs of divine blessing and approval. This idea contributed to the Protestant work ethic and the belief in the moral significance of worldly success. 25) Commercial expansion resulted in _______ in Europe. A) farmers being increasingly unable to participate in trade B) overall wealth increasing C) the food supply becoming less varied as people focused on cultivating crops like cotton D) trade being strictly regulated by governments Answer: B Rationale: Commercial expansion resulted in overall wealth increasing in Europe as trade networks expanded, markets grew, and economic opportunities expanded. This led to increased prosperity, the growth of urban centers, and the emergence of a merchant class that played a significant role in shaping European society. 26) Which of the following factors help explain why Italy was the initial center of the Renaissance? A) City life was not well established in Italy. B) Italy had unusually poor trading ties with other cultural centers. C) The role of the church had declined in Italy compared to the rest of western Europe. D) Italian intellectuals had a greater sense of contact with ancient Rome than did intellectuals in the rest of western Europe. Answer: D Rationale: Italy was the initial center of the Renaissance because Italian intellectuals had a greater sense of contact with ancient Rome than intellectuals in other parts of western Europe. This familiarity with classical antiquity, combined with Italy's wealth, urbanization, and patronage culture, facilitated the revival of classical art, literature, and learning characteristic of the Renaissance. 27) The “European-style family” helps explain why western Europe differed from Asian civilizations in A) use of the family as a unit of production. B) population density and birth rate. C) the tendency for parents to arrange marriages for their children. D) insistence that children respect their parents. Answer: B Rationale: The "European-style family" helps explain why western Europe differed from Asian civilizations in population density and birth rate. Unlike Asian civilizations, where extended families and ancestor worship were common, western European families tended to be smaller and have a later marriage age, resulting in lower population density and birth rates. 28) By the 18th century, government in much of western Europe had come to resemble government in China in which of the following respects? A) It was not very bureaucratic. B) It claimed responsibility for many functions beyond justice and defense. C) It did not focus on making war. D) It believed that ordinary people had no legitimate role in political affairs. Answer: B Rationale: By the 18th century, government in much of western Europe had come to resemble government in China in claiming responsibility for many functions beyond justice and defense. Both China and western European states developed bureaucratic systems that administered various aspects of society, including taxation, infrastructure, and social welfare, reflecting a growing role of the state in governance and public administration. 29) By the 1500s, the Renaissance had led to which of the following? A) centralized monarchies in Italy, Germany, France, and Britain B) a loosening of the hold of religion on ordinary people C) fundamental new scientific discoveries D) redefinition of the themes and styles deemed appropriate in art Answer: D Rationale: By the 1500s, the Renaissance had led to a redefinition of the themes and styles deemed appropriate in art, marking a departure from the religious focus of medieval art towards humanism, realism, and classical inspiration. Renaissance artists depicted secular subjects, human anatomy, and landscapes, reflecting the broader cultural shift towards human-centered perspectives. 30) Which of the following link western Europe in the period spanning 1400-1750 to western Europe before 1400? A) a strong interest in rationalism B) division into competing political units C) technological superiority over most other civilizations D) limited interest in trade Answer: C Rationale: Technological superiority over most other civilizations is a link between western Europe in the period spanning 1400-1750 and western Europe before 1400. Throughout the late Middle Ages and early modern period, western Europe experienced significant technological advancements, including the development of gunpowder, navigational instruments, printing presses, and agricultural innovations. These technological advancements contributed to European expansion, economic growth, and cultural development, distinguishing it from other civilizations. 31) Which of the following correctly describes the Europe in 1750 in contrast to Europe in 1400? A) It was more religious. B) It was richer. C) Its literacy rates remained the same. D) It was more democratic. Answer: B Rationale: Europe in 1750 was richer compared to Europe in 1400. The period between 1400 and 1750 witnessed significant economic growth in Europe due to factors such as overseas exploration, trade expansion, agricultural innovations, and the rise of capitalism. This economic prosperity contributed to the growth of cities, the emergence of a middle class, and increased standards of living for many Europeans. 32) During the 17th century, France replaced which of the following monarchies as Europe’s leading power? A) England B) Spain C) Italy D) Germany Answer: B Rationale: During the 17th century, France replaced Spain as Europe's leading power. The decline of Spain's dominance was marked by factors such as economic stagnation, military defeats, and internal strife, while France experienced relative stability, economic growth, and military success under rulers like Louis XIV. France's rise to prominence reshaped the balance of power in Europe during this period. 33) Which of the following measures were taken by absolute monarchs and enlightened despots to politically weaken the aristocracy? A) hiring non-noble bureaucrats. B) calling parliaments frequently C) administering examinations for bureaucrats. D) discouraging aristocrats to focus on ceremonies and social events Answer: A Rationale: Absolute monarchs and enlightened despots sought to politically weaken the aristocracy by hiring non-noble bureaucrats to administer the state. This practice allowed rulers to centralize power, bypass traditional noble privileges, and establish more efficient and centralized forms of governance. By relying on professional administrators rather than hereditary nobles, monarchs could strengthen their control over the state apparatus. 34) According to Machiavelli, which of the following was a method a ruler could use to gain and maintain power? A) be kind to his subjects B) use cruelty C) avoid interacting with his subjects D) be careful about the composition of his ruling council Answer: B Rationale: According to Machiavelli, a ruler could use cruelty as a method to gain and maintain power. In his seminal work "The Prince," Machiavelli argued that rulers should be prepared to use force, manipulation, and even cruelty to achieve their political goals and maintain control over their subjects. Machiavelli believed that rulers should prioritize the preservation of their authority and the stability of the state above all else. 35) Which of the following describes the impact of the Renaissance spirit on 16th century writers? A) They wrote Latin. B) They emphasized human passions and drama. C) Most of their works were set in Italy. D) They did not address religious matters. Answer: B Rationale: The impact of the Renaissance spirit on 16th-century writers was that they emphasized human passions and drama. Renaissance literature, characterized by a revival of classical themes, a focus on individualism, and a celebration of human potential, often depicted complex characters driven by their desires, emotions, and conflicts. Writers like William Shakespeare exemplified this emphasis on human drama and the exploration of the human condition in their works. 36) In what ways did the Northern Renaissance affect politics? A) Renaissance kings increased the pomp and ceremony within the courts. B) Kings tried to be more understanding of their subjects. C) Kings relaxed their control over their territories. D) Kings discouraged trade. Answer: A Rationale: The Northern Renaissance affected politics by leading Renaissance kings to increase the pomp and ceremony within their courts. As Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy to northern Europe, rulers sought to emulate the grandeur and cultural sophistication associated with the Italian Renaissance courts. This emphasis on courtly magnificence reinforced the authority and legitimacy of monarchs by projecting an image of power, prestige, and cultural refinement. 37) Which of the following describes Luther’s view of salvation? A) You attained salvation by work alone. B) You attained salvation through faith. C) You bought salvation through indulgences. D) Your relatives could pray for your salvation successfully. Answer: B Rationale: Luther's view of salvation was that you attained salvation through faith. A central tenet of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation was the doctrine of justification by faith alone, which emphasized that individuals could achieve salvation through their faith in God's grace rather than through good works or adherence to religious rituals. This belief challenged the Catholic Church's teachings on salvation and became a foundational principle of Protestant theology. 38) Which of the following was a characteristic of Calvinism? A) the emphasis on salvation by faith alone B) the idea that those elected to God’s grace had no obligations to anyone else C) predestination D) Purgatory Answer: C Rationale: A characteristic of Calvinism was predestination. John Calvin, the founder of Calvinism, espoused the doctrine of predestination, which held that God had predetermined the salvation or damnation of individuals regardless of their actions or merits. This belief emphasized the sovereignty of God and the inability of humans to earn salvation through their own efforts, shaping the Calvinist worldview and theological framework. 39) Which of the following was the outcome of the Thirty Years War? A) Catholicism was reestablished as the dominant religion of Europe. B) Spain’s power was reduced. C) Protestantism became the main religion in Europe. D) There was no longer religious division in Germany. Answer: B Rationale: The outcome of the Thirty Years War was that Spain's power was reduced. The war, which ravaged much of central Europe from 1618 to 1648, resulted in significant territorial and economic losses for Spain, further weakening its position as a dominant European power. Additionally, the conflict contributed to the decline of the Holy Roman Empire and the emergence of France as a preeminent European power. 40) Why did France side with Protestant forces during the Thirty Years War? A) France had Protestant sympathies. B) The French wanted out from under Catholic control. C) The French wanted to weaken Spain. D) The French supported England. Answer: C Rationale: France sided with Protestant forces during the Thirty Years War because the French monarchy sought to weaken Spain, its traditional rival and Catholic ally. By supporting Protestant states like Sweden and the Dutch Republic against the Habsburg-led Holy Roman Empire, France aimed to undermine Spanish influence and assert its own dominance in Europe. Additionally, France sought to prevent the consolidation of Habsburg power and maintain a balance of power on the continent. 41) Which of the following countries practiced absolutism in the 17th century? A) Italy B) England C) Prussia D) Hungary Answer: C Rationale: Prussia practiced absolutism in the 17th century. Absolutism was a system of government in which the monarch held absolute power and authority, with little to no checks or balances from other branches of government or representative institutions. In Prussia, rulers such as Frederick William, the Great Elector, and Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, implemented absolutist policies aimed at centralizing power, strengthening the state, and expanding Prussian influence in Europe. 42) Which of the following was responsible for weakening the French monarchy in the 18th century? A) wars and taxation B) revolts among the nobles C) a declining economy D) loss of colonial territories Answer: A Rationale: Wars and taxation were responsible for weakening the French monarchy in the 18th century. Continuous wars, such as the War of Spanish Succession and the Seven Years' War, drained the French treasury, burdened the economy, and contributed to widespread discontent among the French population. High taxation to finance military campaigns exacerbated social inequalities and fueled resentment towards the monarchy, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. 43) What is the difference between an enlightened despot and an absolute monarch? A) enlightened despots emphasized education B) absolute monarchs ruled conjointly with a council C) the use of parliaments D) there was little substantial difference Answer: D Rationale: There was little substantial difference between an enlightened despot and an absolute monarch. Both forms of government concentrated power in the hands of the ruler without significant checks or balances. However, enlightened despots, such as Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia, claimed to rule with the best interests of their subjects in mind and often implemented reforms aimed at promoting education, rational administration, and social welfare. Despite these efforts, both absolute monarchs and enlightened despots wielded considerable authority over their realms. 44) After the Glorious Revolution in England in the 17th century, which of the following changes took place in government? A) The king had absolute control. B) Parliaments had supreme power. C) People had the right to vote for the king. D) The king had the right to levy taxes. Answer: B Rationale: After the Glorious Revolution in England in the 17th century, Parliaments had supreme power. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in the overthrow of King James II and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England. The English Bill of Rights, enacted in 1689, limited the powers of the monarchy, affirmed the supremacy of Parliament, and established fundamental rights and liberties for English citizens. This marked a significant shift towards parliamentary sovereignty and laid the foundation for modern constitutional government in Britain. 45) In the 18th century, rivalry between European countries affected which of the following? A) the building of cities B) missionary efforts in Asia and the Americas C) artistic endeavors D) efforts to acquire new colonies in Africa Answer: B Rationale: In the 18th century, rivalry between European countries affected missionary efforts in Asia and the Americas. European powers, particularly Spain, Portugal, France, and England, engaged in intense competition to expand their colonial empires and spread Christianity to indigenous peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Missionary activities played a significant role in European colonial ventures, as religious conversion was often intertwined with imperial ambitions and economic interests. 46) John Locke espoused which of the following? A) Basic political power lay with the state. B) Revolutions were never warranted. C) Life, liberty, and property should be protected against the state. D) People should always support their ruler. Answer: C Rationale: John Locke espoused the belief that life, liberty, and property should be protected against the state. As a prominent Enlightenment philosopher, Locke argued for the natural rights of individuals, including the rights to life, liberty, and property. He contended that governments derived their legitimacy from the consent of the governed and had a duty to uphold and protect the natural rights of citizens. Locke's ideas profoundly influenced the development of modern liberal democracy and constitutional government. 47) The Reformation and Renaissance promoted which of the following cultural values? A) individualism B) the service to the state was a person’s highest duty C) it was impossible to have a direct relationship with God D) people were discouraged from thinking on their own Answer: A Rationale: The Reformation and Renaissance promoted individualism as a cultural value. Both movements emphasized the dignity, autonomy, and potential of the individual, challenging traditional hierarchies, collective identities, and authoritarian structures. Renaissance humanism celebrated human creativity, intellect, and achievement, while the Protestant Reformation encouraged personal interpretation of scripture, direct religious experience, and individual conscience. These cultural shifts contributed to the emergence of modern notions of individual rights, freedoms, and self-expression. 48) Compared to the Middle East between 1300 and 1600, western Europe was becoming more A) religious. B) interested in science. C) willing to tolerate religious diversity D) hostile to war. Answer: B Rationale: Compared to the Middle East between 1300 and 1600, western Europe was becoming more interested in science. The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution of the 14th to 17th centuries witnessed a flourishing of scientific inquiry, experimentation, and discovery in western Europe. Scholars like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton made groundbreaking contributions to astronomy, physics, and mathematics, challenging prevailing religious and philosophical doctrines. This intellectual ferment laid the groundwork for modern science and marked a departure from the dominance of religious authority in shaping knowledge and understanding. 49) The Enlightenment differed from the Scientific Revolution as an intellectual movement in A) arguing that scientific truths should be made known to educated people generally. B) believing that tradition was not a sure guide to truth. C) claiming that human reason was the key to grasping the principles of nature. D) emphasizing rationalist social and political theory. Answer: D Rationale: The Enlightenment differed from the Scientific Revolution as an intellectual movement in emphasizing rationalist social and political theory. While the Scientific Revolution focused primarily on advancing empirical knowledge and understanding of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and reason, the Enlightenment extended this spirit of inquiry to the realms of politics, society, and culture. Enlightenment thinkers advocated for reason, liberty, progress, and tolerance, critiquing traditional institutions, customs, and beliefs and proposing rationalist solutions to social and political problems. 50) Compared to the rest of Europe, how did Italy differ? A) It did not participate in expansion. B) The Italians were not part of the new world economy. C) The region had never fully embraced feudalism. D) Italy did not utilize city states. Answer: C Rationale: Compared to the rest of Europe, Italy differed in that the region had never fully embraced feudalism. During the medieval period, Italy experienced the rise of independent city-states, such as Florence, Venice, and Genoa, which were characterized by urban centers of commerce, industry, and culture. These city-states operated as autonomous political entities governed by merchant oligarchies, aristocratic families, or republican institutions, rather than feudal lords or monarchs. Italy's unique political and economic organization contributed to its distinct historical trajectory and cultural development. Short Answer Questions 51) Briefly describe two differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism. Answer: Two differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism are: 1. Doctrine of Predestination: Calvinism, influenced by the teachings of John Calvin, emphasizes the concept of predestination, which asserts that God has predetermined the salvation or damnation of individuals. In contrast, Lutheranism, founded by Martin Luther, holds a less deterministic view of salvation, emphasizing justification by faith alone without the necessity of predestination. 2. Sacraments and Liturgy: Lutheranism retains many traditional sacraments and liturgical practices of the Catholic Church, such as baptism and communion, although with some modifications. Calvinism, on the other hand, tends to adopt a simpler and more symbolic approach to sacraments, often reducing their number and significance compared to Lutheranism. 52) What were the political and military effects of stronger monarchies in the 17th century? Answer: The political and military effects of stronger monarchies in the 17th century include: 1. Centralization of Power: Stronger monarchies led to the centralization of political power in the hands of the monarch, diminishing the authority of feudal lords, nobles, and representative bodies such as parliaments. Monarchs asserted control over taxation, lawmaking, and administration, creating more efficient and centralized states. 2. Standing Armies: Stronger monarchies established professional standing armies to maintain internal order, suppress rebellions, and expand territorial control. These armies were financed through increased taxation and enabled monarchs to assert military dominance both domestically and abroad, contributing to the growth of centralized state power. 53) How did states promote a mercantilist system? Answer: States promoted a mercantilist system through various policies and practices, including: 1. Protectionist Measures: Governments imposed tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions to protect domestic industries and ensure a favorable balance of trade. These measures aimed to limit imports, promote exports, and accumulate precious metals, which were seen as sources of wealth and power. 2. Colonial Expansion: States pursued colonial expansion to access new markets, raw materials, and sources of wealth. Colonies served as captive markets for manufactured goods and as suppliers of raw materials, enabling mother countries to maintain favorable trade balances and economic dominance. 54) How did the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment affect religion? Answer: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment affected religion in the following ways: 1. Challenge to Religious Authority: The Scientific Revolution challenged traditional religious beliefs and authority by promoting empirical observation, experimentation, and rational inquiry as sources of knowledge about the natural world. Scientific discoveries, such as heliocentrism and evolution, conflicted with biblical accounts and challenged religious dogma. 2. Secularization and Skepticism: The Enlightenment fostered a spirit of secularism and skepticism, encouraging critical examination of religious doctrines, superstitions, and institutions. Enlightenment thinkers advocated for religious tolerance, individual freedom of conscience, and the separation of church and state, undermining the influence of organized religion on political and intellectual life. 55) What were some of the ways in which Europeans tried to take advantage of their trade contacts with Asian cities? Answer: Some ways in which Europeans tried to take advantage of their trade contacts with Asian cities include: 1. Establishment of Trading Posts: European merchants established trading posts, warehouses, and factories in Asian cities to facilitate the exchange of goods and promote commercial activities. These trading posts served as hubs for commerce, diplomacy, and cultural exchange between Europe and Asia. 2. Imposition of Unequal Treaties: European powers negotiated unequal treaties with Asian rulers, granting them exclusive trading privileges, extraterritorial rights, and favorable terms of trade. These treaties enabled Europeans to dominate Asian markets, extract concessions, and undermine local economies and sovereignty. 3. Introduction of Western Goods: Europeans introduced Western goods, technologies, and innovations to Asian markets, including textiles, firearms, and navigation instruments. These products often outcompeted local industries, disrupted traditional economies, and transformed social and cultural practices in Asian societies. Essay Questions 56) Why did two political patterns (absolute and parliamentary monarchy) emerge in the early modern West? Answer: Two political patterns, absolute monarchy and parliamentary monarchy, emerged in the early modern West due to a combination of historical, cultural, and socioeconomic factors: 1. Historical Context: Absolute monarchy emerged in response to the need for centralized authority and stability in the aftermath of feudal fragmentation and religious conflicts. Monarchs asserted absolute control over their realms, consolidating power and centralizing governance to maintain order and authority. 2. Divine Right and Absolutism: Absolute monarchs justified their authority through the doctrine of divine right, claiming to rule by the will of God without constraints from nobles or representative bodies. Absolute monarchy provided a strong and centralized form of government capable of implementing policies efficiently and effectively. 3. Constitutional and Parliamentary Developments: In contrast, parliamentary monarchy evolved through gradual constitutional developments and negotiations between monarchs and representative institutions such as parliaments. Monarchs shared power with elected representatives, granting them legislative authority and political influence in exchange for support and taxation. 4. Socioeconomic Changes: Economic transformations, such as the rise of capitalism and the growth of merchant classes, also influenced political structures. Parliamentary monarchies often emerged in regions where commercial interests and bourgeois aspirations challenged royal prerogatives, leading to the establishment of constitutional limitations on monarchial power. 57) Why did Western society become so vigorous and creative in the centuries after about 1450? Why was it that the West “rose” in this period and not one of the other civilizations? Answer: Western society became vigorous and creative in the centuries after about 1450 due to several interconnected factors that contributed to its rise over other civilizations: 1. Renaissance and Humanism: The Renaissance sparked a revival of classical learning, art, and culture, promoting humanism and critical inquiry. This intellectual and cultural flowering fostered creativity, innovation, and the pursuit of knowledge across various fields, including science, philosophy, and the arts. 2. Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Revolution, characterized by empirical observation, experimentation, and the development of new scientific methodologies, propelled Western society toward unprecedented advancements in scientific understanding, technological innovation, and exploration. 3. Age of Exploration and Global Trade: Western expansionism, driven by economic motives, technological advancements, and geopolitical rivalries, facilitated the exploration and colonization of distant lands, leading to the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures through global trade networks. 4. Economic and Political Transformations: The emergence of capitalism, the growth of urban centers, and the rise of nation-states provided the economic and political foundations for Western ascendancy. Capitalist economies fueled economic growth, technological progress, and industrialization, while centralized nation-states fostered stability, governance, and military power. 5. Protestant Reformation: The Protestant Reformation challenged religious orthodoxy, fostering religious pluralism, individual autonomy, and secularization. Protestant work ethic and emphasis on literacy contributed to economic prosperity, social mobility, and cultural dynamism in Western societies. 58) Why did the Reformation trigger religious wars? What was the lasting political effect? Answer: The Reformation triggered religious wars due to theological disputes, political rivalries, and social upheaval, leading to widespread conflict and instability across Europe. The lasting political effect of the Reformation included: 1. Fragmentation of Christendom: The Reformation fragmented the unity of Western Christianity, leading to the emergence of Protestant denominations and schisms within Catholicism. Religious divisions fueled sectarian tensions, ideological conflicts, and religiously motivated violence, culminating in religious wars such as the Thirty Years' War. 2. Centralization of State Power: Religious conflicts prompted monarchs and rulers to assert greater control over religious matters and centralize state power to maintain order and authority. Monarchs exploited religious divisions to strengthen their authority, suppress dissent, and impose religious conformity within their realms. 3. Treaty of Westphalia: The Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, established the principles of state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and religious tolerance. The treaty marked a turning point in European politics by recognizing the autonomy of sovereign states and promoting religious pluralism and coexistence. 4. Rise of Secularism: The Reformation contributed to the secularization of European society by challenging the authority of the church, promoting individual autonomy, and fostering the separation of church and state. Secularization diminished the influence of religion on political affairs, paving the way for the rise of secular governance and Enlightenment ideals. 59) Describe how the family changed in the 17th century in Europe. Answer: In the 17th century, several changes occurred within European families, reflecting broader social, economic, and cultural transformations: 1. Nuclear Family Structure: There was a shift towards smaller nuclear families, comprising parents and their children, as opposed to the larger extended families prevalent in previous centuries. This transition was influenced by urbanization, changing economic dynamics, and increased mobility. 2. Marital Patterns: There was a trend towards later marriage age among both men and women, driven partly by economic factors such as the need to establish financial stability before starting a family. Delayed marriage allowed individuals to pursue education, apprenticeships, or careers before settling down. 3. Family Roles: Traditional gender roles persisted, with men typically serving as the primary breadwinners while women managed domestic responsibilities. However, urbanization and commercialization led to increased opportunities for women to engage in cottage industries or contribute to family businesses. 4. Child Rearing: Parental attitudes towards child rearing evolved, with an emphasis on discipline, obedience, and moral instruction. Education gained importance as parents recognized the value of literacy and basic schooling for their children's future prospects. 5. Intergenerational Dynamics: There was a gradual decline in the authority of patriarchal figures within the family, as younger generations increasingly asserted independence and autonomy in decision-making. This shift was influenced by rising individualism and changing social norms. Overall, the 17th century witnessed a transformation in familial structures and dynamics, reflecting broader societal changes shaped by urbanization, economic developments, and shifting cultural attitudes. 60) How did class divisions change in the early modern period? Answer: The early modern period witnessed significant changes in class divisions across Europe, driven by economic transformations, urbanization, and shifts in political power: 1. Emergence of a Merchant Class: The rise of commerce, trade, and capitalism fostered the emergence of a prosperous merchant class. Merchants accumulated wealth through overseas trade, banking, and entrepreneurial ventures, challenging the traditional dominance of the landed aristocracy. 2. Growth of the Bourgeoisie: The bourgeoisie, comprised of urban professionals, traders, and artisans, emerged as a distinct social class. Members of the bourgeoisie attained wealth and status through commercial activities, education, and professional expertise, contributing to the diversification of social hierarchies. 3. Decline of Feudalism: The decline of feudalism and the weakening of feudal obligations facilitated social mobility and opportunities for upward mobility. Peasants and serfs gradually gained greater autonomy, leading to the dissolution of feudal relationships and the emergence of a free labor market. 4. Urbanization and Proletarianization: Urbanization fueled the growth of urban populations and the expansion of industries, leading to the proletarianization of labor. The influx of rural migrants into cities created a new working class, characterized by wage labor, factory work, and poor living conditions. 5. Political Reforms and Social Stratification: Political reforms, such as the abolition of feudal privileges and the establishment of centralized states, contributed to the restructuring of social hierarchies. The rise of absolute monarchies and bureaucratic states reinforced class distinctions and centralized power among the ruling elite. Overall, the early modern period witnessed dynamic changes in class divisions, as economic, political, and social factors reshaped the social landscape and gave rise to new social classes and structures. Test Bank for World History in Brief: Major Patterns of Change and Continuity Peter N. Stearns 9780205896301, 9780134085623
