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Chapter 16 Psychoanalysis 1. The first case study in psychoanalysis, published in 1895 as Studies in Hysteria, documented the case of “Anna O.” and was written by Freud and a. Ernst Brücke. b. Joseph Breuer. c. Jean-Martin Charcot. d. Carl Gustav Jung. Answer: b. Joseph Breuer. Rationale: Joseph Breuer collaborated with Freud on the case study of "Anna O.," which marked the beginning of psychoanalytic investigation into hysteria and laid the foundation for Freud's psychoanalytic theory. 2. Joseph Breuer used the term _____ to refer to the conscious expression of disturbing memories a. catharsis b. repression c. trieb d. projection Answer: a. catharsis Rationale: Joseph Breuer introduced the term "catharsis" to describe the process of releasing emotional tension through the conscious expression of repressed memories, which was a key aspect of his early psychoanalytic work with Freud. 3. The term psychoanalysis a. was a term Freud employed while he was still in medical school. b. was employed by Freud in his first year of practice. c. was not introduced by Freud until the second half of his professional career starting about 1910. d. appeared about 10 years after Freud set up his practice, after he tried several other therapeutic methods. Answer: d. appeared about 10 years after Freud set up his practice, after he tried several other therapeutic methods. Rationale: Freud began using the term "psychoanalysis" around 1896, about ten years after he established his medical practice, following his experimentation with various therapeutic techniques and the development of his psychoanalytic approach. 4. Freud's position on the free will and determinism issue might best be summarized by which of the following statements? a. “My first act of free will is to believe in free will.” b. “All vital phenomena, including physical ones, are rigidly and lawfully determined.” c. “Animals are machines, but human beings have free will.” d. “The free will and determinism problem is a pseudo-issue.” Answer: b. “All vital phenomena, including physical ones, are rigidly and lawfully determined.” Rationale: Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits determinism, suggesting that all mental processes, including behavior, are determined by unconscious drives and past experiences rather than free will. 5. The content area that is privileged in Freudian psychoanalysis is a. learning. b. sensation and perception. c. cognition. d. motivation. Answer: d. motivation. Rationale: Freudian psychoanalysis focuses primarily on understanding human motivation, particularly the unconscious desires and drives that influence behavior and mental processes. 6. In Civilization and its Discontents Freud argued that there are three great sources of pain and suffering. They are a. psychosis, neurosis, and physical disease. b. corrupt political systems, disease, and mental illness. c. social injustice, war, and illness. d. our own body, the outer world, and other people. Answer: d. our own body, the outer world, and other people. Rationale: Freud proposed in "Civilization and its Discontents" that the primary sources of human suffering are internal (our own body), external (the outer world), and interpersonal (other people), highlighting the complexities of human existence and relationships. 7. The most admirable defense against human suffering, according to Freud, is a. loving and being loved. b. hard work and science. c. sublimation through humor and sports. d. enjoyment of works of art. Answer: b. hard work and science. Rationale: Freud believed that engaging in productive work and scientific pursuits provided the most effective defense against human suffering by allowing individuals to channel their energy and frustrations into meaningful activities. 8. Freud used the term _____ to refer to psychic energies directed toward gratification of the pleasure principle. a. secondary processes b. repression c. libido d. anxiety Answer: c. libido Rationale: Freud introduced the concept of "libido" to describe the psychic energy associated with the pursuit of pleasure and the gratification of basic instincts, particularly sexual drives. 9. Strategies that are engineered by the ego to help the id achieve its purposes in a socially acceptable manner are examples of a. primary processes. b. regression. c. secondary processes. d. libido attachments. Answer: c. secondary processes. Rationale: Secondary processes refer to the ego's use of rational strategies to mediate between the demands of the id and the constraints of reality, facilitating socially acceptable behavior and decision-making. 10. According to Freud, the superego a. is much more rational than the id. b. helps the ego create rational strategies for coping with the world. c. is the most primitive part of the personality. d. is as irrational as the id. Answer: d. is as irrational as the id. Rationale: Freud conceptualized the superego as the moral component of personality, representing internalized societal standards and ideals. However, like the id, the superego operates on irrational and unconscious principles, often leading to conflict with the ego. 11. According to Freud, “the ego does not look favorably upon psychoanalysis and positively refuses to believe it?” Why, in Freud's view, did the ego refuse to believe psychoanalysis? a. Psychoanalysis is too pessimistic. b. Psychoanalysis seems superficial. c. The idea that rational processes may serve unconscious motives is a blow to human pretensions. d. Psychoanalysis emphasizes sexuality to the exclusion of other motives. Answer: c. The idea that rational processes may serve unconscious motives is a blow to human pretensions. Rationale: Freud believed that the ego, being driven by conscious and rational processes, resisted accepting psychoanalysis because it challenged the ego's assumption of conscious control. The notion that unconscious motives could influence rational behavior was threatening to the ego's sense of autonomy and control. 12. Although commonly translated as instinct, a preferable translation of the German word trieb would be a. “anxiety.” b. “drive.” c. “id.” d. “unconscious.” Answer: b. “drive.” Rationale: While "instinct" is a common translation of the German word "trieb," Freud's concept of "trieb" is more accurately captured by the term "drive," referring to innate psychological forces that compel action and behavior. 13. According to Freud, there are four components to instinct or drive. They are a. source, impetus, aim, and object. b. need, valence, object, and goal. c. need, goal, arousal, homeostasis. d. arousal, working level, recovery, and steady state. Answer: a. source, impetus, aim, and object. Rationale: Freud outlined four components of instincts or drives: their source (where they originate), impetus (the amount of psychic energy behind them), aim (the desired outcome), and object (the target of the drive). 14. Each of the following is one of Freud's three kinds of anxiety EXCEPT a. epistemic anxiety b. moral anxiety c. neurotic anxiety d. objective anxiety Answer: a. epistemic anxiety Rationale: Freud categorized anxiety into three types: neurotic anxiety (caused by id impulses conflicting with ego and superego), moral anxiety (arising from threats of punishment from the superego), and objective anxiety (resulting from real, external threats). 15. Neurotic anxiety, according to Freud, may occur when a. the ego is threatened by the irrational forces of the id. b. the ego is threatened by the irrational forces of the superego. c. the ego succumbs to the wear and tear of the world. d. the superego is too strong for the ego. Answer: a. the ego is threatened by the irrational forces of the id. Rationale: Neurotic anxiety arises when the ego feels overwhelmed or threatened by the irrational and uncontrollable desires of the id, leading to feelings of distress and discomfort. 16. Moral anxiety, in Freud's view a. is very rare in our society. b. occurs when the id is too strong for the ego. c. results from a weak superego. d. occurs when the irrational demands of the superego threaten to overcome the ego. Answer: d. occurs when the irrational demands of the superego threaten to overcome the ego. Rationale: Moral anxiety occurs when the superego's strict moral standards clash with the ego's ability to satisfy them, leading to feelings of guilt, shame, or anxiety. 17. The ego-defense mechanism that serves as the cornerstone for psychoanalysis is a. projection. b. sublimation. c. regression. d. repression. Answer: d. repression. Rationale: Repression involves the unconscious exclusion of painful or anxiety-inducing thoughts, feelings, or memories from awareness, serving as a fundamental defense mechanism in psychoanalysis. 18. The ego-defense mechanism of attributing one’s own weaknesses to another is referred to as a. projection. b. sublimation. c. regression. d. repression. Answer: a. projection. Rationale: Projection involves attributing one's own undesirable feelings, impulses, or traits to others, allowing the ego to avoid acknowledging them as part of oneself. 19. Freud's notion of sexuality a. was extremely narrow. b. included only genital contact with a member of the opposite sex. c. was limited to adults. d. was very broad in nature. Answer: d. was very broad in nature. Rationale: Freud's concept of sexuality encompassed a wide range of instinctual drives and pleasures, extending beyond genital contact and encompassing various stages of psychosexual development and diverse forms of expression. 20. The order of the stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud, is as follows: a. oral, anal, phallic, latency period, genital b. oral, anal, latency period, phallic, genital c. genital, phallic, latency period, oral, anal d. genital, oral, anal, latency period, phallic Answer: a. oral, anal, phallic, latency period, genital Rationale: Freud proposed that psychosexual development occurs in stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital, each characterized by the focus of libidinal energy and potential sources of conflict or fixation. 21. According to Freud, neglect or overindulgence in a developmental stage may have consequences for later development due to the formation of a. the id. b. a fixation. c. objective anxiety. d. stage. Answer: b. a fixation. Rationale: Freud proposed that unresolved conflicts or experiences during psychosexual developmental stages could lead to fixations, where libido remains attached to a particular stage, influencing personality development and behavior later in life. 22. The Oedipus complex most likely has its origin during the _________ stage. a. oral b. genital c. phallic d. anal Answer: c. phallic Rationale: Freud suggested that the Oedipus complex, involving a child's unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent, emerges during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. 23. The latent content of a dream is a. what the dream appears to be about. b. what a dream is actually about. c. the dream as disguised by the ego. d. the dream as varnished by the superego. Answer: b. what a dream is actually about. Rationale: The latent content of a dream refers to its underlying, unconscious meaning or symbolism, which may be obscured by the manifest content, or what the dream appears to be about on the surface. 24. The goal of therapy, according to Freud, is to a. restore happiness to the individual. b. free the individual of conflicts. c. strengthen the ego, make it more independent and widen its field of perception. d. rid the patient of all symptoms. Answer: c. strengthen the ego, make it more independent and widen its field of perception. Rationale: Freud believed that the goal of psychoanalysis was not merely symptom removal but rather to strengthen the ego, increase self-awareness, and help individuals gain insight into unconscious conflicts to better cope with life's challenges. 25. Freud's final theory of motivation emphasized a. the sex drive alone. b. the centrality of Eros broadly conceived. c. the opposition of erotic and aggressive instincts. d. power as much as sex. Answer: c. the opposition of erotic and aggressive instincts. Rationale: In Freud's later work, he emphasized the role of both Eros (the life instinct, including sexuality) and Thanatos (the death instinct or aggression) in motivating human behavior, suggesting that these opposing forces influence psychological dynamics. 26. Freud's views on human nature were a. highly optimistic. b. guardedly optimistic. c. largely pessimistic. d. neutral. Answer: c. largely pessimistic. Rationale: Freud's perspective on human nature was largely pessimistic, emphasizing the unconscious conflicts, instincts, and defenses that underlie human behavior and suggesting that individuals are often driven by unconscious forces beyond their control. 27. According to the text, the current status of psychoanalysis is best characterized as a. more pluralistic and less tied to traditional orthodoxy. b. rooted primarily in early Freudian thought. c. devoid of Freud’s influence. d. rooted primarily in late Freudian thought. Answer: a. more pluralistic and less tied to traditional orthodoxy. Rationale: Modern psychoanalysis has evolved to incorporate diverse theoretical perspectives and therapeutic approaches, moving away from strict adherence to traditional Freudian doctrines and embracing a more pluralistic approach to understanding the mind and treating mental health issues. 28. The system of psychological thought advanced by Alfred Adler is known as a. Analytic Psychology. b. Cognitive Psychology. c. Ego Psychology. d. Individual Psychology. Answer: d. Individual Psychology. Rationale: Alfred Adler developed Individual Psychology, which emphasizes the uniqueness of individuals, their subjective experiences, and their striving for personal growth and self-realization within social contexts. 29. Adler believed that the most important goal in human life is a. pleasure. b. happiness. c. a striving for totality, unity, or wholeness. d. a striving for plurality. Answer: c. a striving for totality, unity, or wholeness. Rationale: Adler emphasized that the primary motivation in human life is the pursuit of a sense of wholeness or completeness, striving to overcome feelings of inferiority and achieve self-actualization. 30. Adler used the term to refer to all the unique behaviors that characterize personality and that move us in the direction of specific goals. a. style of life b. overcompensation c. fictional final goals d. all of the above Answer: a. style of life Rationale: Adler introduced the concept of "style of life" to describe the unique patterns of behavior, attitudes, and values that individuals develop as they pursue their goals and navigate life challenges. 31. The term inferiority complex is most central to the theoretical work of a. Jung. b. Freud. c. Adler. d. Allport Answer: c. Adler. Rationale: The concept of the inferiority complex, central to Adlerian psychology, emphasizes the individual's feelings of inadequacy or inferiority, which Adler believed motivated striving for superiority and influenced personality development. 32. Which of the following strategies are most central in Adler's theory of personality? a. compensation and overcompensation b. projection and rejection c. denial and withdrawal d. identification and repression Answer: a. compensation and overcompensation Rationale: Adlerian psychology focuses on compensation and overcompensation as central strategies individuals use to overcome feelings of inferiority and strive for superiority, shaping their personality and behavior. 33. A thin, asthmatic child grows up and spends 90 days walking over 600 miles across the Alaska Range. According to Adler, this exemplifies a. rationalization. b. projection. c. displacement. d. overcompensation. Answer: d. overcompensation. Rationale: Adler would interpret this behavior as an example of overcompensation, where the individual compensates for perceived physical or psychological weaknesses by striving for extraordinary achievements. 34. Adler argued that the major problems one faces in life mostly center around each of the following EXCEPT a. work b. social interactions c. sexual intimacy d. education Answer: d. education Rationale: According to Adler, the major problems individuals face typically revolve around work, social interactions, and intimate relationships, with education being less emphasized in his theory. 35. Carl Gustav Jung's system of thought is typically called a. Individual Psychology. b. Neoanalytic Psychology. c. Analytic Psychology. d. Humanistic Psychoanalysis. Answer: c. Analytic Psychology. Rationale: Jung's system of thought is known as Analytic Psychology, emphasizing the exploration of the unconscious, archetypes, and individuation. 36. Jung believed that memories from the vast biological past may contribute to mental images and response predispositions. These memories come from what Jung called the a. personal unconscious. b. the unconscious. c. historical consciousness. d. collective unconscious. Answer: d. collective unconscious. Rationale: Jung proposed the existence of the collective unconscious, which contains inherited, universal experiences and symbols shared by all humans, shaping individual psychology and behavior. 37. The species has had millions of years of experience with darkness, power, death, mothers, fathers, and so forth. Jung could not believe that this vast reservoir of experience was unrepresented in experience. He thus believed that experiences from the race reside in each of us. He referred to these as a. shadows. b. complexes. c. archetypes. d. subliminal cognitions. Answer: c. archetypes. Rationale: Jung referred to universal symbols and themes present in the collective unconscious as archetypes, influencing human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors across cultures and history. 38. Which of the following is NOT a concept associated with the work of Carl Jung? a. alchemy b. word association c. style of life d. individuation Answer: c. style of life Rationale: "Style of life" is a concept associated with Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology, not Carl Jung's Analytic Psychology. 39. Jung believed in four basic psychological functions, these were a. thinking., feeling, sensation, and intuition. b. learning, motivation, sensation, and cognition. c. action, reflection, anticipation, and meditation. d. cognitions, affection, motivation, and memory. Answer: a. thinking., feeling, sensation, and intuition. Rationale: Jung identified four psychological functions as fundamental aspects of human consciousness: thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition, which he believed shaped how individuals perceive and interact with the world. 40. Jung believed that some events occur simultaneously and that these events cannot be explained by the ordinary principles of causality. He attempted to explain such events with his concept of a. equipotentiality. b. synchronicity. c. paracognition. d. precognition. Answer: b. synchronicity. Rationale: Jung proposed the concept of synchronicity to describe meaningful coincidences or events that occur simultaneously but are not causally connected, suggesting a deeper, meaningful relationship between them beyond conventional explanations of causality. 41. Jung's approach to psychotherapy a. is almost identical to the approach advanced by Freud. b. is much more structured than Freud's approach. c. focuses, first and foremost, on examining archetypes. d. is highly varied or pluralistic. Answer: d. is highly varied or pluralistic. Rationale: Jung's approach to psychotherapy is characterized by its diversity and flexibility, drawing from various theoretical perspectives and techniques, including exploration of archetypes, dream analysis, active imagination, and symbolic interpretation. 42. Unlike other psychoanalysts, Horney focused on _____ on personality and the shaping of neuroses. a. sociocultural influences b. developmental influences c. unconscious influences d. influences from the collective unconscious. Answer: a. sociocultural influences Rationale: Horney's psychoanalytic approach emphasized the significant role of sociocultural factors, such as societal norms, cultural expectations, and interpersonal relationships, in shaping personality development and the emergence of neuroses. 43. Horney described as the terrible feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world. It could be caused in a child through parental rejection, ridicule, or indifference. a. the personal unconscious. b. basic anxiety. c. the real self. d. womb envy. Answer: b. basic anxiety. Rationale: Horney introduced the concept of "basic anxiety" to describe the fundamental sense of insecurity and vulnerability experienced by individuals, particularly children, as a result of perceived threats or neglect from caregivers or the environment. 44. Horney referred to the relentless drive for total perfection as the tyranny of the a. should. b. want. c. neurotic self. d. persona Answer: a. should. Rationale: Horney identified the "tyranny of the should" as the internalized demands for perfection and rigid adherence to societal standards, leading to neurotic conflicts and distress when individuals feel unable to meet these unrealistic expectations. 45. Horney countered Freud's ideas of female penis envy with evidence of male a. inferiority complexes. b. collective unconscious. c. womb envy. d. superiority. Answer: c. womb envy. Rationale: Horney proposed the concept of "womb envy" to counter Freud's theory of penis envy, suggesting that men may experience envy or resentment towards women's reproductive capacity and nurturing roles, particularly in patriarchal societies. 46. Horney argued that women's sense of inferiority is derived from a. women's constitution. b. female anatomy. c. masculine society and psychology. d. penis envy. Answer: c. masculine society and psychology. Rationale: According to Horney, women's sense of inferiority is primarily shaped by societal norms and gender roles imposed by a patriarchal culture, rather than inherent biological or psychological factors. 47. Anna Freud gained prominence for each of the following EXCEPT a. her work on ego defense mechanisms b. her founding of a child therapy clinic c. her contribution on advancing methods of analysis of children d. her rejection of Freud’s idea of thanatos, an internal aggressive force Answer: d. her rejection of Freud’s idea of thanatos, an internal aggressive force Rationale: Anna Freud did not reject Freud's idea of thanatos; rather, she made significant contributions to child psychoanalysis, including her work on ego defense mechanisms, establishment of a child therapy clinic, and advancements in the understanding and treatment of childhood psychopathology. Test Bank for A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context Brett D. King, Wayne Viney, William Douglas Woody 9780205987184
