Preview Extract
Chapter 7: Urinary Drugs 1. When blood levels of sodium and potassium are sufficient, ________. a. smaller amounts are excreted in the urine because sodium and potassium need to be conserved b. the kidney stops filtering sodium and potassium c. anything in excess of that is excreted in the urine d. greater amounts are reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood Answer: c. anything in excess of that is excreted in the urine Correct Feedback: When blood levels of sodium and potassium are sufficient, anything in excess of that is excreted in the urine. a. smaller amounts are excreted in the urine because sodium and potassium need to be conserved Incorrect Feedback: If the levels are sufficient, the kidney does not need to conserve sodium and potassium by excreting less. b. the kidney stops filtering sodium and potassium Incorrect Feedback: The kidneys continuously filter the circulating blood, extracting waste products and nonwaste products (water, sodium, potassium, etc.). d. greater amounts are reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood Incorrect Feedback: If the levels are sufficient, the kidney does not need to absorb greater amounts from the tubules back into the blood. 2. Diuretic drugs ________. a. allow sodium and potassium to enter the tubules b. allow sodium and potassium to be reabsorbed from the tubules into the blood c. keep sodium and potassium from being reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood d. keep sodium and potassium from leaving the blood and entering the kidney Answer: c. keep sodium and potassium from being reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood Correct Feedback: Diuretic drugs keep sodium and potassium from being reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood. The extra sodium and potassium then present in the urine cause an increase in the volume of urine. a. allow sodium and potassium to enter the tubules Incorrect Feedback: This is a normal process, not the action of diuretic drugs. b. allow sodium and potassium to be reabsorbed from the tubules into the blood Incorrect Feedback: This is a normal process, not the action of diuretic drugs. d. keep sodium and potassium from leaving the blood and entering the kidney Incorrect Feedback: Diuretic drugs have no effect on sodium and potassium in the blood before the blood enters the kidney. 3. Which of the following is NOT one of the diseases treated with diuretic drugs? a. edema associated with congestive heart failure b. hypertension c. renal failure d. urinary tract infections Answer: d. urinary tract infections Correct Feedback: By causing sodium, potassium, and water to be excreted, diuretic drugs are useful in the treatment of hypertension, the edema associated with congestive heart failure, renal failure, and cerebral edema. They are not used to treat urinary tract infections. a. edema associated with congestive heart failure Incorrect Feedback: Diuretic drugs are used to treat the edema associated with congestive heart failure. b. hypertension Incorrect Feedback: Diuretic drugs are used to treat hypertension. c. renal failure Incorrect Feedback: Diuretic drugs are used to treat renal failure. 4. The trade name drugs Naturetin, Diuril, Hygroton, HCTZ, HydroDIURIL, Microzide, Lozol, Enduron, and Zaroxolyn are all examples of which category of diuretic drugs? a. carbonic anhydrase diuretic drugs b. loop diuretic drugs c. osmotic diuretic drugs d. thiazide diuretic drugs Answer: d. thiazide diuretic drugs Correct Feedback: These drugs are thiazide diuretic drugs. a. carbonic anhydrase diuretic drugs Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not carbonic anhydrase diuretic drugs. b. loop diuretic drugs Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not loop diuretic drugs. c. osmotic diuretic drugs Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not osmotic diuretic drugs. 5. The drugs Bumex, Edecrin, Lasix, and Demadex are all examples of which category of diuretic drugs? a. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drugs b. Loop diuretic drugs c. Osmotic diuretic drugs d. Potassium-sparing diuretic drugs Answer: b. Loop diuretic drugs Correct Feedback: These drugs are loop diuretic drugs. a. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drugs Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drugs. c. Osmotic diuretic drugs Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not osmotic diuretic drugs. d. Potassium-sparing diuretic drugs Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not potassium-sparing diuretic drugs. 6. Which of the following drugs is an osmotic diuretic drug? a. acetazolamide b. hydrochlorothiazide c. mannitol d. spironolactone Answer: c. mannitol Correct Feedback: Mannitol (Osmitrol) is the only osmotic diuretic drug. a. acetazolamide Incorrect Feedback: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drug. b. hydrochlorothiazide Incorrect Feedback: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic drug. d. spironolactone Incorrect Feedback: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic drug. 7. Combination diuretic drugs combine a/an _______. a. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drug with a potassium supplement b. loop diuretic drug with an osmotic diuretic drug c. osmotic diuretic drug with an antibiotic drug d. thiazide diuretic drug with a potassium-sparing diuretic drug Answer: d. thiazide diuretic drug with a potassium-sparing diuretic drug Correct Feedback: Combination diuretic drugs combine a thiazide diuretic drug with a potassium-sparing diuretic drug. a. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drug with a potassium supplement Incorrect Feedback: This is not correct. b. loop diuretic drug with an osmotic diuretic drug Incorrect Feedback: This is not correct. c. osmotic diuretic drug with an antibiotic drug Incorrect Feedback: This is not correct. 8. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are treated with drugs that are particularly effective against ______. a. gram-negative bacteria b. burning, urgency and pain c. gram-positive bacteria d. viruses Answer: a. gram-negative bacteria Correct Feedback: Urinary tract infections are treated with drugs that are particularly effective against gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli) from the gastrointestinal tract that are a frequent cause of UTIs. b. burning, urgency and pain Incorrect Feedback: Burning, urgency, and pain may be present with a urinary tract infection, but are not the main focus of drug treatment. c. gram-positive bacteria Incorrect Feedback: Gram-positive bacteria are not a frequent cause of UTIs. d. viruses Incorrect Feedback: Urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria, not by viruses. 9. Which of these are anti-infective drugs that inhibit but do not kill the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections? a. fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs b. sulfonamide drugs c. penicillin-type antibiotic drugs d. quinolone antibiotic drugs Answer: b. sulfonamide drugs Correct Feedback: Sulfonamide drugs are not true antibiotic drugs because they only inhibit the growth of bacteria but do not kill them as antibiotic drugs do a. fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs Incorrect Feedback: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs kill the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. c. penicillin-type antibiotic drugs Incorrect Feedback: Penicillin-type antibiotic drugs kill the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. d. quinolone antibiotic drugs Incorrect Feedback: Quinolone antibiotic drugs kill the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. 10. Drugs used to treat overactive bladder block the action of _______ to decrease bladder contractions. a. acetylcholine b. alpha1-receptors c. PDE5 d. all of the above Answer: a. acetylcholine Correct Feedback: Drugs used to treat overactive bladder block the action of acetylcholine and reduce the smooth muscle tone of the bladder wall to decrease bladder contraction, bladder spasm, and incontinence. b. alpha1-receptors Incorrect Feedback: Alpha1-receptor blocker drugs are used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), not overactive bladder. c. PDE5 Incorrect Feedback: The PDE5 enzyme is inhibited by drugs that are used to treat erectile dysfunction, not overactive bladder. d. all of the above Incorrect Feedback: Only one of the answers, not all of them, is correct. 11. If a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drug is given, it inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the tubule cells. This means that ________. a. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are formed b. sodium and potassium ions are formed c. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are not formed d. sodium and potassium ions are not formed Answer: c. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are not formed Correct Feedback: Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that constantly reacts with carbon dioxide and water to produce bicarbonate and hydrogen. If a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drug is given, it inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the tubule cells. This means that bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are not formed. a. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are formed Incorrect Feedback: If the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is inhibited, then bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are not formed. b. sodium and potassium ions are formed Incorrect Feedback: If the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is inhibited, this first affects bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, not sodium and potassium ions. d. sodium and potassium ions are not formed Incorrect Feedback: If the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is inhibited, this first affects bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, not sodium and potassium ions. 12. Potassium supplements are frequently prescribed for patients taking ________. a. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and combination diuretic drugs b. fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide drugs c. potassium-sparing and osmotic diuretic drugs d. thiazide and loop diuretic drugs Answer: d. thiazide and loop diuretic drugs Correct Feedback: Potassium supplements are frequently prescribed for patients taking thiazide and loop diuretic drugs in order to avoid excessive loss of potassium. a. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and combination diuretic drugs Incorrect Feedback: Potassium supplements need to be taken with some diuretic drugs, but not with these diuretic drugs. b. fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide drugs Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) and do not cause the loss of potassium. c. potassium-sparing and osmotic diuretic drugs Incorrect Feedback: Potassium supplements need to be taken with some diuretic drugs, but not with these diuretic drugs. 13. The drugs ciprofloxin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin), and norfloxacin (Noroxin) are drugs used to treat ________. a. benign prostatic hypertrophy b. erectile dysfunction c. prostatitis d. overactive bladder Answer: c. prostatitis Correct Feedback: These drugs are all fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs, which are used to treat urinary tract infections and related types of infections, such as prostatitis and nongonococcal urethritis. a. benign prostatic hypertrophy Incorrect Feedback: These are antibiotic drugs. They are not used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy because it is not caused by an infection. b. erectile dysfunction Incorrect Feedback: These are antibiotic drugs. They are not used to treat erectile dysfunction because it is not caused by an infection. d. overactive bladder Incorrect Feedback: These are antibiotic drugs. They are not used to treat overactive bladder because it is not caused by an infection. 14. Which of the following class of drugs is NOT given orally? a. androgen inhibitor drugs b. folic acid antagonist drugs c. phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor drugs d. prostaglandin E1 drugs Answer: d. prostaglandin E1 drugs Correct Feedback: Prostaglandin E1 drugs are not given orally. They are either injected into the side of the penis or inserted into the urethra to treat erectile dysfunction. a. androgen inhibitor drugs Incorrect Feedback: Androgen inhibitor drugs are given orally. b. folic acid antagonist drugs Incorrect Feedback: Folic acid antagonist drugs are given orally. c. phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor drugs Incorrect Feedback: Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor drugs are given orally. 15. All of the following types of drugs belong to the category of diuretic drugs EXCEPT _____. a. androgen inhibitor b. thiazide c. Loop d. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Answer: a. androgen inhibitor Correct Feedback: Diuretic drugs include thiazide diuretic drugs, loop diuretic drugs, potassium-sparing diuretic drugs, osmotic diuretic drugs, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drugs. Androgen inhibitor drugs are used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. b. thiazide Incorrect Feedback: Thiazide diuretic drugs do belong to the category of diuretic drugs. c. Loop Incorrect Feedback: Loop diuretic drugs do belong to the category of diuretic drugs. d. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Incorrect Feedback: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic drugs do belong to the category of diuretic drugs. 16. Diuretic drugs are commonly used to treat ______. a. bladder spasm b. hypertension c. kidney stones d. urinary tract infections Answer: b. hypertension Correct Feedback: By causing sodium, potassium, and water to be excreted, diuretic drugs are useful in the treatment of hypertension, the edema associated with congestive heart failure, renal failure, and cerebral edema. a. bladder spasm Incorrect Feedback: Diuretic drugs are not used to treat bladder spasm. c. kidney stones Incorrect Feedback: Diuretic drugs are not used to treat kidney stones. d. urinary tract infections Incorrect Feedback: Diuretic drugs are not used to treat urinary tract infections. 17. What do the trade name drugs Kay Ciel, K-Dur, and K-Lyte have in common? a. They are thiazide diuretic drugs. b. They are potassium supplements. c. They are used to treat erectile dysfunction. d. They are measured in units. Answer: b. They are potassium supplements. Correct Feedback: Kay Ciel, K-Dur, and K-Lyte are potassium supplements. a. They are thiazide diuretic drugs. Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not thiazide diuretic drugs. c. They are used to treat erectile dysfunction. Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not used to treat erectile dysfunction. d. They are measured in units. Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not measured in units. 18. The trade name of the drug furosemide is _____. a. Viagra b. Lasix c. Diuril d. Microzide Answer: b. Lasix Correct Feedback: The trade name of furosemide is Lasix. a. Viagra Incorrect Feedback: This is not the trade name of furosemide. c. Diuril Incorrect Feedback: This is not the trade name of furosemide. d. Microzide Incorrect Feedback: This is not the trade name of furosemide. 19. Combination trade name drugs that contain both a potassium-wasting diuretic drug and a potassium-sparing diuretic drug include all of the following drugs EXCEPT ______. a. Proscar b. Aldactazide c. Dyazide d. Maxzide Answer: a. Proscar Correct Feedback: Combination diuretic drugs combine a thiazide diuretic drug (potassium-wasting) with a potassium-sparing diuretic drug. They include Aldactazide, Dyazide, Maxzide, and Moduretic. Proscar is an androgen inhibitor drug used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. b. Aldactazide Incorrect Feedback: This is a combination potassium-wasting and potassiumsparing diuretic drug. c. Dyazide Incorrect Feedback: This is a combination potassium-wasting and potassiumsparing diuretic drug. d. Maxzide Incorrect Feedback: This is a combination potassium-wasting and potassiumsparing diuretic drug. 20. This pellet is inserted into the urethra and produces an erection in patients with erectile dysfunction. a. Caverject b. Klorvess c. Detrol d. Muse Answer: d. Muse a. Caverject Incorrect Feedback: Caverject is injected into the penis; it is not a pellet. b. Klorvess Incorrect Feedback: Klorvess is not used to treat erectile dysfunction. c. Detrol Incorrect Feedback: Detrol is not used to treat erectile dysfunction. 21. Which of the following drugs is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy? a. Dyazide b. Klorvess c. Flomax d. Vesicare Answer: c. Flomax Correct Feedback: Tamsulosin (Flomax) is an alpha1-receptor blocker drug used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. a. Dyazide Incorrect Feedback: This drug is not used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. b. Klorvess Incorrect Feedback: This drug is not used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. d. Vesicare Incorrect Feedback: This drug is not used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. 22. Which of these drug pairs is used to treat urinary tract infections? a. Maxaquin and Macrodantin b. Klorvess and K-Tab c. Flomax and Hytrin d. Cialis and Levitra Answer: a. Maxaquin and Macrodantin Correct Feedback: Lomefloxacin (Maxaquin) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic drug used to treat urinary tract infections. Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) is an antibiotic-type drug used to treat urinary tract infections. b. Klorvess and K-Tab Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not used to treat urinary tract infections. c. Flomax and Hytrin Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not used to treat urinary tract infections. d. Cialis and Levitra Incorrect Feedback: These drugs are not used to treat urinary tract infections. Correct Answer: a. Maxaquin and Macrodantin 23. The primary cause of urinary tract infections is ________. a. bladder spasms b. kidney stones c. gram-positive bacteria d. gram-negative bacteria Answer: d. gram-negative bacteria Correct Feedback: Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia. coli) are always present in the gastrointestinal tract and are a frequent cause of UTIs. a. bladder spasms Incorrect Feedback: Bladder spasms do not cause urinary tract infections. b. kidney stones Incorrect Feedback: Kidney stones do not cause urinary tract infections. c. gram-positive bacteria Incorrect Feedback: Gram-positive bacteria do not cause urinary tract infections. 24. Madeline, age 60, has difficulty with overactive bladder, with urinary urgency and occasional urinary incontinence. Which of the following drugs did her physician prescribe for her? a. Sanctura b. Urogesic c. Micro-K d. Zaroxolyn Answer: a. Sanctura Correct Feedback: Drugs used to treat overactive bladder include darifenacin (Enablex), solifenacin (Vesicare), tolterodine (Detrol), and trospium (Sanctura). b. Urogesic Incorrect Feedback: Urogesic is not used to treat overactive bladder. c. Micro-K Incorrect Feedback: Micro-K is not used to treat overactive bladder. d. Zaroxolyn Incorrect Feedback: Zaroxolyn is not used to treat overactive bladder. 25. Which electrolyte must be given in conjunction with some diuretic drugs? a. sodium b. saw palmetto c. potassium d. all of the above Answer: c. potassium Correct Feedback: Potassium supplements are frequently prescribed for patients taking thiazide diuretic and loop diuretic drugs in order to avoid excessive loss of the electrolyte potassium. a. sodium Incorrect Feedback: Sodium is an electrolyte, but it does not need to be taken in conjunction with some diuretic drugs. b. saw palmetto Incorrect Feedback: Saw palmetto is not an electrolyte. d. all of the above Incorrect Feedback: Only one of these answers is correct, not all of them. 26. Patients taking a thiazide or a loop diuretic drug but not taking a potassium supplement could develop which of the following adverse effects? a. hypokalemia b. cardiac arrhythmias c. an extremely low level of potassium in the blood d. all of the above Answer: d. all of the above Correct Feedback: Feedback: If not given supplemental potassium, patients on thiazide or loop diuretic drugs can develop the adverse effect of hypokalemia, an extremely low level of potassium in the blood. This can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias because the electrolyte potassium is crucial to the normal contraction of the heart muscle. a. hypokalemia Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. b. cardiac arrhythmias Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. c. an extremely low level of potassium in the blood Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. 27. All of the following categories of drugs are used to treat urinary tract infections EXCEPT ______. a. sulfonamide drugs b. prostaglandin E1 drugs c. cephalosporin drugs d. fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs Answer: b. prostaglandin E1 drugs Correct Feedback: There are several classes of antibiotic drugs that act systemically to treat UTIs: penicillin-type antibiotic drugs, cephalosporin antibiotic drugs, quinolone antibiotic drugs, and fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs; these antibiotic drugs kill bacteria. Sulfonamide anti-infective drugs and folic acid antagonist drugs are anti-infective drugs that only inhibit the growth of bacteria. Prostaglandin E1 drugs are used to treat erectile dysfunction. a. sulfonamide drugs Incorrect Feedback: Sulfonamide anti-infective drugs are used to treat urinary tract infections. c. cephalosporin drugs Incorrect Feedback: Cephalosporin antibiotic drugs are used to treat urinary tract infections. d. fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs Incorrect Feedback: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs are used to treat urinary tract infections. 28. Cranberries are effective against urinary tract infections because ______. a. the fructose in them prevents bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. b. they increase the acidity of the urine Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. c. they suppress the growth of bacteria because bacteria prefer an alkaline environment Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above Correct Feedback: Cranberries temporarily increase the acidity of the urine; this suppresses the growth of bacteria because the bacteria prefer an alkaline environment. Also, cranberry juice contains the simple sugar fructose, which acts as an anti-adhesion factor that keeps bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall. a. the fructose in them prevents bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. b. they increase the acidity of the urine Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. c. they suppress the growth of bacteria because bacteria prefer an alkaline environment Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. 29. Urinary tract analgesic drugs ______. a. treat burning, urinary urgency, and painful urination b. kill bacteria to treat urinary tract infections c. treat urinary spasms caused by kidney stones d. all of the above Answer: a. treat burning, urinary urgency, and painful urination Correct Feedback: Urinary tract infections, interstitial cystitis, other urinary tract diseases, urinary tract surgery, and endoscopic procedures produce symptoms of burning, urgency, and painful urination. Urinary tract analgesic drugs exert a local, pain-relieving effect on the mucous membranes of the urinary tract. b. kill bacteria to treat urinary tract infections Incorrect Feedback: Urinary tract analgesic drugs only treat the pain associated with a urinary tract infection, not the infection itself. c. treat urinary spasms caused by kidney stones Incorrect Feedback: Urinary tract analgesic drugs only treat the pain associated with urinary spasms, not the spasms themselves. d. all of the above Incorrect Feedback: Only one, not all, of these answers is correct. 30. The drugs Pyridium and the combination drug Pyridium Plus turn the urine a/an ________ color. a. blue b. green c. red-orange d. all of the above Answer: c. red-orange Correct Feedback: Pyridium and Pyridium Plus turn the urine red-orange in color. a. blue Incorrect Feedback: Dolsed, Urised, and Urogesic Blue turn the urine a blue color. b. green Incorrect Feedback: No urinary drug turns the urine a green color. d. all of the above Incorrect Feedback: Only one of the answers is correct. 31. The combining form vesic/o- as used in the trade name drug Vesicare means ______. a. water b. nephron c. potassium d. bladder Answer: d. bladder Correct Feedback: The trade name Vesicare is an appropriate name for this drug because it implies caring for the bladder; the combining form vesic/o- means bladder. a. water Incorrect Feedback: The combining form vesic/o- does not mean water. b. nephron Incorrect Feedback: The combining form vesic/o- does not mean nephron. c. potassium Incorrect Feedback: The combining form vesic/o- does not mean potassium. 32. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ________. a. Folic acid antagonist drugs are used to treat urinary tract infections. b. Folic acid antagonist drugs stimulate the formation of folic acid in bacterial cells. c. Some bacteria need folic acid to synthesize DNA and proteins. d. All of the above statements are true. Answer: b. Folic acid antagonist drugs stimulate the formation of folic acid in bacterial cells. Correct Feedback: Folic acid antagonist drugs block the formation of folic acid in bacterial cells. This interferes with the ability of some bacteria to synthesize DNA and proteins. a. Folic acid antagonist drugs are used to treat urinary tract infections. Incorrect Feedback: This statement is true. c. Some bacteria need folic acid to synthesize DNA and proteins. Incorrect Feedback: This statement is true. d. All of the above statements are true. Incorrect Feedback: Not all of these statements are true. 33. Drug inserts and advertisements for PDE5 inhibitor drugs warn men to go to the emergency room or see their physician ________. a. if they develop urinary incontinence b. if they have an erection lasting longer than four hours c. before they switch from one type of PDE5 inhibitor drug to another d. if they develop low levels of potassium Answer: b. if they have an erection lasting longer than four hours Correct Feedback: Although the PDE5 inhibitor drugs for erectile dysfunction improve the quality and duration of an erection in men with erectile dysfunction, the drug inserts and advertisements warn that men experiencing an erection lasting longer than four hours should see their physician or go to the emergency room. a. if they develop urinary incontinence Incorrect Feedback: PDE5 inhibitor drugs do not cause urinary incontinence. c. before they switch from one type of PDE5 inhibitor drug to another Incorrect Feedback: Patients cannot switch drugs unless they have consulted with the physician and the physician writes a prescription for the other drug. d. if they develop low levels of potassium Incorrect Feedback: Low levels of potassium are the result of taking diuretic drugs, not PDE5 inhibitor drugs. 34. Which of the following statements about benign prostatic hypertrophy is FALSE? a. The male hormone testosterone is acted on by an enzyme in prostatic cells. b. Because the prostate is enlarged, there are symptoms of a urinary tract infection. c. Testosterone in the prostate gland is converted to dihydrotestosterone. d. Benign prostatic hypertrophy is a benign, not cancerous process. Answer: b. Because the prostate is enlarged, there are symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Correct Feedback: Symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy include difficulty initiating urination, hesitancy, and decreased urinary stream, not a urinary tract infection. The prostate gland hypertrophies (enlarges) due to a chain reaction in which the male hormone testosterone is acted on by an enzyme in prostatic cells and is converted to dihydrotestosterone. It is the action of dihydrotestosterone that causes the prostate gland to enlarge or hypertrophy. This enlargement is a benign, not cancerous process. a. The male hormone testosterone is acted on by an enzyme in prostatic cells. Incorrect Feedback: This is a true statement. c. Testosterone in the prostate gland is converted to dihydrotestosterone. Incorrect Feedback: This is a true statement. d. Benign prostatic hypertrophy is a benign, not cancerous process. Incorrect Feedback: This is a true statement. 35. This drug was approved in 1992 as the first nonsurgical treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). a. saw palmetto b. levofloxacin (Levaquin) c. finasteride (Proscar) d. tolterodine (Detrol) Answer: c. finasteride (Proscar) Correct Feedback: Finasteride (Proscar): This drug was approved in 1992 as the first nonsurgical treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). a. saw palmetto Incorrect Feedback: Saw palmetto is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy, but it is an over-the-counter drug and was not the first nonsurgical treatment for BPH. b. levofloxacin (Levaquin) Incorrect Feedback: Levofloxacin (Levaquin) is an antibiotic drug that is used to treat prostatitis, not benign prostatic hypertrophy. d. tolterodine (Detrol) Incorrect Feedback: Tolterodine (Detrol) is used to treat overactive bladder, not benign prostatic hypertrophy. 36. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Dutasteride and finasteride are androgen inhibitor drugs. b. The packaging and drug inserts for androgen inhibitor drugs warn women not to handle these drugs. c. Androgen inhibitor drugs, if handled by the pregnant mother, can cause birth defects in a male fetus. d. All of the above statements are true. Answer: d. All of the above statements are true. Correct Feedback: Because dutasteride and finasteride are androgen inhibitor drugs, their drug inserts, packaging, and advertising warn women not to take these drugs or even handle them. This is because of the possibility that, if the woman is pregnant or might become pregnant with a male fetus, the drugs would block the normal male fetal development and cause birth defects. a. Dutasteride and finasteride are androgen inhibitor drugs. Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. b. The packaging and drug inserts for androgen inhibitor drugs warn women not to handle these drugs. Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. c. Androgen inhibitor drugs, if handled by the pregnant mother, can cause birth defects in a male fetus. Incorrect Feedback: This is true, but it is not the only correct answer. 37. The kidneys continuously filter the circulating blood, extracting waste products of metabolism and nonwaste products. Answer: True Feedback: The kidneys continuously filter the circulating blood, extracting waste products of metabolism and nonwaste products. 38. The kidneys excrete all of the nonwaste products of metabolism and either excrete or reabsorb the waste products, depending on the body’s need. Answer: False Feedback: This is stated backwards. The kidneys excrete all waste products. They either excrete or reabsorb all nonwaste products. 39. Diuretic drugs are divided into several different groups based on the site of the drug’s action in the nephron. Answer: True Feedback: Diuretic drugs are divided into several different groups based on the site of the drug’s action in the nephron. 40. Loop diuretic drugs only act on the loop of Henle in the nephron. Answer: False Feedback: Loop diuretic drugs act at the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule, but they derive their name from their action at the loop of Henle. 41. Potassium-sparing drugs conserve potassium and sodium and do not allow them to be excreted in the urine. Answer: False Feedback: Potassium-sparing diuretic drugs cause sodium and water to be excreted in the urine, but they spare (or conserve) potassium and allow it to be reabsorbed from the tubule back into the blood. 42. Quinolone antibiotic drugs are only used to treat urinary tract infections. Answer: True Feedback: Quinolone antibiotic drugs are only used to treat UTIs. 43. The antibiotic drugs acetohydroxamic acid, fosfomycin, methenamine, and nitrofurantoin have a special affinity for the tissues of the urinary tract. Answer: True Feedback: These antibiotic-type drugs have a special affinity for the tissues of the urinary tract: acetohydroxamic acid, fosfomycin, methenamine, and nitrofurantoin. 44. Combination antibiotic drugs, such as Bactrim or Septra, are used to treat urinary tract infections. The two drugs they contain work synergistically to block one step in the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria and then the other drug in the combination blocks the next step in the same process. Answer: True Feedback: Bactrim and Septra combine the antibiotic drug trimethoprim and the anti-infective sulfa drug sulfamethoxazole. Trimethoprim blocks one step in the synthesis of folic acid by bacteria; sulfamethoxazole blocks the next step in the same process. Used in combination, these two drugs work synergistically. 45. Urinary tract analgesic drugs exert a local pain-relieving effect on the mucous membranes of the urinary tract, even though these drugs are given orally. Answer: True Feedback: Urinary tract analgesic drugs exert a local, pain-relieving effect on the mucous membranes of the urinary tract, even though these drugs are given orally. 46. Androgen inhibitor drugs need to be taken for 6 to 12 months before it can be determined if they are effective in decreasing the size of an enlarged prostrate gland. Answer: True Feedback: An androgen inhibitor drug needs to be taken for 6 to 12 months to see if it will be effective in decreasing the size of the prostate gland. If it is effective, treatment must continue indefinitely. 47. Fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs are similar in chemical structure to the quinolone antibiotic drugs. Answer: True Feedback: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic drugs are similar in chemical structure to the quinolones. 48. Androgen inhibitor drugs treat benign prostatic hypertrophy by inhibiting a hormone that is present in both the male and female urinary tract. Answer: False Feedback: Androgen inhibitor drugs inhibit the male hormone dihydrotestosterone and reduce its effect on the prostate gland. This hormone is not present in females. 49. Pyridium is prescribed to treat the pain of urinary tract infections. Answer: True Feedback: Phenazopyridine (Pyridium, Urogesic) is a urinary tract analgesic drug. 50. Androgen inhibitor drugs and alpha1-receptor blocker drugs are categories of drugs used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. Answer: True Feedback: Androgen inhibitor drugs and alpha1-receptor blocker drugs are used to treat BPH. 51. PDE5 inhibitor drugs, such as Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra, can cause a temporary loss of the ability to see blue/green colors. Answer: True Feedback: All of the PDE5 inhibitor drugs can cause a temporary loss of the ability to see blue/green colors. 52. Finasteride is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (as the trade name drug Proscar), but is also used to treat male pattern baldness (as the trade name drug Propecia). Answer: True Feedback: Finasteride, under the trade name Propecia, is also given orally to treat male pattern baldness, but at a lower dose than that of Proscar, which is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. 53. Cranberries increase the amount of potassium in the urine, which is why they are effective in preventing urinary tract infections. Answer: False Feedback: Cranberry juice is effective in preventing urinary tract infections. Cranberries temporarily increase the acidity of the urine; this suppresses the growth of bacteria because the bacteria prefer an alkaline environment. 54. Thiazide diuretic drugs can cause adverse drug reactions if given with anticoagulant drugs, insulin, or chemotherapy drugs. Answer: True Feedback: The thiazide group of diuretic drugs causes adverse drug interactions with many different kinds of drugs: anticoagulant drugs, some types of insulin, chemotherapy drugs for cancer, and lithium which is used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder. 55. Most patients enjoy taking liquid potassium supplements (because of their pleasant taste) rather than the powdered drug. Answer: False Feedback: Potassium supplements are manufactured as liquids (patients often object to the taste), powders, effervescent tablets (to be dissolved in water), capsules, and tablets. 56. The combination antibiotic and anti-infective drugs Bactrim and Septra are prescribed for urinary tract infections. Answer: True Feedback: The combination drug Bactrim and Septra contain the antibiotic drug trimethoprim and the anti-infective sulfa drug sulfamethoxazole. 57. Viagra is injected into the penis to treat a patient with erectile dysfunction. Answer: False Feedback: Sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra): These drugs, which are given orally, inhibit the enzyme PDE5, and so an erection is sustained and sexual intercourse is possible: 58. Prostaglandin E1 drugs cause vasodilation to treat erectile dysfunction, but they are also used to keep open a patent ductus arteriosus to sustain life in a newborn with a congenital heart defect. Answer: True Feedback: Prostaglandin E1 drugs cause vasodilation, which is useful in treating erectile dysfunction. Prostaglandin E1 drugs are also used to keep open a patent ductus arteriosus to sustain life in a newborn with a congenital heart defect. 59. As excess electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium) are excreted, they hold water to them with ________ pressure and this contributes to the amount of urine that is produced. Answer: osmotic Feedback: As excess electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium) are excreted, they hold water to them with osmotic pressure, and this contributes to the amount of urine that is produced. 60. ________ diuretic drugs act at the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron. There, they block sodium and potassium from being reabsorbed from the tubule back into the blood. Answer: Thiazide Feedback: Thiazide diuretic drugs act at the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron. 61. ________ is an enzyme in the wall of the proximal convoluted tubules. Answer: Carbonic anhydrase Feedback: Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme in the wall of the proximal convoluted tubules. 62. The presence of the letter ______ in every trade name of a potassium supplement refers to the symbol for the chemical element of potassium. Answer: K Feedback: The presence of the letter K in every trade name of a potassium supplement refers to K+, the symbol for the chemical element of potassium. 63. Sulfonamide drugs are also called ________ drugs. Answer: sulfa Feedback: Sulfonamide drugs are also called sulfa drugs. 64. Urinary tract ________ drugs relax the smooth muscle in the wall of the urethra and bladder and promote normal bladder function. Answer: antispasmodic Feedback: Antispasmodic drugs relax the smooth muscle in the wall of the urethra and bladder and promote normal bladder function. 65. Potassium supplement drugs doses are measured in mEq. The abbreviation mEq stands for ______. Answer: milliequivalents Feedback: Potassium supplements drugs doses are measured in milliequivalents (mEq). 66. There are several types of drugs to treat UTIs. The abbreviation UTI stands for _________. Answer: urinary tract infection Feedback: There are several types of drugs to treat UTIs (urinary tract infections). 67. BPH is common in men over age 50, with the incidence increasing with age. The abbreviation BPH stands for ________. Answer: benign prostatic hypertrophy Feedback: Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is common in men over age 50, with the incidence increasing with age. 68. ________ - type antibiotic drugs, such as ampicillin, and the structurally related cephalosporin antibiotic drugs are used to treat UTIs as well as other types of infections in the body. Answer: Penicillin Feedback: Penicillin-type antibiotic drugs, such as ampicillin, and the structurally related cephalosporin antibiotic drugs are used to treat UTIs. 69. The abbreviation HCTZ stands for the generic diuretic drug name _________. Answer: hydrochlorothiazide Feedback: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; trade names include HydroDIURIL, Microzide) 70. The important electrolyte ________ is often excreted in excessive amounts in the urine due to the action of some diuretic drugs. Answer: Potassium Feedback: Potassium supplements are frequently prescribed for patients taking thiazide diuretic and loop diuretic drugs in order to avoid excessive loss of the electrolyte potassium. 71. When Edward Smith mentions to you that he takes a water pill each day for his congestive heart failure, you know he is referring to the general category of ________ drugs. Answer: diuretic Feedback: Laypersons often refer to diuretic drugs as “water pills.” Matching Questions 72. Group A Match the drugs in Column 1 with their correct drug category in Column 2. 1. dutasteride (Avodart) A. fluoroquinolone antibiotic drug 2. ciprofloxacin (Cipro) B. androgen inhibitor drug 3. furosemide (Lasix) C. loop diuretic drug 4. K-Dur D. overactive bladder drug 5. L-hyoscyamine (Anaspaz, Cystospaz) E. PDE5 inhibitor drug 6. nalidixic acid (NegGram) F. potassium-sparing diuretic drug 7. phenazopyridine (Pyridium, Urogesic) G. potassium supplement 8. sildenafil (Viagra) H. quinolone antibiotic drug 9. spironolactone (Aldactone) I. urinary tract analgesic drug 10. tolterodine (Detrol) J. urinary tract antispasmodic drug Answer: B Answer: A Answer: C Answer: G Answer: J Answer: H Answer: I Answer: E Answer: F Answer: D Feedback: These drugs and their categories are found throughout the chapter. 73. Osmotic diuretic drugs are interesting because of the way in which they act. Explain how osmotic diuretic drugs work. Answer: The presence of the drug itself (which always stays in an inactive form) causes a diuretic effect. So many molecules of the inactive drug are present in the filtrate within Bowman’s capsule that this causes an increase in the concentration (osmolarity) of the filtrate. As the filtrate moves through the tubules, its higher osmolarity continues to hold water and electrolytes to it and prevents water from being reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood. This is because of the principle of osmosis, in which water will not flow from a region of higher concentration—in the tubules—to a region of lower concentration—in the blood. 74. Erectile dysfunction is the inability of a man to achieve and maintain an erection during sexual intercourse. Explain the steps involved in obtaining an erection, and explain how drugs are used to treat erectile dysfunction. Answer: Through a series of steps, sexual stimulation in the male activates the chemical cGMP, which relaxes smooth muscle in the arteries of the penis, increases blood flow, and creates an erection. Afterwards, the enzyme PDE5 metabolizes cGMP, and the erection resolves. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor drugs inactivate cGMP, and so an erection is sustained and sexual intercourse is possible. Prostaglandin E1 drugs relax the smooth muscles in the arteries of the penis, increase blood flow, and create an erection. 75. Irritation in the urinary tract can come from several different sources. List one of those sources and at least one drug to treat urinary tract spasm. Answer: Irritation in the urinary tract from infection, catheterization, kidney stones, or urinary retention can result in urethral spasms, renal colic, spasm of the bladder sphincter, and urinary retention or urinary incontinence. The drugs used to treat urinary spasm are: bethanechol (Urecholine), flavoxate (Urispas), L-hyoscyamine (Anaspaz, Cystospaz), neostigmine (Prostigmin), and oxybutynin (Ditropan). 76. Her physician has placed Nancy Jones on a thiazide diuretic drug, and she is taking it; but she does not like to take multiple drugs and so has decided not to take the prescribed potassium supplement. She states she will just eat a banana each day instead. What information would you, as a healthcare professional, share with her. Answer: Although foods, such as bananas, are rich in potassium, dietary sources alone are usually not sufficient to replenish the loss of potassium caused by taking a thiazide diuretic drug or a loop diuretic drug. If not given supplemental potassium, patients on these drugs can develop the adverse effect of hypokalemia, an extremely low level of potassium in the blood. This can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias because the electrolyte potassium is crucial to the normal contraction of the heart muscle. Test Bank for Understanding Pharmacology for Health Professionals Susan M. Turley 9780135145708, 9780133911268
