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Multiple Choice 1. Geographic settings a. are the most important determinant of city size. b. matter mostly for industrial cities. c. interact with social factors to shape the city. d. are more important in San Francisco than in Los Angeles. Answer: c. interact with social factors to shape the city. 2. The use of private automobiles in Los Angeles a. contributed to the present shape of the city. b. contributed to the smog problem. c. allowed the city to expand horizontally. d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 3. A look at the most populous North American metropolises suggests that a. cities tend to locate themselves toward the center of each state. b. the railroads determined their location. c. the majority are located on waterways. d. defense was a crucial factor in determining their location. Answer: c. the majority are located on waterways. 4. The growth of the city of Houston in Texas a. was promoted by its location on the Gulf of Mexico and its proximity to oil fields. b. was cause by increased levels of tourism. c. was based on the service industry rather than manufacturing. d. None of the above Answer: a. was promoted by its location on the Gulf of Mexico and its proximity to oil fields. 5. For a setting to become a city, it must a. have a minimally hospitable environment. b. have a political structure. c. be self-sufficient. d. have local access to either gas or oil. Answer: a. have a minimally hospitable environment. 6. The chief reason for the settlement, growth, and destruction of New Orleans has been a. farming. b. water. c. industry. d. technology. Answer: b. water. 7. Twenty-first century Seattle, Washington is described in the text as a(n) “__________” city. a. exurban b. suburban c. environmental d. break-of-bulk Answer: d. break-of-bulk 8. The importance of defense a. is a crucial factor in the shape of North American cities today. b. promoted the development of gridiron cities. c. explains the radiocentric shape of many cities. d. was limited in medieval times. Answer: c. explains the radiocentric shape of many cities. 9. Gridiron cities a. no longer exist. b. represent exceptions in the United States. c. were typically built after the Industrial Revolution. d. are influenced by political rather than economic factors. Answer: c. were typically built after the Industrial Revolution. 10. The development of gridiron cities is due mostly to a. religious factors. b. military factors. c. ethnic factors. d. economic factors. Answer: d. economic factors. 11. Urban ecology a. was generated by Robert Park and his colleagues. b. studies the relationship between human beings and their urban environment. c. draws from plant and animal ecology. d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 12. According to Park, the shape of a city is a. determined by competition and the population movement. b. determined only by competition for limited resources. c. mostly a function of socioeconomic variables. d. constant through time. Answer: a. determined by competition and the population movement. 13. The invasion-succession movement refers to a. the long history of wars of most cities. b. the low level of education of recent immigrants. c. the movement of social groups to different neighborhoods of the city. d. All of the above Answer: c. the movement of social groups to different neighborhoods of the city. 14. The concentric zone hypothesis suggests that a. cities grow outward in a series of concentric rings over time. b. cities form a circle made of several pie-shaped sectors. c. wealth decreases as one moves away from the city’s center. d. competition is denser in the central business district. Answer: a. cities grow outward in a series of concentric rings over time. 15. What Burgess calls the zone in transition a. is composed mostly of single unit housing. b. includes a large number of upscale districts. c. consists primarily of light manufacture factories and ethnic neighborhoods. d. is located within a thirty- to sixty-minute ride of the central business district. Answer: c. consists primarily of light manufacture factories and ethnic neighborhoods. 16. Criticism of the Chicago School of Urban Ecology includes all but which of the following? a. It lacks a theoretical foundation. b. It cannot be applied to every city. c. It pays little attention to the role of individual choices. d. The importance of the population movement varies in different places and by periods. Answer: a. It lacks a theoretical foundation. 17. The sector theory a. focuses mostly on industrial land use. b. states that cities contain pie-shaped districts rather than rings. c. represents fashionable areas that tend to move inward toward the center of the city. d. describes rich and poor areas that tend to blend with time. Answer: b. states that cities contain pie-shaped districts rather than rings. 18. The multiple nuclei theory a. gives strong support to the Chicago School of Urban Ecology. b. suggests that, with time, manufacturing industries tend to concentrate in a specific area. c. argues that as cities grow, they diversify and develop distinct sectors of activities. d. help to predict the specific land use pattern of cities. Answer: c. argues that as cities grow, they diversify and develop distinct sectors of activities. 19. A “social area” a. consists of a census tract inhabited by people sharing a unique combination of social characteristics. b. is the city district in which restaurants and entertainment facilities can be found. c. is highly representative of the overall city population. d. None of the above Answer: a. consists of a census tract inhabited by people sharing a unique combination of social characteristics. 20. Social area analysis does not emphasize which of the following? a. social ranking of residents b. family type of residents c. ethnicity of residents d. age of residents Answer: d. age of residents 21. Which of the following responses about GIS Mapping is accurate? a. GIS mapping is a computer-based research tool. b. GIS mapping is used to manipulate and analyze information about the surface of the earth. c. GIS mapping reveals relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps and charts. d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 22. Rayner Banham has provided a vivid depiction of the Los Angeles area, identifying four basic “ecologies.” Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. surfurbia b. the plains of Id c. autopia d. ticky-tacky Answer: d. ticky-tacky 23. Edward W. Soja’s postmodern perspective of Los Angeles includes all but the following? a. Los Angeles as a decentralized metropolis b. Los Angeles as a fragmented power structure c. Los Angeles as a site of great conformity d. Los Angeles as a fragmented mismatch of wedges and citadels Answer: c. Los Angeles as a site of great conformity True/False 24. In creating cities, human beings simply respond to the natural environment. Answer: False 25. Cities must be located on waterways to develop. Answer: False 26. Houston is an example of a break-of-bulk city. Answer: True 27. Miami’s climate contributed to its development as an “amenity city.” Answer: True 28. Washington, D.C. did not emerge as an economic center. Answer: True 29. Athens, London, and Quebec City all had a strategic military location historically. Answer: True 30. Salt Lake City was first established as a trade center. Answer: False 31. A combination of geographic-climatic conditions and social-economic factors explains why cities are where they are. Answer: True 32. While gridiron cities are clearly organized, radiocentric cities were not designed with a specific purpose in mind. Answer: False 33. Gridiron cities are more common in North America. Answer: True 34. Gridiron cities promote communal lifestyles. Answer: False 35. The Chicago school developed one of the first theories of urban ecology. Answer: True 36. The sector theory ignores changes in city shapes over time. Answer: False 37. Multiple nuclei theory challenges the idea that urban land use can be predicted. Answer: True 38. Social area analysis compares more than 140 cities to identify the most important determinant of urban land use. Answer: False 39. Edward W. Soja argues that Los Angeles is a highly centralized metropolis that is becoming even more organized as time goes on. Answer: False 40. Michael J. Dear asserts that Los Angeles’s decentralized politics result in problems of political representation. Answer: True 41. Critics of the Los Angeles School contend that its proponents overemphasize the applicability of the model. Answer: True Essay/Discussion 42. Identify the importance of geographical factors and human responses in shaping familiar cities. Which factors are more important? Answer: Geographical factors and human responses play crucial roles in shaping familiar cities. Geographical factors such as terrain, climate, and access to resources influence where cities develop and how they grow. For example, cities near rivers or coasts often develop as trade hubs due to access to water transportation. Additionally, cities located in fertile regions may grow larger due to agriculture. Human responses, on the other hand, refer to how people interact with their environment to shape cities. This includes urban planning, infrastructure development, and sociocultural factors. Urban planning decisions, such as zoning laws and transportation networks, can greatly impact the layout and function of a city. Cultural practices and historical events also play a role, as they can lead to the preservation or destruction of certain areas within a city. In terms of importance, it is challenging to prioritize one over the other, as both geographical factors and human responses are interlinked and influence each other. However, human responses, especially in the form of urban planning and development, can have a more immediate and direct impact on the shape and structure of cities. Nonetheless, geographical factors provide the foundational context within which human responses occur, making them equally critical in shaping cities. 43. Compare and contrast radiocentric and gridiron cities. How does their shape affect the lifestyle of their inhabitants (politically, economically, socially, culturally, etc.)? Answer: Radiocentric and gridiron cities are urban planning concepts that describe different layouts of city streets and infrastructure. Radiocentric cities, also known as radial cities, have a layout that radiates outward from a central point, typically following a circular or radial pattern. Examples of radiocentric cities include Paris and Washington, D.C. This layout often reflects a historical development pattern where cities grew outward from a central core. Gridiron cities, on the other hand, have a grid-like street pattern that forms a series of perpendicular streets crossing each other at right angles. Examples of gridiron cities include New York City and Chicago. This layout is often associated with more modern city planning principles, particularly in North America. The shape of these cities can affect the lifestyle of their inhabitants in various ways: 1. Politically: Radiocentric cities may have a more centralized political system, with government buildings and institutions located near the center. In contrast, gridiron cities might distribute political power more evenly across the city due to their uniform layout. 2. Economically: The layout of a city can impact economic activities. Radiocentric cities may have a more concentrated commercial district near the center, leading to a focus on centralized business activities. Gridiron cities, with their grid-like pattern, may have more dispersed commercial areas, potentially leading to a more decentralized economy. 3. Socially: The layout of streets can influence social interactions. Radiocentric cities, with their radial pattern, may encourage more interaction and connectivity between different parts of the city. Gridiron cities, with their grid-like structure, may provide more defined neighborhoods, potentially leading to a more segmented social environment. 4. Culturally: The layout of a city can also influence its cultural life. Radiocentric cities may have a more prominent cultural district near the center, emphasizing the central role of culture in the city. In contrast, gridiron cities may have a more dispersed cultural scene, with cultural activities spread across different neighborhoods. In conclusion, the shape of a city, whether radiocentric or gridiron, can have significant implications for the lifestyle of its inhabitants, affecting political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of urban life. 44. Describe the different areas or districts in a familiar city. What explains these divisions? In which theoretical framework does the city’s land use pattern fit best? Answer: In my city, there are several distinct areas or districts that serve different purposes and cater to various demographics. 1. Downtown/Central Business District (CBD): This is the heart of the city, characterized by tall skyscrapers, corporate offices, banks, and government buildings. It's the economic center and hub of activity. 2. Residential Areas: These areas consist mainly of houses, apartments, and condominiums where people live. They vary in density, with some being more suburban and others more urban. 3. Commercial Districts: These areas are filled with shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues, catering to both residents and visitors. They are usually found near residential areas for convenience. 4. Industrial Zones: These areas are where factories, warehouses, and manufacturing plants are located. They are often situated away from residential areas due to noise and pollution. 5. Cultural Districts: These areas are home to museums, galleries, theaters, and other cultural institutions. They are often found near the CBD or in historic parts of the city. 6. Educational Districts: These areas are where schools, colleges, and universities are located. They attract students and educators, contributing to the local economy and culture. 7. Green Spaces: These areas include parks, gardens, and recreational areas. They provide a break from the urban environment and contribute to the city's overall quality of life. The city's land use pattern can be best explained by the urban land use model, which is a theoretical framework that describes how cities are organized and developed. One such model is the Concentric Zone Model by sociologist Ernest Burgess, which suggests that cities grow outward from a central CBD in a series of concentric rings, with each ring representing different land uses and socio-economic groups. Other models, like the Sector Model and the Multiple Nuclei Model, also offer insights into how cities develop spatially based on various factors such as transportation, socio-economic status, and historical development. 45. Today, factorial ecology is often considered the “state of the art” approach to understanding the shape of cities. What are the advantages of this approach? What are its limitations? Answer: Factorial ecology, also known as factor analysis of dynamic systems, is a comprehensive approach that considers a wide range of factors influencing urban development. Here are some advantages and limitations of this approach: Advantages: 1. Comprehensive Analysis: Factorial ecology considers multiple factors such as economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects, providing a more holistic understanding of urban systems. 2. Dynamic Perspective: It recognizes that cities are dynamic systems that evolve over time, taking into account historical trends and future projections. 3. Interdisciplinary Approach: It integrates knowledge from various disciplines such as sociology, economics, geography, and urban planning, leading to a more nuanced analysis. 4. Policy Implications: It can provide valuable insights for urban policymakers and planners, helping them make informed decisions to improve urban quality of life. Limitations: 1. Complexity: Factorial ecology models can be complex and challenging to interpret, especially for those without a background in urban studies or related fields. 2. Data Requirements: It relies heavily on data availability and quality, which can vary significantly across different cities and regions. 3. Subjectivity: The selection of factors and the weighting assigned to them can be subjective, potentially leading to bias in the analysis. 4. Limited Predictive Power: While factorial ecology can help understand past and current urban patterns, its ability to predict future trends accurately may be limited due to the complexity of urban systems. Overall, while factorial ecology offers a comprehensive and dynamic approach to understanding cities, it is essential to consider its limitations and the context-specific nature of urban development. Test Bank for Cities and Urban Life Plus John J. Macionis, Vincent N. Parrillo 9780205902583, 9780205206377,9780133869804
