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Multiple Choice 1. What term is used to describe spread-out or low-density development beyond the edge of services and employment? a. edge cities b. sprawl c. common-interest developments d. gated communities Answer: b. sprawl 2. Sprawl is most obvious and grows most spectacularly in the rapid growth areas of the a. North and South. b. East and West. c. South and West. d. North and East. Answer: c. South and West. 3. Those seeking to curb sprawl base their concerns around four strategies. Which of the following is NOT one of these strategies? a. suburban relocation b. environmental damage c. financial costs d. transportation issues Answer: a. suburban relocation 4. Which of the following is NOT one of the most time-squandered cities because of traffic congestion? a. Atlanta, GA b. Columbus, OH c. Los Angeles, CA d. Dallas, TX Answer: b. Columbus, OH 5. How does sprawl hurt cities? a. It erodes the city’s tax base. b. It destroys downtown commerce. c. It increases unemployment and concentrates poverty in urban centers. d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 6. Oregon and Washington require all communities to make official designations in order to separate urban areas from the surrounding greenbelt of open lands, including farms, watersheds, and parks. These designations are called a. urban growth boundaries. b. revitalized zones. c. transit-oriented zones. d. edge cities. Answer: a. urban growth boundaries. 7. Some transit-oriented approaches for relieving traffic congestion focus on building more highway lanes using a. land purchases. b. “smart corridors.” c. growth boundaries. d. revitalization. Answer: b. “smart corridors.” 8. Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed solutions to urban sprawl, as discussed in the text? a. land purchases b. revitalization c. gentrification d. growth boundaries Answer: c. gentrification 9. A.C. Spectorsky was the first to use the term __________ in describing the appearance of new residential areas developing on the metropolitan fringe. a. exurb b. suburb c. “the burbs” d. small towns Answer: a. exurb 10. __________ are new, sprawling, middle-class, automobile-dependent centers typically located at the fringe of older urban areas, at the intersections of major highways, where little except villages or farmland existed three decades earlier. a. Edge cities b. Growth boundaries c. Gated communities d. Common-interest developments Answer: a. Edge cities 11. The text points out that edge cities fall into one of three major categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. uptowns b. exurbs c. boomers d. greenfields Answer: b. exurbs 12. The text discusses three new city variations. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. new city as motivator b. new city as a solution to problems c. new city as the problem d. new city as mediator Answer: d. new city as mediator 13. In the United States, __________ can be traced to the late 1800s, when upper-income gated developments in New York’s Tuxedo Park and private streets in St. Louis sprang up, as wealthy citizens sought to “insulate themselves from the troublesome aspects of rapidly industrializing cities.” a. common-interest developments b. gated communities c. edge cities d. urban growth boundaries Answer: b. gated communities 14. About __________ million American households live in developments that are surrounded by fences or walls. a. 6 b. 10 c. 16 d. 20 Answer: b. 10 15. The text points out that gated communities fall into one of three categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. lifestyle b. prestige c. urban growth d. security-zone Answer: c. urban growth 16. Gated communities are often called a. exurbs. b. common-interest developments. c. privatopias. d. small towns. Answer: b. common-interest developments. True-False 17. Sprawl identifies the cumulative effects of development that is automobile-dependent, inefficient, and wasteful of natural resources. Answer: True 18. A house in the suburbs has become, for many, the personification of the ideal lifestyle. Answer: True 19. Urban sprawl occurs only because of population growth. Answer: False 20. In most American cities, everyone can get around by car. Answer: False 21. In North America, urban sprawl threatens only the farmland in the Midwest. Answer: False 22. Today, four to five times more land is used per person compared to 40 years ago. Answer: True 23. Of all the areas in the United States, traffic congestion is most acute in New York City. Answer: False 24. Sprawl is a suburban phenomenon and has no urban counterpart. Answer: False 25. The term exurb is inconsistent with the phenomenon of urban sprawl. Answer: False 26. Edge cities are appearing in Canada as well as in the United States, but for different reasons. Answer: True 27. The majority of metropolitan North Americans now work, shop, and live in and around the 200-plus “new hearths of our civilization.” Answer: True 28. The rise of new cities is essentially a function of race, not social class. Answer: False 29. All new cities are alike, and their evolution occurs for the same reasons everywhere. Answer: False 30. Gated communities began to increase rapidly in the 1950s. Answer: False 31. Lifestyle communities are an expression of conspicuous consumption and a new leisure class. Answer: True 32. The primary residents of prestige communities are middle class. Answer: False 33. Security-zone communities are “enclaves of fear” primarily concerned with protection. Answer: True 34. Gated communities are often called common-interest developments. Answer: True 35. Planners, sprawl opponents, and urban sociologists often cite Portland, Oregon as a prime example of failure in terms of urban growth and development. Answer: False 36. Portland, Oregon, stands today as a model city. Answer: True Essay-Discussion 37. Compare and contrast the patterns of sprawl, edge cities, gated communities, and common-interest developments. Answer: Sprawl: Sprawl refers to the unplanned, low-density expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land. It is characterized by the widespread development of single-use zoning, such as residential, commercial, and industrial areas, with a heavy reliance on automobiles for transportation. Edge Cities: Edge cities are large commercial centers that develop on the outskirts of a larger city, often near major highways. They typically feature a mix of office buildings, shopping centers, and entertainment facilities, and they serve as employment and service hubs for surrounding suburban areas. Gated Communities: Gated communities are residential neighborhoods that are enclosed by walls or fences and have controlled access points. They are often characterized by a sense of exclusivity and security, and they may offer amenities such as parks, golf courses, and community centers for residents. Common-Interest Developments: Common-interest developments (CIDs) are planned communities where homeowners are required to pay fees for the upkeep of common areas and amenities. CIDs can include a wide range of housing types, from single-family homes to condominiums, and they often feature shared facilities like parks, swimming pools, and recreation centers. Comparison: - Sprawl vs. Edge Cities: Sprawl is more about the overall expansion and development pattern of a city, while edge cities are specific types of developments that occur on the edges of urban areas. - Gated Communities vs. Common-Interest Developments: Gated communities focus more on the physical security and exclusivity of the neighborhood, while commoninterest developments emphasize shared amenities and community management. Contrast: - Sprawl vs. Gated Communities/Common-Interest Developments: Sprawl is characterized by its low-density, automobile-dependent development pattern, while gated communities and common-interest developments can be high-density and may offer a variety of housing types and amenities. 38. Define sprawl and discuss its implications in today’s American and Canadian cities. Answer: Sprawl is the unplanned, often rapid, and unrestricted spread of urban development into neighboring regions, characterized by low-density, automobiledependent communities. Implications of Sprawl: 1. Environmental Impact: Increased automobile use leads to higher emissions and air pollution. Deforestation and habitat destruction occur as natural landscapes are converted into urban areas. 2. Infrastructure Costs: Sprawl requires the expansion of infrastructure such as roads, utilities, and services, which can be costly to maintain and extend. 3. Social Isolation: Low-density development can lead to social isolation, as communities are often spread out, making it difficult to establish a sense of community. 4. Economic Disparities: Sprawl can contribute to economic disparities, as lower-income individuals may be pushed further away from urban centers where jobs and services are located. 5. Health Impacts: Lack of walkability and access to public transportation in sprawling communities can lead to sedentary lifestyles and associated health issues. In both American and Canadian cities, sprawl has led to urban sprawl, contributing to a range of social, economic, and environmental challenges. Efforts to curb sprawl often focus on promoting compact, mixed-use development, improving public transportation, and preserving green spaces. 39. Discuss the primary concerns surrounding the control of urban sprawl: environmental damage, loss of farmland and historic centers, financial costs, and transportation issues. Answer: Environmental Damage: Urban sprawl can lead to environmental damage through habitat loss, increased water and air pollution, and increased energy consumption due to longer commutes. Loss of Farmland and Historic Centers: Sprawl often results in the conversion of farmland and natural landscapes into urban areas, leading to the loss of agricultural land and the destruction of historic centers and cultural heritage sites. Financial Costs: Sprawl can impose significant financial costs on communities, including the need to expand infrastructure, provide services to more dispersed populations, and address the environmental impacts of sprawl. Transportation Issues: Sprawl is associated with increased reliance on automobiles, leading to congestion, air pollution, and longer commute times. It can also result in the lack of accessible public transportation options for residents. 40. What are the major solutions discussed in the text for urban sprawl? Answer: Smart Growth: Smart growth strategies promote compact, mixed-use development that encourages walking, cycling, and the use of public transportation. These strategies aim to reduce sprawl by focusing development in existing urban areas. Urban Growth Boundaries: Urban growth boundaries are used to contain urban sprawl by restricting development outside designated boundaries. This helps preserve farmland and natural areas while promoting more efficient land use within the boundary. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): TOD focuses on developing high-density, mixeduse communities around public transportation hubs. This reduces the need for automobile use and promotes sustainable urban development. Preservation of Green Spaces: Preserving green spaces within and around urban areas helps to mitigate the environmental impacts of sprawl, provides recreational opportunities for residents, and enhances the overall quality of life in urban areas. Revitalization of Existing Urban Areas: Revitalizing existing urban areas through redevelopment and adaptive reuse of buildings can help reduce the pressure for urban expansion into surrounding areas, while also preserving historic centers and cultural heritage sites. 41. What are exurbs? Give two examples. Answer: Exurbs are areas beyond the suburbs that are still connected to the urban area, often characterized by low population density and a high percentage of residents commuting to urban centers for work. Examples of Exurbs: 1. Douglas County, Colorado: Located south of Denver, Douglas County is considered an exurb of the city, with many residents commuting to Denver for work. 2. Loudoun County, Virginia: Situated west of Washington, D.C., Loudoun County has experienced significant population growth and is considered an exurb of the nation's capital. 42. What are edge cities? Give two examples. Answer: Edge cities are large, suburban, decentralized employment centers that have developed on the outskirts of major metropolitan areas. Examples of Edge Cities: 1. Tysons, Virginia: Located outside of Washington, D.C., Tysons is a major edge city known for its commercial and business developments. 2. Plano, Texas: A suburb of Dallas, Plano has developed into a prominent edge city with a strong business and commercial presence. 43. What are the three major categories of edge cities? Give an example of each. Answer: The three major categories of edge cities are: 1. Residential Edge Cities: These are characterized by a strong residential component and often have a mix of housing types, shopping centers, and recreational facilities. Example: Reston, Virginia, located outside of Washington, D.C. 2. Office Edge Cities: These are primarily office-centric developments with a concentration of office buildings, corporate headquarters, and business parks. Example: Irvine, California, a prominent office edge city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. 3. Combined Edge Cities: These are edge cities that feature a mix of residential, commercial, and office developments, creating a balanced urban environment. Example: Schaumburg, Illinois, located outside of Chicago. 44. What are the three edge city variations discussed in the text? Answer: The three edge city variations discussed in the text are: 1. Peripheral Model: These edge cities are located on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas and are often connected to the central city by highways. They typically have a decentralized layout with a focus on automobile accessibility. 2. Suburban Model: These edge cities are more integrated into the surrounding suburban fabric and are characterized by a mix of residential, commercial, and office developments. They often have a more balanced land use pattern compared to peripheral edge cities. 3. Urban Model: These edge cities have a more urban character, with dense, mixed-use development and a strong emphasis on public transportation. They may resemble smaller, self-contained cities within the larger metropolitan area. 45. What are the three categories of gated communities? Answer: The three categories of gated communities are: 1. Lifestyle Communities: These gated communities are designed to cater to a specific lifestyle or demographic group, such as retirees, golf enthusiasts, or eco-conscious individuals. They often offer amenities and services tailored to their target market. 2. Security Zone Communities: These gated communities focus primarily on providing a secure environment for residents, with controlled access points, perimeter walls or fences, and private security patrols. 3. Elite Residential Communities: These gated communities are characterized by their exclusivity and luxury amenities, catering to high-income individuals seeking a prestigious living environment. 46. Gated communities are often called common-interest developments (CIDs). The text points out that there is a close relationship between the two phenomena, but they are not the same thing. Explain this statement. Answer: While gated communities and common-interest developments (CIDs) share some similarities, they are not synonymous. Gated communities refer specifically to residential neighborhoods that are enclosed by walls or fences with controlled access points. They are characterized by a sense of exclusivity and often offer amenities such as parks, golf courses, and community centers. On the other hand, common-interest developments (CIDs) are planned communities where homeowners are required to pay fees for the upkeep of common areas and amenities. CIDs can include a wide range of housing types, from single-family homes to condominiums, and they often feature shared facilities like parks, swimming pools, and recreation centers. While many gated communities are also CIDs, not all CIDs are gated communities. CIDs can exist in non-gated settings, and their primary focus is on shared governance and the management of common areas, rather than on physical security and exclusivity. Test Bank for Cities and Urban Life Plus John J. Macionis, Vincent N. Parrillo 9780205902583, 9780205206377,9780133869804
