Multiple Choice 1. The cities of North America have an urban history that spans __________ centuries. a. 21 b. 11 c. 5 d. 4 Answer: c. 5 2. The first European settlements in North America were founded in the early __________ century. a. 17th b. 18th c. 19th d. 20th Answer: a. 17th 3. The early cities in the United States were characterized by a. exceptionally small size. b. a medieval appearance. c. a lack of regular street patterns. d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 4. By the late 1760s, the 13 American colonies had at least __________ major cities. a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12 Answer: d. 12 5. The American Revolution a. was mostly a rural revolution. b. was a city-instigated war. c. ended slavery in the United States. d. had no clear economic implications. Answer: b. was a city-instigated war. 6. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, a. urban settlements had been created throughout the West. b. urban settlements were concentrated on the East Coast. c. links between new territories and Atlantic port cities had been built. d. None of the above Answer: b. urban settlements were concentrated on the East Coast. 7. The growth of Baltimore was promoted by the: a. Erie Canal. b. National Road. c. large shipbuilding industry. d. Both b and c Answer: d. Both b and c 8. The urban growth of the early 19th century was primarily due to a. massive migration from the South. b. the expansion of trade networks. c. political intervention. d. public investment. Answer: b. the expansion of trade networks. 9. The original United States settlers a. came to the United States to reproduce European cities. b. saw cities as corrupting the good life. c. had great faith in the potential of cities for creating a better life. d. prefer the urban to the rural lifestyle. Answer: b. saw cities as corrupting the good life. 10. The North’s victory in the Civil War announced a. a return to a more rural lifestyle. b. the dominance of Jefferson’s ideas about cities. c. an explosion of urban industrial growth. d. Both b and c Answer: c. an explosion of urban industrial growth. 11. The technological advances that promoted the growth of the “great metropolis” include all EXCEPT which of the following? a. the use of iron and steel in construction b. the elevator c. electric street trolleys d. the telephone Answer: d. the telephone 12. Between 1870 and 1920, cities grew a. mostly upwards. b. mostly outwards. c. both upwards and outwards. d. at a slower rate than during the previous 50 years. Answer: c. both upwards and outwards. 13. Which demographic trends contributed to the increase in urban population? a. depopulation of rural area b. higher fertility rates in cities c. immigration from abroad d. Both a and c Answer: d. Both a and c 14. Between 1870 and 1920, the number of immigrants who arrived in the United States totaled a. 5 million. b. 15 million. c. 20 million. d. 30 million. Answer: c. 20 million. 15. Politically speaking, the era of the “great metropolis” corresponds to a. increasing pressures on city officials to represent people’s interests. b. a curbing of corruption. c. a large increase in federal funding allocated to cities. d. a period of great tolerance towards immigrants. Answer: a. increasing pressures on city officials to represent people’s interests. 16. By the end of the 1920s, which U.S. urban areas had the largest concentrated Black populations in the world? a. Chicago’s South Side b. Philadelphia’s Central District c. New York’s Harlem Answer: d. Both a and c 17. The industrialization of the city during the late 1800s a. benefited the great majority of the population. b. improved infrastructure. c. increased the profits of property owners. d. improved health conditions. Answer: c. increased the profits of property owners. 18. During the early 1900s, the word tenement had come to symbolize a/an a. airless, congested slum dwelling. b. exurbanized area. c. form of suburban development. d. None of the above Answer: a. airless, congested slum dwelling. 19. The period since 1950 has been characterized by a. an ever-greater number of people converging to the central city. b. people moving to areas surrounding the city itself. c. a decentralization of production. d. Both b and c Answer: d. Both b and c 20. A “megalopolis” a. is a concept created by the Census Bureau. b. is a city and its surrounding areas. c. is a continuous urban region created by the sprawling of many independent cities. d. is reflected in the concept of SMSA (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area). Answer: c. is a continuous urban region created by the sprawling of many independent cities. 21. The BosWash megalopolis remains a prominent urban region in the United States because a. it holds 20% of the nation’s wealth. b. it has low energy costs. c. it is home to one in five Americans. d. Both a and c Answer: d. Both a and c 22. Problems in the Sunbelt cities include all of the following EXCEPT a. high energy costs. b. inadequate infrastructure systems. c. water shortage. d. high crime rates. Answer: a. high energy costs. 23. Edward Banfield argues that a. cities are doomed to disappear. b. cities have too many economic advantages to experience declines for long periods. c. government intervention is necessary to promote urban revitalization. d. people and businesses will continue to move out of central cities. Answer: b. cities have too many economic advantages to experience declines for long periods. 24. The current revitalization of cities is due primarily to a. the office building boom. b. the desire of young professionals to live in an urban setting. c. the growth of white-collar business tied to new technology. d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 25. The postindustrial era is characterized by a. equally distributed urban growth. b. dual labor markets in cities. c. an increase in the jobs available for poor central city residents. d. lower rents in gentrified neighborhoods. Answer: b. dual labor markets in cities. 26. By 1800, the population of New York a. was about 60,000. b. almost reached 200,000. c. was still below 25,000. d. had grown to 100,000. Answer: a. was about 60,000. 27. New York’s famous skyscrapers, the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings, and Rockefeller Center opened a. at the turn of the century. b. in the mid-1800s. c. around 1930. d. just before World War I. Answer: c. around 1930. 28. In 2010, tourism in New York City soared to a record-breaking __________ million visitors. a. 17.6 b. 20.3 c. 37.5 d. 48.8 Answer: d. 48.8 29. Business Improvement Districts a. have had very limited success in improving life conditions in New York. b. are government institutions. c. provide services typically provided by city governments. d. Both a and b Answer: c. provide services typically provided by city governments. True/False 30. Until the 18th century, no city in North America had more than 10,000 inhabitants. Answer: True 31. From its inception, the city of Boston was built with hard-surfaced streets. Answer: False 32. Colonial cities were planned as export centers for raw material going to Europe. Answer: True 33. The American Revolution unfolded in cities. Answer: True 34. Philadelphia was the first capital of the United States. Answer: False 35. By the end of the Revolutionary War, the U.S. territory extended roughly to the Mississippi River. Answer: True 36. Urban growth in the early 19th century was promoted by the search for economic gain. Answer: True 37. Jefferson viewed great cities as destructive of morals and health. Answer: True 38. In the decades following the Civil War, migration to cities was slightly reduced. Answer: False 39. By 1920, the United States had become a predominantly urban nation. Answer: True 40. Migration to U.S. cities from abroad was larger than migration from U.S. rural areas. Answer: False 41. During the late 19th and early 20th century, many U.S. cities grew through annexation. Answer: True 42. By 1910, more than one-third of the inhabitants of the eight largest U.S. cities were immigrants. Answer: True 43. Between 1920 and 1929, more than 600,000 African Americans migrated from the South to the North. Answer: False 44. Building techniques using steel played an important role in promoting the decentralization of the urban area. Answer: False 45. As industries and the white middle class moved out of the central city, the latter lost a large share of its tax base. Answer: True 46. The elected Council of Metropolitan Toronto is a form of governance similar to that of the County governments in the United States. Answer: False 47. As of 2000, the Census Bureau recognized 273 MSAs within the United States. Answer: True 48. One in five Americans lives in the “BosWash megalopolis.” Answer: True 49. High-tech industries prefer central city locations. Answer: True 50. New York doubled its population between 1870 and 1930. Answer: False 51. About half of the labor force in New York City works in postindustrial jobs. Answer: False 52. Today, the South Bronx in New York City fits the image portrayed in the film, Fort Apache, the Bronx. Answer: False 54. In 2009, 19% of New York City residents were poor. Answer: True Essay/Discussion 55. Compare and contrast American cities during the four periods defined in your textbook. Answer: During the four periods defined in my textbook, American cities underwent significant changes that reflected the broader societal and economic trends of each era. 1. Colonial Era (1607-1775): • Cities were primarily small and compact, centered around ports or trading posts. • Social structure was hierarchical, with a focus on agriculture and trade. • Cities like Boston and Philadelphia were major hubs for colonial administration and trade. • Urban planning was minimal, with streets often following organic paths. • Religious institutions played a central role in shaping urban life. 2. Industrial Era (1776-1865): • The Industrial Revolution led to rapid urbanization and the growth of manufacturing cities. • Cities like New York and Chicago saw significant population growth due to immigration and rural-to-urban migration. • Urban areas became more crowded and polluted, leading to issues of sanitation and public health. • The rise of industrial capitalism led to the development of a new urban working class. • Urban planning began to emerge, with efforts to address issues of overcrowding and infrastructure. 3. Progressive Era (1866-1945): • The Progressive Era saw efforts to reform and improve urban life. • Urbanization continued, with cities becoming more diverse and stratified. • Progressive reforms focused on issues such as public health, housing, and working conditions. • The rise of urban political machines and immigrant communities shaped city politics and culture. • Urban planning became more systematic, with the emergence of zoning laws and the City Beautiful movement. 4. Modern Era (1946-Present): • The post-World War II period saw the rise of suburbanization and the decline of many urban areas. • Cities faced challenges such as deindustrialization, suburban flight, and racial segregation. • Urban renewal projects aimed to revitalize cities, often leading to the displacement of low-income communities. • The rise of the knowledge economy led to the revitalization of some urban areas, particularly those with strong technology and finance sectors. • Issues of sustainability and gentrification have become prominent in discussions about the future of American cities. 56. How do economic forces shape the transformation of cities throughout United States history? Answer: Economic forces have played a significant role in shaping the transformation of cities throughout United States history. These forces have influenced patterns of urbanization, development, and decline, and have shaped the economic, social, and physical landscapes of cities. • Industrialization: The industrial revolution led to the growth of cities as centers of manufacturing and commerce. This resulted in the development of urban infrastructure, such as factories, warehouses, and transportation networks, and attracted a large influx of migrants seeking employment opportunities. • Deindustrialization: The decline of traditional industries in the mid-20th century led to economic restructuring and the loss of jobs in many cities. This resulted in urban decline, population loss, and the deterioration of urban infrastructure in many areas. • Globalization: The forces of globalization, including increased trade, investment, and migration, have had profound effects on cities. Globalization has led to the growth of service industries, the development of global financial centers, and increased cultural diversity in cities. • Technology: Technological advancements, such as the internet and automation, have transformed the economy and affected the nature of work in cities. This has led to the growth of knowledge-based industries, the decline of traditional manufacturing, and changes in urban labor markets. Overall, economic forces have been a driving factor in the transformation of cities, influencing patterns of growth, decline, and redevelopment, and shaping the economic opportunities and challenges faced by urban residents. 57. What are the causes and consequences of suburbanization and Sunbelt migration for Northeastern cities? How does it affect the effectiveness of urban policies? Answer: Suburbanization and Sunbelt migration have had significant effects on Northeastern cities, influencing their population dynamics, economy, and urban policies. • Causes: Suburbanization in the mid-20th century was driven by factors such as the availability of affordable housing, improved transportation infrastructure, and the desire for suburban lifestyles. Sunbelt migration refers to the movement of people from colder, northern states to the warmer, southern states of the Sunbelt region, driven by factors such as climate, economic opportunities, and lower costs of living. • Consequences for Northeastern cities: Suburbanization and Sunbelt migration have led to population loss and economic decline in many Northeastern cities. The loss of population has resulted in vacant housing, reduced tax revenues, and the deterioration of urban infrastructure. These trends have also affected the demographic composition of Northeastern cities, leading to aging populations and reduced diversity. • Impact on urban policies: Suburbanization and Sunbelt migration have posed challenges for urban policymakers in Northeastern cities. The need to address the impacts of population loss, economic decline, and urban decay has required innovative policy approaches. Additionally, competition with suburban areas for residents and businesses has led to efforts to revitalize urban centers and attract investment. Overall, suburbanization and Sunbelt migration have had profound effects on Northeastern cities, influencing their population trends, economy, and urban policies, and requiring policymakers to adapt to changing urban dynamics. Test Bank for Cities and Urban Life Plus John J. Macionis, Vincent N. Parrillo 9780205902583, 9780205206377,9780133869804
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