Multiple Choice 1. The Inca civilization was based in what is now a. Mexico. b. Peru. c. Panama. d. Brazil. Answer: b. Peru. 2. Anthropologists estimate that the population of native Latin Americans declined by _________ percent during the 16th century. a. 50 b. 75 c. 90 d. 95 Answer: d. 95 3. The chief reason for the loss of life among Latin American natives in the 16th century was a. wars with the Spanish and Portuguese colonists. b. diseases imported from Europe. c. a plunge in the birth rate. d. Both a and b Answer: d. Both a and b 4. Which of the following would be found in the plaza mayor in a Latin American colonial city? a. a Catholic church b. government offices c. wealthy residences d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 5. Primate cities develop most often in a. countries that were or are under foreign control. b. large countries. c. countries that have a large number of modern cities. d. None of the above Answer: a. countries that were or are under foreign control. 6. Primacy ratio is computed by a. dividing the primate city’s population by the total population of the country. b. dividing the primate city’s population by the population of the second-largest city. c. dividing the second-largest city’s population by the primate city’s population. d. dividing the country’s total population by the population of the second-largest city. Answer: b. dividing the primate city’s population by the population of the second-largest city. 7. Highly developed urban centers were present in Africa as long ago as a. 5000 B.C.E. b. 3000 B.C.E. c. 1000 B.C.E. d. 1000 C.E. Answer: b. 3000 B.C.E. 8. Early African cities typically a. were linked by trade. b. had narrow and winding streets. c. had rich and poor living next to one another. d. All of the above are correct. Answer: d. All of the above are correct. 9. The second wave of European colonization in Africa began in a. 1607. b. 1776. c. 1862. d. 1895. Answer: c. 1862. 10. The world’s oldest well-known city, Jericho, is nearly a. 5,000 years old. b. 7,500 years old. c. 10,000 years old. d. 12,500 years old. Answer: c. 10,000 years old. 11. Islamic cities declined after the Middle Ages due to a. the Crusaders. b. topsoil depletion. c. influence of Christianity. d. oppressive taxation. Answer: b. topsoil depletion. 12. European powers sought to change the Middle East by a. introducing Christianity as the official religion. b. trading with it. c. ruthlessly crushing its indigenous cities. d. supporting Israel. Answer: b. trading with it. 13. The first country to colonize part of India was a. Britain. b. France. c. Portugal. d. Spain. Answer: a. Britain. 14. British sections of dual cities a. are typically arranged in a grid pattern. b. have a railroad run through them. c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above Answer: c. Both of the above 15. The People’s Republic of China was established in a. 1919. b. 1929. c. 1939. d. 1949. Answer: d. 1949. 16. Colonization has several common legacies. Which of the following is/are among these legacies? a. economic b. political c. national boundaries d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 17. Latin American cities lag far behind those in Europe, Canada, and the United States because a. Latin American cities were import-oriented. b. most Latin American cities never developed much of an industrial base. c. other rich nations and their corporations lent too much support to these cities. d. All of the above Answer: b. most Latin American cities never developed much of an industrial base. 18. According to the text, in global perspective, Africa a. is a continent in crisis. b. is the least urbanized continent. c. has the highest rate of increase in urbanization. d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 19. In the 1970’s China’s most radical innovation to stimulate economic growth was a. the establishment of “Special Economic Zones.” b. Chinese sovereignty. c. the one-child family policy. d. absolute rule. Answer: a. the establishment of “Special Economic Zones.” 20. Which of the following is NOT one of the cities of Southeast Asia? a. Hong Kong b. Singapore c. Jakarta d. Bangkok Answer: a. Hong Kong 21. Japan’s severe pollution is due to a. rapid industrialization. b. lax pollution regulations. c. diminishing trade. d. continued colonization. Answer: a. rapid industrialization. 22. Which of the following is/are among the common problems of the cities of the developing world? a. spiraling populations b. quality of life problems c. shantytowns d. All of the above Answer: d. All of the above 23. A generation or two ago, one correctly thought of more-developed countries as the locales of the world’s largest metropolitan areas, or a. exurbs. b. suburbs. c. urban agglomerations. d. Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Answer: c. urban agglomerations. 24. The world’s largest urban agglomerations are also referred to as a. Metropolitan Statistical Areas. b. exurbs. c. suburban sprawl. d. megacities. Answer: d. megacities. True/False 25. The cities of the Aztec and Inca Empires were completely destroyed and replaced with Spanish cities. Answer: True 26. Early African cities had a pattern based on a central business district surrounded by residential rings determined by income. Answer: False 27. The slave trade was facilitated by the aid of Muslims. Answer: True 28. Culture plays a great role in determining life in a city. Answer: True 29. People in Islamic cities identify more with their neighborhoods than their cities. Answer: True 30. The British destroyed existing cities in India whenever they came upon them. Answer: False 31. Early Islamic cities had a surrounding wall. Answer: True 32. Europeans viewed the Middle East as a valuable prize. Answer: False 33. Marco Polo saw Indian cities primarily in terms of wealth and objects. Answer: True 34. From the mid-19th century until the end of World War II, China was subjected to foreign control. Answer: True 35. Amid cries for revolution, the Japanese shogun stepped down in 1668. Answer: False 36. Most Latin American cities have followed the pattern of rapid industrialization typical of Europe, Canada, and the United States. Answer: False 37. Rapid urban growth has established a primate-city pattern for the entire Middle East. Answer: True 38. Bombay is the world’s largest producer of jute. Answer: False 39. In 1997, Great Britain renewed its sovereignty over Hong Kong. Answer: False 40. Unlike India and China, Southeast Asia has little tradition of large indigenous cities. Answer: True 41. Bangkok is the capital of South Vietnam. Answer: False 42. Southeast Asia remains one of the least urbanized areas of the world. Answer: True 43. The tremendous economic success of Japan enables the Japanese to enjoy a standard of living that is comparable to other industrial nations. Answer: False 44. The total fertility rate is the number of children born annually for every 1,000 people in the population. Answer: False 45. In the future, demographers fear, population totals in less-developed countries will soar further. Answer: True 46. The text points out that so-called over-urbanization in the developing world may well get a good deal worse before it gets better. Answer: True Essay/Discussion 48. Discuss the purpose and pattern of construction of colonial cities and its effect on class structure and the development of these cities. Answer: The purpose of constructing colonial cities was primarily to serve the economic and administrative needs of the colonizing power. These cities were often designed and built according to a specific pattern or plan, reflecting the ideals and priorities of the colonial authorities. One common pattern of construction was the gridiron layout, with straight, perpendicular streets intersecting at right angles. This layout was not only practical for efficient urban planning but also symbolized order and control, reinforcing the authority of the colonial rulers. The class structure of colonial cities was heavily influenced by the purpose and pattern of their construction. The central area of the city, typically surrounding the government and commercial buildings, was reserved for the colonial elite and European settlers. These areas were characterized by spacious, well-maintained streets and grand buildings, reflecting the wealth and status of their inhabitants. In contrast, the outskirts of the city, often located near industrial or agricultural areas, were occupied by the lower classes, including indigenous peoples and slaves. These areas were characterized by overcrowded, poorly maintained housing and inadequate infrastructure, reflecting the marginalization and exploitation of these groups. The development of colonial cities was thus shaped by the dual processes of segregation and exploitation, which had lasting effects on their class structure and urban form. The legacy of colonial urban planning can still be seen in many former colonies today, where the spatial and social divisions created during the colonial period continue to influence urban life. 49. Discuss the twin problems of overpopulation and migration in relation to the development of modern Latin American cities. Answer: Overpopulation and migration have been significant challenges in the development of modern Latin American cities, influencing their growth patterns, infrastructure, and social dynamics. Overpopulation in urban areas has led to overcrowding, strained resources, and inadequate housing in many Latin American cities. Rapid urbanization, fueled by rural-to-urban migration, has contributed to this issue. As people move from rural areas to cities in search of better economic opportunities, urban populations swell, putting pressure on already limited infrastructure and services. Migration, both internal and international, has also played a role in shaping Latin American cities. Internal migration from rural to urban areas has been driven by factors such as poverty, landlessness, and lack of economic opportunities in rural areas. This has led to the growth of informal settlements, or "barrios," on the outskirts of cities, where migrants often settle in makeshift housing without access to basic services. International migration, particularly to cities along the U.S.-Mexico border and major urban centers, has been fueled by economic factors and political instability in countries such as Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala. This has further strained resources and infrastructure in these cities, leading to social tensions and challenges in providing adequate services to new arrivals. In response to these challenges, many Latin American cities have implemented policies aimed at managing urban growth and improving living conditions. These include efforts to upgrade informal settlements, improve access to basic services, and promote sustainable urban development. However, addressing the twin problems of overpopulation and migration will require coordinated efforts at the local, national, and regional levels to ensure that cities in Latin America can continue to develop in a sustainable and inclusive manner. 50. Discuss how cultural factors shape cities, using examples from Africa and the Middle East. Answer: Cultural factors play a significant role in shaping cities, influencing their architecture, layout, and social dynamics. This is particularly evident in Africa and the Middle East, where cities often reflect the cultural heritage and values of their inhabitants. In Africa, cultural factors such as traditional building techniques, religious beliefs, and social customs have influenced the architecture and layout of many cities. For example, in cities like Timbuktu in Mali and Harar in Ethiopia, traditional mud-brick architecture is prevalent, reflecting local building practices and materials. These cities also feature narrow, winding streets and courtyards, which are designed to provide shade and promote social interaction, reflecting the importance of community in African cultures. Religious beliefs have also played a significant role in shaping cities in Africa and the Middle East. Cities like Cairo in Egypt and Kano in Nigeria are home to numerous mosques and Islamic schools, which serve as centers of worship, education, and community life. The layout of these cities often reflects Islamic principles of urban design, such as the placement of mosques and public squares to create a sense of unity and cohesion among residents. Social customs and traditions have also influenced the development of cities in Africa and the Middle East. For example, in many cities in these regions, markets play a central role in daily life, serving as places where people not only buy and sell goods but also socialize and exchange news and information. The layout of these markets, with their narrow alleyways and bustling activity, reflects the importance of commerce and social interaction in these cultures. Overall, cultural factors have a profound impact on the development of cities in Africa and the Middle East, shaping their physical form, social structure, and sense of identity. Understanding these factors is crucial for urban planners and policymakers seeking to create sustainable and inclusive cities that reflect the values and aspirations of their inhabitants. 51. Compare and contrast the European colonization pattern found in Africa with that found in Latin America. Answer: Similarities: 1. Initial Exploration: Both Africa and Latin America were initially explored by European powers during the Age of Exploration in the 15th to 17th centuries. Portuguese, Spanish, British, French, and Dutch explorers established trading posts and colonies in these regions. 2. Colonialism: European colonization in both regions involved the establishment of formal colonies, often characterized by the imposition of European political, economic, and cultural systems over indigenous populations. 3. Resource Extraction: European powers exploited the natural resources of both Africa and Latin America for economic gain. This included minerals, agricultural products, and labor, often through the use of forced labor systems such as slavery. 4. Cultural Impact: European colonization in both regions had a significant impact on the cultures and societies of Africa and Latin America, leading to the blending of European and indigenous cultures and the spread of Christianity. Differences: 1. Timing and Duration: European colonization in Latin America began earlier and lasted longer than in Africa. The Spanish and Portuguese began colonizing Latin America in the late 15th century, while European colonization of Africa accelerated in the late 19th century during the Scramble for Africa. 2. Colonial Administration: In Latin America, European powers established centralized colonial administrations that often integrated indigenous populations into the colonial system. In contrast, colonial administration in Africa was more fragmented, with European powers establishing a patchwork of colonies and protectorates. 3. Labor Systems: While both regions experienced the use of forced labor, the nature of labor systems differed. In Latin America, the encomienda and hacienda systems were prominent, which exploited indigenous and African labor. In Africa, European powers often relied on systems of indirect rule and collaboration with local rulers to control labor resources. 4. Impact on Indigenous Populations: European colonization had a devastating impact on indigenous populations in both regions, but the scale and nature of this impact differed. In Latin America, diseases brought by Europeans, along with forced labor and warfare, led to significant population decline among indigenous peoples. In Africa, the slave trade and later colonial policies also had a devastating impact, leading to the displacement and marginalization of many African societies. In conclusion, while European colonization in Africa and Latin America shared some similarities, including resource exploitation and cultural impact, differences in timing, colonial administration, labor systems, and the impact on indigenous populations make each region's colonization pattern unique. 52. Compare and contrast the urban experiences in China and India. Answer: Similarities: 1. Rapid Urbanization: Both China and India have experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades, with millions of people moving from rural areas to cities in search of better economic opportunities. 2. Infrastructure Challenges: Both countries have faced challenges in providing adequate infrastructure to support their growing urban populations, including issues related to housing, transportation, and access to basic services such as water and sanitation. 3. Informal Settlements: Both China and India have large populations living in informal settlements, often lacking basic amenities and legal recognition. 4. Economic Growth: Urban areas in both countries have been important drivers of economic growth, serving as centers for industry, commerce, and innovation. Differences: 1. Government Policies: China has implemented more centralized and top-down urban planning policies, with the government playing a significant role in the development of cities. In contrast, India's approach to urban planning has been more decentralized, with greater involvement of local governments and less central coordination. 2. Population Size and Density: China's urban population is larger and more densely concentrated than India's. Chinese cities tend to be more densely populated and have higher population densities compared to Indian cities. 3. Industrial Structure: China's urban areas have been more industrialized compared to India's, with a larger share of the population employed in manufacturing and heavy industry. India's urban economy, on the other hand, has been more service-oriented, with a greater focus on sectors such as information technology, finance, and services. 4. Migration Patterns: While both countries have experienced significant rural-to-urban migration, the patterns and drivers of migration differ. In China, migration has been driven largely by government policies such as the hukou system, which restricts access to social services based on household registration. In India, migration has been more spontaneous and driven by economic factors. 5. Urban Governance: The governance structures of urban areas differ between China and India. China has a more centralized system of urban governance, with strong control exerted by the central government. In contrast, India has a more decentralized system, with greater autonomy given to local governments. In conclusion, while both China and India have experienced rapid urbanization and faced similar challenges, such as infrastructure development and informal settlements, differences in government policies, population size and density, industrial structure, migration patterns, and urban governance have resulted in distinct urban experiences in each country. 53. What are the common elements of cities in the non-industrialized world? Answer: Cities in the non-industrialized world often share several common elements due to similar economic, social, and environmental conditions. Some of these common elements include: 1. Informal Settlements: Non-industrialized cities often have large informal settlements, also known as slums or shantytowns, where housing is typically constructed informally and lacks proper infrastructure and services. 2. Population Growth: These cities often experience rapid population growth due to high birth rates and rural-to-urban migration, leading to challenges in providing adequate housing, infrastructure, and services. 3. Limited Infrastructure: Non-industrialized cities often have limited infrastructure, including inadequate transportation networks, water and sanitation systems, and healthcare and educational facilities. 4. Informal Economy: A significant portion of economic activity in non-industrialized cities occurs in the informal sector, including street vending, small-scale trading, and services, which often operate outside formal regulations. 5. Environmental Challenges: Non-industrialized cities often face environmental challenges such as pollution, inadequate waste management, and vulnerability to natural disasters due to rapid and unplanned urbanization. 6. Social Inequality: Non-industrialized cities often have high levels of social inequality, with disparities in income, access to services, and opportunities between different social groups. 7. Weak Urban Governance: Governance in non-industrialized cities is often weak, with challenges in urban planning, regulation, and service delivery, leading to issues such as corruption, inefficiency, and lack of accountability. 8. Cultural Diversity: Non-industrialized cities are often characterized by cultural diversity, with a mix of ethnicities, languages, and traditions contributing to the city's social fabric. Overall, cities in the non-industrialized world share common elements related to rapid urbanization, informal settlement, limited infrastructure, environmental challenges, social inequality, weak governance, and cultural diversity, which shape their urban landscapes and development patterns. 54. What are some of the potential solutions to the primate city problem given in the chapter? Illustrate with specific examples of their implementation in these countries. Answer: The primate city problem refers to the situation where a single city dominates a country's urban system, often to the detriment of other cities and regions. Some potential solutions to this problem include: 1. Decentralization: Decentralization involves transferring power and resources from the central government to local governments, allowing for more balanced development across regions. For example, in Indonesia, the government has implemented a policy of decentralization, giving more autonomy to local governments and promoting the development of secondary cities such as Surabaya and Medan. 2. Regional Planning: Regional planning involves coordinating development across different regions to promote balanced growth. For example, in Brazil, the government has implemented regional planning initiatives to promote development in the interior regions and reduce the dominance of cities like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. 3. Infrastructure Development: Investing in infrastructure such as transportation networks, communication systems, and utilities can help connect cities and regions and reduce the dominance of primate cities. For example, China has invested heavily in high-speed rail networks, connecting major cities and promoting the development of secondary cities. 4. Economic Diversification: Promoting economic diversification can help reduce dependence on a single city or industry. For example, in Malaysia, the government has implemented policies to promote economic diversification and industrial development in regions outside of Kuala Lumpur. 5. Urban Growth Controls: Implementing policies to control the growth of primate cities can help promote the development of other cities. For example, in Thailand, the government has implemented policies to control population growth in Bangkok and promote development in other cities such as Chiang Mai and Phuket. Overall, addressing the primate city problem requires a combination of policies and strategies aimed at promoting balanced regional development, investing in infrastructure, promoting economic diversification, and controlling urban growth in primate cities. 55. Based on the text’s discussion, write an essay on world urbanization in perspective. Answer: World urbanization has been a defining trend of the modern era, with profound implications for societies, economies, and the environment. As populations have shifted from rural to urban areas, cities have grown in size and importance, becoming centers of economic activity, cultural exchange, and innovation. However, this rapid urbanization has also brought challenges, including overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, environmental degradation, and social inequality. One of the key drivers of urbanization has been industrialization, which has led to the growth of manufacturing and service industries in urban areas, attracting rural migrants seeking better economic opportunities. This process has been particularly pronounced in developing countries, where urban populations have swelled in recent decades. For example, in countries like China and India, urbanization has been driven by rapid industrialization and urban migration, leading to the growth of megacities like Beijing and Mumbai. The growth of cities has also been fueled by demographic trends, including population growth and changing patterns of fertility and mortality. As populations have grown, cities have expanded to accommodate new residents, leading to the development of sprawling urban areas. This has posed challenges in terms of providing adequate housing, infrastructure, and services to growing populations. Urbanization has also had significant social and cultural implications. Cities have become melting pots of different cultures and identities, leading to the blending of traditions and the emergence of new forms of cultural expression. However, this cultural diversity has also led to tensions and conflicts, as different groups compete for resources and opportunities in urban areas. In terms of the environment, urbanization has had mixed effects. On one hand, cities have been centers of technological innovation and sustainability initiatives, leading to improvements in energy efficiency and waste management. On the other hand, rapid urbanization has led to increased pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity, posing serious threats to the environment and human health. In conclusion, world urbanization has been a complex and multifaceted process, driven by a combination of economic, social, and environmental factors. While cities have become engines of economic growth and centers of innovation, they have also faced challenges such as overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental degradation. Addressing these challenges will require a holistic approach that takes into account the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of urbanization, ensuring that cities remain sustainable and livable for future generations. Test Bank for Cities and Urban Life Plus John J. Macionis, Vincent N. Parrillo 9780205902583, 9780205206377,9780133869804
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