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Chapter 5: Sexual Pleasure, Arousal, and Response Discussion 5.1: Journaling and Sexual Well-Being Therapists recommend keeping a sexual journal to help individuals and couples explore their sexual fantasies and sexual needs, but recording personal sexual thoughts and experiences in a sexual journal can enhance everyone’s sexual well-being. Do you think journaling is helpful in this situation? Why or why not? What other tools could be used to meet the same need? Journaling can indeed be a helpful tool for individuals and couples to explore their sexual fantasies and needs, leading to enhanced sexual well-being. By recording personal sexual thoughts and experiences, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of their desires, preferences, and boundaries. This self-reflection can help individuals communicate more effectively with their partners, leading to a more fulfilling sexual relationship. However, journaling may not be suitable for everyone. Some individuals may find it difficult or uncomfortable to write about their sexual experiences. In such cases, other tools can be used to meet the same need. For example, couples could engage in open and honest conversations about their sexual desires and boundaries. They could also consider seeking the guidance of a sex therapist, who can provide a safe and supportive environment for exploring these topics. Overall, while journaling can be a valuable tool for enhancing sexual well-being, it is important to consider individual preferences and comfort levels when exploring alternative tools for sexual exploration and communication. Discussion 5.2: Cultural Effects on Sexual Well-Being Because culture exerts a strong influence on sexual expression, there are large variations in how sexual pleasure is experienced and expressed around the globe and over time (Gagnon, 2004; Kinsey et al., 1948; Laumann et al., 1994). Even within U.S. society, a major change has occurred in recent decades in the way sexual pleasure is depicted in the media, from music and movies to the Internet. Other than sexual well-being, what other kinds of psychosocial factors might culture effect that also have powerful outcomes? Culture can indeed have a profound impact on various psychosocial factors beyond sexual well-being, leading to powerful outcomes. One such factor is the expression of emotions. Different cultures have varying norms and expectations regarding the expression of emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. These cultural norms can influence how individuals perceive and regulate their emotions, which can in turn affect their mental health and social relationships. Another psychosocial factor influenced by culture is the concept of self and identity. Cultural beliefs and values shape individuals' understanding of themselves and their place in society. This can impact aspects such as self-esteem, self-confidence, and the pursuit of personal goals. Cultural norms regarding family structure, gender roles, and social hierarchy also play a role in shaping individuals' sense of self. Additionally, cultural influences extend to beliefs about health and well-being. Cultural practices related to diet, exercise, and healthcare can impact physical health outcomes. Moreover, cultural attitudes toward mental health and seeking help for psychological issues can affect individuals' willingness to seek treatment and their overall mental health status. In summary, culture influences a wide range of psychosocial factors beyond sexual well-being, including emotional expression, self-concept, and health beliefs. Understanding these cultural influences is important for promoting overall well-being and addressing the diverse needs of individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Discussion 5.3: Gender Differences in Sight as a Sense of Pleasure Men and women are both physically stimulated by erotic images or visual cues that they find attractive, but men often tend to be more open in reporting their preference for visual images (Koukounas & McCabe, 1997). In fact, it is widely believed that generally men and women experience quite different sexual arousal sequences on the basis of visual cues, with men tending to be aroused more easily than women (Diamond, 2008; Schwartz, 2007). Women may respond more to facial cues and the sense of seeing their partner in a particular context whereas men may respond to overt sexual gestures. Researchers speculate that this gender difference may help to explain the arousal response of men to pornography, in which sight influences sexual motivation and arousal more in comparison to women. For example, a study of 688 heterosexual Danish adult men and women found large gender differences in the use of pornography, because men were exposed to pornography at a younger age, consumed more pornography as adults, and tended to use pornography on their own (Hald, 2006). Gender differences in the arousal response to visual stimuli are well-documented, with men often displaying a greater preference for and sensitivity to visual sexual cues compared to women. Research indicates that men are more likely to be aroused by explicit visual stimuli, such as pornography, while women may be more responsive to contextual and relational cues, including facial expressions and the overall context of the sexual encounter. One possible explanation for this difference lies in evolutionary psychology, where men's visual arousal response is seen as adaptive for reproductive success, as it may facilitate the identification of potential mates and competitors. In contrast, women's arousal may be more context-dependent, reflecting the importance of emotional and relational factors in their sexual experiences. However, it's essential to note that these are general trends and that individual responses can vary widely. Factors such as culture, personal experiences, and individual differences in sexual orientation and preferences can significantly influence how individuals respond to visual sexual stimuli. Discussion 5.4: Viewing Pornography and Sexual Excitement Have you ever thought about how viewing pornography contributes to sexual excitement? One study examined such a question as it relates to men. It looked at how male participants responded to different kinds of sexual stimuli to see if their arousal would sort heterosexual men from men who say they are bisexual (Rieger, Chivers, & Bailey, 2005). The results suggested that all the men showed genital arousal to pornography regardless of their sexual orientation. The results also indicated that men became much more sexually aroused when they viewed stimuli they were really interested in than if they viewed material they were less interested in and were even less aroused by neutral stimuli. For example, when heterosexual men viewed pornography featuring women, they were much more aroused than when they viewed pornography that did not feature women. They also found that the men who said they were bisexual were generally not that different in arousal from heterosexual men and showed nothing that was distinctive in their arousal by visual images. It is interesting that men and women report their arousal to visual sexual stimuli differently. Historically, men have always reported that they are highly aroused by visual representations of sexuality. Women historically have reported lower levels of sexual arousal to visual stimulation. However, when researchers have studied biological indicators of sexual arousal in male and female response to visual stimulation, such as erection and vaginal lubrication, it appears that women and men are stimulated equally on a physiological level. So it appears that visual preference and sexual arousal occurs for women as well as men even though women have less of a tendency to admit their arousal. Why do you think that women do not “own up” to their arousal from viewing explicit images? How might women communicate this interest to their partners? Women's reluctance to admit or own up to their arousal from viewing explicit images can be attributed to various societal and cultural factors that shape attitudes towards female sexuality. Historically, there has been a double standard regarding sexual expression, with women being expected to be more reserved and modest about their sexual desires compared to men. This societal expectation can lead women to feel ashamed or embarrassed about expressing their arousal openly. Furthermore, women may fear judgment or backlash for expressing interest in explicit images, as there is still a stigma attached to women who are perceived as sexually assertive or active. This can result in women downplaying or denying their arousal to conform to societal expectations of female sexuality. To communicate their interest in viewing explicit images to their partners, women can take several approaches. Firstly, open and honest communication is key. Women can express their desires and preferences in a non-judgmental and respectful manner, emphasizing that their interest in viewing explicit images is a normal and healthy aspect of their sexuality. Additionally, creating a safe and supportive environment where both partners feel comfortable discussing their sexual desires can encourage women to be more open about their arousal. It's also important for women to educate their partners about the complexities of female sexuality and the diversity of sexual preferences among women. By fostering mutual understanding and respect, women can feel more empowered to communicate their arousal and preferences regarding sexual stimuli to their partners. Discussion 5.5: Orgasm Orgasms are one of the most pleasurable physiological processes humans experience. Orgasm is an autonomic nervous response, meaning that it is involuntary because the brain’s limbic system controls it. During orgasm, the lower pelvic muscles go through a series of quick contractions around the genitals and the anus. Orgasm may involve involuntary muscle spasms in other parts of the body including vocal spasms that we express in moans, gasps, or screams. Cross-cultural research reveals variations in the frequency of orgasm as well as the pleasure derived from one; what are some factors that may affect one’s ability to achieve orgasm? What may be some influences that are associated with magnitude of pleasure? The ability to achieve orgasm and the magnitude of pleasure experienced can be influenced by a variety of factors, both physical and psychological. Some factors that may affect one's ability to achieve orgasm include: 1. Physical factors: These include health conditions that affect the nervous system or blood flow, hormonal imbalances, medications that may interfere with sexual function, and anatomical differences that may affect stimulation. 2. Psychological factors: Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, body image issues, past trauma, and relationship conflicts can impact one's ability to relax and experience pleasure, which are crucial for achieving orgasm. 3. Sexual experience and knowledge: Lack of sexual experience or knowledge about one's own body and sexual response can also affect the ability to achieve orgasm. Understanding one's own sexual preferences and communicating them to a partner can be important for enhancing sexual pleasure. 4. Cultural and societal influences: Cultural attitudes towards sex and pleasure can play a significant role in how individuals perceive and experience orgasm. Societal taboos, shame, and misinformation about sex can create barriers to experiencing pleasure. 5. Relationship dynamics: The quality of the relationship, emotional intimacy, and communication with a partner can greatly impact one's ability to achieve orgasm. A supportive and understanding partner can enhance the overall sexual experience. In terms of influences associated with the magnitude of pleasure experienced during orgasm, factors such as the level of arousal, the intensity of stimulation, the duration of sexual activity, and the emotional connection with a partner can all contribute to the overall pleasure experienced. Additionally, individual differences in neurobiology and sensitivity to sexual stimuli can also play a role in the intensity of orgasmic pleasure. Discussion 5.6: Data Collection and the Sexual Response Model To more fully understand how the body responds sexually, Masters and Johnson (1966) initially observed more than 10,000 episodes of sexual activity in 382 women and 312 men. Their initial studies included only heterosexual individuals, though they did study the sexual behavior of gay men and lesbians at a later time. Masters and Johnson observed volunteers who did not know their sexual partner. Discuss with students what effect knowing one’s partner might have on data. Do they think they perform the same with someone they just met as they do with someone they know well? What about the effects of observation? What effect does that have? Knowing one's partner can have a significant impact on sexual behavior and responses, which can potentially influence the data collected in studies of sexual response. When individuals are familiar with their sexual partner, there may be a greater sense of comfort, trust, and intimacy, which can enhance the overall sexual experience. This can lead to differences in arousal levels, the intensity of sexual activity, and the ability to reach orgasm compared to interactions with a new or unfamiliar partner. Additionally, the effects of observation, such as being aware of being watched or studied, can also influence sexual behavior. The presence of observers can create feelings of self-consciousness, performance anxiety, or altered behavior to conform to perceived expectations. This can potentially lead to changes in sexual response patterns, such as heightened arousal or inhibited responses, compared to natural, unobserved sexual interactions. Overall, knowing one's partner and the presence of observation can both affect sexual behavior and responses, highlighting the importance of considering these factors when interpreting data on sexual response models. Discussion 5.7: Kaplan’s Addition of Desire Another sexual response cycle, proposed by sex therapist Helen Singer Kaplan (1979), has similarities to the EPOR model of Masters and Johnson as well as some important distinctions. Kaplan’s model of sexual response includes three stages: desire, excitement, and orgasm. The most distinct difference in Kaplan’s model is the desire phase, which she describes as a prelude to physical response. While many appreciate this inclusion, the reality is that desire is not necessary for sexual interaction or response. One study noted that as much as 30% of sexually experienced women with the capacity for orgasm rarely or never experience spontaneous sexual desire. This shows that not all sexual expression is preceded by desire. For example, a woman might agree to have sexual intercourse to please her partner even though she may not have a real desire to engage in it herself. She may find that her body begins to respond during sex despite her initial lack of desire. Ask students if they think the addition of desire to the response cycle is necessary? What role might desire add in either enhancing or subtracting from a sexual interaction? The addition of the desire phase to the sexual response cycle, as proposed by Helen Singer Kaplan, has been valuable in recognizing the complexity of human sexuality. While it's true that not all sexual interactions are preceded by spontaneous desire, the inclusion of desire as a distinct phase acknowledges that for many individuals, desire can play a significant role in enhancing the overall sexual experience. Desire adds a psychological dimension to sexual interactions, contributing to feelings of anticipation, excitement, and emotional connection. When desire is present, sexual activity may feel more fulfilling, pleasurable, and meaningful. It can also serve as a form of communication between partners, expressing mutual attraction and interest in each other. However, the absence of spontaneous desire does not diminish the importance of other aspects of the sexual response cycle, such as arousal and orgasm. Sexual interactions can still be satisfying and pleasurable even in the absence of initial desire, as demonstrated by the experiences of many sexually experienced women. Ultimately, the role of desire in sexual interactions can vary greatly among individuals and across different contexts. While some may find that desire enhances their sexual experiences, others may not prioritize it as heavily. The key is to recognize that human sexuality is diverse and multifaceted, and different individuals may have different needs and preferences when it comes to sexual desire and response. Discussion 5.8: Simultaneous Orgasm Many couples desire the experience of simultaneous orgasm believing that it will amplify their pleasure or connection to one another. But simultaneous orgasms are not necessarily more powerful. The benefit of simultaneous orgasms is that both partners reach climax at the same time, so that one partner is not winding down while the other is still trying to achieve an orgasm. The reality, though, is that this does not happen all that often. In heterosexual couples, the time from arousal to orgasm for men is consistently shorter than the time from arousal to orgasm in women. Try to see the benefits of not attaining orgasm at the same time. When one partner reaches orgasm at a different time than the other, partners are able to take in the sights and sounds of their partner’s pleasure more fully as they are not engrossed in their own feelings and sensations. Discuss with students why people might think there is something special about simultaneous climax. Where do these ideas come from? Does pornography play a role in these expectations? The idea that simultaneous orgasms are special or more desirable likely stems from cultural narratives and expectations around sex. In many societies, there's a romanticized notion that true intimacy involves perfect synchronization and mutual fulfillment in sexual experiences. This ideal is often perpetuated in media, including pornography, where simultaneous orgasms are commonly depicted as the pinnacle of sexual connection and satisfaction. Pornography can certainly play a role in shaping these expectations. It often presents a stylized and unrealistic portrayal of sex, where simultaneous orgasms are not only common but expected. This can create a sense of pressure or inadequacy for individuals who don't experience simultaneous orgasms with their partners, leading them to believe that their sexual experiences are somehow lacking. However, it's important to recognize that sexual pleasure and connection can be deeply fulfilling even without simultaneous orgasms. Every individual's experience of pleasure is unique, and what matters most is open communication, mutual respect, and a shared understanding of each other's desires and boundaries. Discussion 5.9: Is Oral Sex, Sex? Oral sex, the stimulation of a partner’s genitals by mouth, has gained popularity in recent decades, though many people are still uncomfortable openly discussing it or admitting that they enjoy it. The majority of men and women who engage in this intimate behavior say they enjoy it. If we learned anything during the Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky issue, it’s that not everyone considers oral sex to be the same as “real” sex, meaning vaginal. We often see in researchs that many teens report that they are not the same. Ask students to discuss what makes “sex”, “sex”. Are you a virgin if you have oral or anal sex? How many of you think of oral sex as the same as vaginal sex? Or is this in a “lesser” category? The question of whether oral sex is considered "real" sex is complex and subjective, as it involves individual beliefs, cultural norms, and definitions of what constitutes sexual activity. Some people may view oral sex as a form of sex, while others may consider it a separate or lesser category of sexual activity. From a physiological perspective, oral sex involves intimate contact and stimulation of the genitals, which many people consider to be a form of sexual activity. However, the cultural and social significance attributed to different sexual acts can vary widely. In terms of virginity, the concept is also culturally and personally defined. Some cultures and individuals may consider virginity to be lost only through vaginal intercourse, while others may include other sexual activities, such as oral or anal sex. Ultimately, how individuals define and categorize sexual activity is deeply personal and can be influenced by a variety of factors. It's important for individuals to communicate openly with their partners about their own boundaries, desires, and definitions of sexual activity. Discussion 5.10: Human Rights Some professionals are concerned about the incredible amount of inequity across cultures with regard to roles of women and their relationship to men (Oriel, 2005). Research and theory indicate that male sexual pleasure often reinforces male sexual dominance over women through prostitution, rape, and compulsory marital coitus (Oriel, 2005). In this sense, a man who pursues pleasure in these forms also produces a demand for women to participate in these activities and therefore may compromise women’s right to sexual pleasure. Although coercion, violence, and exploitation are unacceptable, many human right activists fail to acknowledge the power differential that exists in many cultures. This power difference often results in sexual subordination and exploitation of women as a man’s “right” and at the very least, a form of male sexual pleasure. Ask students what, if anything, can be done to minimize these effects? In countries where it is the woman’s fault that the sight of her uncovered ankle might induce a man to forcibly take her, can human rights campaigns in this area stand a chance? The issue of inequity across cultures regarding the roles of women and their relationship to men is a complex and deeply rooted problem that intersects with various aspects of society, including sexual pleasure, power dynamics, and human rights. Male sexual pleasure can indeed reinforce male dominance over women, leading to practices such as prostitution, rape, and compulsory marital coitus, which compromise women's right to sexual pleasure and autonomy. To minimize these effects and promote gender equality and women's rights, several approaches can be considered: 1. Education and Awareness: Promoting education about gender equality, consent, and respectful relationships can help change cultural norms and attitudes towards women's rights and sexual pleasure. This can be done through school curricula, public campaigns, and community outreach programs. 2. Legal Reforms: Implementing and enforcing laws that protect women from coercion, violence, and exploitation, including laws against rape, domestic violence, and forced marriage, can help create a more equitable society. 3. Empowerment of Women: Empowering women economically, socially, and politically can help reduce their vulnerability to exploitation and abuse. This can be achieved through programs that provide women with education, job opportunities, and access to resources and support networks. 4. Engagement with Communities: Working with communities to challenge traditional gender roles and promote gender equality can help change cultural norms and attitudes towards women's rights and sexual pleasure. 5. International Cooperation: Collaboration between countries and international organizations to address gender inequality and promote women's rights can be effective in creating lasting change. In countries where cultural norms and beliefs contribute to the subordination and exploitation of women, human rights campaigns face significant challenges. However, by engaging with local communities, raising awareness, and advocating for legal reforms, progress towards gender equality and women's rights can be made, albeit gradually. It's important to recognize the complexities of these issues and work towards solutions that are culturally sensitive and contextually relevant. Polling Questions Polling 5.1: Visual Stimulation It is interesting that men and women report their arousal to visual sexual stimuli differently. Historically, men have always reported that they are highly aroused by visual representations of sexuality. Women historically have reported lower levels of sexual arousal to visual stimulation. However, when researchers have studied biological indicators of sexual arousal in male and female response to visual stimulation, such as erection and vaginal lubrication, it appears that women and men are stimulated equally on a physiological level. So it appears that visual preference and sexual arousal occurs for women as well as men even though women have less of a tendency to admit their arousal. How many of you like to watch sexual acts? How many of you would say that watching something that is overtly sexual is a “turn-on”? The question addresses an important aspect of sexual arousal and perception. It highlights a discrepancy between self-reported arousal and physiological arousal in response to visual sexual stimuli. While historically men have been more likely to report high arousal to visual representations of sexuality compared to women, physiological indicators such as erection and vaginal lubrication suggest that both men and women are similarly stimulated by visual sexual stimuli. This suggests that there may be cultural or social factors influencing how individuals perceive and report their arousal. Men may be more likely to openly admit their arousal due to societal norms or expectations, while women may feel more reserved or inhibited in expressing their arousal. However, the underlying physiological response indicates that visual preference and sexual arousal occur in both genders, even if women are less likely to admit to it openly. Asking individuals about their preferences for watching sexual acts or whether they find overtly sexual content a "turn-on" can provide further insights into how people perceive and respond to visual sexual stimuli. Understanding these nuances can help in developing more inclusive and accurate representations of sexuality in media and culture. Polling 5.2: Desire Another sexual response cycle, proposed by sex therapist Helen Singer Kaplan (1979), has similarities to the EPOR model of Masters and Johnson as well as some important distinctions. Kaplan’s cycle adds the desire phase, which she describes as a prelude to physical response. While many appreciate this inclusion, the reality is that desire is not necessary for sexual interaction or response. One study noted that as much as 30% of sexually experienced women with the capacity for orgasm rarely or never experience spontaneous sexual desire. This shows that not all sexual expression is preceded by desire. For example, a woman might agree to have sexual intercourse to please her partner even though she may not have a real desire to engage in it herself. She may find that her body begins to respond during sex despite her initial lack of desire. Ask students how many of them have had sex without desire? How many think that “being hot” for someone or desiring them is important to “good” sex? How many would not have sex if they didn’t desire the other person? The question addresses the concept of desire in the sexual response cycle, specifically focusing on Helen Singer Kaplan's addition of the desire phase as a prelude to physical response. While Kaplan's model is similar to the EPOR model of Masters and Johnson, it also introduces some key distinctions, highlighting the importance of desire in sexual interaction. However, the question also acknowledges that desire is not always necessary for sexual interaction or response. Studies have shown that a significant percentage of sexually experienced women may rarely or never experience spontaneous sexual desire, yet still engage in sexual activity and find their bodies responding during sex. The question prompts students to reflect on their own experiences and beliefs regarding desire and its role in sexual interactions. It asks whether students have engaged in sex without feeling desire themselves, whether they believe desire is important for "good" sex, and whether they would choose not to have sex if they didn't desire the other person. This question encourages students to consider the complexity of desire in human sexuality and how individual experiences and beliefs can vary. It also highlights the importance of understanding and respecting the diverse ways in which people experience and express their sexuality. Polling 5.3: Oral and Anal Sex Recent studies show that half or more of women ages 18 to 39 reported giving or receiving oral sex in the past 90 days. As far as prevalence of anal intercourse, research has shown a range of 6% to 40%, with up to 10% of heterosexuals reporting at least one instance of anal sexual intercourse within the previous year. How many of you have either received or given oral sex in the past month? In the past year, how many of you have had anal sex? This is a survey based question. Therefore, the answer will vary based on individual opinion. However a model answer might be: Given the sensitive nature of the questions and the potential discomfort they may cause some individuals, it's important to handle this class activity with sensitivity and respect for everyone's privacy. Here's a model answer that balances the need for information gathering with respect for individual boundaries: "As part of our discussion on human sexuality, I'd like to ask a couple of questions. Please understand that participation is voluntary, and you should only share if you feel comfortable doing so. Raise your hand if you have either given or received oral sex in the past month. [Pause for response.] Thank you. Now, raise your hand if you have had anal sex in the past year. [Pause for response.] Thank you. Remember, your responses are confidential, and there's no pressure to share if you're not comfortable. Let's continue our discussion." Polling 5.4: Is Oral or Anal Sex the Same as Vaginal Sex in terms of Relationships? Oral sex, the stimulation of a partner’s genitals by mouth, has gained popularity in recent decades, though many people are still uncomfortable openly discussing it or admitting that they enjoy it. The majority of men and women who engage in this intimate behavior say they enjoy it. If we learned anything during the Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky issue, it’s that not everyone considers oral sex to be the same as “real” sex, meaning vaginal. We often see in the research that many teens report that they are not the same. Ask students are you a virgin if you have oral sex but have never had vaginal sex? Are you a virgin if you have anal sex but have never had vaginal sex? Did Bill Clinton cheat on Hillary Clinton with Monica Lewinsky even though they never had vaginal sex? The question raises several important points regarding the perception and definition of virginity, as well as the cultural attitudes towards different forms of sexual activity. Here are some considerations for each question: 1. Are you a virgin if you have oral sex but have never had vaginal sex? • The concept of virginity is often culturally and personally defined. Some may consider any form of sexual activity, including oral sex, as losing one's virginity, while others may only consider vaginal intercourse as the defining factor. Therefore, whether someone considers themselves a virgin after engaging in oral sex can vary. 2. Are you a virgin if you have anal sex but have never had vaginal sex? • Similar to the previous question, views on virginity can differ. Some may consider anal sex as a factor in losing virginity, while others may not. It ultimately depends on individual beliefs and cultural norms. 3. Did Bill Clinton cheat on Hillary Clinton with Monica Lewinsky even though they never had vaginal sex? • Infidelity and cheating can be defined in various ways, but typically involve engaging in intimate or sexual acts outside of a committed relationship without the partner's knowledge or consent. Whether Bill Clinton's actions with Monica Lewinsky constituted cheating would depend on the specific boundaries and agreements within his relationship with Hillary Clinton. These questions highlight the complexity and subjectivity of the concept of virginity and the varying perspectives on different forms of sexual activity in relationships. Activities Activity 5.1: Sexual Pleasure and Your Culture On a scale of 1–5, with 1 being most positive and 5 being most negative, rate your own culture’s attitudes regarding the following experiences: 1. Childhood sexual play—Are children allowed to engage in sexual play before they attain puberty? 2. Are young people allowed to be nude or must they be covered up in and around the household at bath time? 3. Is masturbation permitted in private? 4. Are children in your community able to explore, within limits, each other’s bodies and play sexual games, such as “doctor and nurse”? 5. Are girls expected to remain virgins in your community? Why or why not? 6. Are boys expected to remain virgins in your community? Why or why not? 7. Is same-sex play among adolescents permitted in your community? 8. Would you consider being in a public shower that was mixed with males and females, as occurs in some European societies? 9. Are you able to discuss your own sex and love needs with your best friend openly and without fear? Now add up your ratings. If your score is on the low side, your own community and culture are more restrictive and may not approve of sexual pleasure or its discussion and pursuit. If your score is high, your family, community, and culture may be more positive about sexual pleasure in the pursuit of sexual well-being. What is your personal position on these issues? This is a survey based question. Therefore, the answer will vary based on individual opinion. Activity 5.2: Orgasm Where in the world does orgasm happen most often? A poll of 26,000 people in 26 countries revealed considerable variation by country in the percentage that said they achieved orgasms every time they had sex (Durex, 2007/2008): 66% from Italy, Spain, and Mexico 48% from France, the global average 24% from China and Hong Kong The Japanese were the least satisfied with the intensity of the orgasm. Mexicans and Brazilians were the most satisfied. Factors that enhanced an orgasm included delaying climax, longer foreplay time, and a strong emotional relationship between partners. Have students perform a review of the literature to find out what explanations are given for cross cultural differences in orgasms and share their findings either in class, in a short written assignment or via discussion board. Cross-cultural differences in orgasm frequency and intensity can be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural attitudes towards sex, relationship dynamics, and individual physiological differences. Here are some possible explanations that students might find in their literature review: 1. Cultural attitudes towards sex: Cultures that are more open and accepting of sexuality may have higher reported rates of orgasm, as individuals may feel more comfortable discussing and exploring their sexual needs and desires. 2. Relationship dynamics: The quality of the relationship between sexual partners can significantly impact orgasm frequency and intensity. Cultures that prioritize emotional intimacy and connection in relationships may experience more satisfying sexual experiences. 3. Communication and sexual education: Cultures that provide comprehensive sexual education and encourage open communication about sex may have higher rates of orgasm, as individuals are better equipped to understand their own bodies and communicate their needs to their partners. 4. Stress and lifestyle factors: Societies with high levels of stress or demanding work environments may experience lower rates of orgasm, as stress can negatively impact sexual function and satisfaction. 5. Physiological differences: There may be genetic or physiological differences between populations that influence orgasm frequency and intensity. For example, variations in hormone levels or neurotransmitter function could play a role. 6. Cultural expectations and norms: Cultural norms surrounding gender roles and sexual behavior can impact orgasm experiences. Societies that place greater emphasis on male pleasure or that have stricter norms regarding female sexuality may see differences in orgasm rates between genders. 7. Sexual taboos and restrictions: Societies with strict sexual taboos or restrictions may experience lower rates of orgasm, as individuals may feel guilt or shame surrounding their sexual experiences. By considering these factors, students can gain a better understanding of the complex interplay between culture, relationships, and individual biology in shaping orgasm experiences across different societies. Activity 5.3: Does Pornography Enhance or Damage Sexual Relationships? One of the most controversial issues in sexuality and human relationships is pornography. Psychologists, sociologists, therapists, clergy, and politicians all seem to quibble about the impact that pornography has on people and their intimate relationships. Pornography, which at one time was not very accessible, is now easily found on the Internet and on adult cable channels and on-demand services. Researchers have begun to study whether easy access to pornography affects relationships and reshapes expectations about sex (Paul, 2004). In other words, does pornography damage sexual relationships? Place students in groups. Make some groups “yes” and some groups “no.” Provide the groups with 20 minutes and then have them debate the topic. This could also be done on the discussion board easily. Yes: Some psychologists and sociologists argue that men who frequently view porn may develop unrealistic expectations about how women should look and behave. Due to these unrealistic expectations, men may have a more difficult time forming and sustaining relationships and feeling sexually satisfied. Some therapists think that Internet pornography is giving rise to a new form of sexual compulsiveness. According to one researcher, 15% of regular consumers of online pornography develop sexual behavior that disrupts their lives (Schneider & Weiss, 2001). Sometimes pornography can tear couples apart. At a 2003 meeting of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, two-thirds of the 350 divorce lawyers who attended said that the Internet played a significant role in divorces in the previous year, with excessive interest in online porn contributing to more than half of such cases (Paul, 2004). No: Most consumers of online pornography say that sex online is nothing more than good fun. According to a 2001 online survey of more than 7,000 adults, two thirds of those who visited pornographic websites said their online activities did not affect their level of sexual activity with their partners (Paul, 2004). Some therapists believe that pornography is a healthy way to refresh relationships or spark desire. The key is for consumption of porn to be mutual and seductive to the partners. The partners need to find the material to be “erotic” rather than “pornographic.” The difference is that porn can be objectifying and derogatory while erotica depicts mutually satisfying sex between equal partners. You can then assign students to write a brief paragraph describing their perspective. 1. Do you think pornography is a healthy way to enhance or spice up intimacy? Answering the question of whether pornography is a healthy way to enhance or spice up intimacy is complex and can depend on individual perspectives and circumstances. Some argue that pornography can have damaging effects on sexual relationships. They suggest that frequent consumption of porn can lead to unrealistic expectations about how partners should look and behave, which may make it challenging for individuals to form and sustain healthy relationships. Additionally, some therapists believe that easy access to internet pornography can contribute to sexual compulsiveness in some individuals, disrupting their lives. Furthermore, there is anecdotal evidence suggesting that excessive interest in online porn can contribute to divorces. For example, at a meeting of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers in 2003, two-thirds of attending divorce lawyers stated that the internet played a significant role in divorces, with over half of these cases involving excessive interest in online pornography. However, it's important to note that there are also arguments in favor of pornography as a way to enhance intimacy. Some individuals and couples find that it can be a tool for exploring and expressing their sexuality in a safe and consensual manner. It can also serve as a form of sexual education and help individuals understand their desires and preferences. In conclusion, the impact of pornography on sexual relationships is complex and can vary depending on individual circumstances. It's essential for individuals and couples to communicate openly about their views and boundaries regarding pornography to ensure that it enhances rather than damages their intimacy. 2. Do you believe that it presents an element of danger to personal and intimate aspects of a relationship? Answering the question of whether pornography presents an element of danger to personal and intimate aspects of a relationship requires consideration of various perspectives and research findings. Some argue that pornography can indeed pose a danger to personal and intimate aspects of a relationship. They suggest that frequent consumption of porn can lead to unrealistic expectations about how partners should look and behave, potentially creating dissatisfaction and difficulties in forming and sustaining healthy relationships. Additionally, some therapists believe that excessive consumption of pornography can contribute to sexual compulsiveness in some individuals, leading to disruptions in their lives and relationships. However, there are also arguments suggesting that pornography does not necessarily present a danger to personal and intimate aspects of a relationship. Some research indicates that for many consumers of online pornography, their online activities do not significantly affect their level of sexual activity with their partners. Additionally, some therapists argue that pornography can be a healthy way to refresh relationships or spark desire, as long as consumption is mutual and the material is perceived as erotic rather than pornographic. In conclusion, the impact of pornography on personal and intimate aspects of a relationship is complex and can vary depending on individual circumstances and dynamics within the relationship. Open communication between partners about their views and boundaries regarding pornography is essential to ensure that it enhances rather than damages their intimacy. Activity 5.4: Is Oral or Anal Sex the Same as Vaginal Sex in terms of Relationships? Oral sex, the stimulation of a partner’s genitals by mouth, has gained popularity in recent decades, though many people are still uncomfortable openly discussing it or admitting that they enjoy it. The majority of men and women who engage in this intimate behavior say they enjoy it. If we learned anything during the Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky issue, it’s that not everyone considers oral sex to be the same as “real” sex, meaning vaginal. We often see in the research that many teens report that they are not the same. Ask students to perform a review of research looking at people’s attitudes towards sex. Are you a virgin if you have oral sex but have never had vaginal sex? How many people would argue that you could still be a virgin even if you had anal sex but have never had vaginal sex? Do people think that oral sex is less than anal or vaginal sex? Have students perform a review of the literature on this topic and share their findings either in class, in a short written assignment or via discussion board. The question of whether oral or anal sex is the same as vaginal sex in terms of relationships is subjective and can vary based on cultural, religious, and personal beliefs. Here are some findings from research that students might discover in their literature review: 1. Attitudes towards virginity: Views on virginity can differ widely. Some people consider any form of sexual activity, including oral or anal sex, as losing one's virginity, while others only view vaginal intercourse as the defining factor. Cultural and religious beliefs often influence these attitudes. 2. Perceptions of different types of sex: Research suggests that societal attitudes towards oral, anal, and vaginal sex can vary. Some individuals may perceive oral sex as less intimate or significant than vaginal sex, while others may view it as equally meaningful within a relationship. 3. Virginity and sexual experience: Studies show that opinions on whether one remains a virgin after engaging in oral or anal sex without vaginal intercourse vary among individuals. Factors such as education, religious beliefs, and cultural background can impact these views. 4. Sexual behavior and relationship quality: Research has found that the type of sexual activity (oral, anal, vaginal) does not necessarily dictate the quality or satisfaction of a relationship. Instead, communication, trust, and mutual respect are often cited as more important factors in relationship satisfaction. Overall, the perception of oral and anal sex compared to vaginal sex in terms of relationships is complex and influenced by a variety of factors. It is important to recognize that attitudes towards these forms of sexual activity can differ among individuals and cultures, and there is no universal answer to whether they are considered the same in terms of relationships. Internet Resources http://www.who.int/cancer/detection/breastcancer/en/ The world health organization website on breast cancer. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast National Cancer Institute homepage on breast cancer. http://www.4collegewomen.org/fact-sheets/firstgyno.html For College Women organization homepage. This has a section on what the first gynecological exam entails and covers what the exam is looking for. Also has sections on reproductive health, diseases and conditions and safety and violence related issues. A great resource for college females. http://www.cdc.gov/men/ The CDC’s site for men’s health. http://www.womenshealth.gov/mens-health/ Although this is the government women’s health site, it has a great section on men’s health including sexual health. http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/sexually-transmitted-infections.cfm STI fact sheet. Has a PDF printable version that can be used as a handout. http://www.hhs.gov/opa/order-publications/ A variety of PDF downloads on contraception and STI’s. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ National Center for Health Statistics. http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/ HIV In Site Gateway to HIV and AIDS Knowledge. http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/psychonline/general.html McGraw Hill Higher Education General Resources for Students and Faculty. http://www.apa.org/ The APA website. http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/index.aspx APA site for research on sexuality. The Ten-Minute Test Name: __________ Answer the questions below utilizing the following terms: Desire Plateau Orgasm Secondary Cunnilingus Erogenous zones Similarly Desire Sexual fantasy Noncoital behaviors 1. _____ are sexual behaviors without vaginal penetration by a penis. 2. Kaplan’s model of sexual response includes three stages: _____, excitement, and orgasm. 3. A _____ is the imaginary roles and parts that people may play out in their minds relating to sexual expression. 4. Areas of the body that are most associated with sexual touch and pleasure are _____. 5. _____ erogenous zones are other areas of the body where we feel sexual sensation. 6. Men tend to self-report higher levels of arousal in response to visual stimuli than women, but physiological measures show that they respond _____. 7. Sexual fantasies combine sexual _____ and interaction, contribute to sexual excitement, and are thought to be unique to humans. 8. Masters and Johnson described the human sexual response as a cycle with four phases: excitement, _____, orgasm, and resolution. Known as the EPOR model, this pattern is typical, but some individuals may not experience all its phases. 9. One of the most pleasurable physiological processes humans experience, is an involuntary physiological response known as _____. 10. Oral sex performed on a woman is called _____. Answers to the Ten-Minute Test 1. Noncoital behaviors 2. Desire 3. Sexual fantasy 4. Erogenous zones 5. Secondary 6. Similarly 7. Desire 8. Plateau 9. Orgasm 10. Cunnilingus Solution Manual for Human Sexuality: Self, Society, and Culture Gilbert Herdt, Nicole Polen-Petit 9780073532165, 9780077817527
