CH-1 Thinking about Global Politics – Global Politics: Engaging a Complex World : Chapter Notes

This document contains Chapters 1 to 6 Chapter 1: Thinking about Global Politics Chapter Outline Grappling with Global Complexity Global Actors Interpreting Global Politics Thinking Theoretically: Tools for Studying Global Politics Realist Theory Liberal Theory Theoretical Perspectives: Alternatives to the Dominant Schools Why Global Politics Matters Global Politics and Your Finances Global Politics and Your Living Space Global Politics and Your Life You Can Make a Difference International Relations Theory and Your World Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Identify the range of actors that operate in the global system 2. Explain the importance of thinking theoretically and grasp the two mainstream theoretical approaches—realism and liberalism—for interpreting global politics 3. Assess the value of realism and liberalism as theories and contrast them with alternative perspectives, including neo-Marxist and feminist theories 4. Appreciate the many ways that global politics matters to students, from the decisions that they make on a daily basis to future threats and opportunities they will face as the Millennial generation 5. Understand that when we are discussing the substance of this book, we will use the term global politics. But when we are discussing the academic focus of the book, we will use the term international relations Chapter Glossary Anarchical global system The traditional structure of world politics in which there is no central authority to set and enforce rules and resolve disputes. Anarchy Contends that global politics is best understood as a self-help struggle for survival between and among states and other actors given the lack of any effective overarching central governing authority in the system. Classical realism A subdivision of realist thought that believes the root cause of conflict is the aggressive nature of humans. Classical liberalism A subdivision of liberal thought that is optimistic about human nature and believes that people can achieve more collectively than individually. Complex interdependence Complex interdependence refers to the broad and deep interdependence of issues and actors in the contemporary global political system. Fiscal year (FY) A budget year, which may or may not be the same as the calendar year. The U.S. fiscal year, for instance, runs from October 1 through September 30. G-20 A standing forum for economic summitry amongst policy officials (finance, environment, etc.) and heads-of-state from the world’s largest and fastest growing economies. Global capital Global financial resources that fuel economic development around the world. Global politics Used to describe the substantive focus of this book. Signifies that many interactions in today’s world no longer fit with the term “international.” Globalization A multifaceted concept that represents the increasing integration of economics, communications, culture, and many other aspects of global life across national boundaries. High-value, low-probability problems The nature of most problems or threats in which the likelihood of a given individual being impacted is very low, but the consequences if it occurs are very serious. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) International/transnational bodies that are composed of member-countries. Intermestic The merger of international and domestic concerns and decisions International financial institutions (IFIs) Global financial institutions established or chartered by multiple states. Many of the most prominent IFIs are multilateral banks, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. International organizations Organizations with an international membership, scope, and presence. International relations Used in this book to describe the academic study of global politics. Liberalism/liberalist The view that people and the countries that represent them are capable of finding mutual interests and cooperating to achieve them. Multinational corporations (MNCs) Private enterprises that have production subsidiaries or branches in more than one country. Neoliberal institutionalism Builds on liberal thought that states can cooperate through international regimes and institutions; focus is on long-term benefits instead of short-term goals. Neoliberalism/neoliberals The view that conflict and other ills that result from the anarchical global system can be eased by building global and regional organizations and processes. Neorealism/Neorealists The view that the self-interested struggle for power among countries is rooted primarily in the system’s most fundamental concept: anarchy. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) International/transnational organizations with private memberships. Non-zero-sum game A contest in which gains by one or more players can be achieved without losses by others. See Zero-sum game. Realism/realist The view that global politics is driven by competitive self-interest, and, therefore, that the central dynamic of the global system is a struggle for power among countries. Sovereignty A central tenet of global politics first established in the Treaty of Westphalia, which holds that the administrative unit of the state has the sole right to govern its territory and people. State A political actor that has sovereignty and a number of characteristics, including territory, population, organization, and recognition. Theory An interconnected set of concepts that seek to explain why things happen and how events and trends relate to one another. Zero-sum game A contest in which gains by one player can only be achieved by equal losses for other players. See Non-zero-sum game. Chapter Overview and Sample Lecture Outline This lecture provides students with the content background needed to achieve the chapter objec-tives. The objectives numbers link the outline to the objective, and these topics require detailed information. I. Grappling with Global Complexity [Objectives 1, 2] A. Global Actors B. Interpreting Global Politics II. Thinking Theoretically: Tools for Studying Global Politics [Objectives 2, 3] A. Realist Theory 1. Classical Realism and Neorealism 2. Realism: An Emphasis on Power 3. Realism and the Competitive Future B. Liberal Theory 1. Classical Liberalism and Neoliberalism 2. Liberalism: An Emphasis on Cooperation 3. Liberalism and the Cooperative Future C. Theoretical Perspectives: Alternatives to the Dominant Schools III. Why Global Politics Matters [Objective 4] A. Global Politics and Your Finances 1. International Trade and Your Finances 2. The Flow of Global Capital and Your Finances 3. Defense Spending and Your Finances B. Global Politics and Your Living Space C. Global Politics and Your Life 1. Transnational Diseases 2. Transnational Political Violence IV. International Relations Theory and Your World [Objective 5] V. Critical Thinking Questions Chapter 2: Interpreting Power: A Levels-of-Analysis Approach Chapter Outline Defining Power in Global Politics Characteristics of Power The Levels-of-Analysis Approach Origins and Applicability Individual-Level Analysis Human Rationality and Its Limits Cognitive Factors Psychological Factors Sex and Gender Leadership State-Level Analysis Governmental Sources Societal Factors System-Level Analysis Structural Characteristics Power Relationships Critical Thinking Questions Chapter Summary Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Understand the sources of power in global politics, as well as power’s differing characteristics 2. Comprehend the overall “levels-of-analysis” approach and its utility for thinking about the distribution and use of power in global politics 3. Compare, contrast, and apply the three levels of analysis: individual, state, and systemic, as well as the key components of each level (including leadership, sovereignty, and anarchy) 4. Evaluate the relationship between and among the three levels in assessing how power works in contemporary global politics 5. Analyze the future of human rights and environmental issues in the face of national resistance to international solutions. Chapter Glossary Anarchy A fundamental concept in the study of global politics derived from the insights of Thomas Hobbes regarding the “state of nature,” which contends that global politics is best understood as a self-help struggle for survival between and among states and other actors given the lack of any effective overarching central governing authority in the system. Autarky/autarkic state A completely or nearly completely inwardly directed society with little or no connections to the outside world. Authoritarian A government that centralizes and exercises power and administers society with little or no input from or participation by the governed. Balance of power A concept that describes the degree of equilibrium (balance) or disequilibrium (imbalance) of power in the global or regional system. Behavioralism The study of social and political phenomena using the scientific method – including, but not limited to, hypothesis testing and empirical analysis. Bipolar system/bipolarity A type of international system with two roughly equal actors or coalitions of actors that divide the international system into two “poles” of power centers. Bloc Grouping of materially interdependent and (often) ideologically aligned states. Bounded rationality A concept that suggests the rational choices of individuals are bound or limited by time pressures, imperfect information, and biases that influence those choices. Bureaucracy The bulk of the state’s administrative structure that continues even when political leaders change. Capabilities In global politics, the power and influence available to an actor as a Function of its tangible power assets. Cognitive consistency The tendency of individuals to hold fast to prevailing views of the world, and to discount contradictory ideas and information in the process. Cognitive dissonance A discordant psychological state in which an individual attempts to process information contradicting her or his prevailing understanding of a subject. Cold War The confrontation that emerged following World War II between the bipolar superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States. Although no direct conflict took place between these countries, it was an era of great tensions and global division. Complex interdependence A term most associated with the liberal theorists Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye referring to the broad and deep interdependence of issues and actors in the contemporary global political system, and the ways in which this condition structures and conditions the conduct of global politics. Concert of Europe A multipolar arrangement prevailing in Europe through much of the 19th century in which the major powers committed to a loose agreement to avoid war with one another while policing disorder and outbreaks of violence with and among smaller actors in the region. Credibility The power and influence available to an actor as a function of its ability and willingness to follow through on commitments and threats. Democratic A form of government established on the premise that the consent of the governed is necessary to the exercise of power and administration of society – and that the governed have obligations to participate in the political system. Frustration-aggression theory A psychologically based theory that frustrated societies sometimes become collectively aggressive. Fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias) Overrating personality and disposition and underrating situational or contextual factors when explaining the observed behavior of others—and doing the exact opposite in seeking to understand one’s own behavior. Fungible An economic term referring to the degree of convertibility of currency or other economic assets into a desired good or service. Gender opinion gap The difference between males and females along any one of a number of dimensions, including foreign policy preferences. Hard power The use or threatened use of material power assets by an actor to compel one or more other actors to undertake a desired action, or not undertake an undesirable one. Hard power relies on coercion Hegemony Systemic arrangement in which one predominant actor possesses both the material capabilities and political will to introduce, follow, and enforce a given set of rules to lend order and structure to the global system. Also requires “buy-in” from at least some other actors who stand to benefit from those rules. Heuristic devices A range of psychological strategies that allow individuals to simplify complex decisions. Human development An approach to international development emphasizing the functioning and capabilities of individuals as an improved means for assessing a society’s overall development. Idiosyncratic analysis An individual-level analysis approach to decision making that assumes individuals make foreign policy decisions and that different individuals are likely to make different decisions. Individual-level analysis An analytical approach that emphasizes the role of individuals as either distinct personalities or biological/psychological beings. Levels of analysis A social scientific approach to the study of global politics that analyzes phenomena from different perspectives (system, state, individual). Multipolar system/multipolarity A world political system in which power is primarily held by four or more international actors. Munich analogy A prevailing belief among many post-World War II leaders that appeasement must be avoided at all costs—a “lesson” derived from the concessions made to Hitler by Britain and France at Munich in 1938. Norms Unwritten rules, principles, or standards of behavior that create expectations about how states and individuals ought to behave and interact in the global community. Operational code How an individual acts in a given situation, based on a combination of one’s understanding of the nature of politics and fundamental worldview. Optimistic bias The psychological tendency of individuals—particularly those in positions of power – to overrate their own potential for success, and underrate their own potential for failure. Overstretch A concept developed by historians that suggests a recurring tendency of powerful actors to overextend themselves by taking on costly foreign policy commitments that deplete their finances and generate domestic discord. Polarity The number of predominantly powerful actors in the global system at any given point in time. Political culture A society’s general and fundamental practices and attitudes toward governance and policy, based on historical experience and the values of citizens. Population aging A scenario in which a large and increasing proportion of a given society is approaching or at an age in which active participation in public and private life is unlikely Rally effect The tendency during a crisis of political and other leaders, legislators, and the public to give strong support to a chief executive and the policy that leader has adopted in response to the crisis. Rational actors The assumption that individuals are prone to make informed and self-serving choices based on a careful accumulation and weighting of all relevant information. Regime type The type of government prevailing in a given society. Rogue state States that are perceived to be in noncompliance with the majority of prevailing rules, norms, and laws in the global system and therefore constitute a threat to order. This may mean, among other things, a state governed by authoritarian rule that severely restricts human rights, sponsors or condones terrorism, or seeks to obtain or promote the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Salience/salient In public opinion research, the issues or questions that are more meaningful and significant (or “matter” more) to a greater proportion of people. Soft power The use or prospective use of material or ideational power assets by an actor to induce another actor or actors to undertake a desired action, or not undertake an undesirable one. Soft power relies on persuasion. State-level analysis An analytical approach that emphasizes the actions of states and the internal (domestic) causes of their policies. State sovereignty A central tenet of global politics that holds that the state has the sole right to govern its territory and people, free from outside interference. Statecraft The use of military, economic, diplomatic, and ideational tools in the pursuit of clearly defined foreign policy interests and objectives. System-level analysis An analytical approach that emphasizes the importance of the impact of world conditions (economics, technology, power relationships, and so forth) on the actions of states and other international actors. Transaction costs Impediments to commercial or other cooperative ventures stemming from a lack of trust between and among involved parties rooted in concerns about the enforceability of agreements. Transnational Social, political, economic, and cultural activities and processes that transcend and permeate the borders and authority of states. Treaty of Westphalia The treaty ending the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), giving rise to the modern state-based system. Unipolar system/unipolarity A type of international system that describes a single country with complete global hegemony or preponderant power. Chapter Overview and Sample Lecture Outline This lecture provides students with the content background needed to achieve the chapter objec¬tives. The objectives numbers link the outline to the objective, and these topics require detailed information. I. Defining Power in Global Politics (Objectives 1, 4) A. Characteristics of Power 1. Power as Asset and Aspiration 2. Hard and Soft Power 3. Absolute and Relative Power 4. Capabilities and Credibility 5. Objective and Subjective Power 6. Situational Power II. The Levels-of-Analysis Approach (Objectives 2, 3) A. Origins and Applicability III. Individual-Level Analysis (Objectives 3, 4, 5) A. Human Rationality and Its Limits 1. Human Rationality and Its Limits a. Bounded Rationality B. Cognitive Factors 1. Cognitive Consistency 2. Optimistic Bias 3. Heuristic Devices C. Psychological Factors 1. Perception and Misperception D. Sex and Gender 1. Problematizing Gender E. Leadership 1. Personality 2. Ego and Ambition 3. Worldview and Operational Code IV. State-Level Analysis (Objectives 3, 4, 5) A. Governmental Sources 1. State Sovereignty 2. Governmental Authority 3. Military Capabilities 4. Economic Capacity B. Societal Factors 1. Political Culture 2. Technological Sophistication 3. Geography 4. Demographics 5. Human Development V. System-Level Analysis (Objectives 3, 4, 5) A. Structural Characteristics 1. The Organization of Authority 2. Interdependence B. Power Relationships 1. Polarity 2. Hegemony 3. Social Context VI. Chapter Summary Chapter 3: Nations, States, and Identity Chapter Outline Nations and Nationalism Nations, Nationalism, and the Nation-State Defined The Emergence and Evolution of Nationalism Nationalism Reconsidered Positive and Negative Aspects of Nationalism Self-Determination as a Goal The Persistence of Nationalism The Sovereign State Requisites of Statehood Purposes of the State Regime Types and Governance Identity and the Nation-State Identity Politics The Nation-State Ideal The “Goodness of Fit” Problem Critical Thinking Questions Chapter Summary Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Have a command of the defining aspects of, and differences between, nations, states, and nation-states and the significance of each in global politics 2. Understand the origins, dynamics, and advantages and disadvantages of nationalism 3. Comprehend the key requisites of statehood and state sovereignty, as well as fundamental differences in regime type among states in the contemporary global political system 4. Consider the implications of identity politics and the “goodness of fit” problem between nations and states in global politics today Chapter Glossary Authoritarianism A type of restrictive governmental system where people are under the rule of an individual, such as a dictator or king, or a group, such as a party or military junta. Communism An economic ideology based in the works of Engels and Marx that holds that the oppressed class of proletarian workers will eventually revolt against the bourgeois owners of the means of production, creating a new social order. Democracy A system of government that at minimum extends to citizens a range of political rights and a range of civil liberties that are important to free government. Diplomatic recognition The formal recognition of one state’s sovereignty by another, extended through the establishment of an embassy and/or consular relations. Diplomatic recognition is a key defining condition of state sovereignty, suggesting the relational and subjective aspect of sovereignty. Enlightenment An 18th and 19th century Western social and intellectual movement, focused on the advancement of science, knowledge, and human rationality. Ethnonational group/ethnonationalism The desire of an ethnic community to have full authority over its political affairs—often marked by the pursuit of self-determination by that community. Exceptionalism The beliefs of some that their nation or group is better than others are. Failed/Failing state(s) Countries in which political and economic upheaval are compounded by the fact that all or most of the citizens give their primary political loyalty to an ethnic group, a religious group, or some other source of political identity rather than the state itself. Such states are so fragmented that no one political group can govern effectively. Fascism An ideology that advocates extreme nationalism, with a heightened sense of national belonging or ethnic identity. Holy Roman Empire (HRE)/Holy Roman Emperor The domination and unification of a political territory in Western and Central Europe that lasted from its inception with Charlemagne in 800 to the renunciation of the imperial title by Francis II in 1806. Identity politics A situation in which most if not all political issues and debates are filtered through and revolve around competing and conflicting group identities. Particular common in states or societies in which there are multiple identity groups with unresolved historical grievances. Irredentism A minority population’s demand to unify with its homeland (typically an adjoining state), or when the state in question claims the area in which that minority lives. Microstates Countries with small populations that cannot survive economically without outside aid or that are inherently so militarily weak that they are inviting targets for foreign intervention Monarchism A political system that is organized, governed, and defined by the idea of the divine right of kings, or the notion that because a person is born into royalty, he or she is meant to rule. Multinational states Countries in which there are two or more sizeable and recognized nationalities Multistate nation A nation that has substantial numbers of its members living in more than one state. Nation A group of culturally and historically similar people who share a communal bond and desire self-government. Nation-state A politically organized territory that recognizes no higher law, and whose population politically identifies with that entity. Nationalism The belief that the nation is the ultimate basis of political loyalty and those nations should have self-governing states. Nativism A political attitude demanding favored treatment for established inhabitants of a nation-state and resisting the presence or claims of newer immigrants. Political communities As defined by the political scientist Karl W. Deutsch (1957), social groups with a process of political communication, some machinery for establishing and enforcing collective agreements, and some popular habits of compliance with those agreements. Popular sovereignty A political doctrine that holds that sovereign political authority ultimately resides with the citizens of a state, to whom a state’s rulers are accountable. Protestant Reformation The religious movement initiated by Martin Luther in Germany in 1517 that rejected the Catholic Church as the necessary intermediary between people and God. Secessionism Motivated by a quest for political self-determination, a minority population’s desire to break away from an existing state and form a new sovereign state. Self-determination The concept that people should have the opportunity to follow their own political destiny through self-government. Social contract A concept associated with liberal political philosophy referring to an implicit understanding between citizens and government detailing their mutual obligations. State building The process of creating both a government and other legal structures of a country and fostering the political identification of the inhabitants of the country with the state. State of nature A theoretical time in human history when people lived independently or in family groups and there were no societies of nonrelated individuals or governments. State sovereignty A central tenet of global politics first established in the Treaty of Westphalia, which holds that the administrative unit of the state has the sole right to govern its territory and people, free from outside interference. Stateless nation A nation that does not have political expression through a sovereign state. Theocracy A political system that is organized, governed, and defined by spiritual leaders and their religious beliefs Thirty and Eighty Years Wars Two partly concurrent periods of declared and undeclared warfare during the 16th and 17th centuries throughout Europe, involving the Holy Roman Empire and various opponents of its centralizing imperial rule. Totalitarianism A political system in which the ruling regime recognizes no limit to its authority and seeks to regulate and control all aspects of public and private life. Xenophobia Fear of foreigners or other “out-groups.” Zionism The belief that the Jewish people constitute a unified and exceptional nation and are therefore entitled to an independent homeland within the lands of historical Israel. Chapter Overview And Sample Lecture Outline This lecture provides students with the content background needed to achieve the chapter objec¬tives. The objectives numbers link the outline to the objective, and these topics require detailed information. I. Nations and Nationalism (Objectives 1, 2) A. Nations, Nationalism, and the Nation-State Defined 1. Nations a. Demographic and Cultural Similarities b. Desire to Be Politically Separate 2. Nationalism 3. The Nation-State B. The Emergence and Evolution of Nationalism 1. Emergent Nationalism 2. Ascendant Nationalism 3. Patterns of Nation-State Formation a. Nation-States Precede Nations b. Nations and Nation-States Evolve Together II. Nationalism Reconsidered (Objectives 2, 3, 4) A. Positive and Negative Aspects of Nationalism 1. Positive Dimensions of Nationalism a. Nationalism Promotes Democracy b. Nationalism Discourages Imperialism c. Nationalism Promotes Economic Development 2. Negative Dimensions of Nationalism a. Parochialism b. Xenophobia and Exceptionalism c. Nativism d. Cultural Discrimination and Oppression e. Imperialism B. Self-Determination as a Goal 1. Positive Aspects of Self-Determination 2. Concerns about Self-Determination a. Disentangling Groups b. Dissolving Multinational and Multiethnic States c. Microstates C. The Persistence of Nationalism III. The Sovereign State (Objectives 3. 4) A. Requisites of Statehood 1. State Sovereignty a. Territory b. Population c. Internal Organization d. Diplomatic Recognition e. Domestic Support f. Embryonic and Failed States B. Purposes of the State C. Regime Types and Governance 1. Authoritarian Government 2. Democratic Government IV. Identity and the Nation State (Objectives 3. 4) A. Identity Politics B. The Nation-State Ideal C. The “Goodness of Fit” Problem 1. One State, Multiple Nations 2. One Nation, Multiple States 3. One Nation, No State a. The Palestinians 1. Multiple Nations, Multiple States a. Afghanistan and Neighboring Countries b. Russia and Neighboring Countries V. Chapter Summary Chapter 4: Globalization: Politics from Above and Below Chapter Outline Globalization An Accelerating Political Force Conceptions of Globalization Economic Globalization Cultural Globalization Evaluating Globalization Transnationalism Global Civil Society Regional and Cultural Influences Transnational Movements The Future of Transnationalism Challenging the State from Above and Below Critical Thinking Questions Chapter Summary Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Identify and explain the factors that are accelerating globalization and their relationship with the various forms of economic and cultural interchange 2. Grasp certain theoretical explanations of the causes and consequences of globalization, particularly along economic and cultural lines 3. Recognize and understand the various actors that constitute global civil society, how they organize themselves, and the range of transnational strategies that they employ in affecting change from below 4. Compare, contrast, and assess several different transnational movements in terms of their purpose, the nature of their advocacy, and their complex—and at times contradictory—relationship with the state Chapter Glossary Democratic internationalism The theoretical perspective that the basic political and moral concerns of people will conflict with imperial domination and violence, and thus, people can place a (democratic) check on abuses of power. European Union (EU) The European regional organization established in 1993 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Communities (EC). When the EC was formed in 1967, it in turn encompassed three still legally existing regional organizations formed in the 1950s: the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). Fundamentalist/traditionalist Someone who holds very conservative religiously based political values and typically wishes to incorporate those beliefs into legal and political systems. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) The world’s primary multilateral agreement promoting the expansion of free trade. Established in 1947, it has over 100 states-parties. Global civil society (GCS) The vast and voluntary assemblage of groups operating across orders and separate from governments with the aim of influencing the world Globalization A multifaceted concept that represents the increasing integration of economics, communications, and cultures across national boundaries Gross domestic product (GDP) A measure of income within a country that excludes foreign earnings. Industrial capitalism An economic system based on private ownership, where markets rely on increasing production, expanding markets, and the unrestricted movement of capital and labor. International Monetary Fund (IMF) The world’s primary organization devoted to maintaining monetary stability by helping countries to fund balance-of-payment deficits. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) International/transnational bodies that are composed of member-countries. Multinational corporations (MNCs) Private enterprises that have production subsidiaries or branches in more than one country. Nationalism The belief that the nation is the ultimate basis of political loyalty and that one’s nation is entitled to self-government. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) International (transnational) organizations with private memberships. Norms Unwritten rules, principles, or standards of behavior that create expectations about how states and individuals ought to behave. Social media Internet-based programs that allow for the creation and exchange of user-generated content and interactive dialogue between individuals and groups. Trade barriers Government-induced restrictions on international free trade, including tariffs, import quotas, licensing, subsidies, embargos, and currency devaluations. Transnational/transnationalism Social, political, economic, and cultural activities and processes that transcend and permeate the borders and authority of states. Transnational advocacy networks (TANs) IGOs, NGOs, and national organizations that are based on shared values or common interests and exchange information and services. Transnational crime Organized illegal activity that occurs across borders and challenges the jurisdiction of national governments with the goal of obtaining financial or other material benefit. World Trade Organization (WTO) The organization, founded in 1995 that implements and enforces the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and mediates trade-related disputes between and among states-parties to the GATT. Chapter Overview and Sample Lecture Outline
This lecture provides students with the content background needed to achieve the chapter objec¬tives. The objectives numbers link the outline to the objective, and these topics require detailed information. I. Globalization (Objectives 1, 2) A. An Accelerating Political Force 1. Technological Advances a. The Growth of Communication Capabilities b. The Impact of Globalized Communications 2. Government Policy B. Conceptions of Globalization C. Economic Globalization D. Cultural Globalization 1. Consumer Products E. Evaluating Globalization 1. Arguments for Economic Globalization 2. Concerns about Economic Globalization 3. Concerns about Cultural Globalization II. Transnationalism (Objective 3) A. Global Civil Society 1. NGOs: Driving Global Civil Society a. The Growth of NGOs b. The Activities of NGOs c. The Impact of NGOs 2. TANs: Organizing Global Civil Society B. Regional and Cultural Influences C. Transnational Movements 1. Transnational Religious Movements a. The Strength of Religious Fundamentalism b. The Political Heritage of Muslims c. Islam and Nationalism d. Islam and the Non-Islamic World 2. The Transnational Women’s Movement a. Organization of the Transnational Women’s Movement b. Progress and Ongoing Challenges for Women in Politics D. Transnational Crime E. The Future of Transnationalism III. Challenging the State from Above and Below (Objective 4) IV. Chapter Summary Chapter 5: International Organizations: Global and Regional Governance Chapter Outline Overview of IGOs Why States Organize as Collectives Trends in IGO Formation How IGOs Function Global IGOs: Focus on the United Nations IGO Membership: Procedures and Challenges Voting Formulas and Debates Leadership Administration and Finance Activities and Behaviors Evaluating IGOs Regional IGOs: A Closer Look at the European Union Origins and Evolution of the EU Governing Structures and EU Authority Future Challenges for the EU Chapter Summary Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Understand various theoretical perspectives on why intergovernmental organizations form and how these organizations function in the global system 2. Identify the United Nations as a global international organization and comprehend the key debates related to the United Nations’ structure, leadership, operations/activities, and founding principles in the current era 3. Grasp the evolution of the European Union as a regional supranational organization and assess the current challenges to its governing structure and authority in the region 4. Evaluate the relative success of international organizations as systems of global and regional governance in political environments that are constantly changing Chapter Glossary Arrearages The state of being behind in the discharge of obligations, often an unpaid or overdue debt. Bureaucracy The bulk of the state’s administrative structure that continues even when political leaders change. Complex peacekeeping International, multidimensional operations comprising of a mix of military, police, and civilian components working together to lay the foundations of a sustainable peace. Euro (€) The official currency of the Euro zone, used by 17 of the 27 member states of the EU. European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) A six-nation international organization that served to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and create the foundation for the modern-day developments of the European Union. European Commission A 27-member commission with shared executive power that serves as the bureaucratic organ of the European Union. European Communities (EC) Established in 1967, the EC was a single unit whose plural name (Communities) reflects the fact that it united the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community under one organizational structure. European Council An EU institution, formally recognized in the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, comprising the heads of state or government of the EU member states, along with the President of the European Commission and the President of the Council of the European Union. European Court of Justice A supranational court that serves as the “high court” in the European Union and is responsible for the enforcement of European Union “community law” and ensuring its application across and within all 27 EU member-states. European Parliament (EP) The legislative branch of the European Union. Representation is determined by population of member countries and is based on 5-year terms. European Union (EU) The European regional organization established in 1993 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Communities (EC). When the EC was formed in 1967, it in turn encompassed three still legally existing regional organizations formed in the 1950s: the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). Functionalism A theoretical perspective that explains cooperation between governance structures by focusing on the basic needs of people and states to interact on specific c issue areas. The Hague system Name given to the peace conferences held in the Netherlands in 1899 and 1907 when the global community issued the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) A critical organization in the nuclear nonproliferation regime, especially in its role in conducting international inspections of national nuclear facilities to promote safe, secure, and peaceful nuclear technologies according to the NPT. International institutions Broadly comprise various formal and informal entities where international public authority is vested in an institution that qualifies as an international organization. International law The body of principles, customs, and rules regulating interactions among and between states, international organizations, individuals, and in more limited cases, multinational organizations. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) International/transnational bodies that are composed of member-countries. League of Nations The first attempt to establish an international organization with global reach in terms of membership and issue areas. It was the immediate predecessor of the United Nations. Less developed countries (LDCs) Countries, located mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, with economies that rely heavily on the production of agriculture and raw materials and whose per capita GDP are substantially below Western standards. Limited membership council A representative organization body of the UN that grants special status to members who have a greater stake, responsibility, or capacity in a particular area of concern. The UN Security Council is an example. Lisbon Treaty This international agreement amends the two treaties (Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty Establishing the European Community) that form the constitutional basis of the EU. Maastricht Treaty The most significant agreement in the recent history of the European Union, which entered into force in 1993 outlining steps toward further political economic integration. Majority voting A system that counts votes based on the concept of sovereign equality and the democratic notion that majority should prevail. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) In 2000, 189 nations committed to eight global goals aimed at poverty reduction, education, public health, and human rights and pledged to achieve each goal by 2015. Montreal Protocol A 1989 international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances. Neofunctionalism A theoretical perspective that explains cooperation between governance structures by focusing on the basic needs of people and states. Different from functionalism, these practical needs are defined by elites rather than grassroots. Neoliberal institutionalism (NLI) Embraces and builds on the liberal school of thought that states are rational-unitary actors and that they can cooperate through international regimes and institutions. P5 Refers to the five permanent members of the UN Security Council who have the power to veto resolutions. These include China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Plenary body A session that is fully attended by all qualified members. Public goods Goods that are nonrivalrous and nonexcludable. Nonrivalry means that consumption of the good by one individual does not reduce availability of the good for consumption by others; nonexcludability means that no one can be excluded effectively from using the good. Regime theory Derived from liberal tradition, regime theory argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behavior of states, assuming that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states. Realism The view that global politics is driven by competitive self-interest, and, therefore, that the central dynamic of the global system is a struggle for power among countries. Sanctions Economic, diplomatic, or military actions put in place to punish a state in an attempt to coercively force states to comply with legal obligations. Secretariat The administrative organ of the United Nations, headed by the Secretary-General. Secretary-General (SG) The Secretary-General is the head of the Secretariat of the United Nations and serves as the UN spokesperson. Self-determination The concept that a people should have the opportunity to follow their own political destiny through self-government. Supranational organization An organization that is founded and operates, at least in part, on the idea that international organizations can or should have authority higher than individual states. Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty that made substantial changes to the Maastricht Treaty by emphasizing citizenship and the rights of individuals; striving for more democracy through increased powers for the European Parliament, among other reforms. Treaty of Nice This treaty amended the Maastricht Treaty and Treaty of Rome by reforming the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion. UN Charter Signed on June 26, 1945, the Charter serves as the foundational treaty of the United Nations. All members are bound by its articles. UN General Assembly (UNGA) The main representative body of the United Nations, composed of all 192 member states where each state has one vote. UN Security Council (UNSC) The main organ of the United Nations charged with the maintenance and promotion of international peace and security. UN Trusteeship Council Suspending operation 1994 with the independence of Palau, the agency promoted the advancement of the inhabitants of Trust Territories and their development towards self-government or independence. Unanimity voting A system used to determine how votes should count. In this system, in order for a vote to be valid, all members must agree to the proposed measure. Abstention from a vote may or may not block an agreement. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, it is the most fundamental internationally proclaimed statement of human rights in existence. Weighted voting A voting formula that counts votes depending on what criterion is deemed the most significant, such as population or wealth. 6. Understand various theoretical perspectives on why intergovernmental organizations form and how these organizations function in the global system 7. Identify the United Nations as a global international organization and comprehend the key debates related to the United Nations’ structure, leadership, operations/activities, and founding principles in the current era 8. Grasp the evolution of the European Union as a regional supranational organization and assess the current challenges to its governing structure and authority in the region 9. Evaluate the relative success of international organizations as systems of global and regional governance in political environments that are constantly changing Chapter Overview and Sample Lecture Outline I. Overview of IGOs (Objective 1) A. Why States Organize as Collectives 1. Neoliberal Institutionalism a. Functionalism and Neofunctionalism b. Public Goods 2. Realists Responses B. Trends in IGO Formation 1. Reasons for Growth C. How IGOs Function 1. Arena for Interaction 2. Facilitator of Cooperation 3. Independent Political Actor 4. Supranational Authority a. Arguments against Expanding Supranational Authority II. Global IGOs: Focus on the United Nations (Objec¬tive 2) A. IGO Membership: Procedures and Challenges 1. General Membership Issues 2. Membership in IGOs’ Substructure 3. Controversy over Membership on the UN Security Council B. Voting Formulas and Debates C. Leadership 1. United Nations Secretary-General D. Administration and Finance 1. Administrative Challenges 2. Financial Realities in Context E. Activities and Behaviors 1. Peace and Security Goals 2. Social, Economic, and Other Areas of Interest F. Evaluating IGOs III. Regional IGOs: A Closer Look at the European Union (Objectives 3, 4) A. Origins and Evolution of the EU 1. Economic Integration 2. Political Integration B. Governing Structures and EU Authority 1. Leadership 2. Bureaucracy 3. Legislature 4. Jucidicary C. Future Challenges for the EU IV. Chapter Summary Chapter 6: Pursuing Security Chapter Outline The Traditional Approach State Dominance and the Impact of Anarchy A Security Dilemma for States Balance of Power Politics Security Re-Envisioned Limits to the Realist Approach? Broadening and Deepening the Security Agenda Debating the Focus of Security The “New” Security Environment Post-Cold War Origins Defining Features of the New Security Environment Contemporary Security Challenges Critical Thinking Questions Chapter Summary Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Identify and explain the defining features of security in the traditional (realist) view, including the concept of anarchy 2. Grasp the basis for and main examples of efforts to “broaden” and “deepen” the concept of security over the past quarter-century 3. Compare, contrast, and assess the differences in the conceptualization and provision of security from the differing reference points of the national, international/global, and human security approaches 4. Recognize how broader structural transformation in the global political system since the end of the Cold War has created, or perhaps revealed, a so-called new security environment, which different rules, actors, problems, and threats define Chapter Glossary Alliance A formal political association between two or more parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure common interests. Anarchy A fundamental concept in the study of global politics derived from the insights of Thomas Hobbes regarding the “state of nature,” which contends that global politics is best understood as a self-help struggle for survival between and among states and other actors given the lack of any effective overarching central governing authority in the system. Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (aka the Ottawa Treaty) A treaty drafted and signed in 1997 that aims at eliminating anti-personnel landmines around the world through specific terms requiring parties to cease production of anti-personnel mines, destroy existing stockpiles, and clear away all mined areas within their sovereign territory. Associated with the public diplomacy of Canadian diplomat Lloyd Axworthy and the late Princess Diana (U.K.), as of late 2011, there were 159 states-parties to the treaty, with two states (the Marshall Islands and Poland) signing but not ratifying the treaty and 35 states remaining nonsignatories. Arms control A variety of approaches to the limitation of weapons. Arms control ranges from restricting the future growth in the number, types, or deployment of weapons; through the reduction of weapons; to the elimination of some types (or even all) weapons on a global or regional basis. Balance of power A concept that describes the degree of equilibrium (balance) or disequilibrium (imbalance) of power in the global or regional system. Balancing Refers to the act of states responding to the threat of an emergent (international) power or coalition of powers by banding together to balance against that emergent state or states. Bandwagoning Refers to the act of a weaker sovereign state or states joining a stronger (international) power or coalition as a subordinate partner with the expectation of deriving gains by riding on the “coattails” of that rising power. Biological weapons Living organisms or replicating entities (viruses) that reproduce or replicate within their host victims. May be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or tactical advantage over an adversary, either by threats or by actual deployments. Bipolarity A type of international system with two roughly equal actors or coalitions of actors that divide the global political system into two-pole power centers. Chemical weapons Devices that use chemical agents that inflict death or harm to human beings. They are classified as weapons of mass destruction. “Clash of civilizations” Samuel P. Huntington’s thesis (1993, 1996) that the source of future conflict will be along “civilizational” (e.g., cultural) lines, with conflicts emerging at the “fault lines” or interfaces of the most contentious of the world’s major civilizational units. Collective security Collective security holds that an act of aggression against one state constitutes an act of aggression against all members in good standing of the international community, and therefore is deserving of a collective response. A fundamental premise underpinning the peace and security strategies and operations of the UN, numerous other international organizations, and many states. Complex interdependence A term referring to the broad and deep interdependence of issues and actors in the contemporary global political system, and the ways in which this condition structures and conditions the conduct of global politics. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Bans all nuclear explosions in all environments for military or civilian purposes. The United Nations General Assembly adopted it on September 10, 1996, but it has not entered into force as of 2012. Containment A cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War, devised by George Kennan, which sought to prevent the spread of communism through a mix of coercive diplomacy, strong alliances, and military strength. Convention on Cluster Munitions This treaty, adopted by 107 states in Dublin, Ireland, on May 30, 2008, prohibits all use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of cluster munitions (a form of air-dropped or ground-launched explosive weapon that releases or ejects smaller munitions). Deterrence Persuading an opponent not to carry out an undesirable action by combining both sufficient capabilities and credible threats to forestall that action. Disarmament The act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing a category of weapons. “End of history” Francis Fukuyama’s thesis (1989, 1992) that the end of the Cold War marked the complete and total triumph of liberalism and therefore the end of “history” (defined by the 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Hegel as the dialectical struggles produced by the existence of contending ideologies). Energy security Term for an association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption. The uneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities and insecurity. Failed/failing state(s) Countries in which political and economic upheaval are compounded by the fact that all or most of the citizens give their primary political loyalty to an ethnic group, a religious group, or some other source of political identity rather than the state itself. Such states are so fragmented that no one political group can govern effectively, undermining the capacity of the state and the security and well-being of those residing in the affected society. Flexible response A defense strategy John F. Kennedy implemented in 1961 to address his administration’s skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower’s New Look and its policy of massive retaliation. Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare, not limited only to nuclear arms. Genocide The deliberate and systematic destruction of, or effort to destroy, in whole or in part, an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group. Global security The efforts a community of states takes to protect against threats that are transnational in nature. The responses to these threats are usually multilateral, often involving regional and/or international organizations. Globalization A multifaceted concept that represents the increasing integration of economics, communications, culture, and many other aspects of global life across national boundaries. Human security An emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities, proponents of which challenge the traditional notion of national security by arguing that the proper referent for security should be the individual rather than the state. Human security holds that a people-centered view of security is necessary for national, regional, and global stability Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) A 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union signed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, the treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges defined between 500–5,500 km (300–3,400 miles). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) The world’s center of cooperation in the nuclear field. It was set up in 1957 as the world’s “Atoms for Peace” organization within the United Nations family. The Agency works with its member-states and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure, and peaceful nuclear technologies. Iron triangle A close and mutually beneficial arrangement between interest groups, the bureaucracy, and legislators within a given political system that forms the basis for the military-industrial complex. Military-industrial complex A term first coined by former U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower (in his farewell address) which refers to political and economic relationships between legislators, national armed forces, and the defense industrial base that supports them. These relationships include political contributions, political approval for defense spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and beneficial legislation and oversight of the industry. Mutually assured destruction (MAD) A situation in which each nuclear superpower has the capability of launching a devastating nuclear second strike even after an enemy has attacked it. The crux of the MAD doctrine is that possessing an overwhelming second-strike capacity prevents nuclear war due to the rational aversion of the other side to invite massive retaliation. National security The requirement to maintain the survival of the state through all available means. Originally (and still largely) focused on amassing military strength to forestall the threat of military invasion by powerful adversaries, national security now also encompasses a broad range of factors impinging on a nation’s nonmilitary or economic security, material interests, and values. New security environment A catch-all term referring to the emergence of a multiplicity of “new” (or perhaps, newly recognized) threats to the security of states, individuals, and the global system in the contemporary (post–Cold War) world. New World Order Refers to any period of history featuring a dramatic change in dominant norms and values and the associated balance of power. Non-proliferation Limitation of the production or spread of nuclear or chemical weapons. Non–state actors (NSAs) Entities participating or acting in the sphere of global politics; organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause change in politics that do not belong to or exist as a state structure or established institution of a state. Nuclear utilization theory (NUT) Pioneered by Herman Kahn, this theory asserts that it is possible for a limited nuclear exchange to occur and that nuclear weapons are simply one more rung on the ladder of escalation. Nuclear weapon An explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) An intergovernmental organization of 12 oil-producing countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, The United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Predatory states States governed by corrupt and repressive regimes which “prey” on the population and assets of the state and society they govern for the purpose of personal enrichment, and to the detriment of the collective well-being. Responsibility to Protect (R2P) A global policy doctrine, endorsed by the UN in 2005, based on the idea that sovereignty confers responsibilities on states and their leaders—first and foremost, to ensure the well-being of their citizens. Among other things, R2P seeks to afford the international community the authority to address threats to human security in the event that a given state and its leaders are either unwilling to do so themselves, or are responsible for them. Rogue states Controversial term which some international theorists apply to states which are (or are perceived to be) in noncompliance with the majority of prevailing rules, norms, and laws in the global system and therefore constitute a threat to order. This may mean, among other things, a state governed by authoritarian rule that severely restricts human rights, sponsors or condones terrorism, or seeks to obtain or promote the spread of weapons of mass destruction. R2P see Responsibility to Protect Securitization Assumes a sectoral approach to security in which multiple realms of security concerns (military, political, social, economic, environmental, etc.) are introduced as a means of defining, analyzing, and responding to differing security threats. Security In global politics, a condition associated with individual nation-states, the global system, and/or individual human beings in which the subject is insulated from harm. Security dilemma Given anarchy, the tendency of states and other actors to undertake actions to enhance their own security in a “self-help” system tends to threaten other states or actors who are uncertain of the original state’s intentions. This is a dilemma in that the original action, intended to make the state or actor more secure, has the opposite effect. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I and II) START I (1991) and START II (1993), provided for large cuts in the nuclear arms possessed by the United States and the Soviet Union (later the Russian Federation). START I was the first arms control treaty to reduce, rather than merely limit, the strategic offensive nuclear arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union. START II established nuclear warhead and bomb ceilings of 3,500 for the United States and 2,997 for Russia by the year 2003 and eliminated some types of weapons systems. Strategic-range delivery vehicles Delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons, such as land- or submarine-based ballistic missiles and long-range heavy bombers, capable of attacking targets at distances greater than 5,500 kilometers. These delivery systems confer tremendous strategic advantage to states possessing them, and consequently have often been a great source of instability as well as a target of arms control efforts, such as between the United States and USSR/Russia. Treaty of Westphalia The treaty, signed in 1648, ending the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). The treaty signals the birth of the modern state system and the end of the theoretical subordination of the European monarchies, especially those who had adopted Protestantism, to the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) A multilateral treaty concluded in 1968, then renewed and made permanent in 1995. The parties to the treaty agree not to transfer nuclear weapons or in any way to “assist, encourage, or induce any nonnuclear state to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons.” Nonnuclear signatories of the NPT also agree not to build or accept nuclear weapons. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Often referring to nuclear weapons, but also including biological and chemical weapons. Weapons of mass destruction warfare refer to the application of force between countries using biological, chemical, and/or nuclear weapons. Chapter Overview and Sample Chapter Outline Chapter Summary This lecture provides students with the content background needed to achieve the chapter objec¬tives. The objectives numbers link the outline to the objective, and these topics require detailed information. I. The Traditional Approach [Objective 1] A. State Dominance and the Impact of Anarchy B. A Security Dilemma for States C. Balance of Power Politics II. Security Re-Envisioned [Objectives 2, 3] A. Limits to the Realist Approach? B. Broadening and Deepening the Security Agenda C. Debating the Focus of Security III. The “New” Security Environment [Objective 4] A. Post–Cold War Origins B. Defining Features of the New Security Environment 1. Shifting Rules: State Sovereignty in Decline 2. Emerging Actors: The Impact of Non–State Actors 3. Intensifying Threats: The “Dark Side” of Interdependence C. Contemporary Security Challenges 1. The International Arms Trade 2. Attempting Arms Control a. Approaches to Arms Control b. Barriers to Arms Control 3. Weapons of Mass Destruction a. Biological Weapons b. Chemical Weapons c. Nuclear Weapons i. Nuclear Weapons States and Their Arsenals ii. The United States and Russia iii. Other Nuclear Weapons States. iv. Nuclear Deterrence and Strategy 4. Energy and Natural Resources IV. Chapter Summary Instructor Manual for Global Politics: Engaging a Complex World Mark Boyer, Natalie Hudson, Michael Butler 9780078024818, 9781259146480