Chapter 4: Sexual Anatomy and Physiology Discussion Topics Discussion 4.1: Sexual Anatomy Facts and Myths Your text describes several myths and facts that people commonly believe in. Where do you think those myths come from? Should Sexual education be taught? If so, based on Chapter 3, do you think an online class would be a better format for people? The myths and facts about sexual anatomy likely stem from a combination of factors, including cultural beliefs, misinformation, and lack of comprehensive sexual education. Cultural taboos around discussing sexuality openly may contribute to the spread of myths, as people may rely on unreliable sources or anecdotal information. Sexual education is crucial to dispelling these myths and providing accurate information about sexual health and anatomy. Based on Chapter 3, which emphasizes the importance of comprehensive sexual education, an online class could be a valuable format for teaching sexual education. Online classes can reach a wider audience, offer anonymity for sensitive topics, and provide access to resources and experts that may not be available locally. Additionally, interactive elements such as quizzes, discussion forums, and multimedia content can enhance learning and retention of information. Discussion 4.2: The Hymen and Virginity The hymen is a fold of tissue that, in most women, partially covers the introitus. The hymen is typically present at birth, although some females have no hymen at birth, and stays intact until penetration by the penis or some other object, or is torn in some other way. How important is the hymen today? Do you think people should consider that an intact hymen truly reflects a woman’s virginity? What other ways could people think of a woman’s virginity? Is virginity still an important concept? Why or why not? The hymen has historically been associated with virginity, but its importance and the perception of its significance have evolved over time. Today, the hymen is recognized as a variable and sometimes unreliable indicator of virginity. Some women are born without a hymen, while others may have a hymen that is stretched or torn for reasons unrelated to sexual activity. In contemporary society, the importance of the hymen in determining a woman's virginity is increasingly questioned. Many people recognize that virginity is a complex and multifaceted concept that cannot be reduced to the presence or absence of the hymen. Other ways in which people may consider a woman's virginity include her sexual experiences, beliefs, and values regarding sexuality, and cultural or religious practices. The concept of virginity itself is also being reevaluated. While it remains significant in some cultural and religious contexts, others argue that it is a social construct that places undue emphasis on a woman's sexual history and purity. The evolving understanding of sexuality and gender roles has led many to question the relevance and implications of the concept of virginity in modern society. Discussion 4.3: Female Circumcision Some cultures believe that removal of the clitoris enhances the beauty and desirability of the female body, and others are also taught that unless the clitoris (the major source of sexual pleasure for women) is removed, women may become promiscuous or unfaithful to their partners. For over 2,200 years this practice has been carried out and was viewed as a sign of character. Today we view viewing this as barbaric and a mutilation. How can we change people’s views on this issue? Are the health risks associated with this practice enough to change cultural views? Changing people's views on female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), requires a multifaceted approach that addresses cultural, social, and health aspects of the practice. 1. Education and Awareness: Providing accurate information about the negative physical and psychological effects of FGM can help dispel myths and misconceptions. Educating communities about the importance of sexual pleasure and the function of the clitoris can also challenge beliefs that FGM enhances beauty or controls women's behavior. 2. Engagement with Communities: Working with community leaders, elders, and religious leaders to understand the cultural and traditional beliefs surrounding FGM is crucial. Engaging in respectful dialogue and involving these stakeholders in the conversation can help promote understanding and facilitate change from within the community. 3. Legal and Policy Measures: Enacting and enforcing laws that prohibit FGM can send a strong message that the practice is not acceptable. Providing support services for victims and families can also help address the underlying reasons for FGM, such as social pressure or economic incentives. 4. Health Risks and Consequences: Highlighting the serious health risks associated with FGM, such as infections, complications during childbirth, and long-term sexual and psychological issues, can underscore the need to abandon the practice. Providing access to medical care and support for affected individuals can also be important in changing cultural views. 5. Cultural Sensitivity: It's important to approach the issue with cultural sensitivity and understanding, recognizing that beliefs and practices are deeply rooted and may take time to change. Collaborating with local organizations and individuals who are familiar with the cultural context can help tailor interventions to be more effective. Overall, changing views on FGM requires a holistic approach that addresses the cultural, social, and health dimensions of the practice, while respecting the diversity of beliefs and experiences within communities. Discussion 4.4: The Effect of Hormones on Behavior The two primary hormones regulating sexual development and arousal are androgens and estrogens, which belong to a class of hormones called steroid hormones. The gonads produce sex hormones and reproductive cells (i.e., ovaries in women and testes in men) and the adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys secrete the steroid hormones. Testosterone specifically has been shown to have significant effects on behavior, being related to dominance, aggression, and assertiveness. What other effects might hormonal changes have on behavior? Hormonal changes, particularly fluctuations in androgens and estrogens, can have various effects on behavior beyond those related to dominance, aggression, and assertiveness. These effects can differ based on the individual's sex, age, and hormonal levels. 1. Sexual Behavior: Androgens, such as testosterone, play a key role in sexual desire and arousal in both men and women. Changes in hormone levels can influence libido and sexual response. 2. Mood and Emotions: Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause, can impact mood and emotional well-being. For example, estrogen levels have been linked to feelings of well-being and happiness, while changes in progesterone levels can contribute to mood swings and irritability. 3. Cognitive Function: Estrogens have been associated with cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and spatial abilities. Fluctuations in estrogen levels, such as those experienced during the menstrual cycle, may affect cognitive performance. 4. Social Behavior: Hormones can influence social behavior, including bonding, nurturing, and aggression. For example, oxytocin, often referred to as the "love hormone," is associated with bonding and social attachment. 5. Stress Response: Hormones such as cortisol, which is released in response to stress, can impact behavior and mood. Chronic stress can disrupt hormone balance and lead to behavioral changes. 6. Risk-Taking Behavior: Testosterone has been linked to risk-taking behavior in both men and women. Higher testosterone levels have been associated with increased willingness to take risks. Overall, hormonal changes can have a profound impact on behavior, affecting various aspects of life including sexual behavior, mood, cognition, social interactions, and responses to stress. Understanding these effects can help explain some of the behavioral changes that occur in response to hormonal fluctuations. Discussion 4.5: Menstrual Synchrony One study suggests that women who live together may menstruate at the same time, a phenomenon known as menstrual synchrony, based on odor cues. How many of you would view this as evidence for pheromones in humans? Menstrual synchrony, the phenomenon where women who live together may menstruate at the same time, has been a topic of interest and debate in the field of human sexuality. One study suggests that this synchrony might be based on odor cues, potentially indicating the presence of pheromones in humans. Pheromones are chemical signals that can trigger social responses in members of the same species. While the idea of pheromones influencing menstrual synchrony is intriguing, there are several factors to consider before definitively concluding that this is evidence of pheromones in humans. Firstly, the study's findings need to be replicated and validated by other researchers. It's important to ensure that the observed synchrony is not due to random chance or other factors. Additionally, the specific mechanisms by which these potential pheromones affect menstrual cycles would need to be elucidated. Furthermore, human pheromones, if they exist, may not function in the same way as those in other species. Human social behaviors are influenced by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and cultural factors, which could also play a role in menstrual synchrony. In conclusion, while the idea of pheromones influencing menstrual synchrony is intriguing, further research is needed to establish a definitive link. Additional studies exploring the potential role of pheromones in human reproductive physiology and behavior would be valuable in advancing our understanding of this fascinating topic. Discussion 4.6: Pheromones In one study, women were exposed to sweat collected from other women. Depending on when the sweat was collected during a woman’s menstrual cycle (before, during, or after ovulation), the woman’s menstrual cycle sped up or slowed down. As a result, the researcher proposed the existence of two types of pheromones, one produced before ovulation that shortens the cycles, and one produced just at ovulation that lengthens it (McClintock, 1971). Some researchers have questioned the validity of these results, and so our understanding of pheromones is still developing. Do you think some people smell better or worse to you? Do you prefer some people’s smell to others? Think of ex boyfriends / girlfriends. Did you like the way they smelled? Is this evidence for chemical communication in humans? The study you mentioned, conducted by McClintock in 1971, suggested that women exposed to sweat collected from other women experienced changes in their menstrual cycles depending on when the sweat was collected in the donor's cycle. This led to the proposal of two types of pheromones: one that shortens menstrual cycles when produced before ovulation and another that lengthens them when produced at ovulation. The idea of pheromones influencing human behavior and physiology is intriguing, but the validity of these results has been questioned, and the understanding of pheromones in humans is still evolving. While some people might believe that certain individuals smell better or worse to them and that they prefer the smell of some people over others, linking this directly to pheromones is complex. Human olfactory preferences can be influenced by various factors, including cultural norms, personal experiences, and individual differences in scent perception. For example, individuals may find certain scents more attractive based on positive associations with past experiences or genetic factors. However, directly linking these preferences to pheromones is challenging without clear scientific evidence. Regarding ex-boyfriends or girlfriends, liking or disliking their smell could be influenced by a range of factors beyond pheromones, such as emotional attachment, personal hygiene, and the context of the relationship. While some researchers argue that human pheromones may play a role in attraction and mate selection, more research is needed to fully understand the extent of their influence and how they interact with other factors that contribute to human behavior and relationships. Discussion 4.7: Early Menstruation In the United States, menstruation usually begins around 12 years of age. This age has declined significantly throughout history. In Europe in the early 1800s, the average age of a girl’s first period was 17 (Steingraber, 2007). In 1900, the average age of a first period among girls in the U.S. was 14.2 and now, the average age for girls beginning menstruation is about 12.4 years. Reasons can include diet and nutrition, exposure to chemicals, and childhood obesity. What factors do you think play a role in this? Do you see this as problematic? There are several factors that likely contribute to the trend of early menstruation, including changes in diet and nutrition, exposure to chemicals, and increasing rates of childhood obesity. 1. Diet and Nutrition: Improved access to food and changes in dietary habits could be contributing to earlier puberty. Diets rich in processed foods, high in sugar, and low in essential nutrients may affect hormonal balance and contribute to early menstruation. 2. Exposure to Chemicals: The modern environment exposes individuals to a variety of chemicals, many of which are known as endocrine disruptors. These chemicals can interfere with the body's hormonal system and may contribute to early puberty. 3. Childhood Obesity: The rise in childhood obesity rates is a significant factor in the trend of early menstruation. Excess body fat can lead to increased levels of hormones such as estrogen, which can trigger puberty at an earlier age. 4. Socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic status can also play a role, as access to quality nutrition and healthcare can vary among different populations. Lower-income families may have less access to nutritious foods and healthcare, which could contribute to early puberty. 5. Psychosocial Factors: Some researchers suggest that psychosocial factors, such as stress, family dynamics, and exposure to media, may also play a role in the timing of puberty. However, the exact mechanisms are not well understood. Whether early menstruation is seen as problematic can depend on various factors. While it is a natural process, early puberty can pose health risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, and may have psychosocial implications for young girls. Additionally, early puberty may lead to challenges in coping with the physical and emotional changes associated with adolescence. However, it is essential to consider that puberty timing can vary widely among individuals and may not always indicate a health concern. Discussion 4.8: Does Size Matter? An important study on penis size with more than 3,000 men found that most men who sought penis enhancement because they were dissatisfied with their penises were within the normal size range and greatly overestimated the size of an average penis (Dillon et al., 2008). These men thought the average flaccid size was about 5 inches, although some thought it was as long as 6.5 inches. Men get their ideas about penis size mostly from porn, where male performers have penises that are longer than average. In reality, a 7-inch erect penis would place you in the 99th percentile (Dillon et al., 2008). The small, flaccid penis appears to be at the root of men’s insecurity about penis size, the so-called locker-room syndrome. Flaccid length does not predict erect length, however, and most of the variation disappears in an erect penis. Most penises measure between 5 in length when erect, regardless of the size of the flaccid penis. Other than porn what other factors may affect men’s concerns about size? Men's concerns about penis size can be influenced by a variety of factors beyond exposure to pornography. These factors may include: 1. Media and Cultural Influences: Media, including movies, television, and advertising, often portray idealized images of masculinity that may include expectations about penis size. Cultural beliefs and norms regarding masculinity and virility can also play a role in shaping men's perceptions of their own bodies. 2. Peer Comparisons: The "locker-room syndrome" mentioned in the question highlights how comparisons with peers can contribute to insecurity about penis size. Men may compare themselves to others and feel inadequate if they perceive themselves as smaller. 3. Sexual Performance and Pleasure: Some men may believe that a larger penis is necessary for sexual satisfaction, both for themselves and their partners. This belief can lead to concerns about size and performance anxiety. 4. Body Image Issues: Concerns about penis size can be part of broader body image issues that affect men. Societal pressure to conform to certain physical ideals can contribute to feelings of inadequacy. 5. Psychological Factors: Psychological factors, such as low self-esteem, anxiety, or depression, can also play a role in shaping men's concerns about penis size. These factors can amplify feelings of inadequacy and impact sexual confidence. 6. Misinformation: Misconceptions about penis size and what is considered "normal" can contribute to men's concerns. As the study mentioned in the question highlights, many men overestimate the size of an average penis, which can lead to unrealistic expectations. 7. Relationship Dynamics: The dynamics of a man's intimate relationships, including communication with partners and past experiences, can also influence his concerns about penis size. Feedback from partners or experiences of rejection can impact self-perception. It's important to note that concerns about penis size are complex and can vary greatly among individuals. Addressing these concerns may require a combination of education, counseling, and support to help men develop a healthy body image and positive attitudes towards their sexuality. Discussion 4.9: To Cut or Not to Cut? In the twenty-first century, male circumcision is very unusual in Western Europe and increasingly questioned by pediatricians in the United States. There is no medical consensus about its benefits. In fact, there are actually individuals and organizations that now actively oppose this practice. For example, the American Academy of Pediatrics (1999) states that there is not enough evidence to endorse infant circumcision and advises parents to make up their own mind in consultation with their pediatrician. Note that your text refers to female circumcision as mutilation but male circumcision as a “modification”. Are there differences here between the two? Yes, there are significant differences between female circumcision, often referred to as female genital mutilation (FGM), and male circumcision, both in terms of practice and cultural context. Here are some key distinctions: 1. Purpose and Effects: Female circumcision, or FGM, involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It is often performed without consent and can lead to serious health consequences, including infections, complications during childbirth, and long-term psychological trauma. In contrast, male circumcision involves the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis and is generally performed for cultural, religious, or medical reasons. It is usually not associated with significant health risks when performed by trained healthcare providers. 2. Cultural and Religious Context: Female circumcision is often deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and practices that aim to control female sexuality, maintain purity, and adhere to traditional gender roles. It is considered a violation of human rights by many international organizations and has been condemned globally. Male circumcision, on the other hand, is practiced by various cultures and religions for reasons such as hygiene, religious significance, and social acceptance. It is generally not considered a violation of human rights when performed under safe conditions and with consent. 3. Legal and Ethical Considerations: Female circumcision is illegal in many countries and is considered a form of gender-based violence and child abuse. Laws and policies have been implemented to prohibit and criminalize the practice. Male circumcision, while not universally regulated, is often performed in medical settings and is considered legal in most countries. However, there are ongoing debates about the ethics of performing circumcision on infants who cannot consent to the procedure. 4. Health Impact: While male circumcision has been associated with some health benefits, such as reduced risk of urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and penile cancer, the evidence is not conclusive. The health impact of female circumcision, on the other hand, is overwhelmingly negative, with no known health benefits and significant risks to physical and mental health. In summary, while both practices involve the alteration of genitalia, female circumcision (FGM) and male circumcision are fundamentally different in terms of purpose, effects, cultural context, legal status, and ethical considerations. The term "modification" used for male circumcision in the context of your text reflects these differences and the nuanced nature of these practices. Discussion 4.10: Bodily Integrity Rights The topics of female genital mutilation and male circumcision relate directly to the issue of bodily integrity rights. The concept of bodily integrity refers to the inviolability of the physical body. It emphasizes the importance of personal autonomy and the self-determination of individuals over their own bodies. It considers the violation of bodily integrity as an unethical infringement, intrusive, and possibly criminal. Opponents of male circumcision assert that laws against genital modification of minors should apply equally to males and females. Many anticircumcision groups have joined the International Coalition for Genital Integrity, a coalition that advocates preserving the integrity of the penis. This issue has become more complicated because of the finding that circumcision may help prevent HIV. Based on what you have read and in-class discussion, do you think male and female circumcision should be lumped together? The debate surrounding male and female circumcision is complex and involves various ethical, cultural, and health-related considerations. While both practices involve the alteration of genitalia, there are important distinctions between them that make lumping them together problematic. 1. Purpose and Effects: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is often performed with the intention of controlling female sexuality, enforcing gender roles, and maintaining cultural traditions. It can lead to serious health complications and is widely considered a violation of human rights. Male circumcision, on the other hand, is often performed for reasons such as religious or cultural traditions, hygiene, and perceived health benefits. The health risks associated with male circumcision are generally lower compared to FGM. 2. Legal and Cultural Context: FGM is internationally recognized as a human rights violation and is banned in many countries. Laws and policies have been implemented to prevent and criminalize the practice. Male circumcision, while not universally regulated, is often considered legal and socially acceptable in many cultures and religions. 3. Health Considerations: While male circumcision has been associated with some health benefits, such as reduced risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, the evidence is not conclusive, and the procedure is not considered medically necessary. FGM, on the other hand, has no known health benefits and can lead to serious health complications, including infections, infertility, and childbirth complications. 4. Ethical Considerations: The ethics of male circumcision are debated, particularly when performed on infants who cannot consent to the procedure. Some argue that it violates the child's right to bodily integrity and autonomy. Others contend that it is a cultural or religious practice that should be respected. FGM, on the other hand, is widely condemned as a violation of human rights and is considered unethical under any circumstances. In conclusion, while both male and female circumcision involve the alteration of genitalia, lumping them together oversimplifies a complex issue. FGM is a harmful practice with no health benefits and is considered a violation of human rights. Male circumcision, while also controversial, is often performed for different reasons and is not universally condemned in the same way. It is important to consider the cultural, ethical, and health-related nuances of each practice when discussing bodily integrity rights. Polling Questions Polling 4.1: Virginity In many cultures the hymen is traditionally the physical marker of a woman’s virginity (Blank, 2007). In fact, many of the phrases we use to describe a woman losing her virginity illustrate how we think of the role of the hymen. For example, the phrase “popping the cherry” describes the loss of virginity as marked by the breaking of the hymen. In many societies, if a husband finds that his wife’s hymen is already broken on their wedding night, he and her community may ridicule her or stone her to death for being immoral. How many of you are still virgins? At what age did you loose your virginity? Is it important to you that your spouse be a virgin? It's important to approach the topic of virginity with sensitivity and an understanding of the cultural and societal factors that influence perceptions of virginity. The concept of virginity is often tied to the physical state of the hymen, which is a thin membrane located at the opening of the vagina. However, the hymen can be stretched or torn for reasons other than sexual intercourse, such as physical activity or the use of tampons. In many cultures, there is a strong emphasis on female virginity, with the hymen being seen as a physical marker of a woman's purity and morality. This can lead to harmful practices, such as the stigmatization or even violence against women who are perceived to have lost their virginity outside of marriage. It's important to recognize that virginity is a social construct and that individuals may have different understandings and experiences of it. Some may place importance on virginity as a personal or cultural value, while others may not see it as significant. It's also important to consider that the concept of virginity is often heteronormative, focusing primarily on vaginal intercourse and excluding other forms of sexual activity. Asking individuals about their virginity status and the age at which they lost their virginity can be invasive and may perpetuate harmful stereotypes. It's important to approach discussions about virginity with empathy and respect for individuals' privacy and personal experiences. Regarding the question of whether it is important for a spouse to be a virgin, this is a highly personal and subjective matter that varies among individuals and cultures. Some may value virginity in a partner due to cultural or religious beliefs, while others may prioritize other qualities in a relationship. It's important for individuals to communicate openly and honestly with their partners about their values and expectations regarding virginity and sexual experiences. Polling 4.2: Hormones and Behavior Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group that has been shown through research to have a great effect on both female and male sexual desire. How many of you think that hormones have a major effect on your behavior? Do you think it is less today than at adolescence? Hormones, particularly testosterone, play a significant role in influencing sexual desire and behavior in both males and females. Testosterone is associated with increased libido and plays a role in regulating sexual function. While hormones can have a major effect on behavior, it's important to note that behavior is also influenced by a variety of other factors, including social, cultural, and psychological factors. During adolescence, hormonal changes are particularly pronounced, leading to increased sexual desire and exploration. As individuals age, hormone levels may fluctuate, leading to changes in sexual desire and behavior. Additionally, life experiences, relationships, and personal beliefs can also shape behavior, potentially influencing the perceived impact of hormones. Some individuals may feel that hormones have a lesser effect on their behavior as they age, perhaps due to a greater understanding of their own desires and the ability to manage them effectively. Others may feel that hormones continue to play a significant role throughout their lives. Overall, the relationship between hormones and behavior is complex and multifaceted. While hormones can have a profound impact on sexual desire and behavior, they are just one of many factors that contribute to human behavior. Polling 4.3: Pheromones Recently there have been quite a few perfumes for men and women on the market that said they contained human pheromones and thus would attract mates to you. How many of you believe that a perfume can attract a mate? Would you buy a perfume based on pheromones? The concept of pheromones, chemical signals that can affect the behavior of others within the same species, is intriguing and has led to the development of perfumes and colognes that claim to contain human pheromones to attract potential mates. However, the scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of these products is limited. While it is possible that certain scents or pheromones could influence attraction on a subconscious level, the idea that a perfume alone can significantly enhance one's attractiveness or ability to attract a mate is debated among scientists. Factors such as personal hygiene, grooming, personality, and physical appearance likely play a more significant role in attraction than the use of a specific perfume. As for whether I would buy a perfume based on pheromones, my decision would depend on several factors. I would consider the scientific evidence supporting the product's claims, the ingredients and safety of the perfume, and whether I personally enjoy the scent. Ultimately, while the idea of using pheromones to enhance attractiveness is intriguing, I would approach such products with a healthy dose of skepticism and rely on more proven methods of enhancing my personal appeal. Polling 4.4: Menopause Many of you hit your teenaged years (puberty) around the same time that your mother hit menopause. How many of you found this very difficult? Many of you will find yourselves in the same boat, how many of you would use HRT? Experiencing puberty while a mother is going through menopause can indeed present unique challenges for both the teenager and the mother. The hormonal changes associated with puberty can lead to heightened emotions and mood swings, which may coincide with the emotional and physical changes that women experience during menopause. For teenagers, navigating their own hormonal changes while also witnessing their mother's menopausal symptoms can be confusing and stressful. They may struggle to understand and cope with their own emotions while also trying to support their mother through her menopausal symptoms. Similarly, women going through menopause may find it challenging to manage their own symptoms while also attending to the needs of their teenage children. This period of life can be a time of significant transition for both mothers and teenagers, and it is not uncommon for tensions to arise as they navigate these changes together. Regarding the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal symptoms, opinions and decisions can vary among individuals. HRT can be effective in managing symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings. However, it is not without risks, and women should weigh the potential benefits and risks of HRT carefully in consultation with their healthcare provider. Some women may choose to use HRT to manage their menopausal symptoms, while others may prefer alternative approaches such as lifestyle changes, dietary supplements, or non-hormonal medications. The decision to use HRT should be based on individual health needs and preferences, and women should be well-informed about the potential benefits and risks before making a decision. Polling 4.5: Self-Exams for Cancer We are all aware of the dangers of breast cancer, but how many of you are aware that testicular cancer is most common in men ages 20 to 35? How many of you regularly (at least every other month) perform a self-exam of breast or testes? How many of you have never examined your breast or testes for cancer? It's important to raise awareness about the risks of both breast and testicular cancer, as early detection can significantly improve outcomes. While breast cancer is more commonly discussed and emphasized, it's crucial to remember that testicular cancer is most common in young men, particularly those between the ages of 20 to 35. Performing regular self-exams of the breasts and testes can help individuals detect any changes or abnormalities early on. For women, self-exams can involve checking for lumps or changes in the breasts, while for men, self-exams can involve checking for lumps or swelling in the testes. It's encouraging to see how many people regularly perform self-exams, as early detection can lead to timely medical intervention and improved treatment outcomes. However, it's also understandable that some may not have performed self-exams, perhaps due to a lack of awareness or knowledge about the importance of regular screenings. Raising awareness about the importance of self-exams for both breast and testicular cancer and encouraging individuals to perform regular screenings can help improve early detection rates and ultimately save lives. Regular self-exams, along with routine screenings and check-ups with healthcare providers, are essential components of maintaining overall health and well-being. Polling 4.6: Does Size Matter? Do penis sizes vary? Yes, but when penises are erect, they are all about the same size. The biggest difference in size is in the flaccid, or unaroused, penis. It averages about 3 inches in length and varies between 1 and 4 inches for most men, as measured in many scientific studies from locations as diverse as the United States, Germany, Nigeria, Iran, and South Korea. For heterosexual intercourse, an erect penis longer than 4 inches is usually big enough to stimulate erogenous tissue in a woman’s vagina. Most of the nerve endings relating to sexual pleasure in a woman’s vagina are located within the first one-third of the length of the vagina. This means that most penises are capable of stimulating these nerves and providing pleasure during coital activities. A penis that is too big can actually cause difficulties: one that is longer than 8 inches can hit a woman’s cervix and cause her discomfort. How many of you think “the bigger the better”? How many of you think, “it’s not the size, it’s what you do with it”? The perception of penis size and its importance in sexual pleasure is a topic that often generates varied opinions. While there is a wide range of sizes when flaccid, erect penises tend to be similar in size, with the most significant difference being in the flaccid state. Scientific studies have shown that an erect penis longer than 4 inches is generally sufficient for stimulating a woman's erogenous tissue during heterosexual intercourse. The belief that "the bigger the better" is a common notion, often influenced by societal attitudes and media portrayals of masculinity. However, it's essential to recognize that sexual pleasure is a complex interplay of physical, emotional, and psychological factors. The idea that "it's not the size, it's what you do with it" reflects the understanding that sexual satisfaction is not solely dependent on penis size but also on factors such as communication, intimacy, and technique. It's important to approach discussions about penis size with sensitivity, as feelings of inadequacy or insecurity can arise. Ultimately, the focus should be on mutual pleasure, communication, and understanding between partners, rather than solely on size. Each individual's experience and preferences are unique, and what matters most is finding what brings pleasure and satisfaction to both partners in a relationship. Polling 4.7: To Cut or Not to Cut? Male circumcision, usually performed on infant boys, involves entirely or partially removing the foreskin. In the United States and other countries, circumcision is a common type of genital modification. It is an ancient practice known in many cultures, although in recent years, people have begun to question the procedure, and it has been the focus of increasing controversy. Some cultures have developed rituals for modifying genitals to express religious conviction, to make a moral statement, or to improve hygiene. Note that the American Psychological Association feels that the jury is out on if this is helpful. How many of you would circumcise your son? How many of you have been with a partner who wasn’t circumcised? The decision of whether to circumcise a son is a personal one that involves weighing cultural, religious, medical, and ethical considerations. Male circumcision is a common practice in some cultures and religions, often viewed as a symbol of identity, hygiene, or adherence to religious beliefs. However, in recent years, there has been increasing debate and controversy surrounding the procedure. Some parents choose to circumcise their sons for cultural or religious reasons, while others may opt not to circumcise based on personal beliefs or medical considerations. The American Psychological Association notes that there is ongoing debate about the benefits and risks of circumcision, and the decision should be made based on individual circumstances and preferences. As for experiences with uncircumcised partners, it's important to approach this topic with respect and understanding. Preferences regarding circumcision can vary among individuals, and what matters most is mutual respect, communication, and understanding between partners. It's important to have open and honest discussions about sexual health and preferences in any relationship. Activities Activity 4.1: Sexual Anatomy Facts and Myths How well do you know the inner workings of your sexual anatomy? Take the quiz in “Know Yourself: Sexual Anatomy Facts and Myths” to check your understanding of sexual anatomy and physiology. Being able to label the parts of the body and knowing how the body functions are not the only reasons for studying sexual anatomy and physiology. Thinking about how you feel about your own body will increase your emotional literacy. Sexual Anatomy Facts and Myths Answer the following true/false questions to gauge your own knowledge of sexual anatomy and to learn whether you have bought into society’s most common myths about the structure and function of our sexual bodies. 1. Men have only male hormones and women have only female hormones. 2. The anus has an erotic capacity for both men and women irrespective of sexual orientation. 3. The correct name for the female genitals is the vagina. 4. The clitoris is the only organ in the human body with the sole function of giving sexual pleasure. 5. The ovaries and testes are formed from the same embryonic tissue. 6. Men who have a larger penis can give their partners more orgasms. 7. If you hit it hard enough, a man’s penis can break. 8. A vaginal, or G-spot, orgasm is more powerful than an orgasm from clitoral stimulation. 9. Women can ejaculate. 10. All men should be circumcised for hygienic reasons. Answers: 1. False: Men and women have the same hormones; only the relative levels differ. Furthermore, hormone levels differ from one man to another and from one woman to another. 2. True: The anus has an erotic capacity for both men and women. As the genitals and anus share a lot of the same musculature and nerve endings, the anus can provide as much pleasure and arousal as other parts of the body. In addition, sexual orientation has no bearing on erotic capacity of the anus. 3. False: The vagina is the birth canal and the pathway to the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes. The collective term for the external female genitals is the “vulva.” 4. True: The clitoris is the only organ in the human body with the sole function of giving sexual pleasure. 5. True: The ovaries and testes are formed from the same embryonic tissue. All embryos have the same genital and reproductive structures before sexual differentiation begins. 6. False: Solid scientific evidence has consistently shown that there is no relationship between a man’s penis size and sexual desire or response for either men or women. Most partners state that it is not the size but how one engages in sexual behavior that is important. 7. True and False: While the penis does not have any kind of skeletal structure or bone that can be broken, the penis can experience damage to its tissue if it is hit hard enough or bent in such a way as to cause damage to its internal structure. 8. False: The reality is that there is much controversy over the existence of the G-spot. What we know about female orgasms is that the clitoris is the primary mode of orgasmic experience for women. The question of whether vaginal orgasms exist independently of clitoral stimulation is quite controversial. 9. True: Some researchers and some women say that there is a female ejaculation that can occur when the G-spot is stimulated to the point of climax. The Skene’s glands are located in this area and drain into the urethral opening—this is what is thought to produce the emission, which has been shown to be similar to the secretions produced by the prostate gland in men. 10. False: Circumcision was once thought to be necessary for male hygiene. Some research still shows that uncircumcised men can be at higher risk for STIs due to the fact that bacteria and viruses can conceal themselves under the foreskin, but there is no research to support the idea that uncircumcised men have difficulties maintaining hygiene with an intact foreskin. Activity 4.2: Breast Self-Exam It is important to be aware of the benefits and limitations of breast self-exams (BSE). Please take note: If you find a change in your breasts, it does not necessarily mean cancer is present. Check with your campus student health and wellness department to see if they can come to your class to discuss self breast exams. They often have STI lectures for classes but may either have, or be willing to develop, a breast exam presentation for you. "Phat Girlz" (2006) provides a poignant portrayal of the impact of societal beauty standards on individuals, particularly women, and how these standards can vary across cultures. The film follows the journey of Mo'Nique's character, who battles with self-doubt and body image issues due to her weight in a society that values thinness. One of the key themes of the movie is the contrast in beauty standards between Western cultures, where thinness is often idealized, and Nigerian culture, where larger women are considered more beautiful. This cultural difference challenges Mo'Nique's perception of beauty and helps her embrace her body as it is. The film highlights the importance of self-acceptance and challenging narrow beauty ideals. It also underscores the significance of cultural context in shaping perceptions of beauty. Through her relationship with Dr. Tunde, Mo'Nique learns to appreciate herself and her body, regardless of societal norms. "Phat Girlz" serves as a powerful reminder that beauty comes in all shapes and sizes, and that self-worth should not be tied to conforming to unrealistic beauty standards. It encourages viewers to embrace diversity and celebrate their bodies, highlighting the importance of self-love and acceptance. Activity 4.3: Movie Phat Girlz (2006) In the movie Phat Girlz (2006), comedienne Mo’Nique battles feelings of self-doubt because of her weight. Everywhere around her are thin women who wear the most stylish clothes and get the attention of men. Hoping to change her body, Mo’Nique struggles with dieting, but to no avail. Then, she meets the handsome Dr. Tunde, visiting from Nigeria. They fall in love and Dr. Tunde explains to Mo’Nique that he finds her beautiful exactly as she is, because in Nigeria larger women are considered more beautiful. Phat Girlz illustrates how variations in the appearance of the body are treated differently in different cultures. "Phat Girlz" (2006) is a film that sheds light on the societal pressures and beauty standards that affect women, particularly those who do not conform to conventional ideals of beauty. Mo'Nique's character, Jazmin Biltmore, struggles with self-doubt and body image issues due to her weight in a culture that values thinness. The movie highlights the impact of cultural differences on perceptions of beauty. In Nigeria, Dr. Tunde explains to Jazmin that larger women are considered more beautiful, which challenges Jazmin's beliefs about her own attractiveness. This cultural difference serves as a catalyst for Jazmin to reconsider her own self-worth and beauty. "Phat Girlz" also addresses the complexities of body image and self-acceptance. Jazmin's journey towards self-acceptance is not solely about her physical appearance but also about recognizing her value beyond societal standards of beauty. The film encourages viewers to question and challenge narrow beauty ideals, emphasizing the importance of self-love and acceptance. Overall, "Phat Girlz" offers a message of empowerment and self-acceptance, highlighting the beauty of diversity and the importance of embracing one's uniqueness. Activity: 4.4: Female Circumcision Female circumcision is a cultural practice most often associated with African and Middle Eastern cultures, and the Islamic religion in particular. Some cultures believe that removal of the clitoris enhances the beauty and desirability of the female body, and others are also taught that unless the clitoris (the major source of sexual pleasure for women) is removed, women may become promiscuous or unfaithful to their partners. A video clip at PBS on female circumcision can be found at: http://video.pbs.org/video/2056789248/. There are also several on YouTube but some are quite graphic. Female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), is a deeply rooted cultural practice that involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia. It is often associated with African and Middle Eastern cultures, as well as certain communities in Asia and South America. While it is sometimes linked to the Islamic religion, it is not a practice endorsed by Islam. One of the primary reasons cited for female circumcision is the belief that it enhances the beauty and desirability of the female body. Some cultures also believe that it helps control women's sexuality, as they are taught that removing the clitoris, which is a major source of sexual pleasure for women, will reduce promiscuity or infidelity. However, female circumcision has no medical benefits and can have serious physical and psychological consequences for women. It can lead to pain, infection, infertility, and complications during childbirth. It is considered a violation of human rights and is condemned by international organizations and human rights groups. It is important to raise awareness about the harmful effects of female circumcision and to work towards ending this practice. Education, community engagement, and the promotion of women's rights are key to eliminating this harmful practice and ensuring the health and well-being of women and girls around the world. Activity 4.5: Video Gender Development: Social Influences The Brain: Teaching Modules Part of the Brain series, this clip examines differences in interaction by gender as well as gender roles, expectations and perceptions in ability. (http://www.learner.org/resources/series142.html) or through the McGraw Hill Higher Education General Resources for Students and Faculty Annenberg / CPB projects link (http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/psychonline/general.html) It sounds like you're referring to a video clip that explores gender differences in interaction, gender roles, expectations, and perceptions of ability as part of the Brain series. The clip is available through the Annenberg / CPB projects link or through the McGraw Hill Higher Education General Resources for Students and Faculty. This type of content can be valuable for understanding how gender influences behavior and societal expectations. Activity 4.6: The Effects of Hormones and the Environment on Brain Development The Brain: Teaching Modules Part of the Brain series, this clip examines gender differences in the brain and how that may effect behavior. (http://www.learner.org/resources/series142.html) or through the McGraw Hill Higher Education General Resources for Students and Faculty Annenberg / CPB projects link (http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/psychonline/general.html) McGraw-Hill also offers other video and multimedia materials; ask your local representative about the best products to meet your teaching needs. It seems like you're referring to a video clip from the Brain series that explores gender differences in the brain and how they may affect behavior. The clip is available through the Annenberg / CPB projects link or through the McGraw Hill Higher Education General Resources for Students and Faculty. McGraw-Hill offers various video and multimedia materials, so it might be helpful to contact your local representative to inquire about the best products to meet your teaching needs. They can provide you with more information and guidance on accessing relevant resources. Activity 4.7: The Secret Life of the Brain: The Teenage Brain (2001) This is a PBS 5 part series that tracks brain development from conception through old age. The third episode covers adolescence and how hormones, and the development of the prefrontal cortex affect behavior. It also covers sleep and schizophrenia. It can be purchased from PBS or Amazon but is also on you tube. "The Secret Life of the Brain: The Teenage Brain" is a PBS series that provides valuable insights into brain development during adolescence. The third episode specifically focuses on how hormones and the development of the prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain responsible for decision-making and impulse control, influence behavior during the teenage years. During adolescence, the brain undergoes significant changes, including the pruning of unused neural connections and the strengthening of those that are frequently used. Hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, play a crucial role in these changes, affecting mood, emotions, and behavior. The prefrontal cortex, which is still developing during adolescence, is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as planning, reasoning, and impulse control. This area of the brain is particularly important in understanding the behaviors commonly associated with adolescence, such as risk-taking and sensation-seeking. The episode also covers topics such as sleep, which is essential for brain development and overall health during adolescence. Additionally, it addresses schizophrenia, a mental disorder that can emerge during late adolescence or early adulthood and is characterized by distorted thinking, hallucinations, and delusions. Overall, "The Secret Life of the Brain: The Teenage Brain" provides a comprehensive look at the complex interplay between brain development, hormones, and behavior during adolescence, offering valuable insights for understanding and supporting teenagers during this critical stage of development. Activity 4.8: HRT and Menopause Have two middle-aged men and two middle-aged women come to class to talk about their experiences during this time of life. To highlight the diversity of experiences during middle age, you may want to invite one single man, one married man, one woman who stays home during the day, and one woman in the workforce. Be sure to ask them to talk about both the pros and cons of this stage of life. They can talk about physical and cognitive changes they are currently experiencing. For this activity, it's important to invite a diverse group of individuals to share their experiences during middle age, focusing on both the positives and negatives of this stage of life. Here's how you could frame their experiences: 1. Single Man: This individual can provide insights into the unique experiences of being single during middle age. They might discuss the freedom and independence that comes with being single, as well as any challenges they face in terms of social connections and support networks. 2. Married Man: A married man can share his perspective on how marriage influences his experience of middle age. He might discuss the benefits of having a life partner for support and companionship, as well as any challenges related to marital dynamics and responsibilities. 3. Woman Who Stays Home: This individual can offer insights into the experiences of women who choose to stay home during middle age, whether as a caregiver, homemaker, or for other reasons. She might discuss the rewards and fulfillment of this role, as well as any feelings of isolation or lack of stimulation. 4. Woman in the Workforce: This individual can provide insights into the experiences of women who continue to work during middle age. She might discuss the sense of purpose and accomplishment that comes from a career, as well as any challenges related to work-life balance and career advancement. Each of these individuals can also discuss the physical and cognitive changes they are experiencing during middle age, highlighting the diversity of experiences within this stage of life. By sharing their stories, they can provide a more nuanced understanding of the joys and challenges of middle age. Activity 4.9: Menopause The purpose of this exercise is to highlight individual variability regarding menopause. Encourage your students to interview middle-age women about their experiences and attitudes about menopause. Encourage them to ask women who have not yet experienced menopause about their expectations and attitudes. Are they excited about it? Will they be relieved when it is over? If the women are postmenopausal, have your students ask about whether the actual process of menopause realized the women’s expectations. Did they experience any physical or psychological symptoms? Have your students get into small groups to discuss the results of their interviews. To frame an answer for the activity on menopause, you can start by discussing the purpose of the exercise: to highlight individual variability regarding menopause. This can lead to a deeper understanding of how women experience and perceive this stage of life. Here's a possible answer: "Menopause is a significant stage in a woman's life, marking the end of her reproductive years. However, experiences and attitudes toward menopause can vary greatly among women. The purpose of this exercise is to explore this diversity by encouraging students to interview middle-aged women about their experiences and attitudes toward menopause. Students can start by asking women who have not yet experienced menopause about their expectations and attitudes. Some women may be excited about this stage, seeing it as a natural transition, while others may feel anxious or uncertain about the changes it will bring. By interviewing women who have already gone through menopause, students can gain insights into how the actual experience compared to these expectations. During the interviews, students can inquire about the physical and psychological symptoms women experienced during menopause. Symptoms can range from hot flashes and night sweats to mood swings and changes in sexual desire. Understanding these experiences can help debunk myths and misconceptions surrounding menopause and promote a more informed dialogue about this natural phase of a woman's life. After conducting the interviews, students can get into small groups to discuss the results. This discussion can help students appreciate the diversity of experiences and attitudes toward menopause and foster a more empathetic understanding of this important life stage." Activity 4.10: Middle Adulthood (40-60) Part of the series “Seasons of Life”, this clip covers motivators common in this age group: like personal goals, legacies, etc. (http://www.learner.org/resources/series54.html) or through the McGraw Hill Higher Education General Resources for Students and Faculty Annenberg / CPB projects link (http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/psychonline/general.html) To frame an answer for the activity on middle adulthood, you can discuss the common motivators and themes that characterize this stage of life. Here's a possible answer: "Middle adulthood, typically ranging from 40 to 60 years old, is a period marked by various motivators and themes that shape individuals' lives. One of the key aspects of this stage is the pursuit of personal goals and the consideration of one's legacy. During middle adulthood, individuals often reflect on their achievements and assess whether they have accomplished their personal goals. This period may involve reevaluating career choices, personal relationships, and life accomplishments. Some individuals may feel a sense of urgency to fulfill their aspirations before entering later stages of life. Another significant aspect of middle adulthood is the consideration of one's legacy. Individuals in this stage may start thinking about the impact they will leave behind for future generations. This could involve passing down family traditions, values, or contributing to the community in meaningful ways. The provided video clip from the series 'Seasons of Life' likely explores these motivators common in middle adulthood. It may highlight the introspective nature of this stage and the importance of personal growth and legacy building. To access the video clip, you can use the provided links to the Annenberg/CPB projects or the McGraw Hill Higher Education General Resources for Students and Faculty. Viewing the clip can provide valuable insights into the psychological and emotional aspects of middle adulthood, helping us understand this stage of life more deeply." Activity 4.11: Testes Self-Exam Testicular cancer is most common in men ages 20 to 35, but it can occur at any age. In the United States, between 7,500 and 8,000 diagnoses of testicular cancer are made each year. Over a man’s lifetime, he has approximately a 1 in 250 chance of developing testicular cancer. Check with your campus student health and wellness department to see if they can come to your class to discuss testicular exams. They often have STI lectures for classes but may either have, or be willing to develop, a testicular exam presentation for you. To frame an answer for the activity on testicular self-examination and testicular cancer, you can discuss the importance of awareness and early detection. Here's a possible answer: "Testicular cancer is a relatively rare but highly treatable form of cancer that primarily affects young men, with the highest incidence occurring between the ages of 20 and 35. Despite its rarity, it is crucial for men to be aware of the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer and to perform regular self-examinations. In the United States, between 7,500 and 8,000 cases of testicular cancer are diagnosed each year. This means that over a man's lifetime, he has approximately a 1 in 250 chance of developing testicular cancer. However, early detection significantly improves the prognosis and treatment outcomes. One way to increase awareness and early detection is by inviting experts from your campus student health and wellness department to discuss testicular exams with your class. They may already offer lectures on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and could potentially develop a presentation specifically on testicular exams. During a testicular self-exam, men should check for any lumps, swelling, or changes in texture or size of the testicles. Regular self-exams can help men become familiar with their own anatomy and quickly identify any abnormalities that may warrant further evaluation by a healthcare professional. By raising awareness about testicular cancer and the importance of regular self-exams, we can empower men to take charge of their health and potentially detect testicular cancer in its early stages, when it is most treatable." Activity 4.12: Male Menopause During adolescence, the testes begin to produce greater amounts of testosterone, which promotes the maturation of the male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics, such as the growth of body hair. In later life, a process similar to menopause, called andropause, occurs in some men, as decreasing levels of testosterone slow the desire for sex and reduce the depth of sensation in the genitals. These changes sometimes contribute to erectile dysfunction. Have students review the literature for evidence on andropause, does it exist, how many males experience it, and how is it treated. Have them compare this to treatments for females going through menopause and present to the class. To frame an answer for the activity on male menopause (andropause), you can discuss the concept of andropause, its similarities to female menopause, and the current understanding of its prevalence and treatment. Here's a possible answer: "Andropause, often referred to as male menopause, is a term used to describe the gradual decline in testosterone levels that some men experience as they age. This decline is a natural part of the aging process, similar to the decline in estrogen levels that women experience during menopause. However, the concept of andropause is still somewhat controversial, with some experts questioning its existence and others recognizing it as a legitimate phenomenon. During adolescence, the testes begin to produce increasing amounts of testosterone, which plays a crucial role in the maturation of the male sex organs and the development of secondary sex characteristics, such as body hair growth. As men age, testosterone levels naturally begin to decline, which can lead to a variety of symptoms, including decreased sexual desire, reduced sensation in the genitals, and erectile dysfunction. Research on andropause is ongoing, and there is still debate among experts about its prevalence and how best to diagnose it. Some studies suggest that a significant percentage of men over the age of 50 experience symptoms of andropause, while others argue that the symptoms are often attributed to other factors, such as aging or underlying health conditions. Treatment options for andropause vary and may include testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), lifestyle changes, and counseling. TRT aims to restore testosterone levels to normal and alleviate symptoms such as low libido and erectile dysfunction. However, TRT is not without risks, and it is important for men to discuss the potential benefits and risks with their healthcare provider before starting treatment. When comparing andropause to menopause in women, it is important to note that while both involve hormonal changes and can lead to symptoms that impact quality of life, the experiences and treatments for each can vary significantly. Menopause is typically characterized by the cessation of menstruation and a decline in estrogen levels, leading to symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, and vaginal dryness. Treatment options for menopausal symptoms in women may include hormone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes, and medications. Overall, while the concept of andropause is still debated, it is important for men to be aware of the potential changes in their bodies as they age and to discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider." Internet Resources http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book/companion.asp?id=13&compID=37 Our Bodies Ourselves Homepage. http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/sex-101/reproductive-sexual-anatomy-22959.htm Planned Parenthood Homepage. A great site that has both male and female reproductive anatomy and physiology including diagrams. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ The world health organization website on female genital mutilation. http://www.hormone.org/endocrine_system.cfm An overview of types of hormones and the endocrine system. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/The-Truth-About-Pheromones.html An overview of the research on pheromones. http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menstruation.cfm Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet. Has a PDF printable version that can be used as a handout. http://www.menopause.org/ North American Menopause Society homepage. http://www.cirp.org/ Circumcision Information and Resource Pages (CIRP). http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Men_s_Health/ Men’s Health homepage with links to a variety of men’s health issues including genitals. http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/psychonline/general.html McGraw Hill Higher Education General Resources for Students and Faculty. http://www.apa.org/ The APA website. http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/index.aspx APA site for research on sexuality. The Ten-Minute Test Name: __________ Answer the questions below utilizing the following terms: Clitoris Physiology Penis Pheromones Endocrine Adrenal Menopause Andropause Anatomy Female circumcision 1. _____ is the study of the physical structures of our bodies. 2. _____ is the study of how our organs and systems work. 3. The _____ is the external structure most responsible for sexual pleasure in females. 4. Ovaries and _____ glands are responsible for the production of steroid hormones in women. 5. _____ involves sewing the labia or vaginal opening or removing or slicing the clitoris or a combination of these procedures. 6. The _____ system is the body’s system for releasing hormones that regulate important body processes. 7. _____ are chemical signals that our bodies release and that may have a behavioral or psychological response in another person. 8. _____ occurs when a woman in midlife has not ovulated for 12 months. 9. The _____ is the primary organ for male sexual pleasure. 10. Men go through testosterone cycles during their lives in which they produce varying amounts of testosterone. As it decreases, many men go through _____. Answers to the Ten-Minute Test 1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 3. Clitoris 4. Adrenal 5. Female circumcision 6. Endocrine 7. Pheromones 8. Menopause 9. Penis 10. Andropause Solution Manual for Human Sexuality: Self, Society, and Culture Gilbert Herdt, Nicole Polen-Petit 9780073532165, 9780077817527
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