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Chapter 9: Business and Environmental Sustainability End of Chapter Questions, Projects, Exercises 1. As a research project, choose a product with which you are familiar (one with local connections is best), and trace its entire life cycle. From where does this product originate? What resources go into its design and manufacture? How it is transported, sold, used, disposed? Along each step in the life cycle of this product, analyze the economic, environmental, and ethical costs and benefits. Consider if a service could be exchanged for this product. Some examples might include you local drinking water, food items such as beef or chicken, any product sold at a local farmer’s market, building materials used in local projects. This is a great term-length project or group project. Let's choose a locally sourced product like organic honey from a nearby bee farm. Here is a breakdown of its life cycle: 1. Origination: The honey originates from local bee farms where bees collect nectar from flowers in the surrounding area. 2. Design and Manufacture: Honey production does not involve traditional design and manufacturing processes. However, beekeepers may design and build beehives and extraction equipment. The main resources are bees, beehives, extraction equipment, and energy for extraction. 3. Transportation: After extraction, honey is typically transported to processing facilities or directly to markets. Transportation methods vary but can include trucks or local distribution networks. 4. Sale: Honey is sold in various ways, including direct sales at farmers' markets, through local stores, or online. The sale involves packaging and labeling, which can contribute to waste if not done sustainably. 5. Use: Honey is consumed as a food product. Its use has various economic benefits, such as supporting local beekeepers and providing a natural sweetener. 6. Disposal: Honey packaging may be recycled, but some waste is generated. The disposal of waste should be done in an environmentally responsible manner. 7. Analysis of Costs and Benefits: • Economic: The local production and sale of honey support the local economy by providing income to beekeepers and supporting related industries. • Environmental: Beekeeping can have positive environmental impacts, such as supporting pollination and biodiversity. However, there are environmental costs associated with land use for beekeeping and potential pesticide exposure. • Ethical: Ethical considerations include the treatment of bees, the use of sustainable practices, and fair treatment of workers in the honey production and distribution chain. • Service Exchange: Instead of buying honey, individuals could support beekeepers through services such as volunteering, education, or promoting bee-friendly practices. In conclusion, the life cycle of a locally sourced product like organic honey involves various economic, environmental, and ethical considerations. Supporting local honey production can have positive impacts on the local economy and environment, but it's important to consider sustainable practices and ethical treatment of bees and workers throughout the process. 2. Conduct a web search for ecological footprint analysis. You should be able to find a self-administered test to evaluate your own ecological footprint. If everyone on earth lived as you do, how many earths would be required to support this lifestyle? Direct students to the Terra Pass website, http://www.terrapass.com, where they can calculate their "carbon footprint," which estimates the total carbon dioxide emissions we create when we drive, fly or use electricity. The website also provides examples of how the Terra Pass works for flying, driving, or in the home. Students might also find interesting the web site for Timberland boots and shoes (http://responsibility.timberland.com/product/) which represents the impact of its production as a footprint, as well. Ecological footprint analysis is a tool used to measure human impact on the environment based on consumption patterns. By calculating how much land and water area a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its waste, it provides an estimate of the environmental impact of an individual or a population. To find a self-administered test for ecological footprint analysis, you can search for "ecological footprint calculator" online. Many organizations and websites offer such calculators, including the Global Footprint Network and various environmental organizations. Once you have completed the ecological footprint analysis and determined your personal ecological footprint, you can assess how many Earths would be required if everyone lived as you do. This calculation gives an indication of the sustainability of your lifestyle in terms of its impact on the planet. For example, if your ecological footprint is equivalent to 3 Earths, it means that if everyone lived as you do, it would take the resources of 3 Earths to sustain this lifestyle. This result highlights the need for more sustainable practices to reduce environmental impact and ensure a more sustainable future for the planet. 3. Research corporate sustainability reports. How many corporations can you find that issue annual reports on their progress towards sustainability? Can you research a company that does not and explore why they do not (perhaps through its critics), or whether it has plans to change? The corporate sustainability reporting concept began in the 1990’s. In 1991, 7 companies had published these reports. As of October 2005, 714 firms report in accordance with or with reference to the Global Reporting Initiative; more than 75% of the S&P 100 Index have individual social and/or environmental reports; and more than 2,500 firms worldwide publish some type of stand-alone report on citizenship, sustainability, environmental and/or social concerns. Students can research critics of corporate sustainability reporting to find companies that do not participate and why not. Researching corporate sustainability reports can provide valuable insights into a company's commitment to environmental and social responsibility. Many corporations issue annual reports on their progress towards sustainability as part of their efforts to be transparent and accountable to stakeholders. Some well-known examples of companies that regularly issue sustainability reports include Unilever, Coca-Cola, and Nike. However, not all companies issue such reports, and the reasons vary. Some smaller companies may lack the resources or expertise to produce comprehensive sustainability reports. Others may not see the value in doing so, especially if sustainability is not a priority for their business model or stakeholders. Additionally, some companies may be reluctant to disclose information that could be seen as negative or damaging to their reputation. One example of a company that has faced criticism for its lack of transparency on sustainability issues is ExxonMobil. Critics argue that ExxonMobil has not been transparent enough about its environmental impact and efforts to address climate change. The company has faced pressure from investors and activists to improve its sustainability reporting and take more concrete action to reduce its carbon footprint. In recent years, ExxonMobil has taken steps to address these concerns, such as publishing reports on its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and investing in renewable energy projects. However, some critics argue that these efforts are not sufficient and that the company needs to do more to transition to a more sustainable business model. Overall, the issue of corporate sustainability reporting is complex, and companies face various challenges and pressures in this area. While many companies are making progress towards greater sustainability, there is still much work to be done to ensure that businesses operate in a way that is environmentally and socially responsible. 4. A movement within the European Union requires that business take back their products at the end of their useful life. Can you learn the details of such laws? Discuss whether or not you believe such a law could be passed in the United States. Should the U.S. have similar laws? Students can research the European Union law requiring businesses to take back their products at the end of their useful life. For more information about this law, direct students to the Environment Agency website: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ In the European Union, the movement you're referring to is often associated with the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). EPR laws require manufacturers to take responsibility for the entire lifecycle of their products, including collection, recycling, or disposal at the end of their useful life. These laws aim to reduce waste, promote recycling, and encourage manufacturers to design products that are more environmentally friendly and easier to recycle. The details of EPR laws can vary by country and product category, but they generally require manufacturers to finance and manage the collection and recycling of their products. For example, in the case of electronics, manufacturers may be required to establish collection points where consumers can return old devices, which are then recycled or disposed of properly. In the United States, there is no federal law mandating EPR for all products, but there are state-level initiatives for specific products such as electronics, batteries, and packaging. For example, several states have passed laws requiring manufacturers to collect and recycle electronic waste. Whether such a law could be passed at the federal level in the United States is a complex question. While there is growing awareness of the need for sustainable waste management practices, there are also concerns about the potential costs and regulatory burden on businesses. Some argue that market-based approaches, such as incentives for recycling or voluntary initiatives by businesses, may be more effective than mandated EPR laws. However, there are arguments in favor of EPR laws in the U.S. Similar laws could encourage manufacturers to design products with end-of-life recycling in mind, leading to less waste and more sustainable practices. Additionally, EPR laws could help create a more level playing field for businesses by ensuring that all manufacturers bear the same responsibility for their products' environmental impact. In conclusion, whether the U.S. should have similar laws to those in the EU is a complex question that involves weighing the potential benefits of EPR against the costs and regulatory challenges. However, given the increasing focus on sustainability and waste reduction, it is likely that the discussion around EPR laws will continue in the U.S. as businesses and policymakers seek to find more sustainable ways to manage products at the end of their useful life. 5. Apply the concept of sustainability to a variety of businesses and industries. What would sustainable agriculture require? What are sustainable energy sources? What would sustainable transportation be? What would be required to turn your home town into a sustainable community? Lead class discussion after students conduct their research about sustainability. What did they find and what do they think about these approaches? Would they be happy to see their hometown turned into a sustainable community? Why or why not? Applying the concept of sustainability to various businesses and industries involves ensuring that their practices are environmentally friendly, socially responsible, and economically viable in the long term. Here's how sustainability can be applied to different aspects: 1. Sustainable Agriculture: • Sustainable agriculture would involve practices that maintain or enhance soil fertility, minimize the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, conserve water resources, and promote biodiversity. • It would also involve fair treatment of farm workers, support for local communities, and consideration of animal welfare. • Sustainable agriculture may include practices such as organic farming, crop rotation, agroforestry, and the use of renewable energy sources on farms. 2. Sustainable Energy Sources: • Sustainable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally and have minimal environmental impact. • Examples include solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy. • Sustainable energy sources reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to energy security. 3. Sustainable Transportation: • Sustainable transportation focuses on reducing emissions, improving fuel efficiency, and promoting alternative modes of transport. • It includes public transportation, biking, walking, and electric vehicles. • Sustainable transportation aims to reduce congestion, improve air quality, and enhance mobility for all. 4. Creating a Sustainable Community: • Turning a hometown into a sustainable community would involve a holistic approach that addresses environmental, social, and economic aspects. • This could include implementing green building practices, promoting recycling and waste reduction, supporting local businesses, and preserving green spaces. • Sustainable communities prioritize public transportation, walkability, and biking infrastructure to reduce reliance on cars. Overall, achieving sustainability in agriculture, energy, transportation, and communities requires a commitment to balancing economic prosperity, environmental stewardship, and social well-being. It involves adopting practices and policies that promote long-term resilience and ensure that resources are managed responsibly for future generations. 6. Investigate what is involved in an environmental audit. Has such an audit been conducted at your own college or university? In what ways has your own school adopted sustainable practices? In what ways would your school need to change to become more sustainable? Direct students to the EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov), specifically to the section dealing with Environmental Audits. The following links provide the EPA’s audit policy and the protocol for conducting such audits: •Policy: http://www.epa.gov/compliance/incentives/auditing/auditpolicy.html •Protocol: http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/policies/incentives/auditing/apcol-cercla.pdf An environmental audit is a systematic examination of an organization's activities, operations, and facilities to assess their impact on the environment. The audit typically evaluates compliance with environmental regulations, identifies areas for improvement, and helps develop strategies for reducing environmental impact. At colleges and universities, environmental audits may focus on energy use, waste management, water consumption, transportation, and the overall environmental footprint of the institution. To determine if an environmental audit has been conducted at your college or university, you can inquire with the administration, facilities management, or sustainability office. If an audit has been conducted, you can research the findings and recommendations to understand the institution's environmental performance and areas for improvement. In terms of sustainable practices, many colleges and universities have adopted various initiatives to reduce their environmental impact. These may include: • Implementing energy-efficient lighting and HVAC systems • Installing renewable energy sources such as solar panels • Promoting recycling and composting programs • Offering incentives for using public transportation or carpooling • Incorporating sustainability into the curriculum and research programs • Supporting local and organic food sourcing in dining facilities To become more sustainable, your school may need to make further changes such as: • Reducing water consumption through efficient fixtures and landscaping practices • Implementing green building standards for new construction and renovations • Enhancing waste reduction efforts through better recycling and composting programs • Increasing awareness and education about sustainability among students, faculty, and staff • Engaging with the local community to address broader environmental issues Overall, colleges and universities play a crucial role in promoting sustainability and environmental stewardship. By conducting environmental audits, adopting sustainable practices, and continually striving for improvement, these institutions can lead by example and inspire positive change in their communities and beyond. Students can do research to find out if their college or university has conducted an environmental audit. 7. Do you believe that business has any direct ethical duties to living beings other than humans? Do animals, plants, or ecosystems have rights? What criteria have you used in answering such questions? What is your own standard for determining what objects count, from a moral point of view? Direct students to this chapter’s discussion of the value of protecting living beings such as plants, animals, and ecosystems. To enhance discussion, also refer them to themes from Chapters 2 and 3, such as social responsibility. The question of whether businesses have ethical duties to living beings other than humans is a complex and debated topic in ethics and environmental philosophy. Some argue that businesses have a moral obligation to consider the well-being of animals, plants, and ecosystems, while others believe that ethical duties are primarily owed to human beings. In considering this question, one can apply various ethical frameworks and criteria. Some criteria for determining ethical duties to non-human beings include: 1. Sentience: The capacity to experience pleasure and pain. Some argue that sentient beings, such as animals, deserve moral consideration due to their ability to suffer. 2. Intrinsic Value: The inherent worth or value of living beings, regardless of their usefulness to humans. This perspective suggests that all living beings have a right to exist and flourish. 3. Ecological Integrity: The health and functioning of ecosystems as a whole. This perspective emphasizes the importance of preserving ecosystems for their own sake and for the services they provide to humans and other beings. 4. Interconnectedness: The recognition that all living beings are interconnected and interdependent. This perspective emphasizes the ethical responsibility to consider the impacts of actions on the broader web of life. My own standard for determining what objects count from a moral point of view involves considering the intrinsic value and sentience of living beings, as well as the interconnectedness of ecosystems. I believe that businesses have ethical duties to consider the well-being of non-human beings, including animals, plants, and ecosystems. This includes minimizing harm, promoting conservation, and respecting the inherent value of all living beings. 8. Investigate LEED (Leadership in energy and Environmental Design) building designs. If possible, arrange a visit to a local building designed according to LEED principles. Should all new buildings be required by law to adopt LEED design standards and conform to the LEED rating system? Students can learn about LEED on the U.S. Green Building Council’s website: http://new.usgbc.org/ Perhaps a group project can be assigned on this topic. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a widely used green building certification program that recognizes buildings designed and built using sustainable practices. LEED-certified buildings are designed to be energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, and healthy places to live and work. Visiting a local building designed according to LEED principles can provide valuable insights into the benefits of sustainable design and the practical application of LEED standards. You can observe features such as energy-efficient lighting and HVAC systems, water-saving fixtures, sustainable materials, and green spaces. As for whether all new buildings should be required by law to adopt LEED design standards and conform to the LEED rating system, there are arguments both for and against such a mandate. Arguments in favor of mandating LEED standards for all new buildings include: • Environmental Benefits: LEED-certified buildings have lower energy and water consumption, reducing their environmental impact. • Economic Benefits: Green buildings can lead to long-term cost savings through lower utility bills and reduced maintenance costs. • Health Benefits: LEED-certified buildings are designed to provide better indoor air quality and natural light, which can improve occupant health and well-being. Arguments against mandating LEED standards for all new buildings include: • Cost: Implementing LEED standards can initially be more expensive than traditional building methods, which could deter some developers. • Flexibility: Some argue that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable for all buildings and locations, and that flexibility in design and construction methods is important. • Market Forces: Some believe that market forces and voluntary certification programs are sufficient to encourage sustainable building practices without the need for government mandates. Ultimately, the decision to mandate LEED standards for all new buildings would depend on various factors, including the specific context and goals of a particular jurisdiction. While LEED standards offer many benefits in terms of sustainability and efficiency, it's important to consider the potential costs and implications of mandating these standards across the board. Chapter 9 Readings Main Points and Summaries Reading 9-1 “The Next Industrial Revolution” by William McDonough and Michael Braungart Main Points •During the Industrial Revolution resources seemed inexhaustible and nature was viewed as something to be tamed and civilized. Recently, some leading industrialists have begun to realize that traditional ways of doing things may not be sustainable over the long term. •Many industrial participants at the 1992 Earth Summit touted a particular strategy, known as “eco-efficiency.” According to this strategy, machines of industry would be refitted with cleaner, faster, quieter engines. Prosperity would remain unobstructed, and economic and organizational structures would remain intact. •This concept of eco-efficiency has clearly been working its way into industry with extraordinary success. Its famous three Rs—reduce, reuse and recycle—are steadily gaining popularity in the home as well as the workplace. •Eco-efficiency’s economic benefits can be considerable. However, this strategy is not one that will be successful in the long term because it does not reach down deep enough. •The authors are forwarding a reshaping of human industry, called the Next Industrial Revolution. This revolution will address the areas that the initial Industrial Revolution did not. •The Next Industrial Revolution provides an alternative to eco-efficiency, called “eco-effectiveness.” •Eco-effectiveness leads to human industry that is regenerative rather than depletive. It involves the design of things that celebrate interdependence with other living systems. •The first principle of the Next Industrial Revolution is that “waste equals food.” •Customers would buy the service of such products, and when they had finished with the products, the manufacturer would take back the old ones, break them down, and use their complex materials in new products. •The second principle of the Next Industrial Revolution is “Respect Diversity.” Designs will respect the regional, cultural, and material uniqueness of a place. •The third principle of the Next Industrial Revolution is “Use Solar Energy.” •The Next Industrial Revolution incorporates positive intentions across a wide spectrum of human concerns. •People within the sustainability movement have found that three categories are helpful in articulating these concerns: equity economy, and ecology. •Many believe that new industrial revolutions are already taking place with the rise of cyber-technology, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. Reading 9-2 “Getting to the Bottom of ‘Triple Bottom Line’” by Wayne Norman and Chris MacDonald Main Points •The notion of Triple Bottom Line (3BL) accounting has become increasingly fashionable in management, consulting, investing, and NGO circles. •A corporation’s ultimate success or health can and should be measured by its social/ethical and environmental performance, in addition to the traditional financial bottom line. •The apparent novelty of 3BL lies in its supporters’ contention that the overall fulfillment of obligations to communities, employees, customers, and suppliers (to name a few of the many stakeholders), should be measured, calculated, audited and reported just as the financial performance has been reported for public companies over the past century. •Norman and MacDonald assert that ethical business practices and social responsibility are important functions of corporate governance and management. From this view, we welcome attempts to develop tools that make more transparent to managers, shareholders and other stakeholders just how well a firm is doing in this regard. •The term “Triple Bottom Line” dates back to the mid-1990’s when it was coined by the management think-tank, AccountAbility, it found public currency in 1997 when John Elkington published Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business and since then, the terminology is used with regularity by businesses, governments, government agencies and political parties, as well as NGOs and activist groups. •Norman and MacDonald ask a series of questions about the intentions and practical applications of the 3BL movement. •Different supporters of 3BL seem to conceive of the 3BL in a variety of ways and it is rarely clear exactly what most people mean when they use this language or what claims they are making on “taking the 3BL seriously.” •It is difficult to find a methodology or formula for calculating one of the new bottom lines, or even a clear definition of the concept. Norman and MacDonald explain that definitions are varied and rather vague, making it difficult to clearly define or measure these additional bottom lines. •3BL advocates believe that social (and environmental) performance can be measured in fairly objective ways, and that firms should use these results in order to improve their social (and environmental) performance. Moreover, they should report these results as a matter of principle and in using and reporting on these additional “bottom lines,” firms can expect to do better by their financial bottom line in the long run. •Norman and MacDonald address the 5 main claims about 3BL (measurement claim, aggregation claim, convergence claim, strong social-obligation claim, transparency claim) from the perspectives of what it means to say there are additional bottom lines and why firms should measure, calculate and (possibly) report their additional (and in particular their social) bottom lines. •Norman and MacDonald ultimately assert that the 3BL movement is not a new/novel approach and that the term is inherently misleading since the concept of Triple Bottom Line in fact turns out to be “Good old-fashioned Single Bottom Line plus Vague Commitments to Social and Environmental Concerns.” Reading 9-3 “Beyond Corporate Responsibility: Social innovation and sustainable development as drivers of business growth” by Patrick Cescau Main Points •In the early seventies, the corporate responsibility and sustainable development barely existed. •The green movement that was emerging at that time was the province of politics and protest not business. •The idea that companies had responsibilities to society beyond making a few charitable donations did not really start to take shape until a decade later. •Today social responsibility and environmental sustainability are core business competencies, not fringe activities. •Today there is a growing recognition that the social and environmental challenges facing us in the 21st century are so complex and so multi-dimensional that they can only be solved if government, NGOs and industry work together effectively. •Perhaps the biggest catalyst for change has been the increasing awareness within business itself that many of the big social and environmental challenges of our age, once seen as obstacles to progress, have become opportunities for innovation and business development. •Developing and emerging markets will be the main source of growth for many multinational companies in the years to come. Those that make a positive contribution to economic development and poverty reduction in these countries will be better placed to grow than those that do not. •As globalization accelerates, and as the limits of the planet’s resources are reached, large companies and brands will increasingly be held to account on the sustainability of their business practices. •Multinational companies can, and do, play a significant role in the development agenda. They stimulate economic growth through international trade and facilitate social progress through the development of human capital. •Capacity building is the jargon that economists use to describe the creation of the skills, physical infrastructure, public health and administrative frameworks that are so necessary for developing countries to prosper. •Capacity building of this kind is critical for long-term economic development. Of more immediate impact, however, is the ability of the private sector to create new business models. •By social innovation I mean finding new products and services that meet not only the functional needs of consumers for tasty food or clean clothes but also their wider aspirations as citizens. •Sustainability covers not just environmental but also social and economic considerations. •Doing business in the 21st century is a much more subtle and complex process than some MBA courses would lead one to believe. •As was once famously said: “a company that makes only money is a poor company”. APPENDIX A WRITING/RESEARCH PAPER ASSIGNMENT Life-Cycle Paper (For an in-depth discussion of this assignment, see; “Learning What it really Costs: Teaching Business Ethics through Life-Cycle Case Studies,” Joe DesJardins and Ernest Diedrich, Journal of Business Ethics (2003) All products have a life-cycle. They are “born,” get used in some fashion, and then they ”die” and are no longer deemed useful. Your assignment is to first, pick a product (e.g., drinking water, beef, coffee, plastic bottle) or production process (e.g., agriculture, carpet manufacturing) and then trace the product from its origins (as raw materials) through the manufacturing process, the consumption process, and finally, the disposal stage. While you are tracing the material stages, discuss the possible reasons for the product’s existence (its role in our society, its function in our economy) and its impact on our culture and character as well as on the environment. Essentially, you will be assessing the product’s sustainability… how it contributes to economic viability, ecological integrity, and social “equity/health.” As you trace this product’s life-cycle, examine the product in terms of the three pillars of sustainability: is it economically, environmentally, and ethically sustainable? Sample Economic Questions: How efficient is this production process? Are “wastes” utilized in any way? Could services be substituted for this product? Is this company investing in natural capital? Can you identify any externalities in the process? Are the full costs of externalities internalized? Could they be? Is this product filling human needs? If not, is it using resources that otherwise could be devoted to human needs? Could the decisions/practices involved be applied or practiced by all similar producers without compromising the ability of future producers to do likewise? If not, is there a reason to exempt this firm/industry from such a common standard? Are there any government subsidies for this product? Sample Ecological/Environmental Questions: What natural resources go into this product? Are there alternatives? Are these resources renewable or are they being used at a sustainable rate? What are the sources for the energy that is used by this firm /industry? Are there alternative energy sources that would be environmentally more benign? What happens to any wastes produced by this firm/industry? Can they be used in other ways? Are they recyclable? Are there ways for “closing the loop” of this production process? Sample Social/Ethical Questions: What are the benefits and burdens associated with this product? Who benefits from this product? Who pays the costs? Who or what decides how the benefits and burdens are distributed? Who are the workers who are involved in production? How are they treated? Who is responsible for their wages? Health & safety protected? How is government or other public agencies involved in this product? Are any subsidies being paid? If so, how are they justified? What goods/values are served by this product? How does this product address human needs? APPENDIX B CALCULATE YOUR ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT Ecological Footprint analysis is a tool that can be used to estimate the effect of one’s lifestyle choices on the earth’s capacity to sustain life. On-line versions of this tool can be found in various locations. In class, one can do the exercise with several students and project the results for all to see. Have students from different economic or geographic backgrounds take the test, or ask students to compare their present footprint with the family’s lifestyle. If students have lived in countries outside the US, comparison footprints can be very instructive. Versions of this test can be found at: •http://www.earthday.org/footprint-calculator •http://www.soil-net.com/ecoquiz/ •http://www.carbonfootprint.com/ •http://myfootprint.org/ APPENDIX C CASE STUDIES OF SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS Information on sustainable businesses can be found at these various sites: •The McDonough and Braungart site: http://www.mbdc.com/ •The resource directory for Sustainable Business: http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/resourcedirectory/ •The National Center for Appropriate Technologies site: http://www.smartcommunities.ncat.org/business/buintro.shtml •The World Business Council for Sustainable Development: http://www.wbcsd.org/ •Business and Sustainable Development: http://www.bsdglobal.com/ Solution Manual for Business Ethics: Decision Making for Personal Integrity and Social Responsibility Laura P. Hartman, Joseph R. Desjardins, Chris MacDonald 9780078029455, 9781259060588, 9781259417856
