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CHAPTER 7 THE MASS MEDIA ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Discuss what you believe to be some of the implications of the pervasiveness of media in our lives. Answer: The pervasiveness of media in our lives has profound implications across various dimensions of society, influencing how we perceive ourselves, others, and the world around us. The pervasiveness of media in our lives has several implications, impacting individuals, communities, and societies as a whole. Firstly, media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and attitudes. Through news, entertainment, and advertising, media influences how we perceive social issues, politics, and culture. This influence can either promote critical thinking and informed decision-making or lead to misinformation and bias. Secondly, the ubiquity of media has transformed how we communicate and interact with others. Social media platforms, in particular, have redefined the concept of community and relationships, enabling connections across vast distances but also raising concerns about privacy, authenticity, and the quality of interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, the pervasiveness of media has implications for cultural homogenization and diversity. While media can expose us to a variety of cultures and perspectives, there is also a risk of cultural imperialism, where dominant media narratives overshadow marginalized voices and cultural identities. From a psychological standpoint, the constant exposure to media, especially through social media and advertising, can impact self-esteem, body image, and mental health. The idealized portrayals of beauty, success, and lifestyles in the media can create unrealistic expectations and contribute to feelings of inadequacy or dissatisfaction. In conclusion, the pervasiveness of media in our lives has far-reaching implications that extend beyond individual behavior to societal norms, cultural values, and global interactions. It is essential to critically evaluate and engage with media to harness its potential for positive change while mitigating its negative effects on individuals and society. 2. Discuss the media as agents of socialization. Answer: The media serves as a powerful agent of socialization, influencing how individuals learn about society and their roles within it. The media, including television, film, radio, and the internet, play a significant role as agents of socialization by shaping our understanding of society, culture, and ourselves. From an early age, we are exposed to media messages that convey social norms, values, and behaviors, influencing how we perceive the world and our place in it. One way the media acts as an agent of socialization is through its portrayal of gender roles and stereotypes. Television shows, movies, and advertisements often depict idealized images of masculinity and femininity, which can impact how individuals perceive and perform their gender identity. Additionally, the media helps to socialize individuals by exposing them to diverse cultural practices and beliefs. Through news programs, documentaries, and international films, people can learn about different cultures and perspectives, promoting cultural understanding and tolerance. Moreover, the media influences our political socialization by shaping our attitudes and beliefs about government, politics, and current events. News outlets and political commentators can influence public opinion and participation in the political process. However, it is important to recognize that the media can also reinforce social inequalities and perpetuate stereotypes. For example, the overrepresentation or misrepresentation of certain groups in the media can contribute to prejudice and discrimination. In conclusion, the media plays a crucial role as agents of socialization by shaping our understanding of society, culture, and ourselves. By critically engaging with media messages, we can better understand how they influence our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, and work towards a more inclusive and equitable society. 3. Discuss the media as enforcers of social norms. Answer: The media serves as a powerful enforcer of social norms, influencing how individuals perceive and adhere to societal expectations. The media plays a critical role in enforcing social norms by presenting idealized standards of behavior, appearance, and values that individuals are expected to conform to. Through various forms of media such as television, films, advertisements, and social media, these norms are reinforced and perpetuated, shaping our understanding of what is considered acceptable or deviant in society. One way the media enforces social norms is by portraying and glorifying certain lifestyles, behaviors, and values as desirable or aspirational. For example, advertisements often depict images of beauty, success, and happiness that are associated with specific products or lifestyles, creating an implicit normative standard for individuals to strive towards. Moreover, the media also plays a role in stigmatizing behaviors or identities that deviate from social norms. By depicting certain behaviors or groups in a negative light, the media can influence public perception and reinforce societal prejudices. Additionally, the media acts as a tool for social control by highlighting and condemning behaviors that are deemed deviant or harmful to society. News reports, for example, often focus on criminal activities or social issues to raise awareness and encourage conformity to societal norms. However, it is important to recognize that the media's role as enforcers of social norms can also be contested and challenged. Through counter-narratives and alternative media sources, individuals and groups can resist dominant norms and promote alternative perspectives that challenge the status quo. In conclusion, the media plays a significant role in enforcing social norms by presenting and reinforcing idealized standards of behavior, appearance, and values. By critically engaging with media messages, individuals can become more aware of the ways in which media influences their perceptions and behaviors, and work towards challenging and reshaping societal norms for a more inclusive and equitable society. 4. Discuss the role of the media in shaping perceptions about the risks of substance abuse. Answer: The media plays a significant role in shaping perceptions about the risks of substance abuse, influencing how individuals perceive, understand, and respond to substance use. The media plays a crucial role in shaping perceptions about the risks of substance abuse by framing the issue in specific ways and influencing public attitudes and behaviors. Through various forms of media, including news reports, movies, television shows, and advertising, the media can impact how individuals perceive the risks associated with substance abuse. One way the media shapes perceptions about substance abuse is by highlighting stories and images that emphasize the negative consequences of drug and alcohol use. News reports often focus on the most extreme cases of substance abuse, portraying it as a problem that affects individuals and communities. This framing can contribute to a perception of substance abuse as a dangerous and socially unacceptable behavior. Additionally, the media can influence perceptions about substance abuse through its portrayal in popular culture. Movies, television shows, and music often depict substance use in a glamorized or sensationalized manner, which can influence how young people perceive and experiment with drugs and alcohol. Moreover, the media can also play a role in shaping perceptions about the effectiveness of prevention and treatment efforts. By highlighting success stories and promoting public health campaigns, the media can raise awareness about the importance of prevention and treatment programs. However, it is important to recognize that the media's role in shaping perceptions about substance abuse can also be problematic. For example, media coverage of substance abuse issues can sometimes perpetuate stereotypes and stigmatize individuals struggling with addiction, hindering efforts to reduce stigma and promote effective treatment. In conclusion, the media plays a significant role in shaping perceptions about the risks of substance abuse by framing the issue in specific ways and influencing public attitudes and behaviors. By critically evaluating media messages and promoting accurate and balanced reporting, we can work towards a more informed and compassionate understanding of substance abuse issues. 5. Explain how the mass media confer status on people, organizations, and public issues. Answer: The mass media confer status on people, organizations, and public issues through various mechanisms that influence how they are perceived and valued in society. The mass media confer status on people, organizations, and public issues by highlighting their importance, relevance, and impact on society. Through various forms of media such as news reports, feature stories, and social media posts, the media can shape public perceptions and elevate the status of individuals, organizations, and issues. One way the media confers status is by giving visibility and recognition to individuals who are considered influential, successful, or newsworthy. Celebrities, politicians, and business leaders often receive extensive media coverage, which can enhance their status and influence in society. Similarly, the media can confer status on organizations by highlighting their achievements, initiatives, and contributions to society. Non-profit organizations, corporations, and government agencies often seek media coverage to enhance their reputation and credibility, which can attract support and resources. Moreover, the media can confer status on public issues by framing them as important, urgent, or relevant to society. Through news coverage, documentaries, and opinion pieces, the media can raise awareness about social, political, and environmental issues, elevating their status on the public agenda. However, it is important to recognize that the media's role in conferring status can also be influenced by factors such as bias, sensationalism, and commercial interests. Media coverage is not always objective or balanced, and certain individuals, organizations, or issues may receive disproportionate attention or distorted representation. In conclusion, the mass media confer status on people, organizations, and public issues by shaping public perceptions and influencing how they are valued in society. By critically evaluating media messages and promoting diverse and balanced coverage, we can work towards a more equitable and informed society. 6. Based on your own experiences, explore the links between media advertising and consumerism. Answer: The link between media advertising and consumerism is a complex and multifaceted one, influenced by various factors such as personal experiences, cultural norms, and societal values. Media advertising plays a significant role in promoting consumerism by creating and perpetuating desires for products and services. Through various forms of media such as television, radio, print, and online platforms, advertisers use persuasive techniques to influence consumer behavior and encourage the purchase of goods and services. Personal experiences can greatly influence how individuals respond to media advertising and consumerism. For example, individuals who have been exposed to advertising from a young age may be more susceptible to its influence and more likely to equate consumption with personal fulfillment and happiness. Cultural norms and societal values also play a crucial role in shaping the link between media advertising and consumerism. In societies where material wealth and possessions are highly valued, media advertising may reinforce the idea that happiness and success are linked to the acquisition of material goods. Moreover, the rise of digital media and social media platforms has further amplified the link between advertising and consumerism. With the ability to target specific demographics and personalize advertising messages, advertisers can create more tailored and effective campaigns that appeal to individual desires and aspirations. However, it is important to recognize that the link between media advertising and consumerism is not solely determined by the media. Other factors such as personal values, financial constraints, and ethical considerations also play a role in shaping consumer behavior. In conclusion, the link between media advertising and consumerism is a complex and dynamic one, influenced by personal experiences, cultural norms, and societal values. By critically evaluating advertising messages and considering the broader implications of consumerism, individuals can make more informed choices and contribute to a more sustainable and equitable society. 7. Discuss the narcotizing effect of the mass media. Answer: The narcotizing effect of the mass media refers to the phenomenon where an abundance of information leads to apathy and inaction among the audience. The narcotizing effect of the mass media is a concept that highlights the potential negative consequence of information overload on public engagement and activism. As the mass media inundate individuals with a constant stream of news and information, there is a risk that instead of stimulating action or critical thinking, people become overwhelmed and passive consumers of information. One way the narcotizing effect manifests is through the sheer volume of information available. With 24-hour news cycles and social media feeds constantly updating, individuals may feel inundated and unable to process or act upon the information they receive. This can lead to a sense of apathy or indifference, where individuals become desensitized to important issues and less motivated to take action. Moreover, the way information is presented in the media can also contribute to the narcotizing effect. Sensationalized headlines, repetitive coverage, and clickbait tactics can distort the importance of issues and create a sense of information fatigue among the audience. The narcotizing effect of the mass media can have significant implications for society. It can lead to a lack of meaningful engagement with important issues, as people become more focused on consuming information rather than critically evaluating it or taking action. This can have consequences for democracy, as an informed and engaged citizenry is essential for a functioning democratic society. To counteract the narcotizing effect, it is important for individuals to engage critically with the media and seek out diverse sources of information. By actively seeking out different perspectives and taking meaningful action on issues they care about, individuals can resist the passive consumption of information and contribute to a more informed and engaged society. 8. What is gatekeeping, and what is its role in the mass media? Answer: Gatekeeping in the mass media refers to the process by which information is filtered and selected before it is disseminated to the public. Gatekeeping is a critical function in the mass media that involves the selection and control of information that is presented to the public. It plays a crucial role in determining which news stories, opinions, and perspectives are included or excluded from media coverage, ultimately shaping the public's understanding of events and issues. One of the key roles of gatekeeping is to filter and prioritize information based on its perceived newsworthiness. Editors, journalists, and media organizations use various criteria, such as timeliness, relevance, and impact, to determine which stories are covered and how they are presented. This process helps to ensure that the most important and relevant information is brought to the public's attention. Gatekeeping also involves making decisions about the framing and presentation of information. Editors and journalists choose how to package and present stories, including the selection of headlines, images, and quotes, which can influence how the audience perceives the content. This aspect of gatekeeping can impact the public's understanding and interpretation of events and issues. Furthermore, gatekeeping can also be influenced by various factors, including political, economic, and ideological considerations. Media organizations may have their own biases or agendas that influence which stories are covered and how they are presented. Additionally, external pressures, such as government regulations or advertiser preferences, can also impact gatekeeping decisions. In conclusion, gatekeeping is a crucial function in the mass media that involves the selection and control of information before it is presented to the public. It plays a significant role in shaping the public's understanding of events and issues by determining which stories are covered, how they are presented, and which perspectives are included. Understanding the role of gatekeeping is essential for critically evaluating media content and recognizing the influence of media organizations on the information we receive. 9. Discuss the relationship between the dominant ideology and the construction of reality. Answer: The relationship between the dominant ideology and the construction of reality is intricate, as the dominant ideology influences how reality is perceived, interpreted, and presented in the mass media. The dominant ideology refers to the prevailing beliefs, values, and norms that are widely accepted and reinforced in a society. It shapes the way people understand the world around them and influences their perceptions of reality. In the context of the mass media, the dominant ideology plays a significant role in determining which narratives, perspectives, and issues are emphasized, thus influencing the construction of reality for the audience. One way in which the dominant ideology influences the construction of reality is through agenda-setting. Media outlets, influenced by the dominant ideology, often prioritize certain issues and topics over others, shaping public perception of what is important and worthy of attention. This can result in the amplification or suppression of certain narratives, which in turn shapes how the audience perceives reality. Moreover, the dominant ideology can influence the framing of news stories and events. Media outlets may use language, imagery, and storytelling techniques that align with the dominant ideology, reinforcing certain values and beliefs while marginalizing others. This can lead to the construction of a reality that reflects and reinforces the dominant ideology, potentially marginalizing alternative perspectives and voices. Additionally, the dominant ideology can influence the selection of sources and experts that media outlets rely on for information. By favoring sources that align with the dominant ideology, media outlets can further reinforce certain narratives and perspectives, contributing to the construction of a reality that reflects the dominant ideology. However, it is important to note that the relationship between the dominant ideology and the construction of reality is not deterministic. Individuals and groups can resist, challenge, and reinterpret dominant ideologies through alternative media, counter-narratives, and activism, influencing how reality is constructed and understood. In conclusion, the relationship between the dominant ideology and the construction of reality in the mass media is complex and multifaceted. While the dominant ideology influences how reality is perceived and constructed, it is not the sole determinant, and alternative perspectives and voices can play a crucial role in shaping how reality is understood by the audience. 10. Give examples of how television content reinforces stereotypes. Answer: Television content has been known to reinforce stereotypes through its portrayal of characters, settings, and storylines. Television content often reinforces stereotypes by depicting characters, settings, and storylines in ways that perpetuate existing societal biases and misconceptions. One example of this is the portrayal of gender stereotypes, where women are often depicted as being overly emotional, dependent on men, or focused solely on their appearance. These portrayals can reinforce harmful gender norms and limit the representation of women as complex and multifaceted individuals. Another example is the portrayal of racial and ethnic stereotypes, where minority groups are often depicted in ways that perpetuate harmful stereotypes and misconceptions. For example, African Americans may be portrayed as being violent or criminal, while Asian Americans may be portrayed as being submissive or academically inclined. These portrayals can reinforce negative stereotypes and contribute to the marginalization of minority groups. Additionally, television content often reinforces stereotypes about certain professions or social groups. For example, doctors may be portrayed as being cold and unfeeling, while teachers may be portrayed as being incompetent or uncaring. These portrayals can contribute to misconceptions about these professions and the people who work in them. It is important to recognize that while television content can reinforce stereotypes, it can also challenge and subvert them. By including diverse representations of characters, settings, and storylines, television content has the potential to break down stereotypes and promote a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of society. 11. Discuss the three problems that feminists believe arise from media coverage. Answer: Feminists believe that media coverage often perpetuates three key problems related to gender: stereotyping, underrepresentation, and sexualization. Firstly, feminists argue that media coverage often reinforces gender stereotypes, portraying women and men in narrow and often unrealistic roles. Women are frequently depicted as caregivers, homemakers, or objects of sexual desire, while men are often portrayed as breadwinners, leaders, or aggressive. These stereotypes can limit the representation of women and men in the media and contribute to societal expectations and norms regarding gender roles. Secondly, feminists highlight the issue of underrepresentation in the media, particularly in positions of power and authority. Women are often underrepresented as news anchors, experts, and decision-makers, leading to a lack of diverse perspectives and voices in media coverage. This underrepresentation can reinforce the idea that women are less competent or knowledgeable than men, further perpetuating gender inequalities. Lastly, feminists criticize the sexualization of women in media coverage, where women's bodies are often objectified and used to sell products or attract viewers. This sexualization can contribute to the normalization of sexual harassment and violence against women, as well as the perpetuation of harmful beauty standards. Feminists argue that media coverage should focus on women's achievements, abilities, and contributions to society, rather than reducing them to objects of desire. In conclusion, feminists believe that media coverage often perpetuates three key problems related to gender: stereotyping, underrepresentation, and sexualization. By challenging these issues and promoting more diverse and inclusive media representations, feminists aim to create a more equitable and empowering media landscape for women and men alike. 12. Discuss the approach to the mass media taken by interactionists. Answer: Interactionists approach the mass media by focusing on how individuals interact with media messages and how these interactions shape their perceptions and behaviors. Interactionists view the mass media as a dynamic and interactive force that shapes and is shaped by individual and societal interactions. Unlike other perspectives that may focus on the media's role in shaping social norms or reinforcing dominant ideologies, interactionists are interested in how individuals interpret and make sense of media messages in their everyday lives. One key concept in the interactionist approach to the mass media is symbolic interactionism, which emphasizes the role of symbols and meanings in shaping human behavior. Interactionists argue that media messages are not passive forms of communication but rather symbols that individuals interpret and assign meaning to based on their own experiences, beliefs, and social context. Furthermore, interactionists are interested in how media messages are negotiated and constructed through interpersonal interactions. For example, individuals may discuss and debate the meaning of a news story or a television program with others, leading to the creation of shared interpretations and understandings. Interactionists also focus on how the mass media can shape individual identities and self-concepts. Media representations of gender, race, and other social categories can influence how individuals perceive themselves and others, as well as their attitudes and behaviors towards these groups. Overall, the interactionist approach to the mass media emphasizes the dynamic and multifaceted nature of media influence, highlighting the importance of individual agency, interpretation, and social context in shaping media effects. By focusing on the interactions between individuals and media messages, interactionists offer a nuanced understanding of how the mass media influence society and culture. 13. Explain what is meant by a segmented audience. Answer: A segmented audience refers to a group of individuals who share similar characteristics or interests and are targeted by media organizations or advertisers based on these commonalities. A segmented audience is a concept in the mass media that refers to the division of the audience into distinct groups based on demographic, psychographic, or behavioral characteristics. Media organizations and advertisers use audience segmentation to tailor their messages and content to specific groups, in order to increase relevance and effectiveness. One common form of audience segmentation is demographic segmentation, which divides the audience based on characteristics such as age, gender, income, education, and location. For example, a television network may target young adults aged 18-34 for a new comedy series, as this demographic is believed to be more likely to watch and enjoy this type of programming. Psychographic segmentation is another approach, which categorizes the audience based on lifestyle, attitudes, values, and interests. Advertisers often use psychographic segmentation to target niche audiences with specialized products or messages. For instance, a sports apparel company may target individuals who are interested in fitness and outdoor activities with advertisements featuring athletes and outdoor adventures. Behavioral segmentation focuses on the audience's behavior and consumption patterns. Advertisers may target frequent travelers with ads for travel-related products or services, based on their past behavior of booking flights and hotels. Segmented audiences allow media organizations and advertisers to tailor their messages to specific groups, increasing the likelihood of engagement and response. However, it also raises questions about the potential for exclusion and stereotyping, as certain groups may be overlooked or misrepresented in media content targeted at segmented audiences. 14. What is an opinion leader? Answer: An opinion leader is an individual who is influential in shaping the attitudes, opinions, and behaviors of others within their social network or community. An opinion leader is a person who is seen as knowledgeable, trustworthy, and influential within a particular social group or community. Opinion leaders are often sought out for their expertise or advice on specific topics or issues, and their opinions are highly regarded by others in their social network. Opinion leaders play a crucial role in the diffusion of information and ideas within a society. They are often early adopters of new technologies, products, or ideas, and their adoption and endorsement can influence others to follow suit. For example, an opinion leader who is an avid reader may recommend a book to their friends, leading to a ripple effect where others in their social network also read and discuss the book. Opinion leaders can be found in various domains, including politics, fashion, technology, and entertainment. They are often individuals who are perceived to have expertise or credibility in a particular area, such as a celebrity endorsing a product or a community leader advocating for a social cause. The concept of opinion leaders is closely related to the idea of two-step flow of communication, which suggests that information and ideas flow from the media to opinion leaders, who then disseminate them to the broader public. Opinion leaders act as intermediaries between the media and the public, interpreting and contextualizing information in a way that is meaningful and relevant to their social network. In conclusion, opinion leaders play a crucial role in shaping public opinion and behavior by influencing the attitudes and actions of others within their social network. Their ability to disseminate information and ideas makes them powerful agents of change and innovation within society. 15. Why is Al Jazeera a controversial news network? Answer: Al Jazeera is a controversial news network for several reasons, primarily due to its perceived bias, political affiliations, and coverage of sensitive issues. Al Jazeera is considered controversial primarily due to its perceived bias and political affiliations. The network, based in Qatar, has been criticized for its coverage of Middle Eastern affairs, with some accusing it of being sympathetic to certain political groups or governments in the region. This perceived bias has led to accusations that Al Jazeera's reporting is not always objective or balanced. Another reason for Al Jazeera's controversial nature is its coverage of sensitive issues, particularly those related to the Middle East. The network has been criticized for its coverage of conflicts such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Syrian civil war, with some accusing it of taking sides or presenting a skewed view of events. Additionally, Al Jazeera has faced criticism for its perceived lack of transparency and independence from the Qatari government. Some critics argue that the network's funding and ownership by the Qatari royal family influence its editorial decisions and coverage, compromising its journalistic integrity. Despite these controversies, Al Jazeera has also been praised for its extensive coverage of global events and its willingness to cover stories that are often overlooked by Western media outlets. The network has won numerous awards for its reporting, including several Peabody Awards and Emmy Awards, highlighting its impact and influence in the world of journalism. In conclusion, Al Jazeera is a controversial news network due to its perceived bias, political affiliations, and coverage of sensitive issues. While the network has been praised for its extensive coverage and investigative journalism, it has also faced criticism for its perceived lack of objectivity and independence. 16. Compare and contrast the functionalist perspective and the social conflict perspective regarding the concentration of media ownership. Answer: The functionalist perspective and the social conflict perspective offer contrasting views on the concentration of media ownership. The functionalist perspective views the concentration of media ownership as a natural and necessary part of the media industry. According to functionalists, media ownership concentration allows for economies of scale, efficiency, and specialization, which ultimately benefit society by providing a wide range of high-quality media content. Functionalists argue that large media conglomerates have the resources and expertise to produce diverse and engaging content, which enhances the overall quality of media products. In contrast, the social conflict perspective views the concentration of media ownership as a source of inequality and power imbalance in society. According to social conflict theorists, media ownership concentration leads to a monopolization of information and ideas, allowing a small group of individuals or corporations to control the narratives and agendas presented in the media. This can result in biased or distorted media coverage that serves the interests of the dominant group, while marginalizing alternative perspectives and voices. Furthermore, social conflict theorists argue that the concentration of media ownership can have negative implications for democracy and freedom of expression. When media ownership is concentrated in the hands of a few, there is a risk that dissenting or critical voices may be silenced or marginalized, leading to a narrowing of public discourse and debate. In conclusion, the functionalist perspective and the social conflict perspective offer contrasting views on the concentration of media ownership. While functionalists see it as beneficial for efficiency and quality of media content, social conflict theorists view it as a source of inequality and power imbalance that can have negative implications for democracy and freedom of expression. 17. Describe how the Internet is an exception to the trend towards centralization and concentration of the media, and give examples. Answer: The Internet is often seen as an exception to the trend towards centralization and concentration of the media due to its decentralized nature and the accessibility it provides to a wide range of voices and perspectives. The Internet is a unique platform that has challenged the traditional trend towards centralization and concentration of the media. Unlike traditional media outlets, the Internet allows for a decentralized and democratized approach to media production and distribution, enabling individuals and groups to create and share content without the need for intermediaries. One way the Internet deviates from centralization is through the proliferation of independent media sources and platforms. Blogs, social media, and independent news websites have allowed individuals and organizations to bypass traditional media gatekeepers and reach a global audience with their content. This has led to a more diverse media landscape, with a wide range of voices and perspectives being represented online. Another key aspect of the Internet as an exception to centralization is its interactive nature. Unlike traditional media, which is often one-way communication, the Internet allows for two-way communication and interaction between content creators and consumers. This has enabled the rise of user-generated content and participatory media, where users can actively engage with and contribute to media content. Furthermore, the Internet has facilitated the rise of citizen journalism, where ordinary individuals can report on news and events in real-time. Platforms like Twitter and YouTube have played a significant role in breaking news stories and providing alternative perspectives to mainstream media coverage. Overall, the Internet's decentralized nature and the accessibility it provides to a wide range of voices and perspectives make it an exception to the trend towards centralization and concentration of the media. While there are challenges such as misinformation and echo chambers, the Internet has fundamentally changed the way media is produced, consumed, and distributed, leading to a more diverse and democratic media landscape. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. Discuss televising executions of convicted criminals from a functionalist perspective. Why or why not would you believe it to reaffirm proper behavior in a society? Answer: From a functionalist perspective, televising executions of convicted criminals could be seen as a way to reaffirm proper behavior in society by demonstrating the consequences of breaking the law. Functionalist theorists view society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and order. In this view, the criminal justice system plays a crucial role in reinforcing social norms and values by punishing those who deviate from these norms. Televising executions of convicted criminals could be seen as a way to reaffirm proper behavior in society by providing a clear example of the consequences of criminal behavior. Proponents of televising executions may argue that it serves as a deterrent to potential criminals, as seeing the ultimate punishment being carried out could discourage others from engaging in similar behavior. By making the consequences of criminal behavior more visible and tangible, televising executions could reinforce the importance of following the law and respecting social norms. Additionally, from a functionalist perspective, televising executions could be seen as a way to promote social cohesion and solidarity. By publicly condemning criminal behavior and demonstrating that society will not tolerate such actions, televising executions could strengthen the bonds among law-abiding citizens and reaffirm their commitment to shared values and norms. However, critics of televising executions from a functionalist perspective may argue that it could have negative consequences for society. They may argue that televising executions could sensationalize violence and death, leading to desensitization and a culture of violence. Furthermore, televising executions could raise ethical concerns about the dignity and humanity of the individuals being executed, as well as the impact on their families and communities. In conclusion, from a functionalist perspective, televising executions of convicted criminals could be seen as a way to reaffirm proper behavior in society by demonstrating the consequences of criminal behavior. However, there are ethical and practical concerns that need to be considered, and the potential negative consequences of televising executions should not be overlooked. 2. Discuss how media reporting in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks helped to confer status on police officers and firefighters within the United States. Give examples to support your answer. Answer: Media reporting in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks played a significant role in conferring status on police officers and firefighters in the United States. The media coverage following the 9/11 attacks portrayed police officers and firefighters as heroic figures who risked their lives to save others, which contributed to the elevation of their status within society. News outlets highlighted stories of bravery, sacrifice, and resilience among first responders, emphasizing their dedication to duty and their role in protecting the public. One way media reporting conferred status on police officers and firefighters was by emphasizing their professionalism and commitment to service. News stories often portrayed them as selfless individuals who put their lives on the line to protect others, highlighting their courage and dedication in the face of danger. For example, stories of firefighters rushing into the World Trade Center towers to rescue people trapped inside became iconic symbols of heroism and sacrifice. Furthermore, media coverage often portrayed police officers and firefighters as symbols of national unity and resilience in the face of adversity. The image of first responders working tirelessly at Ground Zero to search for survivors and recover the remains of the victims became emblematic of the American spirit and solidarity. This portrayal helped to elevate their status in the eyes of the public, as they were seen as symbols of hope and strength during a difficult time. In addition, the media coverage of the 9/11 attacks led to increased recognition and support for police officers and firefighters. Many news outlets highlighted the sacrifices made by first responders and called for greater appreciation and support for their work. This increased public recognition and support helped to enhance the status of police officers and firefighters within society. In conclusion, media reporting in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks played a crucial role in conferring status on police officers and firefighters in the United States. By highlighting their bravery, sacrifice, and dedication to duty, the media helped to elevate their status as heroic figures and symbols of national unity and resilience. 3. Describe how regulating pornography on the Internet could be considered gatekeeping. Are there any positive effects of not regulating Internet transmissions? Answer: Regulating pornography on the Internet can be considered a form of gatekeeping, as it involves controlling the access to and dissemination of certain types of content. Regulating pornography on the Internet can be seen as a form of gatekeeping because it involves controlling the flow of information and restricting access to content that is deemed harmful or inappropriate. By regulating pornography, policymakers and authorities are essentially acting as gatekeepers, determining what content is allowed to be accessed and disseminated online. There are several potential positive effects of not regulating Internet transmissions, particularly when it comes to issues of free speech and individual autonomy. Allowing unrestricted access to Internet transmissions can promote freedom of expression and the exchange of ideas, as individuals are free to access and share a wide range of content without interference from authorities. Additionally, not regulating Internet transmissions can promote innovation and creativity, as individuals are free to explore and experiment with new forms of content and communication. This can lead to the development of new technologies, platforms, and modes of expression that may not have been possible under strict regulation. Furthermore, not regulating Internet transmissions can promote diversity and inclusivity, as individuals from diverse backgrounds and communities are able to access and share content that reflects their own experiences and perspectives. This can help to foster a more inclusive and democratic online environment, where a wide range of voices and viewpoints are represented. In conclusion, while regulating pornography on the Internet can be considered a form of gatekeeping, there are potential positive effects of not regulating Internet transmissions, including promoting freedom of expression, encouraging innovation and creativity, and fostering diversity and inclusivity online. 4. Describe how politicians or celebrities have used symbols or staged photo ops to convey self-serving definitions of social reality. Give examples to support your answer. Answer: Politicians and celebrities often use symbols or staged photo ops to convey self-serving definitions of social reality, shaping public perception to their advantage. Politicians and celebrities frequently use symbols or staged photo ops to manipulate public perception and convey self-serving definitions of social reality. One common tactic is the use of patriotic symbols or imagery to project a sense of strength, leadership, and national pride. For example, politicians may be photographed giving speeches in front of large American flags or wearing patriotic attire to convey a sense of patriotism and loyalty to the country. Another tactic is the use of staged photo ops to create a favorable image or narrative. Politicians and celebrities often stage events or encounters to create a specific impression or to convey a particular message. For example, a politician may be photographed helping out at a food bank or visiting a disaster area to project an image of compassion and empathy, even if their actions are primarily motivated by a desire for positive media coverage. Additionally, politicians and celebrities may use symbols or staged photo ops to deflect attention from negative or controversial issues. For example, a politician facing criticism for their handling of a policy issue may stage a high-profile event or announcement to divert attention away from the controversy and create a more positive narrative. Overall, politicians and celebrities use symbols and staged photo ops as powerful tools to shape public perception and convey self-serving definitions of social reality. By carefully crafting their public image and narrative, they can influence how they are perceived by the public and advance their own interests and agendas. 5. Discuss how parents who regulate the quantity and quality of the television shows their children watch could be viewed as both protecting and inhibiting their children. Answer: Parents who regulate the quantity and quality of the television shows their children watch can be viewed as both protecting and inhibiting their children, depending on the perspective taken. From a protective standpoint, parents who regulate the quantity and quality of television shows their children watch are safeguarding them from potentially harmful content. Television programs often contain violence, sexual content, and other inappropriate themes that may not be suitable for young children. By monitoring and limiting their children's exposure to such content, parents can protect them from negative influences and help to promote healthy development. Furthermore, parents who regulate television viewing can ensure that their children are engaging in other beneficial activities, such as reading, playing outside, or spending time with family. This can help to promote a balanced lifestyle and prevent children from becoming overly dependent on screen time. However, from an inhibiting perspective, parents who overly restrict their children's television viewing may limit their exposure to valuable educational content and cultural experiences. Television can be a source of information and learning, and by overly restricting access, parents may prevent their children from accessing important knowledge and perspectives. Additionally, overly restrictive television viewing policies may also hinder children's social development, as television can be a shared cultural experience that allows children to connect with their peers and understand the world around them. By excessively limiting television viewing, parents may isolate their children from important social interactions and cultural experiences. In conclusion, parents who regulate the quantity and quality of the television shows their children watch can be viewed as both protecting and inhibiting their children, depending on the perspective taken. While moderation and monitoring are important, it is also essential for parents to consider the potential benefits of television viewing and to strike a balance that promotes healthy development and well-being. TOPICS AND SOURCES FOR STUDENT RESEARCH AND ASSIGNMENTS 1. News Framing in Television: This book explores how television media subjectively shape our perceptions of fear and danger. David L. Altheide. Creating Fear: News and the Construction of Crisis. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2002. 2. Representation of Hispanics in Television Shows: See S. Robert Lichter and Daniel R. Amundson, “Distorted Reality: Hispanic Characters in TV Entertainment.” In Clara Rodriquez (ed.). Latin Looks. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000, pp. 57–92. 3. Reinforcement of Stereotypes through Films: See Bruce E. Johansen, “Race, Ethnicity, and the Media.” In Alan Wells and Ernest A. Hakanen (eds.). Mass Media and Society. Greenwich, CT: Ablex, 1997, pp. 513–25. 4. The Role of Popular Music in Social Change: See Tricia Rose, “Orality and Technology: Rap Music and Afro-American Cultural Resistance.” In Alan Wells and Ernest A. Hakanen (eds.). Mass Media and Society. Greenwich, CT: Ablex, 1997, pp. 207–16. 5. What Television Tells Us about Our Lives: S. Robert Lichter, Linda S. Lichter, and Stanley Rothman. Watching America: What Television Tells Us about Our Lives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991. VIDEO RESOURCE SECTION Communications Media and Technology (Insight Media, 2002, 30m). This video gives a basic overview of media issues like gatekeeping, and explores both the pros and cons of mass media in our society. Hollywood’s Role in Shaping Values: David Puttnam (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2000, 42m). Film producer David Puttnam discusses the tense relationship between popular media and societal values. Mass Communication, Part 1: Forging an Identity (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2000, 42m). This ABC News program anchored by Peter Jennings takes a critical look at how the media rose to prominence during the years between U.S. involvement in World War I and the onset of the Cold War. Mass Communication, Part 2: Toward a Global Village (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2002, 32m). This ABC News program with Peter Jennings focuses on the way in which both the silver screen and the television screen have reflected America’s national culture and even shaped the country’s perception of the latter half of the twentieth century. Mass Media in Society (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2001, 28m). In this program, academic and industry experts examine the globalization of information exchange, the way in which it has altered the social distance between nations and individuals, and the future of mass media. Media Impact (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2001, 28m). This program emphasizes the seductive nature of films and television. It is an essential component of any course that addresses the importance of critical viewing skills and an awareness of the media’s impact on perceptions. Media Rights and Responsibilities (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1997, 28m). This program looks at all of the issues surrounding the media’s pursuit of the advertising dollar versus its responsibility to exercise some concern for the public good. Scene Smoking: Cigarettes, Cinema, and the Myth of Cool (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2001, 46m). Using interviews with some of the biggest names in filmmaking, this provocative program addresses the impact on young viewers of smoking in movies and on TV, and debates questions of artistic license and social responsibility. Secrets of the Superbrands (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2011, 52m). This clever documentary considers how popular brands are marketed to the masses. Should You Let Them Watch? Assessing Media Violence (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2000, 13m). In this ABC News program, noted psychology professor Jonathan Freedman and Pulitzer Prize-winning science author square off against the University of Michigan’s Leonard Eron and L. Rowell Hesumann to debate the issue of assessing media violence. Television Media: Headlines or Hype? (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1998, 29m). This program profiles the history of the electronic media, reveals its biases and tendencies toward sensationalism and exploitation, and highlights the challenges facing networks and local stations in the current sensation-seeking culture. Why We Buy (Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2003, 51m). This video examines the habits of American buying and shopping. Many topics, from branding to compulsive shopping, are explored. ADDITIONAL READINGS Bayton, Mavis. 1999. Frock Rock: Women Performing Popular Music. New York: Oxford University Press. Based on in-depth interviews and participant observation in Great Britain, this book looks at how and why the occupation “rock musician” remains male-dominated. Croteau, David, and William Hoynes. 2001. The Business of Media: Corporate Media and the Public Interest. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Two sociologists examine the mass-media industry and the social changes it has undergone. Dolby, Nadine. 2001. Constructing Race: Youth, Identity and Popular Culture in South Africa. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. An examination of how the media and elements of the popular culture affect adolescents in South Africa. Fisherkeller, JoEllen. 2002. Growing up with Television: Everyday Learning among Young Adolescents. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. This study—predicated on the assumption that adolescents are an active media audience—examines how young people use television to mold an identity for themselves. Johnson, Phylis, and Michael C. Keith. 2000. Queer Airwaves: The Story of Gay and Lesbian Broadcasting. The first book-length study of the role of gays and lesbians in television and radio. McChesney, Robert W. 1999. Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. A look at the increasing concentration of newspapers, television stations, and radio stations in the hands of a few wealthy corporations, making the information age harmful for public life, according to the author. Miller, Toby, Nitin Govil, John McMurria, and Richard Maxwell. 2001. Global Hollywood. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Examines how the network of motion picture production companies, distributors, marketing firms, and banks maximize the impact of big-budget filmmaking from Hollywood on the global marketplace. Pomerance, Mary, ed. 2001. Ladies and Gentlemen, Boys and Girls: Gender in Film at the End of the Twentieth Century. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. An examination of gender as portrayed in film both in the United States and worldwide. JOURNALS Among the journals that consider mass media are Communication Research (founded in 1974), Howard Journal of Communications (1991), Journal of Consumer Culture (2001), Popular Culture (1967), Media, Culture and Society (1979), and Public Culture (1989). Solution Manual for Sociology Richard T. Schaefer 9780078026669
