CH-10-13 Development – The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography : Book Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 10 to 13 Development 10 Thinking Geographically 10.1: The United Nations held the Human Development Data Visualization Competition in 2015. Participants were encouraged to create innovative ways to depict HDI data. The winter was the “Human Development Tree” created by Jurjen Verhagen, from the Netherlands (Figure 10-53). To view the “Human Development Tree” and the other eight finalists, enter Human Development Data Visualization Competition in your search engine, or go to hdrdata.tumblr.com. Which visualization do you think is the most effective? Is the winning visualization effective? Why? Answer: I like the “Human Development Index Change and Regime” and the winner, “Human Development Tree.” I think the winner is the most effective, as it is the visually least-busy, while still effectively communicating information to the audience. The "Human Development Tree" by Jurjen Verhagen, the winning visualization, is indeed effective because it presents the data in a clear and visually appealing manner without being overly complex. It allows viewers to quickly grasp the information being conveyed, which is a key aspect of effective data visualization. 10.2: Based on the world maps included in Key Issue 2, which two of the nine world regions appear to have the highest levels of inequality? Do these two regions have high or low HDIs? Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia appear to have the highest level of inequality. They also have low HDIs. 10.3: What factors might account for the high levels of inequality and the distinctive HDIs in these two regions? Answer: Gender inequality may play a major role in the high levels of inequality and the distinctive HDIs in these two regions. 10.4: In Figure 10-54, what might be the reaction of the rickshaw driver to sharing the road with the BMW? What might be the reaction of the BMW driver to sharing the road with the rickshaw? Answer: I would imagine that the rickshaw driver would resent the driver of the BMW, as the driver of the BMW clearly has more wealth than the rickshaw driver. It could be considered disposable wealth as well, as BMWs operate just as well as a cheaper vehicle. The BMW driver may view the rickshaw driver as an annoyance, as they may be taking up space on the road. 10.5: The Trans-Kalahari Corridor consists of several new roads and rail lines connecting Namibia with Botswana and South Africa. In what condition does the road appear? Answer: The road appears to be in very good condition. It looks as if it could be brand new. 10.6: What important elements of development can be seen in Figure 10-55, in addition to the road? Why would it be important for Namibia to have connections with South Africa? Answer: The only other element of development I can view is the semi-truck driving along the road. Namibia’s connection with South Africa would be beneficial to both countries, as increased mutual trade could engender positive economic growth for both. Aid may be able to be transported to Namibia from the more prosperous South Africa along these roadways, as well. 10.7: As a very poor country, Namibia lack the resources to build this infrastructure, so how do you think it got built? Answer: Foreign direct investment probably played a major role in the construction of this highway. 10.8: The U.N. lets you change the numbers used to calculate the HDI to see the impact on a country’s level of development. Go to hdr.undp.org/ and search for the Calculating the Indices using Excel tool. Select the HDI worksheet. Country A is an example of a high developing country. The U.N.’s cutoff for a developed country is 0.80. Change one or more of the four data columns until you get an HDI above 0.80.10.9: Which of the four columns needs to change the most in order for Country A to be reclassified from developing to developed? Which of the four columns needs to change the most to reclassify Country D as developed? Answer: Life expectancy is the column that needs to be changed the most for both countries to be reclassified as developed. To reclassify Country A from a high developing country to a developed country (HDI > 0.80), the column that needs to change the most is likely the Education Index. This is because education is a key factor in the HDI calculation, and improving educational attainment can significantly impact a country's HDI. To reclassify Country D as developed, the Income Index column may need to change the most. Income is another critical component of the HDI, and increasing income levels can lead to a higher HDI for a country. Pause and Reflect Questions 10.1.1: Which developing regions appear to have relatively high diversity in the HDIs of individual countries? Answer: Latin America and East Asia appear to have the most diversity in the HDIs of individual countries. 10.1.2: Figure 9-3 shows the percentage of workers engaged in agriculture. Does a country with a high percentage of agricultural workers, as shown in Figure 9-3, typically have a high HDI or low HDI? Answer: Countries with a high percentage of agricultural workers typically have a low HDI. 10.1.3: The United States has a lower pupil/teacher ratio than Canada. Does that mean that the pupil/teacher ratio in the United States is more favorable or less favorable than in Canada? Answer: The pupil/teacher ratio in the United States is more favorable than in Canada, where it is higher. 10.1.4: In addition to cell phones, what other electronic devices might diffuse rapidly to developing countries because of low cost of equipment and lack of need for costly infrastructure? Answer: Radios are likely to diffuse rapid to developing countries, if they haven’t already. Radios may play a valuable role in relaying information to isolated areas (especially shortwave radios). 10.2.1: In the United States, the HDI is .914 and the IHDI is .755. In Canada, the HDI is .902 and the IHDI is .833. Which country has greater inequality? Answer: Lower IHDI scores indicate higher inequality, so the United States has greater inequality compared to Canada. 10.2.2: The GII is .262 in the United States and .136 in Canada. Which country has greater gender inequality? Answer: The United States has higher gender inequality, as a higher GII score indicates higher gender inequality. 10.2.3: What is the gender ratio on the governing body of your local community? Answer: Our city council is 100 percent male. 10.2.4: What combination of development features might be making several countries in Latin America and Asia be considered semi-periphery instead of periphery? Answer: Relationships between Latin America and North America, and Asia with Japan and Australia and New Zealand, may have impacted their classification as semi-periphery instead of periphery. 10.2.5: In summary, how close is the relationship between development and gender inequality? Answer: There is an inverse relationship between development and gender inequality, as can be seen in Figure 10-29. 10.3.1: Many countries that have adopted the international trade model are relatively small states (see Chapter 8). Why might a nation’s size be a factor in the early adoption of the international trade path? Answer: A small nation might not have access to the diversity of natural resources a large nation would, meaning that they would be compelled to trade with other countries to meet local demand for goods. 10.3.2: Top WTO officials meet every two years in a so-called ministerial conference. Where was the most recent conference held? Use the Internet to search for “WTO ministerial conference” to see if there were protests at the conference. Answer: The most recent WTO ministerial conference was in Nairobi, Kenya in 2015. There were protests at the event. 10.3.3: Why might Apple, Microsoft, and Alphabet rank as three of the world’s largest transnational corporations? Answer: These companies might rank as three of the world’s largest transnational corporations because they have among the highest revenues of any corporation, and operate in many nations across the world. 10.3.4: Do the terms of a structural adjustment program seem harsh for a country or fair? Why? Answer: They seem harsh to me. To expect a developing country to progress towards greater development under the onerous terms usually associated with structural adjustment programs is quite ridiculous. These programs often hurt the most vulnerable in a population the most. Loan forgiveness, with not stipulations, should be implemented for countries that are financially disadvantaged. 10.4.1: Are you aware of the availability of fair trade products in your community? Is there a co-op in your community? Answer: I am aware of the availability of fair trade products in my community. I can only find free trade coffee in my community. There is not a co-op in my community. 10.4.2: Which Sustainable Development Goals appear to be making the most limited progress? Why might that be the case? Answer: Number 13, urging action to be taken against climate change, seems to have made the most limited progress. A worldwide consensus laying out concrete, legally-binding assurances for every nation to cut carbon emissions must be achieved for any true progress to be made on the issue. Explore In some years, Niger has the lowest HDI of any country. Fly to Arlit, Niger. 1. Nearly the entire landscape is a desert. For a city to exist in the desert, it needs water. Where is Arlit’s water being stored? Answer: It appears as if Arlit’s water is being stored in a series of cisterns. Zoom in to around 3,000 feet eye alt. 2. What is the material of the roads and open space? Do you see any grass? Answer: The roads and open space are all desert. I don’t see any grass. 3. Set imagery date to 2004. What differences do you see in 2004 and 2014? In which direction has the town grown most rapidly? Answer: The town has grown a lot, as can be seen by the increasing urbanization in the area. The town has grown most rapidly in the northerly direction. Zoom out to around 45,000 feet eye alt. Niger is one of the world’s leading sources of uranium. The reason for Arlit’s existence is the uranium mine at the top of the image. Click Roads, center the image on the uranium mine, and zoom in to 32,000 feet eye alt. 4. How might the uranium mine affect Arlit’s level of development in transportation, income, employment, and environmental quality? Answer: The uranium mine probably led to greater development of roads and the international airport, along with higher incomes and higher rates of employment in comparison to other areas in Niger. However, I imagine that the environment surrounding Arlit has degraded as a result of the uranium mining activity. GeoVideo Questions 1. What has been the relationship between market forces and government policy throughout China’s recent rapid economic growth? Answer: Government policy has attempted to control market forces, engendering rapid economic growth. Millions of rural Chinese have sought a better life in the coastal cities of the country, causing massive population shifts. 2. Describe the role of the city of Wenzhou in China’s “new Industrial Revolution.” Answer: In an effort to control migration patterns from rural to urban areas (mainly for job demands), the Chinese government has promoted the growth of cities such as Wenzhou as hubs to accommodate economic growth and job demands. Twenty years ago Wenzhou was a backwater area – today, it is a bustling economic center. 3. According to the video, what two problems must China solve to ensure continued economic growth and social stability? Answer: China must meet the demands of its poorer citizens for a better life, making sure that job opportunities are open to those who wish to obtain more wealth for themselves and their families. The government must also balance this need for jobs with human rights, ensuring that the chaos of Russian communism isn’t repeated in China. Resources United Nations Development Program Online at www.undp.org/, the U.N. Development Program’s site contains reams of information about development, including the annually themed Human Development Report. Transparency International Some critiques of development charge that corruption in government plays a role in hindering development. Students can explore this through the reporting of Transparency International (www.transparency.org), a corruption monitoring and reporting organization operating around the world. Life and Debt The 2001 film by Stephanie Black presents the case against the IMF’s structural adjustment policies in Jamaica. The theme of the film echoes the introductory paragraphs of the chapter, contrasting the tourist experience with the lives of everyday Jamaicans in poverty. Extremely popular with students, it features interviews with then deputy director of the IMF and the former prime minister of Jamaica. The film serves as an excellent connection to Chapter 9 because it raises the issue of farm subsidies in the developed world. Bhutan: The Last Place There is a 2002 Frontline World documentary on the arrival of satellite TV to Bhutan, a mountain kingdom which did not have a television until 1999. Orville Schell comments of the Bhutanese conception of “gross national happiness” and the effects of TV in his essay at http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bhutan/ United States Agency for International Development (USAID) This is a clearinghouse of information on U.S. international development, including current projects, reports, and the agency’s policy priorities and standards. It is online at www.usaid.gov/. Connections between Chapters Back to Chapters 2 and 9 Instead of relying on the tenuous connection to Chapter 8, refer to Chapter 2. While many will have forgotten by now, ask what connection there is between countries in stage 2 of the demographic transition and their level of development . . . some lights should go on! A natural transition from Chapter 9 is suggested by the discussion in Key Issue 1 of measuring the division of labor by economic sector. This idea that the percentage of a country’s labor force in each sector of the economy can serve as an indicator of development, prepares students to learn about each sector. The tremendous difference between the least developed countries and developed countries in agriculture is particularly relevant. Industry and Energy 11 Thinking Geographically Questions 11.1: What situation and site factors hurt the ability of the United Kingdom to maintain the leadership in industry that it gained in the nineteenth century? Answer: Situation factors such as proximity to inputs, and site factors such as low-wage labor, may play a role in hindering the United Kingdom’s ability to maintain the leadership in industry that it gained in the nineteenth century. 11.2: Volkswagen received $577 million in government incentives to locate a factory in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 2012. Do you think it’s worth it for governments to provide large incentives like this? Why or why not? Answer: I think it is absolutely worth it for governments to provide large incentives like this so that domestic manufacturing returns. These plants provide well-paying jobs that can sustain families that live in historically economically disadvantaged regions, such as the South. It’s not just the Volkswagen plant that moves into Chattanooga; it’s also the businesses that supply parts to Volkswagen, such as glass manufacturers and seat manufacturers. 11.3: What strategies does your community employ to encourage recycling? What additional strategies might be effective in your community? Why? Answer: My city is nice in that recyclables do not need to be sorted before being taken out, so it requires very little effort to set aside recyclables. Recycling cans picked up by the trash service are also included in monthly trash service at no additional expense. My city would benefit from placing recycling containers in the downtown area. If these containers were placed there, it would make people aware of the option to recycle. 11.4: What has been the impact on Canada of the changes in the distribution of vehicle assembly plants in North America (refer to Figure 11-76)? Answer: Mexico benefited from foreign investment, job creation, tax receipts, and new technology that occurred because of NAFTA. Many factories (called maquiladoras) have been built near the United States/Mexico border, and they have provided decent paying jobs for many Mexicans. NAFTA has unfortunately negatively affected farmers in the state of Chiapas because they have to somehow compete with heavily government subsidized corn coming from U.S. states like Iowa and Illinois. A pig, for example, can be raised and sold for 20 percent less in Iowa than it would cost to raise and sell a pig in Mexico, so this has There are less employment opportunities in Canada as a result of the changes in the distribution of vehicle assembly plants in North America, as these plants either scaled down production or, in the case of a plant in southwestern Québec, shut down altogether. 11.5: Why might situation and site factors be placing Canadian plants at a disadvantage compared to those in Mexico? Answer: Site factors, such as access to low-wage labor in Mexico, have placed Canadian plants at a disadvantage compared to those in Mexico. Additionally, shifting patterns in steel production (moving from the Midwestern corridor in the United States to China) is a situation factor that may have negatively impacted Canadian plants. Pause and Reflect Questions 11.1.1: The use of one of the three fossil fuels is increasing in the United States in the twenty-first century. Which one is it? Why might that be the case? Answer: The use of natural gas is increasing in the United States, partially due to domestic proven reserves being discovered. 11.1.2: Compare the world’s principal industrial areas with population distribution (Figure 2-4). Are industrial areas generally in regions of high population density or low? Why? Answer: Industries are generally located in regions of high population density, as easy access to labor is a site factor that encourages industrial activity in these regions. 11.2.1: What is an example of a product purchased by consumers that is made of copper? Answer: Copper wiring is used in homes and other buildings for transmission of electricity, as it is an excellent conductor of electricity. Similarly, copper is used in integrated circuits due to its conductivity. 11.2.2: Why isn’t wine bottled near the market, as beer and cola are? Answer: Wine is dependent on grapes grown in specific regions, where soils generate unique flavor profiles. This property of wine is known as terroir, as defined in Chapter 4. Wine must be bottled as soon as it is produced to retain these flavors. 11.2.3: Pittsburgh’s football team is named “Steelers,” but based on Figure 11-16, what city’s team might be a more appropriate choice for the nickname? Answer: Pittsburgh’s team could now be named “the Scientists,” or “the Researchers.” 11.2.4: How might weather conditions influence the choice of a factory site between the North and the South in the United States? Answer: The South experiences relatively mild temperatures year-round, giving them a climatic edge on the North. Air conditioning has allowed people to deal with the hot summers, and snow and other inclement weather may not hinder shipping and other business-related activities during the winter. 11.2.5: Labor accounts for around 5 percent of the cost of manufacturing a car. Does this mean that motor vehicle manufacturing is a labor-intensive industry? Explain. Answer: Car manufacturing is not a labor intense industry. A labor intense industry is an industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitutes a high percentage of expenses. 11.2.6: Check the labels on the shirt you are wearing at this moment. Where was it made? Answer: My shirt is made in the United States; it is a vintage K-Mart shirt from the 1960s, which reflects the domestic textile industry that was present at that time. 11.3.1: Which country produces at least 20 quad BTUs of all three fossil fuels? Answer: No country produces at least 20 quad BTUs of all three fossil fuels. 11.3.2: Referring to Figure 11-36, what world region of developing countries appears to have the highest per capita demand for energy? Answer: Central Asia appears to have the higher per capita demand for energy. 11.3.3: What are the only two countries named on all three pie charts of proven reserves? Answer: Russia and Kazakhstan are the only two countries named on all three pie charts of proven reserves. 11.3.4: Do you consider fuel efficiency when you or your family buy a new vehicle? Why or why not? Answer: Yes, I consider fuel efficiency when buying a new vehicle. I want to reduce my fuel consumption so I don’t have to pay as much at the pump, and so that my car doesn’t emit as much carbon dioxide when burning fuel. 11.3.5: Should dependency on nuclear energy be increased or decreased? Why? Answer: It should be decreased, as there is no safe, sustainable way of disposing of radioactive waste. 11.3.6: Does your local power company offer options for using alternative energy? Check the company’s website. Answer: My local power company is affiliated with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and they do offer incentives for installing solar panels. 11.3.7: Why are people warned not to leave a dog or child unattended in a parked car during the summer? Answer: Passive solar energy that enters a car when it is parked warms the car considerably and could cause adverse health effects, or even death. 11.3.8: What gas is now most commonly used as a coolant instead of CFC? Use a search engine to find the answer. Answer: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons have replaced CFCs. 11.3.9: How might a change in the sources of energy used in factories help improve water quality? Answer: If factories and power plants did not use water for cooling (and subsequently discharging the warm water back into the river or lake), it could prevent warm water from entering these bodies of water and causing environmental problems, such as fish kills. 11.3.10: Where does your solid waste go? Answer: My solid waste is both recycled, repurposed and thrown away in the trash which is taken to the local landfill. 11.4.1: Take a close look at an iPhone (yours or a friend’s or relation’s). Can you find any evidence that it was made at Foxconn in China? Answer: From a cursory inspection, I cannot find evidence that it was made at Foxconn. I believe if you opened the phone up and looked at individual components, you would see their logo stamped on some of them. 11.4.2: Motor vehicle production has increased in Turkey and Morocco. What might be advantages and challenges of producing vehicles in these countries instead? Answer: For Turkey, it would be advantageous to produce vehicles domestically because a relatively large market is there for them to be sold at. However, persistent political and social unrest creates an uncertain and unstable economic environment, and may scare off any future motor vehicle companies from locating production facilities there. Morocco is a developing country with a base of low-wage workers, so it is advantageous for the motor vehicle companies to locate facilities there. Despite this, the local market for motor vehicles is probably not as large as it would be in neighboring Europe. This proximity, though, is probably a reason facilities are being built in Morocco. 11.4.4: Which of the four types of recycling do you use most often? Why? Answer: I most often use curb side programs, as it is the most convenient way to recycle. Explore Saltaire is a village in the United Kingdom built in the early years of the Industrial Revolution by Sir Titus Salt. Surrounding his factory, Salt built houses for the workers. Fly to Saltaire. Zoom in to eye alt around 3,500 ft. Salt’s original factory is the large building immediately north of the balloon. Click More, then turn on Transportation layer. The factory was built before the invention of cars and trucks. 1. What two modes of transportation from the nineteenth century (still visible immediately to the north and south of the factory) would have been used to move materials and products? Answer: Rail and ship would have been two modes of transportation used by the Salt factory in the early years of the Industrial Revolution. Turn on Photos. Move the cursor over one of the photos on top of the factory. 2. What was Salt’s factory used for? (Hint: Turn on Gallery in the Primary Database and click on the “i” (for information) icon near the north side of the factory.) Answer: Salts Mill was originally a textile factory. Drag street view to the southwest side of the factory complex. 3. Why might the structure no long be suitable for manufacturing? Answer: Site and situation factors may have evolved over time to make this an unsuitable location for textile manufacturing. Manufacturing can be done cheaper and closer to inputs in places that are more “business friendly.” For example, in India, cotton is grown and apparel is manufactured there, in close proximity to the primary input. A base of low-wage labor further justifies a business’s decision to manufacture there. GeoVideo Questions 1. What are the principal uses of water resources other than direct consumption by people and animals? Answer: Agricultural and industrial demands are also principal uses of water resources. 2. Given that the world’s total supply of water is constant, how might we increase the world’s supply of water suitable as a resource for use by people? Answer: Conservation efforts must be undertaken to ensure an increase in the world’s supply of water suitable as a resource for use by people. These efforts must include infrastructure improvements, efficient (non-corrupt) political solutions, and education about wasting of water resources. 3. What steps, if any, are being taken in your school or community to conserve water? Answer: A local environmental organization attempts to educate people on responsible, sustainable water usage habits (e.g. not running the tap while brushing your teeth or washing your hands). Resources Roger and Me This 1989 film chronicles the effects of GM plant closures in Flint, Michigan, as the job losses ripple throughout the city, resulting in economic depression. Students might be assigned the film as an out-ofclass paper project or shown part of the film in class. The Urban Game The Urban Game, developed by Larry Treadwell of Ft. Lauderdale (Florida) High School, provided students with a hands-on stimulation of the development and industrialization of urban areas in the first 100 years of the industrial revolution. A full round of the game will take students about 1½ to two hours, but stages may be combined to speed the process. Consider modifying the game into an assignment or breaking the class into small groups to accomplish the activity. www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/TheUrbanGame.htm Office of the United States Trade Representative The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative serves as a bulldog for American trade policy. This website promotes U.S. trade policy, defending everything from the North American Free Trade Agreement to development through trade: www.ustr.gov/ U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics This website provides enough statistics on labor and industry to last a lifetime, including detailed statistics on labor, job markets, inflation, productivity, unemployment, and much more. www.bls.gov/ Connections between Chapters Back to Chapters 9 and 10 Industry and agriculture are not closely related. However, when agricultural workers leave their farms to work in industries, the country’s food supply may be changed as factory workers can no longer grow their own food. This relates to a country’s attempts to develop, referring back to Chapter 9. Forward to Chapter 12 As industrial employment declines continue, job losses are usually made up in the service sector. However, some services are now being outsourced to off-shore locations. This issue serves as the case study for Chapter. Services and Settlements 12 Thinking Geographically Questions 12.1: Sharing services for housing, such as Airbnb, are illegal in many cities in the United States and Europe. Sharing services for transportation, such as Uber, are strongly opposed in many places. Figure 12-46 shows a protest against Uber by taxi drivers in Budapest, Hungary. Why would cities make these services illegal or difficult to use? Answer: Cities may want to make services like Uber and Airbnb illegal because they would lack certain regulatory oversight on services provided through these companies. While these services may be convenient for users and independent contractors, regulation is in place for a reason (e.g. cabs are routinely maintained and ensured to be road-worthy). Taxi driver unions and hotel lobbying organizations may also appeal to municipal governments to prevent these services from being available to citizens. 12.2: Education services frequently attract other types of consumer services to nearby locations. What are examples of distinctive consumer services that are located near a university in your community? Why might these consumer services pick locations near a university? Answer: For a small university town in Alabama, my community offers a decent variety of consumer services that cater to a diverse group of people. For example, there is a Thai restaurant in the downtown area of my community – probably the only restaurant of its kind for 150 miles. This kind of consumer service would pick a location near a university because they know international students will patronize their business. 12.3: What evidence can you find in your community of economic ties to alpha++ or alpha+ cities? Figure 12-48 offers one example. Answer: Similar to Figure 12-48, the only consumer services in my town that are linked to alpha++ cities are financial services, such as a Bank of America branch located downtown. 12.4: Professional sports teams are examples of services with large ranges, thresholds, and areas, and consequently they cluster in large urban settlements. Google “Largest U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas.” Compare the list with the distribution of Major League Baseball teams shown in Figure 1-29. What are the largest metropolitan areas without a team? What is the smallest settlement with a team? Answer: Charlotte, Portland, and Orlando are the largest metropolitan statistical areas without a team. Milwaukee is the smallest settlement with a team. Pause and Reflect Questions 12.1.1: In which sectors of the economy do you or members of your family work? If in the service sector, in which types of services are these jobs? Answer: My father works in the secondary sector of the economy, treating lumber. I work in the tertiary sector of the economy (service), as a graduate student at a university. My job is in the public services sub-sector. 12.2.1: What occurs in nature in the shape of hexagons? You can do an Internet search for “naturally occurring hexagons.” Answer: Bees make their hives in the shape of hexagons. Bees make their hives in a honeycomb shape. Geographers use hexagons to depict the market area of a good or service because hexagons offer a compromise between the geometric properties of circles and squares. 12.2.2: Does Peru follow the rank-size rule or the primate city rule? Use you search engine to find “most populous cities in Peru.” Answer: Peru is definitely a good example of the primate city rule. Lima is almost 10 times larger than the second most populous city in the country. 12.2.4: Identify an example of a periodic market in developed countries. Answer: A periodic market in a developed country could be a farmers’ market. 12.3.1: How would you expect an alpha city such as Chicago to differ from a beta city such as Houston or a gamma city such as Phoenix? Answer: A wider variety of services would definitely be present in an alpha city compared to beta and gamma cities. There are likely to be more political institutions located in alpha cities, although Phoenix is the capital of Arizona and houses the state government, while Chicago is not the capital of Illinois and does not house the state government. There are probably more public transportation options in alpha cities, making urban life much easier compared to cities lacking such infrastructure; the “L” in Chicago, along with its extensive bus network, allows for one to travel the city with ease. A city that contains more sprawl, like Phoenix, may not be suitable for such a public transportation system. 12.3.2: If it is 3 P.M. on a Tuesday where you live, what time and day is it at a call center in India? Refer to Figure 1-15. Answer: If it is 3:00 P.M. on a Tuesday in Alabama it would be 6:30 A.M. on Wednesday in New Delhi, India. 12.3.3: Do settlements with high concentrations of scientists and professionals rank high on “coolness” or low? What might account for that pattern? Answer: Cities with high concentrations of scientists and professionals do generally mirror cities that rank high on “coolness.” These scientists and professionals may work for companies that have associated their branding with “coolness” (e.g. tech companies in San Francisco), or they may be “cool” by virtue of being a large urban settlement that attracts “cool” people that aren’t professionals or scientists. 12.4.1: In which sector of the economy would you expect most of the residents of Newfane, Vermont, or Condicote, United Kingdom, to be employed? Why? Answer: I would guess that the residents of these two towns to be employed in the primary sector of the economy, as both communities seem to be rural clustered settlements surrounded by farmland or dense forestland. 12.4.2: In prehistoric times, before the invention of settlements, why might caves have played an important role? Answer: People lived in caves. They provide a natural shelter from the elements. 12.4.3: What migration factor discussed in Chapter 3 might help to explain why the percentage of people in developed countries living in urban areas may not continue to increase? Answer: Counter urbanization may play a role in the size of urban areas not continuing to increase. Explore Use Google Earth to explore North America’s largest shopping mall. Fly to West Edmonton Mall, Alberta. Show Ruler and measure the area occupied by the mall, including parking lots, inside the rectangle formed by the four perimeter streets. Explore the four streets that form the perimeter of the mall by zooming in to eye alt around 2,500 ft and dragging to Enter Street View. Large consumer service centers such as a mega-mall often attract other consumer services nearby. 1. Can you see any evidence of consumer services adjacent to the mall? Why might the continent’s largest mall have relatively few services immediately adjacent? Answer: It doesn’t appear as if there are any consumer services adjacent to the mall. There might be few services immediately adjacent to the mall because all of the services are located in the mall itself. 2. What is the principal use of land on the other sides of the four perimeter streets? Answer: The land surrounding the mall is primarily used for residential purposes. 3. What evidence do you see of transportation services for people to arrive other than in individual passenger cars? Answer: It appears as if there are multiple bus stops surrounding the mall, allowing for public transportation to the mall. GeoVideo Questions 1. How does Serhiy’s family earn its living? What is Serhiy’s contribution? Answer: Serhiy’s family earns its living by farming. Serhiy’s contribution is to feed the livestock every day, along with personally being responsible for rabbits. 2. How does Serhiy rate the advantages and disadvantages of village life versus city life? Answer: Serhiy appreciates the communal feeling of village life, but notes that nobody in his graduating class plans to stay in his village once finished with school. In the city, he remarks that he will be among people who do not share in this sense of community, but that the tradeoff is more opportunity for personal development. 3. Describe Serhiy’s plan for his life. Does it seem reasonable? What is the alternative? Answer: Serhiy plans to enroll in the military academy and aims to become a pilot. This seems reasonable, as Serhiy appears to be a capable young man, although only one-in-four applicants to the academy are accepted. If this doesn’t work out, he plans on pursuing a career as a computer programmer. Resources U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics This website provides enough statistics on labor and industry to last a lifetime: www.bls.gov/. Detailed statistics are available on labor, job markets, inflation, productivity, unemployment, and much more. U.S. Census Bureau Service Annual Survey http://www.census.gov/services/index.htmlThis website details statistics (some collected quarterly) on employment in the service sector. This site includes definitions of each service industry (type), detailed data on each type, and the survey forms used to collect the data. Connections between Chapters Back to Chapter 11 As industrial jobs are lost to higher productivity or simply “offshored,” service jobs represent the majority of job growth in the developed world. Technology and efficiency has been able to create site and situation factors which allow some jobs to move, but many services are location-specific to where the market is. However, an excellent example of the rapidity of this change is the increasing number of North Americans (though still very small) who travel to places as far away as India for surgery or other healthcare to save medical costs. Not even doctors’ jobs are completely safe in the global marketplace! Forward to Chapter 13 The transition is nearly seamless since Chapter 12 already introduces the fact that settlements and services occur together. With earlier discussions of central place theory and the hierarchical organization of settlements, students should be prepared to delve deeper into urban geography. Urban Patterns 13 Thinking Geographically Questions 13.1: Some professional sports arenas and stadiums are located in the CBD, and some are located in suburbs. What are the advantages and drawbacks for the fans of each location? Answer: For fans traveling to stadiums and arenas in suburbs, they have the luxury of not dealing with the congestion that they might find in stadiums and arenas located in a CBD. For fans attending a sporting event at a stadium or arena in a CBD, they have access to cultural and consumer amenities that are generally located in a CBD that might not be available in suburban areas. CBD Location: Advantages: 1. Accessibility: CBD locations are often well-served by public transportation, making it easier for fans to reach the stadium without needing to drive. 2. Amenities: CBD areas usually offer a wide range of dining, shopping, and entertainment options before and after the game, enhancing the overall fan experience. 3. Vibrant Atmosphere: The CBD's bustling environment can add to the excitement of game day, with fans enjoying the energy of the city. 4. Economic Impact: Hosting a stadium in the CBD can boost local businesses and tourism, benefiting the city economically. Drawbacks: 1. Traffic and Parking: CBDs can be congested, leading to traffic jams and limited parking options, which can be frustrating for fans driving to the game. 2. Cost: The cost of parking, food, and drinks in the CBD may be higher than in suburban areas, potentially making the game day experience more expensive for fans. 3. Noise and Crowds: CBDs are typically busy areas, which can result in noise and crowds that may be overwhelming for some fans. 4. Limited Tailgating: CBD locations may have limited space for pre-game tailgating, which is a popular activity for many sports fans. Suburban Location: Advantages: 1. Ease of Access: Suburban stadiums often have ample parking and are easily accessible by car, making it convenient for fans who prefer to drive. 2. Tailgating Opportunities: Suburban stadiums may offer more space for tailgating, allowing fans to enjoy pre-game festivities with friends and family. 3. Less Congestion: Suburban areas typically have less traffic and crowds compared to CBDs, providing a more relaxed environment for fans. 4. Lower Cost: The cost of parking, food, and drinks in suburban areas may be lower than in CBDs, making the game day experience more affordable for fans. Drawbacks: 1. Limited Public Transportation: Suburban stadiums may be less accessible by public transportation, which can be inconvenient for fans who rely on trains or buses. 2. Fewer Amenities: Suburban areas may have fewer dining, shopping, and entertainment options compared to CBDs, limiting the pre and post-game experience for fans. 3. Lack of Vibrancy: Suburban areas may lack the vibrant atmosphere of CBDs, which can detract from the overall excitement of game day. 4. Limited Economic Impact: Suburban stadiums may have less of an economic impact on local businesses compared to CBD locations, potentially affecting the community's revenue. In conclusion, the choice between a CBD or suburban stadium location depends on individual preferences for accessibility, amenities, atmosphere, and cost. Both locations offer unique advantages and drawbacks that can impact the overall fan experience. 13.2: Identify the ring, sector, and node in which you (or a friend or relation) live within an urban area. Do conditions in your place fit the overall patterns expected of the three models? Why or why not? Answer: I live in the zone of independent workers’ homes, the middle-class residential sector, and medium-class residential node. Based on my knowledge of my town (I have only lived here six months), these three models are somewhat accurately reflected in the distribution of people in the area. As far as I know, there isn’t much of a low-class residential sector or node in my town – most of these residences are located further out in the county. This may be due to the urban area I inhabit not being especially dense. 13.3: What impact might a car-sharing service such as Uber or Lyft have on patterns of urban transport? Answer: I think it would actually increase congestion, as these independent contractors will be operating in addition to the preexisting taxi cab services located in a city. It might also decrease reliance on public transportation, leading to tough decisions regarding funding of these services if the user base and revenues decline. 13.4: What are the impacts of gentrification on low-income inner-city residents? What are some of the benefits and challenges to providing housing for low-income residents in a gentrifying neighborhood? Answer: There are many negative impacts on low-income inner-city residents as a result of gentrification, notably sky-high increases in rents and the demolition of affordable housing. Maintaining affordable dwellings for low-income residents in gentrifying inner-city neighborhoods is key, as access to renewed consumer and public services in these areas would greatly benefit these people. However, often there are insufficient government funds to pay for public housing in these areas, or public housing may simply not exist. Discriminatory real estate and banking practices may play a role in pushing these residents out of their homes, as well. Pause and Reflect Questions 13.1.1: Do you live inside or outside a central city? An urban area? A metropolitan area? Answer: I live inside a central city. I live in an urban area. I live in a metropolitan area. 13.1.2: Do you ever spend time in a CBD? If so, for what reasons? Answer: I spend time in a CBD, as that is where I like to go out to eat and drink on the weekends. 13.1.3: What might be the attractions of living in a former factory near the CBD? Answer: The rent to live in a former factory would likely be somewhat affordable for living near a CBD. Also, one would have convenient access to cultural amenities and consumer services. 13.2.1: If you cut down a large tree, which of the three models will the cross-section resemble? Why is the cross-section of a tree a good analogy for one of the models of urban structure? Answer: The cross-section of a felled tree would most resemble the concentric zone model. A cross-section of a tree would be a good analogy for this model because the concentric rings of a tree would resemble the concentric zones of the model. 13.2.2: Would you expect the distribution of families with children to follow most closely the concentric zone, sector, or multiple nuclei model? Why? Answer: I think the distribution of families with children would follow the sector model, as there are low-class residential and middle-class residential sectors distributed relatively evenly across the model, probably reflecting these families’ distribution in reality. 13.2.3: Are Europe’s famous tourist sites located predominantly in inner or outer rings? Why might this be the case? Answer: They are primarily located in inner rings. Prominent structures built hundreds of years ago were typically located near the center of town, where CBDs are currently located. 13.2.4: Which node is Fès do you think would be more interesting to visit, the Medinah or the French colonial center? Why? Answer: I would prefer to visit the Medinah, as the narrow, winding streets sound really neat to navigate. 13.2.5: Would you expect the distribution of families with children in developing countries to follow most closely the concentric zone, sector, or multiple nuclei model? Why? Answer: I would think that Griffith-Ford’s sector model of a Latin American city would be the best fit, because it allows for a mixed distribution of each sector in the urban area. 13.2.6: Why might the Spanish wish to destroy the Great Temple? Why might contemporary Mexicans wish to excavate and explore the ruins? Answer: The Spanish would have wanted to destroy the Great Temple so that they could impose their political, social, and cultural norms on the indigenous population. Contemporary Mexicans may wish to excavate and explore the ruins so that they might find artifacts that may shed light on their heritage. 13.3.1: How might urban growth boundaries help to slow suburban growth? Answer: Implementing smart growth policies would limit the expansion of existing suburban areas and help protect and preserve rural land for agricultural, recreation, and wildlife. 13.3.2: Name a city in Megalopolis that you consider a strong candidate to become part of an MSA in the near future. Why that city? Answer: I would think Willimantic, as it is already surrounded by metropolitan statistical areas on all sides. 13.3.3: Are you able to walk from your home to consumer services? Would you want to live near shops? Why or why not? Answer: I am able to walk from my home to consumer services. I would want to live near shops, as I frequently patronize them already and I appreciate the exercise that walking provides me. 13.3.4: Do you regularly utilize public transport? Why or why not? Answer: I do not regularly use public transportation, as it does not exist in my town. 13.3.5: What are some benefits and costs of removing urban freeways, such as in Boston? Answer: Adding public space in the place of urban freeways allows for more pedestrian activity near the CBD. Diverting this traffic may decrease business revenues if alternative transportation links to the CBD are not present. 13.4.1: How might additional investment in education address some of these features of the underclass? Answer: Increasing education funding will address some of the persistent poverty, as increased funding is associated with higher graduation rates, higher rates of employment with jobs that provide a living wage, and lower rates of poverty in adulthood. 13.4.2: What might be the attractions and the challenges of buying groceries in places like the Reading Terminal or Ferry Building? Answer: There are probably unique items that are offered at these locations, but they are probably too expensive to buy on a regular basis. 13.4.3: What similarities and differences do you observe between the maps of Chicago (Figure 13-63) and Paris (Figures 13-21, 13-22, and 13-23)? Answer: It is hard to discern any similarities or differences between Paris and Chicago, as the maps are displaying different types of information that don’t immediately provide any insight into their similarities and differences. I would guess that there are a greater proportion of whites living near the city center in Chicago, while in Paris there is a large cluster of immigrants near the center of the city. 13.4.4: What is happening in or near your community to reduce generation of electricity through fossil fuels? Answer: I live in a town with a hydroelectric dam, which offsets some demand for electricity generated by fossil fuels. 13.4.5: What strategies are being used at your university or in your school district to promote alternatives to cars and trucks? Answer: There is a university bus system that provides limited transportation throughout campus and the surrounding residential area. Explore Use Google Earth to explore transport and housing in Curitiba, Brazil. Fly to Praca GK Gilbran, Curitiba, Brazil. Select Bus in the Transportation menu. Select More then click on the triangle and the box next to Transportation and select Bus. Drag to enter Street View to the bus stop on the southeast side of the triangle formed by the praca (park). 1. What is unusual about the bus stops, compared to those in other cities? Answer: It appears as if a side road specifically for bus use is located here. 2. What type of housing structures surround the praca? Answer: It appears as if high-rise, multi-family unit buildings are in the area. Fly to 240 Rua Brasilio Bontorim, Curitiba, Brazil. 3. Describe differenced in the appearance of this suburb compared to a typical one in the United States. Answer: The houses appear to be even more densely packed than in suburbs in the United States, and there are no paved roads in the neighborhood. GeoVideo Questions 1. What values and aspirations motivated the creation of Brasilia and shaped its design? Answer: A Marxist vision influenced the creation and design of Brasilia – Brasilia was to be a classless society, where workers and professionals lived side-by-side. 2. How does the form of Brasilia reflect the different functions of a city and national capital? Answer: The government buildings run along the center of the city (the fuselage of the airplane), while financial centers are located at the junction of the residential and government areas (where the wings meet the fuselage of the airplane). Along somewhat perpendicular lines stretching in both directions from the government center were residential buildings, where the rich and poor where to live together. 3. Does Brasilia today realize its founders’ vision of society? Give examples from the video to support your answer. Answer: Unfortunately, the bold vision of a classless society as conceived by the socialist government that lead the construction of the city was abandoned once the government was ousted in favor of a more capitalistic system of governance. This is evident in the poor satellite towns of the hinterland of the city, where some workers commute up to three and a half hours daily by bus to work in the city. Resources World Bank youthink! Issues: Urbanization The World Bank has a student-oriented information page on urbanization at http://blogs.worldbank.org/youthink/category/tags/urbanization United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT) UN Habitat looks at human settlements around the world: http://www.unhabitat.org/ Connections between Chapters Back to Chapter 1 This chapter highlights the tension between globalization and local diversity, as emphasized in the introduction. Reviewing this overarching theme helps students realize the overlap. Solution Manual for The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography James M. Rubenstein 9780321831583, 9780321956712, 9780321831576, 9780132435734