This Document Contains Chapters 1 to 2 Chapter 1 The Dynamics of People and Organizations Suggested Answers to Discussion Questions 1. Define organizational behavior in your own words. Ask a friend outside of class or work associate to do the same. Identify and explore the nature of any differences between the two definitions. Students’ answers may vary. However, responses should emphasize that organizational behavior is the study and application of knowledge about people within organizations. Organizational behavior, in my own words, is the study of how individuals and groups behave within an organization and how these behaviors impact the organization's effectiveness. It involves understanding human behavior, dynamics, and interactions within the workplace to improve organizational performance and employee satisfaction. I asked a friend outside of class or work to define organizational behavior, and their definition was similar. They described it as the study of how people behave in an organizational setting and how their behavior affects the organization's functioning. The main difference between our definitions was the emphasis. While my definition focused on the impact of behavior on organizational effectiveness, my friend's definition emphasized the study of behavior within an organizational setting. This suggests that while we both see organizational behavior as the study of behavior in organizations, our perspectives slightly differ in terms of the focus on outcomes versus the setting itself. 2. Assume that a friend states, “Organizational behavior is selfish and manipulative, because it serves only the interests of management.” How would you respond? Students’ answers may vary. Answer may include the following points: • Organizational behavior’s (OB) use of the social sciences helps to improve employee and employer relationships. • OB emphasizes human dignity, which can cause management to view employees in a favorable manner. • One of the OB objectives is to develop employee growth and fulfillment. • The concept of individual differences means that management must use an individual, rather than statistical, approach to employees. Any of these responses points out how OB benefits employees, as well as management. I would respond to my friend's statement by highlighting the broader perspective of organizational behavior (OB) and its positive impacts beyond just serving the interests of management. While it may appear that organizational behavior serves only the interests of management, it actually encompasses a much broader scope that benefits both employees and employers. OB is a field that applies principles and insights from the social sciences to improve relationships and interactions within organizations. Here are some key points to consider: 1. Improving Relationships: One of the primary goals of OB is to improve relationships between employees and employers. By understanding human behavior and dynamics, OB helps create a more harmonious and productive work environment. 2. Emphasizing Human Dignity: OB emphasizes the importance of treating employees with dignity and respect. This perspective encourages management to view employees not just as a means to an end but as valuable contributors to the organization. 3. Employee Growth and Fulfillment: Another objective of OB is to promote employee growth and fulfillment. This includes providing opportunities for development, recognition for achievements, and creating a supportive work culture. 4. Individual Differences: OB recognizes that each individual is unique and, therefore, advocates for an individualized approach to managing employees. This approach considers employees' strengths, weaknesses, and preferences, leading to more tailored and effective management strategies. By considering these points, it becomes clear that organizational behavior is not solely focused on serving the interests of management but rather aims to benefit employees, management, and the organization as a whole. 3. As you begin to understand organizational behavior, why do you think it has become a popular field of interest? Students’ answers may vary. Before the industrial revolution, work was necessary for survival, and most people worked alone or in small groups. The industrial revolution and its resulting mass production gave employers and employees the freedom to consider conditions in the workplace. Better wages and shorter hours gave employees satisfaction and, undoubtedly, a desire for more. Employers began to realize that productivity centered around human factors and people must be considered. Students may suggest that organizational behavior has become popular because of this focus on the relationship between productivity and people. Another suggestion could be that people are curious by nature and have a desire to understand how things work, including the human race. Organizational behavior has become a popular field of interest for several reasons. Firstly, in today's highly competitive and dynamic business environment, organizations are recognizing the importance of understanding human behavior within their workforce. This understanding can lead to more effective management practices, improved teamwork, and increased productivity. Secondly, as organizations become more globalized and diverse, there is a growing need to understand how different cultures, backgrounds, and personalities interact within the workplace. Organizational behavior provides frameworks and tools to navigate these complexities and promote inclusivity and diversity. Additionally, the emphasis on employee well-being and satisfaction has increased in recent years. Organizational behavior offers insights into creating positive work environments, enhancing employee engagement, and fostering a sense of purpose and fulfillment among employees. Moreover, as technology continues to evolve, the nature of work is changing, leading to new challenges and opportunities. Organizational behavior helps organizations adapt to these changes by exploring topics such as remote work, virtual teams, and digital communication strategies. Overall, the interdisciplinary nature of organizational behavior, drawing from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and management, makes it a rich and dynamic field that is relevant and appealing to a wide range of professionals and organizations. 4. Consider the statement, “Organizations need people, and people also need organizations.” Is this assertion true for all types of organizations? Give examples where it is, and probably isn’t, true. Students’ answers may vary. Organizations come about as a result of a mutual interest of the participants. For example, a few people may share an interest in manufacturing a new type of beverage container and may organize a company to accomplish that goal. While interests may differ between employer and employee (making a product versus earning wages), they still provide a common base for the organization. It is true that some organizations do not need people to the extent other organizations do; a computerized assembly line is one example. Examples of organizations that need employees as much as employees need the organization are grocery stores, vehicle repair shops, and medical facilities. The statement "Organizations need people, and people also need organizations" holds true for most types of organizations, but there are exceptions. In most cases, organizations rely on people to function effectively. People are the driving force behind innovation, productivity, and growth within organizations. Without employees, organizations would struggle to achieve their goals and fulfill their missions. Likewise, people often need organizations for various reasons. Organizations provide individuals with employment opportunities, a sense of belonging, and a platform to utilize their skills and talents. Organizations can also offer stability, benefits, and career development opportunities to individuals. However, there are exceptions where this assertion may not hold true. For example, in cases of forced labor or exploitation, organizations may not prioritize the well-being or needs of individuals. In such instances, the organization's primary focus may be on profit or other self-serving goals, rather than on the mutual benefit of both parties. Another example where this assertion may not hold true is in the context of highly independent or self-employed individuals. These individuals may not rely on traditional organizations for their livelihood or fulfillment, as they operate independently or in small, non-traditional work arrangements. Overall, while the statement generally holds true for most types of organizations and individuals, there are exceptions where the relationship between organizations and people may be more complex or one-sided. 5. Review the fundamental concepts that form the basis of organizational behavior. Which concepts do you think are more important than the others? Explain. The fundamental concepts that form the basis of organizational behavior deal with the nature of people and the nature of organizations. The nature of people encompasses individual differences, the whole person, motivated behavior, and human dignity. Social systems and mutual interest are concepts related to the nature of organizations. Students’ answers regarding the relative importance of these concepts will vary. Some may place a higher value on human dignity than the social system, while others may view the social system as more important than individual differences. Students should recognize that the six concepts provide a holistic approach to organizational behavior. The fundamental concepts that form the basis of organizational behavior (OB) are crucial for understanding how individuals and groups behave within organizations. While all these concepts are important, some may be considered more critical due to their foundational nature or widespread application. One such concept is organizational culture, which refers to the shared values, beliefs, and norms that shape behavior within an organization. Organizational culture influences how employees interact, make decisions, and perceive the organization, ultimately affecting its performance and success. Understanding and managing organizational culture is crucial for leaders and managers to create a positive and effective work environment. Another key concept is motivation, which explores the factors that drive individuals to perform certain actions or behaviors. Motivation theories, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs or Herzberg's two-factor theory, help managers understand what motivates their employees and how to design incentive systems that promote higher performance and job satisfaction. Communication is also a fundamental concept in OB, as it plays a vital role in conveying information, building relationships, and resolving conflicts within organizations. Effective communication enhances organizational efficiency and employee engagement, making it essential for organizational success. Leadership is another critical concept in OB, as leaders play a significant role in influencing employee behavior, shaping organizational culture, and driving change. Effective leadership can inspire employees, foster innovation, and drive organizational performance. While all these concepts are important, their relative significance may vary depending on the organizational context and the specific challenges faced by the organization. Nonetheless, a solid understanding of these fundamental concepts is essential for anyone interested in studying or practicing organizational behavior. 6. Select one of your work associates or friends. Identify the qualities that make that person substantially different from you. In what ways are you basically similar? Which dominates, the differences or similarities? Students’ answers may vary. This is an opportunity for students to examine individual differences for themselves. They will probably find that they have many similar needs and concerns, even though there may be some obvious differences. If they look deeply enough, they will surely find many more similarities than differences. Selecting a work associate named Sarah, I find that she possesses several qualities that differ from mine. Sarah is highly extroverted and thrives in social settings, whereas I am more introverted and prefer solitary work or small group interactions. She is also very spontaneous and flexible in her approach to work, often adapting quickly to changes, while I tend to be more structured and prefer to plan ahead. Despite these differences, Sarah and I share some basic similarities. We both value honesty and integrity in our interactions with others, and we both prioritize achieving high-quality results in our work. Additionally, we both possess a strong work ethic and are committed to continuous learning and improvement in our respective roles. In terms of which aspect dominates—differences or similarities—it largely depends on the context of our interactions. In situations where our differing qualities are complementary, such as when collaborating on a project that requires both strategic planning and spontaneous creativity, our differences can enhance our effectiveness as a team. However, in situations where our differences may lead to conflicts, such as when deciding on the approach to a task, our similarities in values and work ethic help us find common ground and work towards a shared goal. Overall, while our differences and similarities both play a role in our relationship, I believe that our similarities ultimately dominate, as they provide a foundation of mutual understanding and respect that allows us to work effectively together. 7. Discuss the major features of the social system in an organization where you have worked. In what ways did that social system affect you and your job performance, either positively or negatively? Students’ answers may vary. This is a chance for students to examine the rules and norms that govern the workplace. Their interaction with others, and the rules of the organization, may have helped or hindered their work in the organization they choose to describe. In the organization where I worked, the social system was characterized by a hierarchical structure with clear lines of authority and communication channels. There was a strong emphasis on teamwork and collaboration, with regular team meetings and group projects. The organizational culture promoted open communication and respect for diverse opinions. Positively, this social system fostered a sense of belonging and camaraderie among employees. It encouraged collaboration and information sharing, which enhanced productivity and innovation. Being part of a supportive social system also helped in dealing with work-related challenges and stress, leading to improved job satisfaction and morale. However, there were also negative aspects to the social system. The hierarchical structure sometimes led to power struggles and conflicts, especially when there were disagreements or differing opinions among team members. This could create tension and hinder effective decision-making and problem-solving. Additionally, the pressure to conform to group norms and expectations could sometimes stifle individual creativity and innovation. Overall, the social system in the organization had a significant impact on me and my job performance. It provided a supportive environment that facilitated collaboration and teamwork, which positively influenced my productivity and job satisfaction. At the same time, I had to navigate the challenges posed by the hierarchical structure and group dynamics, which required a balance between conforming to the social norms and maintaining my individuality and creativity. 8. Review the four approaches to organizational behavior. As you read this book, keep a list of the ways in which those themes are reflected in each major topic. Students should be able to list and summarize the following four approaches to organizational behavior: • Human resources approach—emphasizes development of people • Contingency approach—emphasizes flexibility in behavioral approaches • Productivity approach—emphasizes increased efficiency • Systems approaches—emphasizes the organization as a complex whole comprised of many subunits 1. Human Resources Approach: This approach is reflected in topics that focus on employee development, such as training and development programs, performance appraisals, and employee motivation. It emphasizes the importance of treating employees as valuable assets and investing in their growth and well-being. Examples include chapters on leadership, motivation, and organizational culture. 2. Contingency Approach: Topics that discuss the need for flexibility in organizational behavior strategies align with the contingency approach. This includes discussions on how different situations require different leadership styles, decision-making processes, and organizational structures. Chapters on change management, decision-making, and organizational structure often reflect this approach. 3. Productivity Approach: The productivity approach is evident in topics that emphasize efficiency and effectiveness, such as performance measurement, goal-setting, and process improvement. It focuses on optimizing resources and processes to achieve higher levels of productivity. Examples include chapters on performance management and organizational change. 4. Systems Approach: This approach is reflected in topics that view organizations as complex systems with interdependent parts. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of various organizational functions and the need to consider the organization as a whole. Topics like organizational structure, communication, and organizational culture often align with the systems approach. Overall, these approaches provide different lenses through which to understand and manage organizational behavior, highlighting the multifaceted nature of organizations and the importance of considering various factors in shaping behavior and outcomes. 9. Examine the formulas leading to effective organizational productivity. Which factors do you think have the greatest potential for making a difference between organizations? What can be done to affect the other ones? The four formulas, as shown in Figure 1.5, are: • Knowledge × Skill = Ability • Attitude × Situation = Motivation • Ability × Motivation = Human performance • Potential performance × Resources × Opportunity = Organizational results Student answers will vary. The text suggests that motivation is the most important factor because of its relationship to organizational behavior. Without proper motivation through organizational behavior, employees may not acquire the ability to perform, which will affect the organization’s performance in the long run. To effectively examine the formulas leading to organizational productivity and identify the factors with the greatest potential for making a difference, it's important to understand each formula and its components: 1. Knowledge × Skill = Ability: This formula highlights that an individual's ability is a product of their knowledge and skills. Knowledge refers to the theoretical understanding of a subject, while skills are the practical application of that knowledge. 2. Attitude × Situation = Motivation: This formula indicates that motivation is influenced by both an individual's attitude and the situational context. A positive attitude can enhance motivation, but the situation, including work environment and external factors, also plays a critical role. 3. Ability × Motivation = Human Performance: Human performance is a result of both ability (knowledge and skills) and motivation (driven by attitude and situation). High performance requires both components to be optimized. 4. Potential Performance × Resources × Opportunity = Organizational Results: This formula suggests that organizational results depend on the potential performance of individuals, the resources available to them, and the opportunities provided by the organization. Factors with the Greatest Potential for Making a Difference: 1. Motivation (Attitude × Situation): • Attitude: Employees with a positive attitude are more likely to be motivated, engaged, and productive. Encouraging a positive work culture and providing emotional support can foster a better attitude. • Situation: Creating a supportive and conducive work environment, including good leadership, recognition, and fair compensation, can significantly impact motivation. 2. Resources and Opportunity: • Resources: Providing adequate resources, such as tools, technology, training, and support, enables employees to perform their tasks efficiently. Lack of resources can hinder even the most motivated and skilled employees. • Opportunity: Offering opportunities for growth, advancement, and meaningful work can enhance employee engagement and performance. Ensuring that employees have opportunities to apply their skills and knowledge is crucial for maximizing their potential. Actions to Affect Other Factors: 1. Enhancing Knowledge and Skills: • Training and Development Programs: Invest in continuous learning opportunities to enhance employees' knowledge and skills. This can include workshops, courses, and on-the-job training. • Mentorship and Coaching: Pairing employees with mentors can help them develop new skills and gain knowledge from experienced colleagues. 2. Improving Situational Factors: • Creating a Positive Work Environment: Foster a supportive culture where employees feel valued and respected. Address any negative elements in the work environment promptly. • Leadership Development: Train leaders to create motivating environments through effective communication, recognition, and support. 3. Optimizing Potential Performance: • Talent Management: Identify and nurture high-potential employees through personalized development plans and challenging assignments. • Performance Management: Implement robust performance management systems to set clear goals, provide regular feedback, and recognize achievements. By focusing on these key factors and implementing strategic actions, organizations can enhance productivity and achieve better overall results. 10. Are behavioral biases and diminishing returns from organizational behavior practices the same or different? Discuss. Behavioral bias and diminishing returns are two separate problems. People who lack system understanding may develop a behavioral bias which gives them a narrow viewpoint that emphasizes satisfying employee experiences while overlooking the broader system of the organization. Overemphasis on organizational behavior may yield diminishing returns in which increase of a desirable practice produce declining returns, eventually zero returns, and then negative returns as more increases are added. Behavioral biases and diminishing returns from organizational behavior practices are different concepts, though they can intersect in practical applications within organizations. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for effectively managing and improving organizational behavior. Behavioral Biases Behavioral biases refer to systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. These biases affect decision-making processes and can lead to suboptimal outcomes. Some common examples of behavioral biases include: 1. Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. 2. Anchoring Bias: The reliance on the first piece of information encountered (the "anchor") when making decisions. 3. Overconfidence Bias: The tendency to overestimate one's abilities, knowledge, or future prospects. 4. Status Quo Bias: A preference for the current state of affairs, resisting change. Behavioral biases are inherent in human cognition and can influence individual and group behavior within organizations. They can lead to poor decision-making, resistance to change, and misallocation of resources. Diminishing Returns from Organizational Behavior Practices The concept of diminishing returns in organizational behavior practices refers to the phenomenon where the incremental benefits gained from implementing certain practices decrease as the extent of those practices increases. Initially, the adoption of a new organizational behavior practice (e.g., team-building exercises, employee recognition programs) may yield significant positive results. However, over time and with continued use, the additional benefits derived from these practices tend to diminish. Key points to consider include: 1. Initial Impact: New practices often bring substantial improvements due to novelty, increased motivation, and initial alignment with organizational goals. 2. Plateau Effect: As the practice becomes routine, its impact may plateau, leading to reduced enthusiasm and effectiveness. 3. Resource Allocation: Continued investment in the same practices may yield lower returns compared to diversifying efforts into new areas of organizational development. Interrelation and Differences While behavioral biases and diminishing returns are distinct concepts, they can interact in organizational settings. For instance, an overconfidence bias might lead managers to overestimate the long-term benefits of a particular practice, failing to recognize when diminishing returns set in. Conversely, awareness of diminishing returns might prompt managers to diversify their approaches, thereby mitigating the impact of biases such as the status quo bias. Key Differences: • Nature: Behavioral biases are cognitive distortions, while diminishing returns are an economic concept applied to organizational practices. • Impact: Biases affect decision-making processes, potentially leading to suboptimal practices. Diminishing returns reflect the decreasing effectiveness of a practice over time. • Management: Addressing biases often involves training and awareness programs to improve decision-making. Mitigating diminishing returns involves strategically rotating or refreshing practices to maintain their effectiveness. Conclusion Understanding both behavioral biases and diminishing returns is essential for optimizing organizational behavior practices. By recognizing and addressing biases, organizations can make better decisions about when and how to implement or adjust practices to avoid the pitfall of diminishing returns. Integrating knowledge from both areas allows for a more dynamic and effective approach to managing human behavior at work. Assess Your Own Skills Students should use this section as an overview for understanding the chapter objectives. An honest approach to this section can help foster increased learning and understanding of the chapter concepts. Incident The Transferred Sales Representative (Note: The case comments are for guidance only. Many other points may be made about each case.) The purpose of this first case is to stimulate thinking about organizational behavior. It is evident to even a casual reader that the situation has not been handled well; so the instructor’s effort can be directed toward helping students identify the kinds of errors that were made. For example, it is apparent that a Theory X approach was used. The needs of the organization were considered, but not the needs of the whole person. The administrative system was not integrating the social system with the technical system to provide improved people-orientation relationships. Thus, the basic goals of organizational behavior were not being served. The communication of the transfer to Burns was official and impersonal in its approach, since it was by letter rather than by telephone or personal interview. The letter concerning twenty years of service was equally official and impersonal. The regional sales manager failed to show a concern for the employee, or, a supportive approach toward Burns. Individual differences in terms of Burns’s needs were not considered. He was not treated with human dignity. When problems have been identified adequately, the instructor can then focus on what actions would constitute better handling of this situation. This approach provides the instructor an opportunity to emphasize that the remainder of the book will be devoted to providing frameworks and ideas that will help students understand organizational situations so that they can avoid the kinds of mistakes that the regional sales manager made. Experiential Exercise Ethics in Organizational Behavior As discussed in the chapter, ethics in organizational behavior is a major concern for all organizational stakeholders. The following examples quickly illustrate situations students may experience as a manager. Many other points may be made about each case: 1. A manager, following the law of individual differences, allows her six employees to establish their own starting times for work each day. • Who will oversee hours worked and changes, there is no continuity in day? • Will workers be honest and adhere to the schedule? 2. A supervisor finds that members of a certain minority group are faster workers than whites, and thereafter hires only those minorities for particular jobs. • Legal implications (reverse discrimination) • Productivity should be the organizations main goal and this practice should be ok. 3. An organization, frustrated over continual complaints about its appraisal system and pay, decides that “equal pay for all employees” (despite differences in their performance) will work best. • Rewarding the ‘bad’ and punishing the hard workers • Did the organization investigate the problems with the appraisal system, i.e. what the employees were actually being rewarded for? Did the employees have control over the outcome of their performance? • High performers may actually do less work thereby decreasing overall productivity. 4. An organization is faced with a possible union certification election. To find out what employees are thinking, top management installs electronic eavesdropping equipment in the cafeteria. • Are there legal implications for this behavior? • No privacy for employees during non-work/break time 5. A company hires a consulting firm to conduct an attitude survey of its employees. When the consultants suggest that they could code the questionnaires secretly so that responses could be traced back to individuals, the company agrees that it would be “interesting.” • Not using the survey to find out how to better the company but to punish unfavorable/honesty in the respondents Generating OB Insights Students’ responses will vary for this exercise. They should however, highlight several of the major topics discussed in the chapter such as ethics, the positive characteristics and limitations of OB, the four elements of OB, etc. Chapter 2 Models of Organizational Behavior Suggested Answers to Discussion Questions 1. Interview some managers to identify their visions for their organization. What are those visions? Where did they come from? How successfully have they been communicated to the employees, and how successfully have they been embraced by the employees? Students’ answers will vary due to the diverse organizations that are likely to be studied. Their answers should sketch the “portrait” of the organization and its vision. Manager 1: Alex Johnson, CEO of Tech Innovators Inc. Vision: Alex envisions Tech Innovators Inc. as a leader in sustainable technology, aiming to create eco-friendly products that reduce carbon footprints and enhance everyday life. Origin of the Vision: This vision originated from Alex’s personal passion for environmental sustainability and his background in environmental engineering. His experiences working with various green technologies and his belief in corporate social responsibility shaped this vision. Communication to Employees: The vision has been communicated through multiple channels: regular town hall meetings, the company’s intranet, and an annual sustainability report. Alex also emphasizes the vision in the onboarding process and through regular training programs focused on sustainability practices. Employee Embrace: Employee surveys and feedback indicate a high level of alignment with the vision. Initiatives such as the 'Green Ideas' program, where employees suggest sustainable practices, have seen enthusiastic participation, showing that the vision is well-embraced. Additionally, the company has seen a reduction in turnover rates and an increase in employee engagement scores, suggesting that the vision resonates with and motivates the workforce. Manager 2: Maria Lopez, HR Director at HealthCare Plus Vision: Maria’s vision for HealthCare Plus is to be recognized as the most patient-centric healthcare provider, ensuring that every patient feels cared for, respected, and valued. Origin of the Vision: This vision emerged from Maria’s extensive experience in patient care and her observations of gaps in the industry. Her commitment to improving patient experiences and her academic background in healthcare management played significant roles in shaping this vision. Communication to Employees: Maria has communicated this vision through a comprehensive internal communications strategy, including newsletters, workshops, and patient experience training sessions. The vision is also prominently displayed in common areas and included in the company’s mission statement and strategic plans. Employee Embrace: Patient satisfaction surveys have shown significant improvement, and there has been a notable increase in positive patient feedback. Employees have shown a high level of engagement in training programs and have actively contributed to developing new patient care initiatives, indicating successful adoption of the vision. The organization has also received several industry awards for patient care excellence, reflecting both internal and external validation of the vision’s embrace. Manager 3: Robert Nguyen, Operations Manager at Global Manufacturing Co. Vision: Robert’s vision is for Global Manufacturing Co. to become a benchmark for operational excellence and innovation in the manufacturing sector, emphasizing efficiency, quality, and cutting-edge technology. Origin of the Vision: Robert’s vision is rooted in his background in industrial engineering and his experience in leading successful operational transformations. His continuous pursuit of excellence and innovation, combined with lessons learned from industry best practices, inspired this vision. Communication to Employees: The vision has been communicated through various initiatives such as the ‘Excellence in Operations’ program, monthly performance review meetings, and internal innovation contests. Robert also leverages digital platforms to share success stories and operational milestones with all employees. Employee Embrace: The vision has been embraced effectively, as evidenced by the significant improvements in key performance indicators (KPIs) such as production efficiency, product quality, and on-time delivery rates. Employees actively participate in the innovation contests and regularly contribute to process improvement suggestions. The company's enhanced reputation for operational excellence has also attracted top talent, further indicating the vision’s successful internalization. Conclusion: Across the three interviews, it is clear that the origin of a manager’s vision is deeply personal and often shaped by their professional experiences and passions. Effective communication of the vision is critical and typically involves multiple channels and consistent reinforcement. When successfully communicated and embraced, the vision can lead to significant positive outcomes such as increased employee engagement, improved performance metrics, and enhanced organizational reputation. 2. Both philosophy and vision are somewhat hazy concepts. How can they be made clear to employees? Why are philosophy and vision included as early elements in the organizational behavior system? Give an example of an organizational vision you have read about or heard of. Philosophy and vision can best be made clear to employees by the behavior of the managers themselves and through consistent efforts to communicate the portrait of the organization to all its members. These concepts are early elements of the organizational behavior system because they are the very foundations of that system; the system must be consistent with, and supportive of, the philosophy and vision of the organization. Students’ examples will vary. Philosophy and vision, though abstract concepts, can be made clear to employees through effective communication and practical implementation strategies. Here are some ways to clarify these concepts and their importance in the organizational behavior system: Clarifying Philosophy and Vision: 1. Clear Communication: Leaders should articulate the philosophy and vision in straightforward, relatable terms. Regular communication through meetings, emails, and internal newsletters can help reinforce these concepts. 2. Visual Representation: Using visual aids like posters, infographics, and videos to depict the philosophy and vision can make them more tangible and memorable. 3. Training and Workshops: Conducting training sessions and workshops where employees can discuss and understand the philosophy and vision in depth. 4. Integration into Daily Operations: Embedding the philosophy and vision into everyday activities, decision-making processes, and company policies. For instance, aligning performance goals and rewards with the organization’s vision. 5. Role Modeling: Leaders and managers should demonstrate the philosophy and vision through their actions and decisions, setting a standard for employees to follow. 6. Feedback and Involvement: Encouraging employees to provide feedback and be involved in shaping the philosophy and vision helps in making them feel connected and understood. Importance of Philosophy and Vision: Early Elements in the Organizational Behavior System: 1. Guidance and Direction: Philosophy and vision provide a sense of purpose and direction. They help in aligning individual goals with organizational goals, ensuring everyone works towards a common objective. 2. Cultural Foundation: They form the cultural foundation of the organization, influencing behavior, attitudes, and practices within the company. 3. Motivation and Engagement: A compelling vision can inspire and motivate employees, fostering a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization. 4. Decision-Making Framework: Philosophy and vision serve as a framework for decision-making, helping leaders and employees make choices that are consistent with the organization’s core values and long-term goals. Example of an Organizational Vision: One notable example is Google's vision: "To provide access to the world’s information in one click." This vision is clear and concise, guiding Google's strategic decisions and innovations. It underscores the company’s commitment to making information universally accessible and useful, which is reflected in all its products and services. This vision helps employees understand the broader impact of their work and align their efforts with the company's overarching goal. By making philosophy and vision clear and integrating them into the organizational culture, companies can ensure that all employees are on the same page, working towards a shared purpose and contributing to the organization's success. 3. What benefits do you see from allowing and encouraging spirituality at work? What are the risks of doing so? Students’ answers will vary and will be impacted by their age, level of spirituality, recent world events related to religion, and experience as a manager (if any). Benefits of Allowing and Encouraging Spirituality at Work 1. Enhanced Employee Well-being: • Emotional Support: Spirituality can provide employees with emotional support, helping them cope with stress and personal challenges. • Sense of Purpose: It can give employees a sense of purpose and meaning in their work, contributing to overall job satisfaction and well-being. 2. Improved Organizational Culture: • Positive Work Environment: Encouraging spirituality can foster a positive and inclusive work environment, where employees feel valued and respected. • Ethical Behavior: Spirituality often promotes ethical behavior and integrity, which can enhance the organization's reputation and trustworthiness. 3. Increased Productivity and Creativity: • Motivation and Engagement: Employees who feel spiritually connected are often more motivated and engaged, leading to higher productivity. • Creative Problem-Solving: Spiritual practices such as meditation and mindfulness can enhance creativity and innovative thinking. 4. Stronger Interpersonal Relationships: • Team Cohesion: Shared spiritual values and practices can strengthen bonds between employees, improving teamwork and collaboration. • Conflict Resolution: Spirituality can provide tools for resolving conflicts peacefully and constructively. Risks of Allowing and Encouraging Spirituality at Work 1. Inclusivity and Diversity Challenges: • Exclusion: Promoting specific spiritual practices may exclude or alienate employees with different beliefs or non-religious views. • Discrimination: There is a risk of perceived or actual discrimination if the organization's spiritual practices favor certain beliefs over others. 2. Blurring Boundaries: • Professionalism: Excessive emphasis on spirituality might blur the boundaries between personal and professional life, potentially affecting workplace professionalism. • Distraction: Spiritual activities could become a distraction if not managed properly, potentially impacting productivity. 3. Legal and Ethical Issues: • Religious Freedom: Encouraging spirituality at work must be done carefully to respect religious freedom and avoid potential legal issues related to religious discrimination. • Coercion: Employees might feel coerced into participating in spiritual activities, leading to discomfort and dissatisfaction. 4. Potential Conflicts: • Diverse Beliefs: In a diverse workplace, differing spiritual beliefs can lead to conflicts if not managed with sensitivity and respect. • Misinterpretation: Spirituality might be misinterpreted or misused by some employees, leading to misunderstandings or misuse of company resources. Conclusion Encouraging spirituality at work can offer numerous benefits, such as enhanced employee well-being, improved organizational culture, increased productivity, and stronger interpersonal relationships. However, it also poses risks, including challenges related to inclusivity and diversity, blurring of professional boundaries, legal and ethical issues, and potential conflicts. To maximize the benefits and minimize the risks, organizations should promote spirituality in an inclusive, respectful, and voluntary manner, ensuring that all employees feel comfortable and valued regardless of their spiritual beliefs. 4. Consider an organization where you now work (or where you have worked). What model (paradigm) of organizational behavior does (did) your supervisor follow? Is (was) it the same as top management’s model? Students’ answers will vary. They should be able to identify one of the five models of organizational behavior shown in Figure 2.4. It may be that the lower-level manager’s model was different from that of top management in that organization, but that is not typically the case. Top management’s basic paradigm is often imbued in all members of the organization. In considering the organization where I currently work, Acme Steel, my supervisor primarily follows the Human Relations Model of organizational behavior. This model emphasizes the importance of employee satisfaction, motivation, and a positive work environment. Here’s how this model manifests in my experience: 1. Employee-Centric Approach: • My supervisor prioritizes open communication and regularly seeks feedback from the team. There is a genuine effort to understand and address employees' concerns and needs. • We have regular team meetings where employees can voice their opinions and contribute to decision-making processes. This inclusiveness fosters a sense of belonging and value among team members. 2. Focus on Motivation and Morale: • My supervisor places a strong emphasis on recognizing and rewarding employees' efforts. This includes both formal recognition programs and informal acknowledgments, which boost morale and motivation. • There is also an emphasis on providing opportunities for professional growth and development, such as training programs and career advancement paths. 3. Supportive Work Environment: • My supervisor encourages a supportive and collaborative work culture. Team-building activities and social events are organized to strengthen interpersonal relationships and create a positive workplace atmosphere. • Work-life balance is also a priority, with flexible work schedules and support for personal well-being. Comparison with Top Management’s Model Top management at Acme Steel appears to follow a different model, namely the System Model of organizational behavior. This model focuses on a comprehensive, integrated approach to managing the organization as a whole, emphasizing efficiency, productivity, and strategic alignment. Here are some characteristics of the top management’s approach: 1. Strategic Alignment and Efficiency: • Top management prioritizes aligning organizational goals with strategic objectives. This includes rigorous performance metrics and efficiency benchmarks. • There is a strong focus on streamlining processes and optimizing resource allocation to achieve maximum productivity. 2. Formalized Structures and Processes: • The organization has well-defined structures and formalized processes in place. This includes clear hierarchies, standardized procedures, and comprehensive policies. • Decision-making tends to be centralized, with top management making strategic decisions and cascading them down through the organization. 3. Emphasis on Innovation and Competitiveness: • Top management encourages innovation and competitiveness. This is evident in the investment in research and development, as well as in initiatives aimed at gaining a competitive edge in the market. • The organization is committed to continuous improvement and adaptation to changing market conditions. Alignment and Differences While my supervisor's human relations approach emphasizes employee well-being and satisfaction, top management's system model focuses on strategic efficiency and organizational alignment. These differing models can sometimes lead to tensions or misalignments, especially when top-down strategic decisions do not fully account for the human-centric considerations valued by my supervisor. However, both models have their merits and, when balanced effectively, can contribute to the overall success and health of the organization. In summary, my supervisor’s approach aligns with the human relations model, emphasizing employee satisfaction and a supportive work environment, while top management follows a system model, focusing on strategic alignment, efficiency, and competitiveness. Understanding these models and their implications can help in navigating and harmonizing different aspects of organizational behavior within the company. 5. Discuss similarities and differences among the five models of organizational behavior. Students’ answers may vary. The five models of organizational behavior are autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial, and system. The models were formulated on the assumption that managers hold attitudes about people, and these attitudes lead to different interpretations of events and styles of management. Figure 2.4 shows each model’s basis, managerial orientation, employee orientation, employee psychological result, employee needs met, and performance result. Upon comparison, the differences among the models are quite obvious; for example, managerial orientation is authority for the autocratic model, money for the custodial model, support for the supportive model, teamwork for the collegial model, and caring and compassion for system model. Similarities are more difficult to identify. Students may suggest that the similarity among the models is their attempt (during the period of their individual appeal) to guide managerial behavior in an effort to improve the organization’s performance as a whole. The five models of organizational behavior discussed in the book "Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work" are the autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial, and system models. Each model represents a different approach to managing and motivating employees within an organization. Here's a discussion of the similarities and differences among these models: Similarities: 1. Goal-Oriented: All models aim to enhance organizational effectiveness and employee performance. 2. Management and Leadership Focus: Each model emphasizes the role of management and leadership in shaping employee behavior and organizational culture. 3. Employee-Organization Relationship: All models address the relationship between employees and the organization, though the nature of this relationship varies across models. 4. Influence on Employee Behavior: Each model seeks to influence employee behavior, whether through control, benefits, support, collaboration, or systemic integration. Differences: 1. Autocratic Model: • Characteristics: This model is based on power and authority, with management having control over decision-making and employees expected to follow orders. • Employee Motivation: Motivation comes from the need to comply and avoid punishment. • Management Style: Authoritarian and directive. 2. Custodial Model: • Characteristics: This model focuses on providing economic security and benefits to employees. • Employee Motivation: Motivation arises from job security and financial rewards. • Management Style: Paternalistic, emphasizing welfare and benefits. 3. Supportive Model: • Characteristics: This model emphasizes leadership and support, aiming to inspire and motivate employees. • Employee Motivation: Motivation comes from job satisfaction, recognition, and a sense of accomplishment. • Management Style: Democratic and participative. 4. Collegial Model: • Characteristics: This model is based on partnership and teamwork, fostering a sense of collaboration and shared responsibility. • Employee Motivation: Motivation is driven by self-discipline and the sense of belonging to a team. • Management Style: Cooperative and team-oriented. 5. System Model: • Characteristics: This model integrates all aspects of organizational behavior, considering the interrelationships between the individual, the group, the organization, and the environment. • Employee Motivation: Motivation is complex and multi-faceted, influenced by systemic thinking and the alignment of individual and organizational goals. • Management Style: Holistic and integrative, focusing on continuous improvement and systemic changes. Conclusion: The five models of organizational behavior differ primarily in their underlying assumptions about human nature and motivation, as well as their approaches to management and leadership. The autocratic model relies on control and authority, the custodial model on economic security, the supportive model on leadership and support, the collegial model on teamwork, and the system model on integration and systemic thinking. Despite these differences, all models aim to improve organizational effectiveness and employee performance by addressing different aspects of the employee-organization relationship. 6. What model of organizational behavior would be most appropriate in each of the following situations? (Assume that you must use the kinds of employees and supervisors currently available in your local labor market.) a. Long-distance telephone operators in a very large office b. Accountants with a small certified professional accounting firm c. Food servers in a local branch of a prominent fast-food chain d. Salesclerks in a large discount department store e. Circus laborers temporarily employed to work the week that the circus is in town To determine the most appropriate model of organizational behavior for each situation, it's important to consider the nature of the work, the type of employees involved, and the management style that will best motivate and support those employees. Here are the suggested models for each situation: a. Long-distance telephone operators in a very large office Model: Autocratic Reasoning: Long-distance telephone operators often perform repetitive tasks that require adherence to specific protocols and standards. The autocratic model, which emphasizes control and direct supervision, is suitable for ensuring consistency and efficiency in such a structured environment. This model allows for clear direction and quick decision-making, which is essential in a large office setting with many operators. b. Accountants with a small certified professional accounting firm Model: Supportive Reasoning: Accountants in a small firm benefit from a supportive model that emphasizes leadership, recognition, and job satisfaction. This model fosters a positive work environment where employees feel valued and motivated to perform at their best. The supportive model encourages professional development and a collaborative atmosphere, which is crucial in a small firm where each employee's contribution significantly impacts the business. c. Food servers in a local branch of a prominent fast-food chain Model: Custodial Reasoning: Food servers in a fast-food chain often seek job security and benefits. The custodial model, which focuses on providing economic security through benefits and job stability, is appropriate in this context. This model helps reduce turnover and improves employee satisfaction by ensuring that basic needs are met, allowing employees to focus on providing good service. d. Salesclerks in a large discount department store Model: Collegial Reasoning: Salesclerks in a large discount department store can benefit from the collegial model, which emphasizes teamwork and shared responsibility. This model promotes a sense of partnership among employees, leading to a collaborative and supportive work environment. It encourages self-discipline and mutual respect, which can enhance customer service and overall store performance. e. Circus laborers temporarily employed to work the week that the circus is in town Model: Autocratic Reasoning: Circus laborers hired temporarily for a short period need clear direction and supervision to complete their tasks efficiently and safely. The autocratic model, which focuses on control and directive management, is suitable for this situation. It ensures that tasks are performed correctly and timely, which is critical when dealing with temporary labor and tight schedules. Conclusion The most appropriate model of organizational behavior varies depending on the specific context and needs of the employees and the organization. For long-distance telephone operators and circus laborers, the autocratic model provides the necessary control and supervision. Accountants in a small firm thrive under the supportive model, which fosters professional growth and job satisfaction. Food servers in a fast-food chain benefit from the custodial model's focus on economic security, while salesclerks in a large discount department store perform best in a collegial environment that emphasizes teamwork and shared responsibility. Students’ answers may vary, but may include these thoughts: a. Probably custodial. Operators’ jobs are relatively simple but require skill obtained over time, making the operators economic resources in the eyes of management. Little opportunity for supportive or collegial approaches exists. b. Probably collegial. This is a small firm, made up of professional employees. These employees should be expected to behave responsibly and have considerable self-discipline. Further, they all perform similar or related job tasks. c. Students may say custodial, but chances are that the environment of this organization, because of its service dimension and multiple tasks, is supportive. d. This is a service-oriented setting, indicating the need for a supportive approach. Again, students may, because of their own fact premises, conclude that this scenario is custodial or even autocratic. e. Usually autocratic. Emphasis here is on a minimum performance expectation and task completion. 7. Discuss why the supportive, collegial, and system models of organizational behavior are especially appropriate for use in the more affluent nations. Students’ answers may vary. The supportive and collegial models serve to meet employee needs of status and recognition and self-actualization. Employee needs in underdeveloped nations revolve around subsistence and social conditions. Status and recognition and self-actualization will not put a roof over their heads or food on their tables. The autocratic and custodial models are appropriate in these situations. The system model focuses on Maslow’s higher level needs, issues which are of greater concern in affluent nations in which basic survival needs have largely been met. The supportive, collegial, and system models of organizational behavior are particularly suitable for more affluent nations due to several interrelated factors: 1. Higher Levels of Education and Skill: Affluent nations typically have higher levels of education and skill among their workforce. This allows for greater autonomy and encourages a more participative style of management, which aligns well with the supportive, collegial, and system models. These models thrive on employee initiative, collaboration, and self-direction, which are more feasible when employees are well-educated and skilled. 2. Economic Stability and Resources: Wealthier nations often have more economic stability and resources, which can be invested in developing a supportive and collaborative organizational culture. This includes providing adequate training, development programs, and ensuring fair compensation. Such investments create a foundation for these models to succeed, as they require a certain level of resource commitment to sustain supportive and collegial relationships. 3. Cultural Expectations and Values: In affluent societies, there is often a cultural expectation for greater respect, recognition, and involvement in decision-making processes. Employees in these contexts are more likely to value and expect supportive relationships and a collegial work environment where their contributions are recognized and valued. The system model, which emphasizes interdependence and alignment between organizational subsystems, aligns with these cultural values, fostering a sense of belonging and purpose among employees. 4. Technological Advancements: Affluent nations are usually at the forefront of technological advancements, which facilitate more effective communication, collaboration, and streamlined processes within organizations. This technological infrastructure supports the implementation of system models, which rely on integrated and coordinated efforts across various departments and functions. 5. Emphasis on Innovation and Creativity: The competitive nature of affluent markets often drives organizations to foster innovation and creativity. Supportive and collegial models create an environment where employees feel empowered and motivated to contribute innovative ideas, leading to continuous improvement and organizational growth. These models support a culture of trust and collaboration, which are crucial for fostering creativity. 6. Focus on Quality of Work Life: In more affluent nations, there is a stronger emphasis on quality of work life, including work-life balance, job satisfaction, and overall well-being. Supportive and collegial models prioritize these aspects, creating a more humane and engaging work environment that attracts and retains top talent. Overall, the supportive, collegial, and system models are particularly effective in affluent nations because they leverage the higher levels of education, economic resources, cultural values, technological infrastructure, focus on innovation, and emphasis on quality of work life that are more prevalent in these contexts. These factors create a conducive environment for these models to thrive and contribute to organizational success. 8. Interview a supervisor or manager to identify the model of organizational behavior that person believes in. Explain why you think that the supervisor’s or manager’s behavior would or would not reflect those beliefs. Students’ answers will vary. The supervisor or manager should behave in a manner consistent with the organizational behavior model identified by the student. It is very difficult for a person to behave in a much different manner from the actions indicated by that person’s values. However, students may initially be concerned that the manager or supervisor is performing a role imposed by the organizational behavior system of top management. To address the question, I interviewed Jane Doe, a manager at a mid-sized technology company. During the interview, Jane expressed that she believes in the collegial model of organizational behavior. She emphasized the importance of teamwork, mutual respect, and shared responsibility in achieving organizational goals. Beliefs and Behaviors of the Manager: 1. Teamwork and Collaboration: • Belief: Jane believes that a collegial atmosphere fosters a sense of partnership among employees, which enhances productivity and job satisfaction. • Behavior: Jane regularly organizes team-building activities and encourages collaborative projects. She promotes open communication and often holds brainstorming sessions where every team member can contribute ideas. 2. Mutual Respect: • Belief: Jane holds that mutual respect is essential for a positive work environment. She believes that when employees feel respected, they are more engaged and motivated. • Behavior: Jane demonstrates respect by actively listening to her team members, acknowledging their contributions, and providing constructive feedback. She ensures that everyone feels valued and respected in the workplace. 3. Shared Responsibility: • Belief: Jane believes that shared responsibility leads to a stronger commitment to organizational objectives. When employees feel a sense of ownership, they are more likely to perform at their best. • Behavior: Jane delegates tasks and responsibilities evenly across her team. She empowers employees to take initiative and make decisions, fostering a sense of ownership and accountability. Reflection on Manager's Behavior and Beliefs: Jane’s behavior aligns well with her belief in the collegial model. The following points illustrate this alignment: • Encouraging Collaboration: Her efforts to promote teamwork through collaborative projects and team-building activities reflect her belief in the collegial model. These practices help build a cohesive team where members support each other, enhancing overall productivity. • Promoting Respect: Jane’s commitment to fostering mutual respect is evident in her management style. By actively listening and valuing her team members' input, she creates an inclusive and supportive work environment. This behavior is consistent with the collegial model, which emphasizes mutual respect and partnership. • Delegating Responsibility: Jane’s approach to delegating tasks and empowering her team members demonstrates her belief in shared responsibility. This practice not only distributes workload effectively but also instills a sense of ownership among employees, which is a key aspect of the collegial model. Conclusion: Based on the interview, it is clear that Jane’s behaviors reflect her belief in the collegial model of organizational behavior. Her focus on teamwork, mutual respect, and shared responsibility creates a supportive and collaborative work environment, which aligns with the principles of the collegial model. This alignment between her beliefs and behaviors contributes to a positive organizational culture and enhances overall team performance. 9. Examine the trends in the models of organizational behavior as they have developed over a period of time. Why have the trends moved in a positive direction? Students’ answers may vary. The model names show that there has been a move from tight control of employees (autocratic) to involvement of employees as contributors (collegial). The prevailing issues of each time period prompted development of the models. The move from an autocratic to a custodial point of view occurred because management realized that employees expressed their frustrations and hostilities by means that were affecting productivity. They concluded that eliminating the frustrations through welfare programs would solve this problem. However, these programs did not fulfill or motivate employees, which led to the development of the supportive approach. This approach sought to help employees grow and accomplish goals within the organization. The collegial model took the supportive model one step further by establishing a partnership with employees. The system model involves passionate commitment by employees. The models of organizational behavior have evolved significantly over time, reflecting changes in societal values, economic conditions, and advancements in management theories. These trends have generally moved in a positive direction, contributing to more effective, humane, and productive organizational environments. Here’s an examination of these trends and the reasons behind their positive development: Trends in the Models of Organizational Behavior 1. Autocratic Model: • Historical Context: The autocratic model, prevalent in the early industrial age, was characterized by top-down management, strict control, and obedience. • Limitations: This model often led to low employee morale, high turnover, and limited innovation, as it did not consider the needs and motivations of employees. 2. Custodial Model: • Development: In response to the drawbacks of the autocratic model, the custodial model emerged, focusing on providing economic security and benefits to employees. • Improvements: This model improved job security and employee welfare but still did not fully address employees’ psychological and social needs, leading to passive employee behavior. 3. Supportive Model: • Evolution: The supportive model marked a shift towards understanding and addressing employees’ higher-order needs, such as recognition and personal growth. • Benefits: This model encouraged a more dynamic and engaged workforce by fostering a supportive environment, promoting job satisfaction, and motivating employees through leadership support. 4. Collegial Model: • Advancements: Further development led to the collegial model, which emphasized partnership, teamwork, and shared responsibility. • Impact: By treating employees as partners, this model improved collaboration, innovation, and a sense of ownership, contributing to higher morale and productivity. 5. System Model: • Modern Approach: The system model represents the latest evolution, focusing on the interdependence of all organizational aspects and recognizing the organization as a complex system. • Holistic View: This model integrates individual, team, and organizational goals, fostering adaptability, continuous learning, and a holistic approach to problem-solving. Reasons for Positive Trends 1. Humanization of Workplaces: • Employee Well-being: Modern models place greater emphasis on employee well-being, recognizing that satisfied and motivated employees are more productive and innovative. • Work-Life Balance: There is a growing focus on work-life balance, mental health, and creating a positive work environment, contributing to overall organizational success. 2. Recognition of Intrinsic Motivations: • Beyond Monetary Rewards: The shift from custodial to supportive and collegial models reflects an understanding that intrinsic motivations, such as recognition, self-actualization, and meaningful work, are crucial for employee engagement. • Empowerment: Empowering employees and involving them in decision-making processes enhance their commitment and performance. 3. Technological and Societal Changes: • Globalization and Technology: Advances in technology and the rise of a global workforce have necessitated more flexible, adaptive, and collaborative organizational models. • Diverse Workforce: Increasing diversity in the workplace requires more inclusive and supportive management approaches to harness the full potential of diverse talents. 4. Focus on Innovation and Agility: • Competitive Advantage: In today’s fast-paced and competitive business environment, fostering innovation and agility through supportive and collegial models is essential for maintaining a competitive edge. • Continuous Improvement: The system model's emphasis on continuous learning and improvement aligns with the need for organizations to adapt and evolve continuously. 5. Ethical and Social Responsibility: • Corporate Social Responsibility: Modern models reflect a growing emphasis on ethical behavior, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable business practices. • Stakeholder Engagement: Organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of engaging all stakeholders, including employees, customers, and the community, to build sustainable and responsible businesses. Conclusion The evolution of organizational behavior models has moved in a positive direction due to a greater understanding of human motivation, advancements in technology, and changes in societal values. By focusing on employee well-being, intrinsic motivations, innovation, and ethical practices, modern models create more dynamic, engaging, and productive workplaces. This positive trend not only benefits employees but also enhances overall organizational performance and sustainability. 10. Assume that a friend of yours contends that “the system model is obviously ‘best’ to use with all employees, or it wouldn’t have been placed on the right side of the figure.” How would you respond? Students’ answers may vary. No single model is necessarily “best.” In many settings, it is becoming more and more the case that the system model is being used, but there are settings, such as assembly lines, in which the system model would be difficult to implement. The system model does have many attractive features, both for managers and employees, but it must be matched to a situation where it can actually be fully implemented. While the system model is indeed advanced and has many benefits, it is important to recognize that no single model is universally "best" for all situations and employees. The effectiveness of a model depends on various factors, including the organizational context, the nature of the work, and the specific needs and characteristics of the employees. Here’s how I would respond to my friend’s contention: Response to the Friend’s Contention 1. Context Matters: • Organizational Context: The appropriateness of the system model depends on the specific context of the organization. For example, a highly bureaucratic or hierarchical organization might find it challenging to implement a system model effectively without significant cultural and structural changes. • Nature of Work: Different types of work require different management approaches. Highly creative or knowledge-based work might thrive under the system model, while routine, manual tasks might be better managed with a more structured approach. 2. Employee Needs and Preferences: • Individual Differences: Employees have diverse needs and preferences. Some may prefer the autonomy and interdependence promoted by the system model, while others might feel more comfortable with the clear guidance and support provided by the supportive or collegial models. • Motivation Levels: The system model assumes a high level of intrinsic motivation and self-direction among employees. If employees are not at that level of motivation or readiness, they may require more direct support and supervision. 3. Organizational Maturity: • Development Stage: Organizations at different stages of development may benefit from different models. Start-ups or rapidly growing companies might need the flexibility and adaptability of the system model, while more established organizations might rely on the stability provided by custodial or supportive models. • Cultural Readiness: The system model requires a culture of trust, collaboration, and continuous improvement. Organizations that are not culturally ready for such a model might need to first focus on building a supportive or collegial culture. 4. Hybrid Approaches: • Combining Models: Often, the best approach is to combine elements of different models to suit specific needs and situations. For instance, an organization might use the supportive model for most employees while applying the system model to teams working on innovative projects. • Flexibility and Adaptability: Managers should be flexible and adaptable, using different models as appropriate. The ability to shift between models based on the situation can lead to better overall outcomes than rigidly adhering to one model. 5. Evolution Over Time: • Gradual Implementation: Implementing the system model might require a gradual transition. Organizations can start with supportive or collegial models and evolve towards the system model as employees and the organization develop the necessary capabilities and culture. • Continuous Improvement: The journey towards the system model can involve continuous learning and improvement, adapting the approach based on feedback and changing circumstances. Conclusion While the system model has many advantages and represents a sophisticated approach to organizational behavior, it is not universally the "best" model for all employees and situations. The effectiveness of any model depends on the organizational context, the nature of the work, the needs and preferences of employees, and the overall readiness of the organization. A flexible and adaptable approach, combining elements from different models and evolving over time, is often the most effective strategy for achieving organizational success. Assess Your Own Skills Students should honestly circle the number on the response scale that most closely reflects the degree to which each statement accurately describes them. This section will help them understand how well they exhibit facilitator skills. Incident The New Plant Manager This case is a classic illustrates that from the very beginning, the plant manager, Butterfield, took an autocratic approach toward solving problems in the Houston Plant. He severely depreciated the human assets of the organization in order to accomplish a quick increase in productivity, based on instructions from higher management to “straighten out” the Houston plant. The deterioration of human assets is apparent from supervisory resignations and the severe decline in effectiveness when Butterfield departed after his promotion to the New York home office. In terms of long-run economic costs alone, offsetting the short-run improvements with the longer-run declines, Butterfield probably did not bring economic gain to the organization. Certainly when human costs are also weighed in this situation, Butterfield’s effect on the organization was negative rather than positive. Nevertheless, Butterfield gained a promotion. This fact raises questions about reporting and evaluation procedures used by the home office to appraise performance in the Houston plant. Apparently the home office is receiving reports on, and evaluating, only economic assets and performance. It needs to reconsider its reporting and evaluation procedures to be sure that human asset values as represented by organizational climate are considered in the future. As a final step in working this case, students may be asked to recommend improved ways to manage conditions in the Houston plant to the plant manager who follows Butterfield. The rather evident approach is a more human-oriented climate and more of a supportive model of organizational behavior. Experiential Exercise The Rapid Corporation A policy statement is a guide to action. It will not mean much unless company actions change with it. It would appear ridiculous and insincere if the policy statement is substantially different from actual practice in the company. Since this company is dominated by a strong, self-made man (who may be presumed to have an autocratic philosophy), it is important for the office manager to determine if the president’s philosophy really has changed. Probably it has changed only a small amount, if at all, because it is very rare for a single conference to change a manager’s model of organizational behavior. If these assumptions are correct, then a policy statement giving the supportive model of organizational behavior would probably be unrealistic; however, the office manager may offer a policy statement that moves somewhat in a more human-oriented direction, so that it represents an attainable goal for the firm. When that goal is more nearly attained or when the president’s philosophy grows more human-oriented, then the policy statement may be upgraded. Another approach is to make a strong statement of the supportive model of organizational behavior, assuming that the president will sign it while he is under the influence of conference ideas, and then to use the statement to bring pressure on the president to live up to his ideals stated in the policy. This approach offers both more potential risk and more potential gain. The chart of an organizational behavior system shows that philosophy should precede action in a program for improved organizational climate, but in this case the stated philosophy might be so false that it would not hold up. Generating OB Insights Students’ responses will vary for this exercise. They should however, highlight several of the major topics discussed in the chapter such as the elements of an organizational behavior system, the role of management’s philosophy and paradigms, etc. Solution Manual for Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work John W. Newstrom 9780078112829, 9781259254420
Download
Close
Close
