This Document Contains Chapters 19 to 20 Chapter Extension 19 Hyper-Social Organizations and Knowledge Management Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following is characteristic of a hyper-social organization? A) using social media in an old-style, organization-centric manner B) sending messages that attempt to manage, influence, and control customers and partners C) interacting with customers and partners in a more humane way D) pertaining marketing to employees and not customers Answer: C 2) Which of the following statements is true of the transition of channels to networks in a hyper-social organization? A) Hyper-social organizations use networks to transmit messages valued by recipients. B) Networks transmit data, whereas channels transmit knowledge. C) Social media limits the formation of communities based on common interests. D) Organizations must engage with networks in consumer communities, to attract consumers. Answer: D 3) Which of the following dynamic process activities involves determining what the communities an individual cares about are saying about him, and identifying the structure, goals, and dynamic of communities with which he wants to relate? A) activate B) sense C) measure D) engage Answer: B 4) Which of the following dynamic process activities involves creating relationships with different communities? A) activate B) sense C) measure D) engage Answer: D 5) Which of the following dynamic process activities involves connecting communities to internal value chains and processes? A) activate B) sense C) measure D) engage Answer: A 6) Which of the following dynamic process activities involves analyzing the success of an organization in terms of social capital? A) activate B) sense C) measure D) engage Answer: C 7) Which of the following dynamic process activities involves publicizing community successes? A) sense B) activate C) engage D) story tell Answer: D 8) The process of creating value from intellectual capital and sharing that knowledge with employees, managers, suppliers, customers, and others who need that capital is referred to as ___________. A) knowledge management B) value engineering C) knowledge engineering D) earned value management Answer: A 9) ___________ refer to rule-based systems that encode human knowledge in the form of If/Then rules. A) Document management systems B) Expert systems C) Content management systems D) Enterprise resource planning systems Answer: B 10) Which of the following is a disadvantage of expert systems? A) They cannot be updated to meet the changes in technology. B) They cannot consist of more than one if/else rule. C) It is difficult to introduce a new rule in the system. D) The system's knowledge is available only to high-skilled experts. Answer: C 11) Which of the following statements is true of expert systems? A) Small changes in the rules can cause unexpected outcomes. B) The programs that process a set of rules are called expert systems codes. C) They are easy to maintain because of their rule-based nature. D) They require very few labor hours from both experts and designers. Answer: A 12) ___________ are information systems that support the management and delivery of documents and other expressions of employee knowledge. A) Document management systems B) Enterprise resource systems C) Expert systems D) Content management systems Answer: D 13) Which of the following is a challenge of content management? A) Content databases cannot hold large numbers of documents. B) Documents exist in isolation from each other. C) The systems must maintain linkages among documents. D) The document contents are nonperishable. Answer: C 14) Which of the following statements is true of the content management application alternatives? A) In-house systems are far less expensive to maintain than off-the-shelf products. B) Operations develop an in-house system to track machine maintenance procedures. C) Custom content management applications are economical to develop and maintain. D) Off-the-shelf products have considerably less functionality than most in-house systems. Answer: B 15) The largest collection of documents ever assembled exists on the Internet, and the world's best known document search engine is ___________. A) Yahoo B) Bing C) Google D) AltaVista Answer: C 16) A(n) ___________ is an employee directory that includes not only the standard name, email, phone, and address, but also organizational structure and expertise. A) rich directory B) article directory C) external directory D) web directory Answer: A 17) Which of the following factors inhibit knowledge sharing in hyper-social organizations? A) employees' reluctance to exhibit their ignorance B) strong collaboration among employees C) the extroversive nature of employees D) strong endorsements to employees on sharing ideas Answer: A True or False 1) Hyper-social organizations use social media in an organization-centric manner. Answer: False 2) The concepts and language of the hyper-social organization model are marketing-oriented. Answer: True 3) Modern day customers want informed, useful interactions with product promoters. Answer: True 4) A hyper-social organization has an established structured messaging process. Answer: False 5) Hyper-social organizations and its executives no longer plan and control organizational messaging. Answer: True 6) Organizations must engage with communities before identifying their goals and objectives. Answer: False 7) One of the goals of knowledge management is to help employees solve problems. Answer: True 8) Knowledge management can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a process. Answer: True 9) Expert systems came into existence long after the use of social media and the Internet. Answer: False 10) Expert systems are easy to maintain. Answer: False 11) The documents in content management systems exist in isolation from each other. Answer: False 12) The documents in content management systems are nonperishable. Answer: False 13) Custom content management applications are expensive to develop and maintain. Answer: True 14) Most in-house systems have considerably more functionality than off-the-shelf products and they are far less expensive to maintain. Answer: False 15) The largest collection of documents ever assembled exists on the Internet, and the world's best-known document search engine is Google. Answer: True 16) Knowledge management has transitioned from authentic relationships to structured systems. Answer: False 17) Rich directories are particularly useful in large organizations where people with particular expertise are unknown. Answer: True Essay 1) What are the characteristics of a hyper-social organization? Answer: A hyper-social organization is an organization that uses social media to transform its interactions with customers, employees, and partners into mutually satisfying relationships with them and their communities. Rather than sending messages that attempt to manage, influence, and control, hyper-social organizations create relationships in which both parties perceive and gain value. In particular, a hyper-social organization is one that has made the four transitions, called pillars. The concepts and language of this model are marketing-oriented, but in this model, marketing is broadly conceived to pertain to employees and partners as well as customers. 2) What is knowledge management? How does it benefit an organization? Answer: Knowledge management (KM) is the process of creating value from intellectual capital and sharing that knowledge with employees, managers, suppliers, customers, and others who need that capital. KM benefits organizations in two fundamental ways: • Improve Process Quality • Increase team strength 3) What are expert systems? Answer: Expert systems are rule-based systems that encode human knowledge in the form of If/Then rules. Such rules are statements that specify if a particular condition exists, then to take some action. The programs that process a set of rules are called expert systems shells. Typically, the shell processes rules until no value changes. At that point, the values of all the variables are reported as results. To create the system of rules, the expert system development team interviews human experts in the domain of interest. Expert systems are difficult and expensive to develop and maintain. 4) What are content management systems? Define any three challenges of content management. Answer: Content management systems are information systems that support the management and delivery of documents and other expressions of employee knowledge. Typical users of content management systems are companies that sell complicated products and want to share their knowledge of those products with employees and customers. Content management systems face serious challenges. First, most content databases are huge; some have thousands of individual documents, pages, and graphics. A second challenge is that CMS content is dynamic. Another complication for content management systems is that documents do not exist in isolation from each other. Documents refer to one another, and multiple documents may refer to the same product or procedure. When one of them changes, others must change as well. To manage these connections, content management systems must maintain linkages among documents so that content dependencies are known and used to maintain document consistency. A fourth complication is that document contents are perishable. Documents become obsolete and need to be altered, removed, or replaced. 5) What are the alternatives to content management applications? Answer: Three common alternatives for content management applications are: 1) In-house custom: In the past, organizations developed their own in-house content management applications. A customer support department, for example, might develop in-house database applications to track customer problems and their resolution. Operations might develop an in-house system to track machine maintenance procedures. Like all custom applications, however, custom content management applications are expensive to develop and maintain. 2) Off-the-shelf: Because of the expense of custom applications, many organizations today use off-the-shelf software. Some organizations choose vertical market off-the-shelf applications. Off-the-shelf products have considerably more functionality than most in-house systems and they are far less expensive to maintain. 3) Public search engines: The largest collection of documents ever assembled exists on the Internet, and the world's best-known document search engine is Google. Because Google searches through all public sites of all organizations, it is usually the fastest and easiest way to find a public document. This often is true even within an organization. 6) What is the purpose of a rich directory? Answer: A rich directory is an employee directory that includes not only the standard name, email, phone, and address, but also organizational structure and expertise. With a rich directory, it is possible to determine where in the organization someone works, who is the first common manager among two people, and what past projects and expertise an individual has. For international organizations, such directories also include languages spoken. Microsoft's product Active Directory is the most popular rich directory. Rich directories are particularly useful in large organizations where people with particular expertise are unknown. Chapter Extension 20 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Multiple Choice 1) A geographic information system (GIS) is an information system that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays ___________ data. A) geospatial B) geosynchronous C) geological D) geometric Answer: A 2) ___________ data are data that can be ordered in reference to the earth. A) Geological B) Geometric C) Geosynchronous D) Geospatial Answer: D 3) In today's world, geographic information systems operate on ___________. A) cloud-based, thin-client applications alone B) thick-client, client-server applications alone C) stand-alone computers but not on client-server applications D) thick-client, thin-client, and stand-alone applications Answer: D 4) A map scanner is an example of the ___________ component of a GIS. A) hardware B) software C) application D) DBMS Answer: A 5) In the software component of a GIS, ___________ are created to add special-purpose features and functions on top of the raw GIS mapping capability. A) database management systems B) GIS applications C) application-specific programs D) online platforms Answer: C 6) Google Earth is an example of a(n) ___________. A) database management system B) GIS application C) application-specific program D) inter-enterprise information system Answer: B 7) With regard to users for GIS applications, a person who uses Google Maps to find directions to a restaurant is a ___________. A) developer B) casual user C) business intelligence user D) field worker Answer: B 8) Which of the following users for GIS applications employs GIS to help solve a problem? A) developers B) field personnel C) business intelligence users D) operations personnel Answer: C 9) Which of the following users for GIS applications creates GIS systems in response to requirements? A) developers B) field personnel C) business intelligence users D) operations personnel Answer: A 10) Which of the following users for GIS applications runs a GIS system and maintains the currency of database data? A) field personnel B) business intelligence users C) developers D) operations personnel Answer: D 11) Which of the following users for GIS applications is involved in capturing geospatial data? A) field personnel B) business intelligence users C) developers D) operations personnel Answer: A 12) Which of the following is part of a raster map? A) points B) pixels C) lines D) shapes Answer: B 13) Which of the following statements is true of raster maps? A) They consist of points, lines, and shapes. B) They become blurry when enlarged. C) They do not distort straight lines. D) They have features that are readily identifiable by GIS applications. Answer: B 14) Which of the following is an advantage of raster maps? A) They are easy to create from pictures and scanners. B) They retain straight lines without any distortions. C) They scale perfectly once created. D) They have features that are readily identified by GIS applications. Answer: A 15) Which of the following statements is true of vector maps? A) They are easy to create. B) Once created, they scale perfectly. C) Their construction does not require any human involvement. D) They consist of pixels, each of which has some value. Answer: B 16) Which of the following is a drawback of vector maps? A) They become blurry when enlarged. B) They make straight lines appear distorted and irregular. C) Their construction requires human involvement in most cases. D) Their features cannot be readily identified by GIS applications. Answer: C 17) A ___________ is a set of elevations based on particular values of the earth's radii. A) geocode B) waypoint C) geofence D) datum Answer: D 18) Which of the following best defines a map projection? A) It is the process of converting all location identifiers to a common scheme. B) It is a technique that involves dividing the earth into 60 north-south segments. C) It is a geographic boundary set up within a geographic information system. D) It is a technique for placing locations on the surface of the earth onto a flat surface. Answer: D 19) To construct a map, a GIS application needs to convert all location identifiers to a common scheme. This process is called ___________. A) geocoding B) geocaching C) point positioning D) project mapping Answer: A 20) While geocoding, geographic coordinates set zero longitude at ___________. A) Cambridge, England B) Leicester, England C) Brentwood, England D) Greenwich, England Answer: D 21) The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) divides the earth into 60 north-south segments called ___________. A) territories B) dominions C) zones D) sections Answer: C 22) A ___________ is a geographic boundary set up within a GIS. A) dominion B) geofence C) zone D) geocode Answer: B 23) A geofence can be used to ___________. A) divide the earth into several north-south segments B) place the locations on the surface of the earth onto a flat surface C) estimate the boundaries of locations that are included in a map D) protect company personnel who operate in dangerous locations Answer: D 24) ___________ display colors, shades, or patterns in accordance with category values of underlying data. A) Choropleth maps B) Raster maps C) Dasymetric maps D) Vector maps Answer: A 25) A modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) occurs when ___________. A) a map displays colors, shades, or patterns in accordance with category values of underlying data B) an organization uses GIS to achieve its goals and objectives or to obtain a competitive advantage C) point-based spatial data are aggregated into regions and the results depend on how the regions are defined D) GIS sites have multiple users whose analyses can be invalidated by incorrect or unexpected data imports Answer: C True or False 1) Geospatial data is data that can be ordered in reference to the earth. Answer: True 2) GIS operate only as cloud-based, thin-client applications. Answer: False 3) Most GIS expect geospatial analysts to know how to use the tools they provide for accomplishing particular tasks. Answer: True 4) A house hunter who uses GIS to search for houses in a neighborhood is a business intelligence user. Answer: False 5) Developers create GIS systems in response to requirements. Answer: True 6) Operations personnel are involved in the capture of geospatial data. Answer: False 7) A raster map consists of points, lines, and shapes. Answer: False 8) Raster maps overcome the deficiencies of vector maps but are difficult to create. Answer: False 9) Once created, vector maps scale perfectly. Answer: True 10) Vector maps lose their fidelity when their size is doubled or halved. Answer: False 11) The best geometric model for the surface of the earth is an ellipsoid. Answer: True 12) A geocode is a set of elevations based on particular values of the earth's radii. Answer: False 13) A map projection is a technique for placing the locations on the surface of the earth onto a flat surface. Answer: True 14) To construct a map, a GIS application needs to convert all location identifiers to a common scheme by a process called geocaching. Answer: False 15) The Military Grid Reference System divides the earth into 60 north-south segments called zones. Answer: True 16) An important application of a geofence is to notify personnel when trucks or other containers are nearing their destination. Answer: True 17) A raster map displays colors, shades, or patterns in accordance with category values of underlying data. Answer: False 18) The modifiable areal unit problem is a condition that occurs when point-based spatial data are aggregated into regions and the results depend on how the regions are defined. Answer: True Essay 1) Explain the procedures that are necessary for using a GIS. Answer: For Web sites like Google Maps and Bing Maps, user interface is designed to be intuitive and easy to use. For more complicated sites with more domain-specific capabilities, procedures are needed to help users obtain and process the data they need. Procedures are also needed for importing and exporting bulk data. This task can be complex and is important, especially for GIS sites that have multiple users whose analyses can be invalidated by incorrect or unexpected data imports. Hundreds of maps are produced for various purposes and studies, and these maps are often shared among a group. Consequently, procedures for managing large map libraries are important. Thus, the procedures that are necessary for using a GIS include finding a map; searching features; zooming in or out; navigating the map; changing the views; adding, editing, and deleting user data; importing or exporting bulk data; and managing map libraries. 2) Explain in brief how GIS maps are constructed. Answer: A GIS map typically consists of layers of individual maps that are placed over one another. One layer might, for example, portray the terrain such as mountains and valleys and slopes. Another layer might portray vegetation, another layer portray streets and highways, another layer buildings, and so forth. Each layer is placed on top of the others. The map that is shown to the user is a composite of several maps. The GIS display manager can add, remove, or reorder layers according to the users' needs. 3) Differentiate between raster and vector maps. Answer: A raster map consists of pixels, each of which has some value; often that value is a color, but it could also be a data value, such as elevation or temperature. A vector map consists of points, lines, and shapes. Raster maps are easy to create from pictures and scanners and, at the scale in which they were created, they show details well. Because raster maps are made of pixels, straight lines can appear irregular. Vector maps overcome the deficiencies of raster maps but are difficult to create. Once created, however, vector maps scale perfectly. 4) What is a map projection? Answer: A map projection is a technique for placing locations on the surface of the earth onto a flat surface. Over the centuries, cartographers have devised numerous map projections that result in different types of distortions. Some of these projections are accurate in the way they portray area; they are said to preserve area. Others, which are used for local navigation, preserve angles between map features. Other projections show the shortest distance between two points on the surface of the earth as a straight line on the map. And some projections are compromises of all of these. 5) How does the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) work? Answer: The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) was developed by the U.S. military in 1947 and is used in GIS applications, worldwide. It was created before GPS, when longitudes were difficult to determine and always suspect. It divides the earth into 60 north-south segments called zones. Zones are divided into squares that are 6 degrees east/west and 8 degrees north/south. Each square has a two-letter identifier. Within a square, distances are measured in meters from the east boundary and from the north boundary. 6) What is asset tracking? Answer: Asset tracking is one of the organizational uses of GIS. One common example is to track the movement of goods in the supply chain using a GPS device and a GIS. An onboard GPS and transmitter reports the location of the asset, say a pallet of goods, a truck, a container, or even a single item within a container. The reported locations are input to a GIS, and the locations of all such assets can be plotted on a GIS display. 7) How do maps deceive users? Answer: All flat maps require distortions of some type. The judicious use of distortions can lead map viewers to unwarranted conclusions. Accordingly, maps are used for propaganda, for advertising, and for biased reporting and analysis. Every human being is embedded in a culture and holds unconscious, or at least unrecognized, cultural biases, which also affect how they read maps. Maps can be constructed that show two features much closer together than they are in proportion to the distances of other features. And, with modern GIS, it is possible for an untrained person to unknowingly create a great looking map that is full of distortions that appear to be meaningful. Choropleth maps convey homogeneity that seldom exists which brings in bias. Another problem is the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), which is a condition that occurs when point-based spatial data are aggregated into regions and the results depend on how the regions are defined. Test Bank for Experiencing MIS David Kroenke, Randall Boyle 9780133939132, 9781292107707, 9780134773636, 9780136509868, 9780136078685, 9781486019281, 9780132157940
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