Chapter 9 Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood 9.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Psychologists call the characteristics, emotions, and beliefs people have about themselves A) self. B) self-regulation. C) conscience. D) perspective taking. Answer: A) self. 2. Three-year-old Jerry knows that he is a separate person from others and that he can affect other people’s behavior. Jerry has achieved A) me-self. B) I-self. C) perspective taking. D) a positive emotion bias. Answer: B) I-self. The conscious awareness that you exist as a separate and unique person and that you can affect others. 3. Maya is 4. When asked to describe herself she said "I'm a girl. I have black hair and eyes. I'm nice and I love dogs." Her description demonstrates the concept of A) egocentrism. B) I-self. C) me-self. D) Stage 1 moral reasoning. Answer: C) me-self. What you know about yourself and how you describe yourself is called me-self. 4. What kind of development is necessary before children can create the I-self and me-self? A) cognitive B) physical C) metacognitive D) language Answer: A) cognitive. The I-self and the me-self are cognitive constructions that children create as their cognitive skills develop. 5. At what age is the me-self believed to emerge? A) 1 year B) 2 years C) 3 years D) 5 years Answer: B) 2 years. 6. Part of the I-self is A) a sense of personal agency. B) what you know about yourself. C) the categories by which people define themselves. D) people’s objective knowledge of their own personalities. Answer: A) a sense of personal agency. 7. Part of the me-self is A) the conscious awareness that you exist as a separate person. B) the conscious awareness that you exist as a unique person. C) the understanding that your actions can affect the environment. D) people’s objective knowledge of their own physical and cognitive characteristics. Answer: D) people’s objective knowledge of their own physical and cognitive characteristics. 8. During childhood, children's self-descriptions become increasingly A) concrete. B) regulated. C) mediated. D) abstract. Answer: D) abstract. 9. As they become older, children describe themselves with A) more stereotyping. B) less sociodrama. C) increasing differentiation. D) Stage 3 moral reasoning. Answer: C) increasing differentiation. Children show increasing differentiation of aspects of the self as they become older. 10. Chris can control his behavior and emotions better than when he was very young. He has also learned to change his behavior to fit the situation. Chris is learning A) the I-self. B) the me-self. C) gender stereotyping. D) self-regulation. Answer: D) self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability to control our own thoughts, behaviors, and emotions and change them to meet the demands of the situation. 11. Researchers have found that the heritability estimates for self-concepts and self-esteem are moderate to strong, ranging from .30 to A) .35. B) .40. C) .50. D) .60. Answer: D) .60. 12. The area of the brain that becomes most active when a child hears his or her own name is the A) area where the temporal and parietal lobes meet. B) area where the temporal lobe and the brain stem meet. C) area where the parietal lobe and Wernicke’s area meet. D) area where the temporal lobe and Broca’s area meet. Answer: A) area where the temporal and parietal lobes meet. 13. Self-regulation includes A) the inability to inhibit behavior. B) resistance to interference from irrelevant stimuli. C) persistence on irrelevant tasks. D) the inability to control your own thoughts. Answer: B) resistance to interference from irrelevant stimuli. Self-regulation is the ability to control your own thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, altering them in accordance with the demands of the situation. 14. Which of the following cognitive skills is needed for mature self-regulation? A) knowledge of the I-self and me-self B) occasional self-monitoring C) self-assessment D) inability to change one's behavior or strategies Answer: C) self-assessment. Self-regulation is the ability to control your own thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, altering them in accordance with the demands of the situation. 15. Drew is an A and B student, has good problem-solving skills, high moral reasoning and excellent peer relationships. Correlational studies would indicate that these are because of his A) abstract differentiation. B) authoritarian parents. C) self-regulation. D) parietal lobe development. Answer: C) self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability to control your own thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, altering them in accordance with the demands of the situation. 16. Growth in this area of the brain has been linked to development of self-regulation. A) amygdala B) frontal lobe C) hypothalamus D) occipital lobe Answer: B) frontal lobe. 17. The frontal lobes undergo two periods of rapid growth, one during infancy and another between the ages of A) 1 and 2. B) 2 and 3. C) 3 and 4. D) 4 and 7. Answer: D) 4 and 7. 18. Kojo is 5. His father tries to foster Kojo's development by explaining his actions to his son and demonstrating good self-control. This shows how self-regulation can be A) biased. B) stereotyped. C) conventional. D) modeled. Answer: D) modeled. Children learn the specific strategies for regulating behavior and emotions by modeling. 19. From 3 to _____ years of age children grow steadily in their abilities to inhibit first responses. A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 Answer: D) 7 20. Which of the following encourages internalization of social standards by children? A) dictating clear rules B) parental modeling of appropriate behavior C) forcing a child to comply who disagrees D) use of physical punishment Answer: B) parental modeling of appropriate behavior. Children learn specific strategies for regulating behavior and emotions by modeling. 21. Children often use _____ to guide their problem-solving efforts and to regulate behavior. A) discipline B) private speech C) positive emotion bias D) theory of mind Answer: B) private speech. 22. By _____ years of age, children understand that emotions are connected to their mental appraisals of what they want, like, don’t want, and don’t like. A) 1 to 2 B) 2 to 3 C) 3 to 4 D) 4 to 5 Answer: B) 2 to 3 23. Five-year-olds are less likely than _____ -year-olds to report being sad. A) one B) three C) six D) nine Answer: B) 3 24. Luther was born yesterday and spends part of his time in the hospital nursery. Every time another baby starts to cry, he cries also. His echoing the emotional state of other people is known as A) positive emotion bias B) gender identity C) cry contagion D) self-regulation Answer: C) cry contagion. Crying simply because they hear another infant’s cry is cry contagion. 25. At what age do children start to spontaneously talk about their own and others' feelings? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 10 Answer: A) 2. 26. The tendency of children to report positive emotions more than negative ones is A) perspective taking. B) linked to punishment. C) positive emotion bias. D) linked to the use of positive discipline. Answer: C) positive emotion bias. Positive emotion bias is the tendency of children to report more positive than negative emotions. 27. By age _____, children’s emotions can be triggered by what they expect or believe will happen. A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7 Answer: C) 5 28. _____ are more similar in how well they regulate their emotions than are fraternal twins. A) Brothers B) Sisters C) Identical twins D) Siblings regardless of sex Answer: C) Identical twins. 29. Boys seem to get a message to hide certain emotions such as_____. A) anger B) hatred C) sadness D) jealousy Answer: C) sadness 30. By _____ years, children are able to apply gender labels correctly. A) 1 ½ B) 2 C) 2 ½ D) 3 Answer: B) 2 31. Kelly is almost 3. She sees her teenaged neighbor, Becky. Becky used to have very long hair, but she just had it cut into a short style. Today Becky is wearing overalls. Kelly proclaims, "Look, Mommy! Becky is a boy now!" Kelly has not yet achieved A) gender stereotypes. B) gender constancy. C) sociocultural awareness. D) gender segregation. Answer: B) gender constancy. Gender constancy is the understanding that gender remains the same despite superficial changes in appearance or behavior. 32. Four-year-old Esteban refuses to play with his sister or the girls in his preschool class. His behavior is an example of A) gender stereotyping. B) gender constancy. C) negative emotional bias. D) gender segregation. Answer: D) gender segregation. Gender segregation is the tendency of children to associate with others of their same sex. 33. Gender segregation remains quite marked until ________. A) children enter first grade B) children enter middle school C) adolescence D) adulthood Answer: C) adolescence 34. By age _____ children begin to prefer sex-typed toys. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: B) 1 35. By _____ years of age, more boys are using male-oriented works such as fire truck and more girls are using female-oriented words such as dress. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: B) 2. 36. By the time children are _____ years old, they are already beginning to show gender segregation in their peer preferences. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: C) 3. 37. By the time children are _____ years old, their gender stereotypes of activities, toys, behavior, and even personality traits are quite well-developed. A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8 Answer: A) 5 38. Children’s ability to categorize themselves and others as boys or girls is known as gender _____. A) identity. B) stability. C) constancy. D) segregation. Answer: A) identity. 39. By 4 to 5 years children understand that boys continue to be boys, and girls continue to be girls. This understanding is known as gender ________. A) identity. B) stability. C) constancy. D) segregation. Answer: B) stability. 40. Conservation is the Piagetian concept of A) gender constancy B) gender segregation C) gender identity D) gender stereotype Answer: A) gender constancy. This idea is simply another form of the Piagetian concept of conservation that was described in Chapter 8. 41. The correct order for the three stages of gender understanding is A) identity, stability, constancy. B) stability, identity, constancy. C) constancy, identity, stability. D) identity, constancy, stability. Answer: A) identity, stability, constancy. 42. Keila is visiting a friend. Her friend's father comes home and the friend tells Keila "This is my dad. He's a nurse." Keila says, "He is not! Boys can't be nurses!" Keila is demonstrating A) gender stereotyping. B) gender constancy. C) gender identity. D) gender segregation. Answer: A) gender stereotyping. Gender stereotypes during the late preschool and kindergarten years are also fairly rigid. 43. The ideas children have about right and wrong is their A) positive emotional bias. B) perspective taking. C) conscience. D) conventional level. Answer: C) conscience. Conscience is the ideas children have about right and wrong. 44. Knowing the difference between what is right and what is wrong and acting on that knowledge is A) conscience. B) morality. C) moral reasoning. D) moral dilemma. Answer: B) morality. 45. The many ways people think about right and wrong refers to A) conscience. B) morality. C) moral reasoning. D) moral dilemma. Answer: C) moral reasoning. 46. A conflict between two values is a A) conscience B) morality C) moral reasoning D) moral dilemma Answer: D) moral dilemma. 47. Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of A) parenting styles. B) self. C) types of play. D) moral development. Answer: D) moral development. 48. By _____ years of age, children have internalized many rules and have begun to feel guilt about their bad behavior. A) 2 to 3 B) 3 to 4 C) 4 to 5 D) 5 to 6 Answer: B) 3 to 4 49. Kohlberg theorized that children progress through three broad levels of moral reasoning A) through the same stages in the same order. B) through the same stages but in varying order. C) possibly skipping one of the stages. D) moving back and forth between the stages. Answer: A) through the same stages in the same order. Kohlberg believed that all children move through the same stages in the same order. 50. Shannon wants a cookie before dinner, but she knows her mother will say no. While her mother is on the phone, Shannon sneaks a cookie and takes it outside to eat it. Which level of moral reasoning is Shannon most likely in? A) punishment and obedience B) individualism, instrumental purpose C) social system and conscience D) mutual interpersonal expectations Answer: A) punishment and obedience. Children decide what is right based on whether the action will be punished or rewarded. 51. The stage of moral reasoning development during which children have an orientation towards obedience is A) Stage 1. B) Stage 2. C) Stage 3. D) Stage 4. Answer: A) Stage 1. 52. Maria follows the rules in the game when she plays with her older sister because her sister refuses to play checkers with her if she doesn't follow the rules. Which stage of moral reasoning is Maria in? A) punishment and obedience orientation B) individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange C) social contract and individual rights D) social system and conscience Answer: B) individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange. Children follow rules when it serves their own needs or interests. 53. The stage of moral reasoning development during which children see values and rules as relative to a particular group and can be changed is A) Stage 3. B) Stage 4. C) Stage 5. D) Stage 6. Answer: C) Stage 5. 54. Nikki wants her teacher to like her so she always offers to clean the blackboard and straighten up the classroom in the afternoon. Which stage is the best match for her behavior? A) punishment and obedience orientation B) universal ethical principles C) mutual interpersonal expectations and conformity D) social contract and individual rights Answer: C) mutual interpersonal expectations and conformity. Children are concerned with living up to other’s expectations. 55. The stage of moral reasoning development during which children develop and follow their own self-chosen ethical principles is A) Stage 3. B) Stage 4. C) Stage 5. D) Stage 6. Answer: D) Stage 6. 56. Kevin is arrested for trespassing at the White House. He was protesting the war in Iraq. Although he knew he would probably be arrested, he entered the White House grounds anyway, because he wanted to draw attention to the problems of the war. According to Kohlberg's theory, what level of moral reasoning is he at? A) pre-conventional B) conventional C) mutual interpersonal expectations and conformity D) post-conventional Answer: D) post-conventional. If social laws violate their own self-chosen ethical principles, the person’s actions will be consistent with their ethical principles. 57. The degree to which parents are accepting, responsive, and compassionate with their children is A) warmth. B) discipline. C) cognitive competence. D) control. Answer: A) warmth. Parental warmth is the degree to which parents are accepting, responsive, and compassionate with their children. 58. In studying characteristics of parenting, researchers have identified two dimensions that are especially important: warmth and A) control. B) affection. C) dominance. D) caring. Answer: A) control. 59. Numerous studies have shown that children who experience cold parenting A) are less aggressive. B) are more popular. C) perform better in school. D) perform more poorly in school. Answer: D) perform more poorly in school. Children who experience cold parenting are more aggressive, are less popular, and perform more poorly in school. 60. Parents who are high in warmth tend to be A) parent-centered. B) child-centered. C) uninvolved. D) negative. Answer: B) child-centered. 61. Discipline tends to be child-centered, age-appropriate, and positive when the parents are A) warm and use firm control. B) warm and permissive. C) cold and use firm control. D) cold and permissive. Answer: A) warm and use firm control. 62. Discipline tends to be harsh, punitive, and even abusive when parents are A) warm and use firm control. B) warm and permissive. C) cold and use firm control. D) cold and permissive. Answer: C) cold and use firm control. When cold and rejecting parents use firm control, discipline can be very harsh. 63. Decide the type of parenting shown in the following exchange: Mrs. Rodriguez is talking to her daughter. "Ana, don't climb on that ladder. You could get hurt." A) authoritarian B) permissive C) rejecting/neglecting D) authoritative Answer: D) authoritative. Authoritative parents are parents who are warm and exert firm control. 64. Which of the following descriptions fits the children of authoritative parents? A) They are more dependent than other children. B) They are less popular with their peers. C) They do well academically. D) They have low self-esteem. Answer: C) They do well academically. Children raised by authoritative parents perform better in school, are less hostile and more popular among friends, have greater self-esteem, show more purpose and independence in their activities, and as adolescents they are more accurate in understanding their parents’ values. 65. Read the following remark from a parent to his child and choose which type of parenting style it demonstrates.: "I don't care about your opinion. Just do what I tell you or face the punishment!" A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) rejecting/neglecting Answer: B) authoritarian. Authoritarian parents are parents who exert firm control, but are rejecting or unresponsive to their children. 66. Two dimensions of parenting produce four styles of parenting. Parents who are _____ are authoritative. A) warm with control B) cold with control C) warm and lax D) cold and lax Answer: A) warm with control 67. Mrs. Brown is talking to her neighbor. "Even though Kyle is only 4, we let him decide when he is ready to go to bed. We don't believe in forcing children to follow strict rules. We want him to have the freedom to choose for himself." What type of parenting style do the Browns use? A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) permissive D) rejecting/neglecting Answer: C) permissive. Permissive parents are parents who are warm, but have little control over their children. 68. Two dimensions of parenting produce four styles of parenting. Parents who are _____ are authoritarian. A) warm with control B) cold with control C) warm and lax D) cold and lax Answer: B) cold with control 69. Mr. Shafer has just come home from work. His son asks "Can I have a popsicle, Dad?" Mr. Shafer says, "I don't care what you eat, just leave me alone. I'm tired!" What type of parenting style does this conversation demonstrate? A) rejecting/neglecting B) authoritative C) permissive D) authoritarian Answer: A) rejecting/neglecting. Rejecting/neglecting parents are parents who don’t set limits and are unresponsive to their children’s needs. 70. Two dimensions of parenting produce four styles of parenting. Parents who are _____ are rejecting/neglecting. A) warm with control B) cold with control C) warm and lax D) cold and lax Answer: D) cold and lax 71. Choose the statement that is TRUE about children with authoritarian parents. A) They perform well in school. B) They are dependent on others. C) They are hostile and aggressive. D) They are very popular with their peers. Answer: C) They are hostile and aggressive. Children raised by authoritarian parents are more hostile and aggressive than those with authoritative parents. 72. Two dimensions of parenting produce four styles of parenting. Parents who are _____ are permissive. A) warm with control B) cold with control C) warm and lax D) cold and lax Answer: C) warm and lax 73. Permissive-indulgent parents may A) enforce higher academic standards. B) help children's moral development. C) cause children to be more independent. D) encourage or allow inappropriate behaviors. Answer: D) encourage or allow inappropriate behaviors. At the extreme, permissive parents may actually encourage or foster their misbehavior. 74. Why do permissive parents exert little control over their children? A) They want to avoid confrontation. B) They want to be the child's favorite parent. C) They don’t like the child. D) They don’t know what to do. Answer: A) They want to avoid confrontation. Permissive parents avoid confrontation with their children. 75. Of all the types of parenting, children with which parents have the worst outcomes? A) authoritarian B) rejecting/neglecting C) authoritative D) permissive Answer: B) rejecting/neglecting. 76. Which of the following is FALSE about rejecting/neglecting parents? A) They may be depressed or have other psychological problems. B) They may be trying to parent better than their own parents did. C) They may not be committed to the task of raising children. D) They may be under too much stress to parent appropriately. Answer: B) They may be trying to parent better than their own parents did. Rejecting/neglecting parents may be under too much stress to parent appropriately; they may not be committed to the task of raising children; or they may be depressed or otherwise psychologically or emotionally unavailable to their children. 77. Liz has always done poorly in school, and now, as a teen, she uses drugs and alcohol and has been involved in other types of delinquent activities. Which type of parenting is she most likely to have experienced? A) authoritarian B) rejecting/neglecting C) authoritative D) permissive Answer: B) rejecting/neglecting. Compared to other children, rejected/neglected children grow up to show higher rates of delinquency, alcohol and drug use, and early sexual activity. 78. In Baumrind's later work, she added which dimension to her parenting styles? A) maturity demands B) autocratic communication C) directiveness D) cognitive development Answer: A) maturity demands. 79. Studies have linked higher levels of intrusiveness with poorer outcomes for children, although children of “_____” parents still seem to fare worst of all. A) authoritarian B) unengaged C) authoritative D) child-centered Answer: B) unengaged 80. Different families’ backgrounds, cultures, contexts and _____ may require different kinds of parenting behaviors. A) temperaments B) income C) age D) job skills Answer: A) temperaments 81. According to advocates who want to license parents you would be required to obtain permission from a judge in family court unless you are A) two parents committed enough to be married to each other. B) a never-married woman. C) divorced individuals. D) gay and lesbian couples. Answer: A) two parents committed enough to be married to each other. Advocates would require that others who wish to raise a child (such as never-married women, divorced individuals, or gay and lesbian couples) obtain permission from a judge in family court. 82. In a "Social Policy Perspective," all of the following were given as reasons for parents to be licensed EXCEPT A) providing a way to determine parental competence. B) saving children from neglect and violence. C) preventing single people from having children. D) preventing future crime and violence committed by maltreated children. Answer: C) preventing single people from having children. Although a higher percentage of troubled youth come from single-parent rather than two-parent homes, opponents argue that the percentage is not nearly high enough to justify denying licenses to single parents. 83. In surveys of American parents, what percentage was found to spank their 3-year-old children? A) 10% B) 20% C) 35% D) 66% Answer: D) 66%. 84. With young children, _____ percent of parent–child interactions involve the parent telling the child not to do something. A) 45% B) 55% C) 65% D) 75% Answer: C) 65% 85. Straus has found that hitting and spanking children is most common among which type of parents? A) African American B) older parents C) upper class parents D) parents who were never spanked when they were children Answer: A) African American. 86. Which of the following is FALSE? A) Most physical abuse begins as punishment. B) Children learn not to hit others when they are spanked for fighting. C) Hitting and spanking can cause children to be afraid of their parents. D) Most parents don’t want to be harsh with their children. Answer: B) Children learn not to hit others when they are spanked for fighting. Studies show that, compared to other children, children who are spanked more often are more physically violent and aggressive. 87. Experts report that _____ percent of children have been spanked, hit, or slapped by their parents by the time they reach fifth grade. A) 20 B) 40 C) 60 D) 80 Answer: D) 80 88. One of the lessons children who are physically punished learn is A) don't hit other people. B) spanking is a worse punishment than time out. C) their parents love them. D) "might makes right." Answer: D) "might makes right." The message that spanking sends to children is that “might makes right.” 89. Li is violent and aggressive and fights with his siblings. He has low moral standards and low self-esteem. From this description, Li fits the profile of a child who A) was spanked by his parents. B) was in day care. C) was raised by authoritative parents. D) experienced gender segregation. Answer: A) was spanked by his parents. Children who are spanked more often have lower moral standards and lower self-esteem. 90. Adults who are aggressive, commit crimes, and abuse their children and/or spouses are more likely to have experienced ________ as children. A) permissive parenting B) physical punishment C) authoritative parenting D) rejecting parenting Answer: B) physical punishment. Children whose parents physically punished them, as adults they were more likely to be aggressive, commit crimes, and abuse their own children and spouses. 91. Research shows that disciplining children A) through time out does not work. B) is most effective when it is appropriate for their age. C) is inhumane and cruel. D) is best achieved through spanking. Answer: B) is most effective when it is appropriate for their age. Parents can set firm limits and help children learn to control their behavior in a way that is appropriate for their age. 92. Setting clear rules and limits includes keeping a(n) _____ list of rules. A) elaborate B) short C) detailed D) grammatically correct Answer: B) short 93. Parents who rely on spanking and hitting to discipline their children tend to be A) more involved with their children. B) warmer with their children. C) less consistent in their parenting. D) more affectionate with their children. Answer: C) less consistent in their parenting. Parents who rely on spanking and hitting to discipline their children tend to be less consistent in their parenting than parents who use more positive forms of discipline. 94. Parents who childproof the house are practicing which positive discipline principle? A) manage the situation B) set clear rules and limits C) use explanation and reasoning D) removing privileges Answer: A) manage the situation. Parents should try to manage each situation to reduce the temptations for misbehavior. 95. Parents who pick the issues that are most important for the child’s age are practicing which positive discipline principle? A) manage the situation B) set clear rules and limits C) use explanation and reasoning D) removing privileges Answer: B) set clear rules and limits. Pick the issues that are most important for the child’s age. 96. Parents who tie the punishment to the infraction are practicing which positive discipline principle? A) manage the situation B) set clear rules and limits C) use explanation and reasoning D) removing privileges Answer: D) removing privileges. It is best to tie the punishment to the infraction as much as possible. 97. When disciplining their children, parents should focus on A) teaching them appropriate behavior. B) stopping bad behavior. C) a positive emotion bias. D) the stages of moral reasoning. Answer: A) teaching them appropriate behavior. The focus of disciplining children should be on teaching good behavior. 98. When caring for very young children, the most effective way to reduce misbehavior is A) using consistent punishment. B) telling the children what not to do. C) spanking them when they do misbehave. D) making sure there are lots of positive things for them to do. Answer: D) making sure there are lots of positive things for them to do. Children misbehave less when parents spend time teaching positive skills, provide children with engaging toys and learning materials, and take children on interesting trips. 99. Kara is a single mother of two boys, aged 3 and 5. She feels like she is always yelling at them for doing something wrong. What might your textbook authors recommend as a better form of discipline? A) Give them 30 minute long time outs. B) Praise them for good behavior. C) Send them to their room when they misbehave. D) Give them one chance to behave, and then spank them if they misbehave. Answer: B) Praise them for good behavior. Behaviors tend to be repeated when they are reinforced or rewarded. 100. If parents must punish, the best type to use is A) spanking with love. B) teaching moral reasoning skills. C) removing privileges. D) authoritarian parenting. Answer: C) removing privileges. If you must punish, try removing privileges or using timeouts. 101. The recommended length for a time out is how many minutes for each year of the child's age? A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D) 10 Answer: A) 1. 102. Which of the following is effective in reducing misbehavior? A) Give children repetitive activities. B) Teach children aggressive skills. C) Make sure children have age-appropriate toys. D) Use the strongest punishment possible the first time the child misbehaves. Answer: C) Make sure children have age-appropriate toys. Children misbehave less when parents spend time teaching positive skills, provide children with engaging toys and learning materials, and take children on interesting trips. 103. In the story “Carrots or Sticks?,” which family used discussion as their only method of discipline? A) Matos B) Petraluzzi C) Buenaventura D) Miller Answer: A) Matos. 104. In the story “Carrots or Sticks?,” which family used discussion, timeouts and taking away of privileges and as their methods of discipline? A) Matos B) Petraluzzi C) Buenaventura D) Miller Answer: C) Buenaventura. 105. In the story “Carrots or Sticks?,” which family used timeouts as their only method of discipline? A) Matos B) Petraluzzi C) Buenaventura D) Miller Answer: B) Petraluzzi. 106. In the story “Carrots or Sticks?,” which family used taking away privileges and reinforcement as their methods of discipline? A) Matos B) Petraluzzi C) Buenaventura D) Miller Answer: D) Miller. 107. Toddlers form friendships based mostly on A) convenience. B) gender. C) personality. D) physical appearance. Answer: A) convenience. 108. Devon and Erik are toddlers who live next door to each other. Their mothers are good friends. They are likely to A) prefer to play with girls. B) play without conflicts. C) be best friends. D) have high moral reasoning. Answer: C) be best friends. Children who are neighbors, relatives, or schoolmates spend more time with each other and therefore have more opportunities to form friendships. 109. From the toddler period to the school aged years, time spent with peers A) decreases. B) doubles. C) quadruples. D) triples. Answer: D) triples. 110. Children are more likely to be friends with those who are A) of the opposite sex. B) similar to them. C) older than themselves. D) younger than themselves. Answer: B) similar to them. Children are drawn to others who are like them. 111. The tendency of children to play with other children of the same sex is called A) gender segregation. B) play compatibility. C) associative play. D) sociodramatic play. Answer: A) gender segregation. Gender segregation is the tendency of children to associate with others of their same sex. 112. At what age do children begin to show a definite preference for same sex peers? A) 1-year-old B) 2 to 3 years C) 4 to 5 years D) 6 to 7 years Answer: B) 2 to 3 years. 113. Which of the following is TRUE? A) Gender segregation of children only occurs in the United States and Europe. B) Gender segregation generally does not start until age 5. C) Children tend to associate with same sex peers. D) Girls see intimate sharing as a sign of weakness. Answer: C) Children tend to associate with same sex peers. By 2 to 3 years of age, children are beginning to show a clear preference for playing with other children of their own sex. 114. Boys tend to play A) in larger groups. B) in smaller groups. C) with one other boy. D) by themselves. Answer: A) in larger groups. Boys tend to play in larger groups while girls develop close ties in smaller groups. 115. Two children are playing. They chase each other, play keep away, and then pretend to be superheroes. The children are probably A) engaged in parallel play. B) girls. C) boys. D) involved in associative play. Answer: C) boys. Rough and tumble play, chase, keep-away games, superhero warrior games, and competitive sports are more common among boys. 116. Parents who model equal roles at home and reinforce non-stereotyped play can A) reduce the negative effects of gender segregation. B) help develop children's moral reasoning. C) increase children's sociodramatic play. D) interfere with children's cognitive competence. Answer: A) reduce the negative effects of gender segregation. Parents can model egalitarian roles at home, arrange more situations in which children can play and cooperate across genders, and reinforce and support children when they do cross stereotypical gender lines in their play. 117. Which of the following is a reason gender segregation is believed to exist in children? A) play incompatibility B) cognitive schemes C) criticism for not crossing gender lines D) teachers do not give them a choice Answer: B) cognitive schemes. Children develop schemas about what boys and girls are typically like. 118. Among young children, very active and disruptive boys are usually A) the most popular. B) the most disliked. C) the first to gender segregate. D) the least criticized. Answer: C) the first to gender segregate. 119. In young children, which girls are the first to gender segregate? A) African American B) Caucasian C) cognitively competent D) socially sensitive Answer: D) socially sensitive. Among the youngest children, the first to segregate tend to be the most socially sensitive girls. 120. Lucia is 4 and refuses to play with boys. She says, "Boys are mean and fight a lot." Lucia is demonstrating a typical A) cognitive scheme. B) I-self. C) me-self. D) level of moral reasoning. Answer: A) cognitive scheme. Children develop schemas about what boys and girls are typically like. 121. Michael has two older sisters. He plays Barbies with them at home. On his first day of preschool he started to play with the dolls with his female classmates. Michael is A) gay. B) likely to be criticized by peers for crossing gender lines. C) choosing parallel play. D) showing cultural differences in play. Answer: B) likely to be criticized by peers for crossing gender lines. Boys receive harsh criticism when they cross gender lines to play with girls. 122. According to which theory do children avoid interactions with the opposite sex to avoid guilt feelings? A) behavioral B) Kohlberg's C) operant conditioning D) psychoanalytic Answer: D) psychoanalytic. Children avoid interactions with the opposite sex to avoid the guilty feelings they associate with sexuality. 123. “Boys don’t wear dress-up clothes” is an example of A) exclusionary behavior. B) play compatibility. C) interpersonal sensitivity. D) gender interactions. Answer: A) exclusionary behavior. Examples of exclusionary behavior would be “No girls allowed” or “Boys don’t wear dress-up clothes.” 124. Nathan is doing something that he enjoys and allows him to explore beyond the boundaries of reality. Nathan is A) developing his me-self. B) playing. C) exercising. D) developing his I-self. Answer: B) playing. Play allows children to explore beyond the boundaries of reality. 125. Children who are playing formal games with a division of labor are involved in _____ play. A) associative play B) cooperative play C) parallel play D) solitary play Answer: B) cooperative play 126. From the following scenario, choose the type of play that is being demonstrated: A child is building a house out of Legos by herself. A) associative play B) cooperative play C) parallel play D) solitary play Answer: D) solitary play. The child is involved in solitary play because she was playing along, and making no apparent connection between her play and the play of other children around her. 127. A group of children are at a table play with Play Dough. Each child makes his or her own things with the clay. They are engaged in A) parallel play. B) associative play. C) solitary play. D) cooperative play. Answer: A) parallel play. This is parallel play because the children are playing alone, but with toys that are like those used by other children around them. 128. Preschool children are in a sandbox. Each is making "food" with the sand. They share the sand pails, shovels, and molds. These children are exhibiting A) onlooker play. B) associative play. C) cooperative play. D) parallel play. Answer: B) associative play. When a child plays among other children, but his play is not well coordinated with their play it is associative play. 129. Jimmy watches as his older brother races his Matchbox cars. Jimmy is engaged in what type of play? A) solitary B) associative C) parallel D) onlooker Answer: D) onlooker. During onlooker play, the child spends most of his time watching other children play. 130. There are a group of children on the playground. Alison is alone, sitting on a bench. How would you classify her play? A) unoccupied B) onlooker C) solitary D) sociodramatic Answer: A) unoccupied. When a child is not playing and not watching anyone or anything in particular it is called unoccupied behavior. 131. Children playing a board game are involved in what type of play? A) associative B) parallel C) cooperative D) sociodramatic Answer: C) cooperative. When a child plays with other children, and his play is integrated or coordinated with theirs it is called cooperative play. 132. Parten's research found most 1- to 2-year-olds spent their time in which types of play? A) associative and cooperative B) solitary and parallel C) onlooker, parallel and associative D) unoccupied, onlooker, and solitary Answer: D) unoccupied, onlooker, and solitary. 133. Children who do not learn to play socially are more likely to A) be aggressive. B) be rejected by peers. C) have higher IQ scores. D) have higher maturity levels. Answer: B) be rejected by peers. 134. _____-olds spend most of their time in the first three levels of play. A) Six-month B) Nine-month C) Twelve-month D) One- to Two-year Answer: D) 1- to 2-year 135. The _____ year-olds split their time about evenly among the upper three levels. A) 1- to 2- B) 2- to 3- C) 3- to 5- D) 5- to 7- Answer: C) 3- to 5- 136. Children under the age of _____ rarely ever cooperated, and when they did it seemed more accidental than planned. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Answer: B) 2. 137. Children who are anxious and fearful, for example, may play alone in _____ play. A) unoccupied behavior B) onlooking C) solitary D) parallel Answer: C) solitary. Children who are anxious and fearful, for example, may play alone in solitary play and miss opportunities to learn to interact in more socially mature ways with other children. 138. Which of the following is a function of sociodramatic play? A) imitation of babies B) outlet for forbidden impulses C) development of cognitive competence D) reenactment of scary events Answer: B) outlet for forbidden impulses. Sociodramatic play gives children a safer outlet for exploring roles and activities that would not be appropriate for them in real life. 139. Children can act out adult roles they have observed during which type of play? A) imitation of adults B) expression of needs C) re-affirmation of family roles D) outlet for forbidden impulses Answer: A) imitation of adults 140. _____ play involves simple, everyday activities. A) Imitation of adults B) Expression of needs C) Re-affirmation of family roles D) Reenactment of family relationships Answer: D) reenactment of family relationships 141. Jake is an only child. He often pretends to have an imaginary brother, "Jack," who plays with him. Jake's play shows A) expression of needs. B) reversal of roles. C) outlet for forbidden impulses. D) parallel play. Answer: A) expression of needs. Sociodramatic play gives children a chance to express unmet needs. 142. Melinda has built a tower of Legos. She takes her plastic dinosaur and knocks down the tower while roaring and growling. Which function of play does she demonstrate? A) imitation of adults B) expression of needs C) reaffirmation of family roles D) outlet for forbidden impulses Answer: D) outlet for forbidden impulses. Sociodramatic play gives children a safer outlet for exploring roles and activities that would not be appropriate for them in real life. 143. Kim likes to play house with her friends. She always wants to be the mother and seems to enjoy telling the "baby" what to do. Kim's play is most likely A) an outlet for forbidden impulses. B) a reversal of roles. C) an expression of needs. D) imitation of adults. Answer: B) a reversal of roles. In sociodramatic play, children who usually feel helpless can act out more powerful roles. 144. Sociodramatic play becomes common by ___years of age. A) 2. B) 3. C) 4. D) 5. Answer: B) 3. 145. Children who are more withdrawn and solitary tend to have more success in making friends when they: A) have aggressive personalities. B) demonstrate attention-seeking tactics. C) have pleasant personalities. D) are bullies. Answer: C) have pleasant personalities. Children who are more withdrawn and solitary but have pleasant personalities tend to have more success in making friends than do those who are aggressive or act out to get attention. 146. In acting out adult roles they have observed, children’s sociodramatic play serves the function of: A) expression of needs. B) reversal of roles. C) imitation of adults. D) outlet for forbidden impulses. Answer: C) imitation of adults. 147. Research has indicated that non-human primates also show gender ________ in toy and play preferences. A) differences B) constancy C) segregation D) stability Answer: A) differences 148. At what age are children able to better focus their attention on the important parts of a game? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 Answer: B) 3 149. According to recent research in biology, prenatal exposure to which hormones could play a role in gender segregation? A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) androgens. D) insulin. Answer: C) androgens. 150. The “self” refers to characteristics, _____, and beliefs people have about themselves. A) cooperation B) emotions C) ethnicity D) culture Answer: B) emotions. 9.2 True/False Questions 1). Most psychologists believe a sense of self is present at birth. Answer: False 2. Children develop their ability to inhibit their first responses between ages 3 and 7. Answer: True 3. Girls have been found to have greater positive emotion bias than boys. Answer: False 4. Between the ages of 3 and 5, children show gender differences in preferences for toys and play activities. Answer: True 5. Children begin to show gender-stereotyped preferences even before they have a full understanding of their own gender. Answer: True 6. According to Baumrind's research, a permissive parenting style is the best. Answer: False 7. Discipline and punishment are terms that are used interchangeably by psychologists. Answer: False 8. Spanking is not an effective form of discipline in the long term, and it can have a variety of negative side effects. . Answer: True 9. Studies show that children who are spanked often are more likely to be violent and aggressive. Answer: True 10. A good rule of thumb is 5 minutes of time out for every year of the child's age. Answer: False 11. Gender segregation among children has been found in every culture where children are allowed to choose their playmates. Answer: True 12. Girls tend to play in large groups while boys play in smaller groups. Answer: False 13. Because they don't share the same gender culture, boys and girls may have difficulty understanding each other’s perspectives. Answer: True 14. By the age of 18 months, sociodramatic play is common in children. Answer: False 15. Culture has little influence on children's play. Answer: False 9.3 Short Answer Questions 1. ________ has been linked to self-regulating behavior. Answer: Temperament 2. Between 2- and 3-years-old, children show knowledge of ________ stereotypes. Answer: gender 3. Around 3- or 4-years-old, children have internalized rules and feel ________ about their bad behavior. Answer: guilt 4. The two dimensions of parenting that are especially important are ________ and ________. Answer: warmth, control 5. ________ is the technique used to teach children appropriate behavior. Answer: Discipline 6. Your textbook authors present a basic positive program of discipline that is consistent with guidelines endorsed by the _________,and most parenting experts. Answer: American Academy of Pediatrics. 7. The environments based on differences in girls' and boys' play groups and affiliations is called the gender ________. Answer: culture 8. To reduce the negative effects of childhood gender segregation, teachers should avoid using ________ as a way of addressing students. Answer: gender 9. Play that involves acting out different roles or characteristics is called ________ play. Answer: sociodramatic 9.4 Essay Questions 1. Explain the three stages of gender understanding based on Kohlberg's theory. How is the third stage related to the Piagetian concept of conservation? Answer: Stages: • Gender identity (age 2 ½) is when children can classify themselves and others correctly as boys or girls. • Gender stability (age 4 to 5) is the understanding that gender is a stable characteristic over time. • Gender constancy/consistency (age 6 to 7) is understanding that gender stays the same even if there are changes in the person's appearance. Gender constancy is like the concept of conservation in that even when the appearance changes, the basic properties remain the same 2. Describe the three levels of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory. Does children's moral reasoning always correspond to their actual moral behavior? Why or why not? Answer: Levels: • preconventional is the lowest level where children do not yet understand that rules are social conventions • conventional is the understanding that members of a group agree to abide by rules in their behaviors • postconventional is the highest level where the person realizes that although rules are made for the good of the group, there are situations in which a person must break rules because of a higher ethical principle Children do not always follow their moral reasoning; just because a person knows what is right and wrong does not mean that she or he will do the right thing 3. How do discipline and punishment differ? Why does spanking seem to work in the short run? Why do your textbook authors NOT recommend spanking children? Include in your answer a discussion of the research on the effects of physical punishment. Answer: • Discipline is teaching children appropriate behavior. • Punishment is eliminating or reducing undesirable behavior. • Spanking works in the short run because the child stops misbehaving immediately. In the long term, however, children do the behavior again or do something else inappropriate. The authors do not recommend spanking because it can cause children to be afraid of their parents, most abuse starts out as punishment and spanking sends the message that it's okay to hit people. Research: • spanked children have lower moral standards • spanked children are more likely to become delinquent • children were spanked have low self-esteem and depression • children who were spanked are more violent and aggressive 4. Your brother and his wife have recently had a baby. Since you are taking a child development class, he asks your advice on how to discipline their daughter when she gets older. Your brother says that he and his wife have agreed they don't want to use physical punishment on their daughter. Answer: • Put emphasis on teaching good behavior, not punishment. • No one technique works right away all the time. Specific positive discipline strategies • Manage situations to reduce the temptation for misbehavior. • Set clear rules and limits. • Praise good behavior/"catch them being good". • Use explanations and reasoning. • If you must punish, use time out or removing privileges. • Parents who are positively involved with their children have better behaved children. 5. How is play defined? Describe the six levels of play conceptualized by Parten. Answer: Definition of play: • Play is a pleasurable activity that is engaged in on a voluntary basis, is intrinsically motivated, and contains some non-literal element. Six levels of play: • unoccupied behavior is when the child is not playing or watching anyone in particular • onlooking is when the child spends most of the time watching other children play • solitary play is the child playing alone without making any apparent connection between his or her own play and that of others • parallel play is when the child plays alone, but with toys like those used by the children around him or her; child plays beside, not with others • associative play is when children play among other children, but their play is not coordinated • cooperative play is when children are creating a common product, competing towards a goal, acting out adult situations or playing a formal game 6. Why is play important for children's development? What would you tell a parent who is concerned that her child "just plays" in preschool and "isn't learning anything"? Answer: • Through play children have opportunities to develop muscle coordination, social interaction skills, logical reasoning and problem-solving skills and think about the world as it really is and as it could be. • Tell the parent that children learn through playing and that sociodramatic play serves important functions such as expression of needs, outlet for forbidden impulses, and role reversal. 9.5 MyDevelopmentLab Questions 1. Watch the video “Early Gender Typing” and choose one side to support. Write a short essay with at least three points to support your position. Answer: Personal opinion, but there is research to support both positions. However, I can provide a general essay based on common arguments for and against early gender typing, focusing on one side. Here's an essay supporting the notion that early gender typing can be detrimental: Early gender typing, the process by which children learn and internalize societal expectations and norms associated with their gender, has been a topic of significant debate among psychologists, educators, and parents. Advocates who argue against early gender typing highlight several compelling reasons why this practice can be detrimental to children's development. Firstly, early gender typing restricts children's opportunities for self-expression and exploration. From a young age, children are often encouraged or even pressured to conform to stereotypical gender roles in terms of their behaviors, interests, and preferences. Boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities traditionally associated with girls, such as playing with dolls or expressing emotions openly, while girls may face limitations on pursuing interests like sports or STEM subjects. This restriction can limit children's development of a diverse range of skills and interests, potentially hindering their overall growth and fulfillment. Secondly, early gender typing perpetuates harmful stereotypes and inequalities. By reinforcing the idea that certain traits or behaviors are inherently "masculine" or "feminine," society perpetuates rigid gender norms that can contribute to gender-based discrimination and inequality. Girls may internalize beliefs that they are less capable in fields like math or leadership, while boys may feel pressured to suppress emotions or avoid activities deemed "feminine." This not only limits individual potential but also contributes to broader societal issues such as gender pay gaps and unequal opportunities in education and employment. Lastly, early gender typing can have negative psychological effects on children. When children feel compelled to conform to rigid gender expectations that do not align with their true identities or interests, it can lead to feelings of confusion, shame, or inadequacy. This internal conflict can impact their self-esteem and mental well-being, potentially leading to anxiety, depression, or other emotional challenges later in life. In conclusion, while early gender typing may be deeply ingrained in cultural norms and practices, its consequences warrant careful consideration. Advocates for children's rights and holistic development argue against early gender typing to promote greater freedom of expression, challenge stereotypes, and foster environments where children can explore and develop their identities authentically, regardless of societal expectations related to gender. This approach not only benefits individual children but also contributes to creating a more inclusive and equitable society where everyone can thrive. 2. After watching the video “Friends,” list the four reasons that childhood friendships are so significant. Answer: They provide great companionship, opportunities to disclose your innermost secrets, wishes, and fears, they afford the child a safety zone where the child is allowed to practice, and friendships provide tremendous ego support to a budding sense of self. However, based on general knowledge, childhood friendships are significant for several reasons: 1. Emotional Support: Friends provide companionship, empathy, and a sense of belonging, which helps children navigate emotional challenges and boosts their self-esteem. 2. Social Skills Development: Interacting with friends helps children learn important social skills such as sharing, taking turns, resolving conflicts, and cooperating. 3. Cognitive Development: Friendships encourage cognitive growth through conversations, problem-solving activities, and imaginative play, fostering language development and critical thinking. 4. Sense of Identity: Friends play a role in shaping children's identities by influencing their interests, values, and attitudes, helping them discover who they are and how they relate to others. These reasons highlight the vital role that childhood friendships play in children's overall development and well-being. 3. After watching the video “Neglected Child,” write a paragraph listing all the evidence of neglect visible in the video. Answer: Documentation will vary. However, signs of neglect in a child, based on general knowledge, might include: 1. Physical Signs: Poor hygiene, unkempt appearance, inadequate clothing for weather conditions. 2. Emotional Signs: Withdrawn behavior, lack of emotional responsiveness, excessive neediness or clinginess. 3. Behavioral Signs: Developmental delays, frequent absences from school or activities, begging or stealing food. 4. Environmental Signs: Living in unsafe or unsanitary conditions, lack of supervision, exposure to hazardous substances or situations. These signs can indicate neglect and should be addressed to ensure the child's safety, well-being, and development. Test Bank for The World of Children Joan Littlefield Cook, Greg Cook 9780205953738
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