Chapter 9 Inventories: Additional Issues 1 Question 9-1 Question 9-2 Question 9-3 Question 9-4 Question 9-5 The gross profit method estimates cost of goods sold, which is then subtracted from cost of goods available for sale to obtain an estimate of ending inventory. The estimate of cost of goods sold is found by multiplying sales by the historical ratio of cost to selling prices. The cost percentage is the reciprocal of the gross profit ratio. Question 9-6 The key to obtaining accurate estimates when using the gross profit method is the reliability of the cost percentage. If the cost percentage is too low, cost of goods sold will be understated and ending inventory overstated. Cost percentages usually are based on relationships of past years, which aren’t necessarily representative of the current relationship. Failure to consider theft or spoilage also could cause an overstatement of ending inventory. Chapter 9 Inventories: Additional Issues QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW OF KEY TOPICS GAAP generally require the use of historical cost to value assets, but a departure from cost is necessary when the utility of an asset is no longer as great as its cost. The utility or benefits from inventory result from the ultimate sale of the goods. This utility could be reduced below cost due to deterioration, obsolescence, or changes in price levels. To avoid reporting inventory at an amount greater than the benefits it can provide, the lower-of-cost-or-market approach to valuing inventory was developed. This approach results in the recognition of losses when the value of inventory declines below its cost, rather than in the period in which the goods are ultimately sold. The designated market value in the LCM rule is the middle number of replacement cost (RC), net realizable value (NRV) and net realizable value less a normal profit margin (NRV- NP). This is the amount compared with cost to determine LCM. The LCM determination can be made based on individual inventory items, on logical categories of inventory, or on the entire inventory. The preferred method is to record the loss from the write-down of inventory as a separate item in the income statement rather than including the write-down in cost of goods sold. A less desirable alternative is to include the loss in cost of goods sold. 2 Answers to Questions (continued) Question 9-7 The retail inventory method first determines the amount of ending inventory at retail by subtracting sales for the period from goods available for sale at retail. Ending inventory at retail is then converted to cost by multiplying it by the cost-to-retail percentage. Question 9-8 The main difference between the gross profit method and the retail inventory method is in the determination of the cost percentage used to convert sales at selling prices to sales at cost. The retail inventory method uses a cost percentage, called the cost-to-retail percentage, which is based on a current relationship between cost and selling price. The gross profit method relies on past data to reflect the current cost percentage. Question 9-9 Initial markup — Original amount of markup from cost to selling price. Additional markup — Increase in selling price subsequent to initial markup. Markup cancellation — Elimination of an additional markup. Markdown — Reduction in selling price below the original selling price. Markdown cancellation — Elimination of a markdown. Question 9-10 When using the retail method to estimate average cost, the cost-to-retail percentage is determined by dividing total cost of goods available for sale by total goods available for sale at retail. By including beginning inventory in the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage, the percentage reflects the average cost/retail relationship for all inventory, not just the portion acquired in the current period. Question 9-11 The lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) retail variation combined with the average cost method is called the conventional retail method. The LCM rule is incorporated into the retail inventory estimation procedure by excluding markdowns from the calculation of the cost-to- retail percentage. Question 9-12 When applying LIFO, if inventory increases during the year, none of the beginning inventory is assumed sold. Ending inventory includes the beginning inventory plus the current year’s layer. To determine layers, we compare ending inventory at retail to beginning inventory at retail and assume that no more than one inventory layer is added if inventory increases. Each layer carries its own cost-to-retail percentage that is used to convert each layer from retail to cost. Question 9-13 Freight-in is added to purchases in the cost column. Net markups are added in the retail column before the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage. Normal spoilage is deducted in the retail column after the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage. If sales are recorded net of 3 employee discounts, the discounts are added to net sales before sales are deducted in the retail column. 4 Answers to Questions (continued) Question 9-14 The dollar-value LIFO retail method eliminates the stable price assumption of regular retail LIFO. In effect, it combines dollar-value LIFO (Chapter 8) with LIFO retail. Before comparing beginning and ending inventory at retail prices, ending inventory is deflated to base year retail using the current year’s retail price index. After identifying the layers in ending inventory with the years they were created, in addition to converting retail prices to cost using the cost-to-retail percentage, the dollar-value LIFO method requires that each layer first be converted from base year retail to layer year retail using the year’s retail price index. Question 9-15 Changes in inventory methods, other a change to the LIFO method, are reported retrospectively. This means reporting all previous periods’ financial statements as if the new inventory method had been used in all prior periods. Question 9-16 When a company changes to the LIFO inventory method from any other method, it usually is impossible to calculate the income effect on prior years. To do so would require assumptions as to when specific LIFO inventory layers were created in years prior to the change. As a result, a company changing to LIFO usually does not report the change retrospectively. Instead, the LIFO method simply is used from that point on. The base year inventory for all future LIFO determinations is the beginning inventory in the year the LIFO method is adopted. Question 9-17 If a material inventory error is discovered in an accounting period subsequent to the period in which the error is made, any previous years’ financial statements that were incorrect as a result of the error are retrospectively restated to reflect the correction. And, of course, any account balances that are incorrect as a result of the error are corrected by journal entry. If retained earnings is one of the incorrect accounts, the correction is reported as a prior period adjustment to the beginning balance in the statement of shareholders’ equity. In addition, a disclosure note is needed to describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on net income, income before extraordinary item, and earnings per share. 5 Answers to Questions (concluded) Question 9-18 2004: Cost of goods sold overstated Net income understated Ending retained earnings understated 2005: Net purchases no effect Cost of goods sold understated Net income overstated Ending retained earnings correct Question 9-19 Question 9-20 Purchase commitments are contracts that obligate the company to purchase a specified amount of merchandise or raw materials at specified prices on or before specified dates. These agreements are entered into primarily to secure the acquisition of needed inventory and to protect against increases in purchase price. Purchases made pursuant to a purchase commitment are recorded at the lower of contract price or market price on the date the contract is executed. A loss is recognized if the market price is less than the contract price. For purchase commitments outstanding at year-end, a loss is recognized if the market price at year-end is less than the contract price. 6 Brief Exercise 9-1 NRV = $30 - 4 = $26 NRV – NP = $26 – (30% x $30) = $17 RC = $18 The designated market is the middle value of NRV, NRV-NP, and RC, which is $18. Since this is lower than the cost of $20, the unit value is $18. Brief Exercise 9-2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Product RC Ceiling NRV (*) Floor NRV-NP (**) Designated Market Value [Middle value of (1), (2) & (3)] Cost Per Unit Inventory Value [Lower of (4) and (5)] 1 $48 $64 $54 $54 $50 $50 2 26 32 24 26 30 26 * Selling price less disposal costs. ** NRV less normal profit margin Cost LCM Product 1 (1,000 units) $50,000 $50,000 Product 2 (1,000 units) 30,000 26,000 Cost $80,000 LCM value $76,000 Before-tax income will be lower by $4,000, the amount of the required inventory write-down. BRIEF EXERCISES 7 Brief Exercise 9-3 Beginning inventory (from records) $220,000 Plus: Net purchases (from records) 400,000 Cost of goods available for sale 620,000 Less: Cost of goods sold: Net sales $600,000 Less: Estimated gross profit of 30% (180,000) Estimated cost of goods sold (420,000) Estimated cost of inventory destroyed $200,000 Brief Exercise 9-4 Beginning inventory (from records) $150,000 Plus: Net purchases (from records) 450,000 Cost of goods available for sale 600,000 Less: Cost of goods sold: Net sales $700,000 Less: Estimated gross profit ( ? ) Estimated cost of goods sold ( ? ) Estimated cost of inventory lost $ 75,000 Estimated cost of goods sold = $600,000 – 75,000 = $525,000* Estimated gross profit = $700,000 – 525,000* = $175,000 $175,000 ÷ $700,000 = 25% gross profit ratio 8 Brief Exercise 9-5 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $300,000 $ 450,000 Plus: Net purchases 861,000 1,210,000 Freight-in 22,000 Net markups 48,000 Less: Net markdowns ______ (18,000) Goods available for sale 1,183,000 1,690,000 $1,183,000 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 70% $1,690,000 Less: Net sales (1,200,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 490,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (70% x $490,000) (343,000) Estimated cost of goods sold $ 840,000 9 Brief Exercise 9-6 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $300,000 $450,000 Plus: Net purchases 861,000 1,210,000 Freight-in 22,000 Net markups 48,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (18,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beg. Inventory) 883,000 1,240,000 Goods available for sale (including beg. Inventory) 1,183,000 1,690,000 $883,000 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 71.21% $1,240,000 Less: Net sales (1,200,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 490,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost: Retail Cost Beginning inventory $ 450,000 $ 300,000 Current period’s layer 40,000 x 71.21 % = 28,484 Total $ 490,000 $328,484 (328,484) Estimated cost of goods sold $854,516 10 Brief Exercise 9-7 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $300,000 $ 450,000 Plus: Net purchases 861,000 1,210,000 Freight-in 22,000 Net markups 48,000 Goods available for sale 1,708,000 $1,183,000 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 69.26% $1,708,000 Less: Net markdowns ______ (18,000) Goods available for sale 1,183,000 1,690,000 Less: Net sales (1,200,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 490,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (69.26% x $490,000) (339,374) Estimated cost of goods sold $ 843,626 11 Brief Exercise 9-8 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $220,000 $ 400,000 Plus: Purchases 640,000 1,180,000 Freight-in 17,800 Plus: Net markups 16,000 1,596,000 $877,800 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 55% $1,596,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (6,000) Goods available for sale 877,800 1,590,000 Less: Normal spoilage (3,000) Net sales* (1,315,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $272,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (55% x $272,000) (149,600) Estimated cost of goods sold $728,200 *$1,300,000 + 15,000 (employee discounts) = $1,315,000 12 Brief Exercise 9-9 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 40,800 $ 68,000 Plus: Net purchases 155,440 270,000 Net markups 6,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (8,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beginning inventory) 155,440 268,000 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) 196,240 336,000 $40,800 Base layer cost-to-retail percentage: = 60% $68,000 $155,440 2006 layer cost-to-retail percentage: = 58% $268,000 Less: Net sales (250,000) Estimated ending inventory at current year retail prices $ 86,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (calculated below) (50,451) Estimated cost of goods sold $145,789 ___________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $86,000 $86,000 = $84,314 $68,000 (base) x 1.00 x 60% = $40,800 (above) 1.02 16,314 (2006) x 1.02 x 58% = 9,651 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ...................... $50,451 13 Brief Exercise 9-10 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 50,451 $ 86,000 Plus: Net purchases 168,000 301,000 Net markups 3,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (4,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beginning inventory) 168,000 300,000 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) 218,451 386,000 $155,440 2006 layer cost-to-retail percentage: = 58% $268,000 $168,000 2007 layer cost-to-retail percentage: = 56% $300,000 Less: Net sales (280,000) Estimated ending inventory at current year retail prices $106,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (calculated below) (59,762) Estimated cost of goods sold $158,689 ___________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $106,000 $106,000 = $100,000 $68,000 (base) x 1.00 x 60%* = $40,800 (above) 1.06 16,314 (2006) x 1.02 x 58% = 9,651 15,686 (2007) x 1.06 x 56% = 9,311 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ...................... $59,762 *$40,800 ÷ $68,000 = 60% 14 Brief Exercise 9-11 Hopyard applies the FIFO cost method retrospectively; that is, to all prior periods as if it always had used that method. In other words, all financial statement amounts for individual periods that are included for comparison with the current financial statements are revised for period-specific effects of the change. Then, the cumulative effects of the new method on periods prior to those presented are reflected in the reported balances of the assets and liabilities affected as of the beginning of the first period reported and a corresponding adjustment is made to the opening balance of retained earnings for that period. The effect of the change on each line item affected should be disclosed for each period reported as well as any adjustment for periods prior to those reported. Also, the nature of and justification for the change should be described in the disclosure notes. 2006 cost of goods sold is $7,000 higher than it would have been if Hopyard had not switched to FIFO. This is because beginning inventory is $18,000 higher ($145,000 – 127,000) and ending inventory is $11,000 higher ($162,000 – 151,000). An increase in beginning inventory causes an increase in cost of goods sold, but an increase in ending inventory causes a decrease in cost of goods sold. Purchases for 2006 are the same regardless of the inventory valuation method used. Brief Exercise 9-12 When a company changes to the LIFO inventory method from any other method, it usually is impossible to calculate the income effect on prior years. To do so would require assumptions as to when specific LIFO inventory layers were created in years prior to the change. As a result, a company changing to LIFO usually does not report the change retrospectively. Instead, the LIFO method simply is used from that point on. The base year inventory for all future LIFO determinations is the beginning inventory in the year the LIFO method is adopted, $150,000 in this case. A disclosure note is needed to explain (a) the nature of and justification for the change, (b) the effect of the change on current year's income and earnings per share, and (c) why retrospective application was impracticable. 15 Brief Exercise 9-13 The 2004 error caused 2004 net income to be overstated, but since 2004 ending inventory is 2005 beginning inventory, 2005 net income was understated the same amount. So, the income statement was misstated for 2004 and 2005, but the balance sheet (retained earnings) was incorrect only for 2004. After that, no account balances are incorrect due to the 2004 error. Analysis: U = Understated O = Overstated 2004 2005 Beginning inventory → Beginning inventory O Plus: net purchases ↑ Plus: net purchases Less: ending inventory O → Less: ending inventory Cost of goods sold U Cost of goods sold O Revenues Revenues Less: cost of goods sold U Less: cost of goods sold O Less: other expenses Less: other expenses Net income O Net income U È È Retained earnings O Retained earnings corrected 16 Brief Exercise 9-13 (concluded) However, the 2005 error has not yet self-corrected. Both retained earnings and inventory still are overstated as a result of the second error. Analysis: U = Understated O = Overstated 2005 Beginning inventory Plus: net purchases Less: ending inventory O Cost of goods sold U Revenues Less: cost of goods sold U Less: other expenses Net income O È Retained earnings O Retained earnings on January 1, 2006, in this case, would be overstated by $500,000 (ignoring income taxes). Brief Exercise 9-14 The financial statements that were incorrect as a result of both errors (effect of one error in 2004 and effect of two errors in 2005) would be retrospectively restated to report the correct inventory amounts, cost of goods sold, income, and retained earnings when those statements are reported again for comparative purposes in the current annual report. A “prior period adjustment” to retained earnings would be reported, and a disclosure note should describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on each year’s net income, income before extraordinary items, and earnings per share. 17 Exercise 9-1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Product RC Ceiling NRV (*) Floor NRV-NP (**) Designated Market Value [Middle value of (1), (2) & (3)] Cost Per Unit Inventory Value [Lower of (4) and (5)] 1 $18 $ 34 $29 $29 $20 $20 2 85 80 50 80 90 80 3 40 60 48 48 50 48 * Selling price less disposal costs. ** NRV less normal profit margin EXERCISES 18 Exercise 9-2 Requirement 1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Product RC Ceiling NRV Floor NRV-NP (NP= 25% of cost) Designated Market Value [Middle value of (1), (2) & (3)] Cost Inventory Value [Lower of (4) and (5)] 101 $110,000 $100,000 $70,000 $100,000 $120,000 $100,000 102 85,000 110,000 87,500 87,500 90,000 87,500 103 40,000 50,000 35,000 40,000 60,000 40,000 104 28,000 50,000 42,500 42,500 30,000 30,000 Totals $300,000 $257,500 The inventory value is $257,500. Requirement 2 Loss from write-down of inventory: $300,000 - 257,500 = $42,500 Exercise 9-3 Beginning inventory (from records) $140,000 Plus: Net purchases (from records) 370,000 Cost of goods available for sale 510,000 Less: Cost of goods sold: Net sales $550,000 Less: Estimated gross profit of 25% (137,500) Estimated cost of goods sold (412,500) Estimated cost of inventory destroyed $ 97,500 19 Exercise 9-4 Beginning inventory (from records) $100,000 Plus: Net purchases (from records) 140,000 Cost of goods available for sale 240,000 Less: Cost of goods sold: Net sales $220,000 Less: Estimated gross profit of 35% (77,000) Estimated cost of goods sold (143,000) Estimated ending inventory 97,000 Less: Value of usable damaged goods (12,000) Estimated loss from fire $ 85,000 Exercise 9-5 Merchandise inventory, January 1, 2006 $1,900,000 Purchases 5,800,000 Freight-in 400,000 Cost of goods available for sale 8,100,000 Less: Cost of goods sold: Sales $8,200,000 Less: Estimated gross profit of 20% (1,640,000) (6,560,000) Estimated loss from fire $1,540,000 20 Exercise 9-6 Beginning inventory + Net purchases - Ending inventory = Cost of goods sold $27,000 + 31,000 - 28,000 = $30,000 = Cost of goods sold Cost of goods sold Cost percentage = Net sales $30,000 Cost percentage = = 60% $50,000 Exercise 9-7 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $35,000 $50,000 Plus: Net purchases 19,120 31,600 Net markups 1,200 Less: Net markdowns ______ (800) Goods available for sale 54,120 82,000 $54,120 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 66% $82,000 Less: Net sales (32,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $50,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (66% x $50,000) (33,000) Estimated cost of goods sold $21,120 21 Exercise 9-8 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $190,000 $ 280,000 Plus: Purchases 600,000 840,000 Freight-in 8,000 Net markups 20,000 1,140,000 $798,000 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 70% $1,140,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (4,000) Goods available for sale 798,000 1,136,000 Less: Net sales (800,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 336,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (70% x $336,000) $235,200 22 Exercise 9-9 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $160,000 $ 280,000 Plus: Net purchases 607,760 840,000 Net markups 20,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (4,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beg. Inventory) 607,760 856,000 Goods available for sale (including beg. Inventory) 767,760 1,136,000 $607,760 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 71% $856,000 Less: Net sales (800,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 336,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost: Retail Cost Beginning inventory $280,000 $160,000 Current period’s layer 56,000 x 71% = 39,760 Total $336,000 $199,760 (199,760) Estimated cost of goods sold $568,000 23 Exercise 9-10 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 12,000 $ 20,000 Plus: Purchases 102,600 165,000 Freight-in 3,480 Less: Purchase returns (4,000) (7,000) Plus: Net markups 6,000 184,000 $114,080 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 62% $184,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (3,000) Goods available for sale 114,080 181,000 Less: Normal spoilage (4,200) Net sales (152,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 24,800 Estimated ending inventory at cost (62% x $24,800) (15,376) Estimated cost of goods sold $ 98,704 24 Exercise 9-11 Requirement 1 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 40,000 $ 60,000 Plus: Purchases 207,000 400,000 Freight-in 14,488 Less: Purchase returns (4,000) (6,000) Plus: Net markups 5,800 459,800 $257,488 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 56% $459,800 Less: Net markdowns _______ (3,500) Goods available for sale 257,488 456,300 Less: Normal breakage (6,000) Sales: Net sales $280,000 Add back employee discounts 1,800 (281,800) Estimated ending inventory at retail $168,500 Estimated ending inventory at cost (56% x $168,500) (94,360) Estimated cost of goods sold $163,128 Requirement 2 Net markdowns are included in the cost-to-retail percentage: $257,488 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 56.43% $456,300 25 Exercise 9-12 Net purchases: Using LIFO, the beginning inventory is excluded from the calculation of the cost- to-retail percentage: Cost of goods available (excluding beg. inventory) Cost-to-retail percentage = Goods available at retail (excluding beg. inventory) $10,500 50% = , and x = $21,000. x Net purchases at retail equals $21,000 less markups plus markdowns. Net purchases = $21,000 - 4,000 + 1,000 = $18,000 Net sales: The cost-to-retail percentage can be calculated as follows: Cost Retail Beginning inventory $21,000.00 $ 35,000 Plus: Net purchases 10,500.00 18,000 Net markups 4,000 Less: Net markdowns _________ (1,000) Goods available for sale 31,500.00 56,000 $31,500 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 56.25% $56,000 Less: Net sales ( ? ) Estimated ending inventory at retail ? Estimated ending inventory at cost (56.25% x ?) = $17,437.50 Estimated ending inventory at retail is: $17,437.50 = $31,000 .5625 Net sales = $56,000 - 31,000 = $25,000 26 Exercise 9-13 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. c Exercise 9-14 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 71,280 $132,000 Plus: Net purchases 112,500 255,000 Net markups 6,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (11,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beginning inventory) 112,500 250,000 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) 183,780 382,000 $71,280 Base year cost-to-retail percentage: = 54% $132,000 $112,500 2006 cost-to-retail percentage: = 45% $250,000 Less: Net sales (232,000) Estimated ending inventory at current year retail prices $150,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (below) (77,004) Estimated cost of goods sold $106,776 ___________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $150,000 $150,000 = $144,231 $132,000 (base) x 1.00 x 54% = $71,280 (above) 1.04 12,231 (2006) x 1.04 x 45% = 5,724 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ...................... $77,004 27 Exercise 9-15 Requirement 1 $15,000 Cost-to-retail percentage = = 80% $18,750 Requirement 2 2006 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $25,000 $25,000 = $20,000 $18,750 (base) x 1.00 x 80% = $15,000 (given) 1.25 1,250 (2006) x 1.25 x 82% = 1,281 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ............. $16,281 2007 $28,600 $28,600 = $22,000 $18,750 (base) x 1.00 x 80% = $15,000 (given) 1.30 1,250 (2006) x 1.25 x 82% = 1,281 2,000 (2007) x 1.30 x 85% = 2,210 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ............. $18,491 28 Exercise 9-16 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $160,000 $250,000 Plus: Net purchases 350,200 510,000 Net markups 7,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (2,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beginning inventory) 350,200 515,000 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) 510,200 765,000 $160,000 Base layer cost-to-retail percentage: = 64% $250,000 $350,200 2006 layer cost-to-retail percentage: = 68% $515,000 Less: Net sales (380,000) Estimated ending inventory at current year retail prices $385,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (calculated below) (234,800) Estimated cost of goods sold $275,400 ___________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $385,000 $385,000 = $350,000 $250,000 (base) x 1.00 x 64% = $160,000 (above) 1.10 100,000 (2006) x 1.10 x 68% = 74,800 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ...................... $234,800 29 Exercise 9-17 Cost-to-retail percentage, 1/1/06: $21,000 = 75% $28,000 Cost-to-retail percentage, 12/31/06: $33,600 = $30,000 = Ending inventory at base year retail 1.12 $30,000 - 28,000 = $2,000 = LIFO layer added during 2006 at base year retail $2,000 x 1.12 = $2,240 = LIFO layer added at current year retail $22,792 - 21,000 = $1,792 = LIFO layer added at current year cost $1,792 = 80% = Cost-to-retail percentage for the year 2006 layer $2,240 30 Exercise 9-17 (concluded) 2007 ending inventory: Cost Retail Beginning inventory $22,792 $ 33,600 Plus: Net purchases 60,000 88,400 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) $82,792 122,000 $60,000 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 67.87% $88,400 Less: Net sales (80,000) Estimated ending inventory at current year retail prices $ 42,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (below) $26,864 ___________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $42,000 $42,000 = $35,000 $28,000 (base) x 1.00 x 75.00% = $21,000 (above) 1.20 2,000 (2006) x 1.12 x 80.00% = 1,792 5,000 (2007) x 1.20 x 67.87% = 4,072 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost .................. $26,864 31 Exercise 9-18 Requirement 1 To record the change: ($ in millions) Retained earnings ............................................................ 8.2 Inventory ($32 million - 23.8 million) .............................. 8.2 Requirement 2 CPS applies the average cost method retrospectively; that is, to all prior periods as if it always had used that method. In other words, all financial statement amounts for individual periods that are included for comparison with the current financial statements are revised for period-specific effects of the change. Then, the cumulative effects of the new method on periods prior to those presented are reflected in the reported balances of the assets and liabilities affected as of the beginning of the first period reported and a corresponding adjustment is made to the opening balance of retained earnings for that period. Let’s say CPS reports 2006-2004 comparative statements of shareholders’ equity. The $8.2 million adjustment above is due to differences prior to the 2006 change. The portion of that amount due to differences prior to 2004 is subtracted from the opening balance of retained earnings for 2004. The effect of the change on each line item affected should be disclosed for each period reported as well as any adjustment for periods prior to those reported. Also, the nature of and justification for the change should be described in the disclosure notes. 32 Exercise 9-19 Requirement 1 Retained earnings ................................................................... 5,000 Inventory ($83,000 – 78,000) ............................................. 5,000 Requirement 2 Effect on cost of goods sold: Decrease in beginning inventory ($78,000 - 71,000) - $7,000 Decrease in ending inventory ($83,000 - 78,000) + 5,000 Decrease in cost of goods sold $2,000 Cost of goods sold for 2005 would be $2,000 lower in the revised income statement. 33 Exercise 9-20 Requirement 1 The 2004 error caused 2004 net income to be understated, but since 2004 ending inventory is 2005 beginning inventory, 2005 net income was overstated the same amount. So, the income statement was misstated for 2004 and 2005, but the balance sheet (retained earnings) was incorrect only for 2004. After that, no account balances are incorrect due to the 2004 error. Analysis: U = Understated O = Overstated 2004 2005 Beginning inventory → Beginning inventory U Plus: net purchases ↑ Plus: net purchases Less: ending inventory U → Less: ending inventory Cost of goods sold O Cost of goods sold U Revenues Revenues Less: cost of goods sold O Less: cost of goods sold U Less: other expenses Less: other expenses Net income U Net income O È È Retained earnings U Retained earnings corrected 34 Exercise 9-20 (concluded) However, the 2005 error has not yet self-corrected. Both retained earnings and inventory still are overstated as a result of the second error. Analysis: U = Understated O = Overstated 2005 Beginning inventory Plus: net purchases Less: ending inventory O Cost of goods sold U Revenues Less: cost of goods sold U Less: other expenses Net income O È Retained earnings O Requirement 2 Retained earnings (overstatement of 2005 income) .............. 150,000 Inventory (overstatement of 2006 beginning inventory) .... 150,000 Requirement 3 The financial statements that were incorrect as a result of both errors (effect of one error in 2004 and effect of two errors in 2005) would be retrospectively restated to report the correct inventory amounts, cost of goods sold, income, and retained earnings when those statements are reported again for comparative purposes in the current annual report. A “prior period adjustment” to retained earnings would be reported, and a disclosure note should describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on each year’s net income, income before extraordinary items, and earnings per share. 35 Exercise 9-21 U = understated O = overstated NE = no effect Cost of Net Retained Goods Sold Income Earnings 1. Overstatement of ending inventory U O O 2. Overstatement of purchases O U U 3. Understatement of beginning inventory U O O 4. Freight-in charges are understated U O O 5. Understatement of ending inventory O U U 6. Understatement of purchases U O O 7. Overstatement of beginning inventory O U U 8. Understatement of purchases + understatement of ending inventory by the same amount NE NE NE 36 Exercise 9-22 1. To include the $4 million in year 2006 purchases and increase retained earnings to what it would have been if 2005 cost of goods sold had not included the $4 million purchases. Analysis: 2005 2006 Beginning inventory Beginning inventory Purchases O Purchases U Less: Ending inventory Cost of goods sold O Revenues Less: Cost of goods sold O U = Understated Less: Other expenses O = Overstated Net income U Ð Retained earnings U ($ in millions) Purchases .......................................................... 4 Retained earnings .......................................... 4 2. The 2005 financial statements that were incorrect as a result of the errors would be retrospectively restated to reflect the correct cost of goods sold, (income tax expense if taxes are considered), net income, and retained earnings when those statements are reported again for comparative purposes in the 2006 annual report. 3. A “prior period adjustment” to retained earnings would be reported, and a disclosure note should describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on each year’s net income, income before extraordinary items, and earnings per share. Exercise 9-23 1. a 2. c 37 Exercise 9-24 List A List B e 1. Gross profit ratio a. Reduction in selling price below the original selling price. i 2. Cost-to-retail percentage b. Beginning inventory is not included in the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage. l 3. Additional markup c. Deducted in the retail column after the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage. a 4. Markdown d. Requires base year retail to be converted to layer year retail and then to cost. k 5. Net markup e. Gross profit divided by net sales. b 6. Retail method, FIFO & LIFO f. Material inventory error discovered in a subsequent year. j 7. Conventional retail method g. Must be added to sales if sales are recorded net of discounts. n 8. Change from LIFO h. Deducted in the retail column to arrive at goods available for sale at retail. d 9. Dollar-value LIFO retail i. Divide cost of goods available for sale by goods available at retail. c 10. Normal spoilage j. Average cost, LCM. f 11. Requires retrospective k. Added to the retail column to arrive at goods restatement available for sale. g 12. Employee discounts l. Increase in selling price subsequent to initial markup. h 13. Net markdowns m. Ceiling in the determination of market. m 14. Net realizable value n. Accounting change requiring retrospective treatment. 38 Exercise 9-25 1. d. The failure to record a sale means that both accounts receivable and sales will be understated. However, inventory was correctly counted, so that account and cost of goods sold were unaffected. 2. d. The overstatement (double counting) of inventory at the end of year 1 caused year 1 cost of goods sold (BI + Purchases – EI) to be understated and both inventory and income to be overstated. The year 1 ending inventory equals year 2 beginning inventory. Thus, the same overstatement caused year 2 beginning inventory and cost of goods sold to be overstated and income to be understated. This is an example of a self-correcting error. By the end of year 2, the balance sheet is correct. 3. b. The conventional retail inventory method adds beginning inventory, net purchases, and markups (but not markdowns) to calculate a cost percentage. The purpose of excluding markdowns is to approximate a lower-of-average- cost-or-market valuation. The cost percentage is then used to reduce the retail value of the ending inventory to cost. FCL’s cost-retail ratio is 40% ($90,000 / $225,000), and ending inventory at cost is therefore $20,000 (40% x $50,000 ending inventory at retail). 39 Exercise 9-26 Requirement 1 If market price at year-end is less than contract price for outstanding purchase commitments, a loss is recorded for the difference. December 31, 2006 Estimated loss on purchase commitment ($60,000 - 56,000) ... 4,000 Estimated liability on purchase commitment .................. 4,000 Requirement 2 If market price on purchase date declines from year-end price, the purchase is recorded at market price. March 21, 2007 Inventory .............................................................................. 54,000 Loss on purchase commitment ($56,000 - 54,000) ................. 2,000 Estimated liability on purchase commitment ...................... 4,000 Cash ................................................................................ 60,000 40 Exercise 9-27 If market price is less than the contract price, the purchase is recorded at the market price. June 15, 2006 Purchases (market price) ......................................................... 85,000 Loss on purchase commitment (difference) ........................... 15,000 Cash ................................................................................. 100,000 If market price at year-end is less than contract price for outstanding purchase commitments, a loss is recorded for the difference. June 30, 2006 Estimated loss on purchase commitment ($150,000 - 140,000) . 10,000 Estimated liability on purchase commitment .................. 10,000 If market price on purchase date declines from year-end price, the purchase is recorded at market price. August 20, 2006 Purchases (market price) ......................................................... 120,000 Loss on purchase commitment ($140,000 - 120,000) .............. 20,000 Estimated liability on purchase commitment ...................... 10,000 Cash ................................................................................ 150,000 41 Problem 9-1 Requirement 1 Product NRV per unit NRV-NP per unit A $16 - (15% x $16) = $13.60 $13.60 - (40% x $16) = $7.20 B $18 - (15% x $18) = $15.30 $15.30 - (40% x $18) = $8.10 C $ 8 - (15% x $8) = $ 6.80 $ 6.80 - (40% x $ 8) = $3.60 D $ 6 - (15% x $6) = $ 5.10 $ 5.10 - (40% x $ 6) = $2.70 E $13 - (15% x $13) = $11.05 $11.05 - (40% x $13) = $5.85 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Product (units) RC Ceiling NRV Floor NRV-NP Designated Market Value [Middle value of (1), (2) & (3)] Cost Inventory Value [Lower of (4) and (5)] A (1,000) $12,000 $13,600 $7,200 $12,000 $10,000 $10,000 B (800) 8,800 12,240 6,480 8,800 12,000 8,800 C (600) 1,200 4,080 2,160 2,160 1,800 1,800 D (200) 800 1,020 540 800 1,400 800 E (600) 7,200 6,630 3,510 6,630 8,400 6,630 Totals $30,390 $33,600 $28,030 Inventory carrying value would be $28,030. Requirement 2 Inventory carrying value would be $30,390, the lower of aggregate inventory cost ($33,600) and aggregate inventory market ($30,390). The amount of the loss from inventory write-down is $3,210 ($33,600 - 30,390). PROBLEMS 42 Problem 9-2 Requirement 1 Lower-of-cost-or-market Product Cost Designated Market Value (a) By Individual Products (b) By Product Type (c) By Total Inventory Tools: Hammers $ 500 $ 550 $ 500 Saws 2,000 1,800 1,800 Screwdrivers 600 780 600 Total tools $3,100 $3,130 $3,100 Paint products: 1-gallon cans $3,000 $2,500 2,500 Paint brushes 400 450 400 Total paint $3,400 $2,950 2,950 Total $6,500 $6,080 $5,800 $6,050 $6,080 Requirement 2 (a) Individual products $6,500 - 5,800 = $700 (b) Product type $6,500 - 6,050 = $450 (c) Total inventory $6,500 - 6,080 = $420 43 Problem 9-3 Requirement 1 Fruit Marshmallow Chocolate Toppings Toppings Topping Estimate of cost of goods sold: Cost percentage 80% 70% 65% x Net sales $200,000 $55,000 $20,000 $160,000 $38,500 $13,000 Beginning inventory $ 20,000 $ 7,000 $ 3,000 Plus: Net purchases 150,000 36,000 12,000 Cost of goods available for sale 170,000 43,000 15,000 Less: Estimate of cost of goods sold 160,000 38,500 13,000 Estimate of cost of inventory lost $ 10,000 $ 4,500 $ 2,000 Requirement 2 The two main factors that could cause the estimates of the inventory lost to be over or understated are: 1. The historical cost percentages used may not be representative of the current relationship between cost and selling price. 2. Theft or spoilage losses may not be appropriately considered in the cost percentage. 44 Problem 9-4 1. Average cost Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 90,000 $180,000 Plus: Purchases 355,000 580,000 Freight-in 9,000 Less: Purchase returns (7,000) (11,000) Plus: Net markups 16,000 Less: Net markdowns (12,000) Abnormal spoilage (4,800) (8,000) Goods available for sale 442,200 745,000 $442,200 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 59.36% $745,000 Less: Normal spoilage (3,000) Sales: Net sales ($540,000 - 10,000) $530,000 Add back employee discounts 4,000 (534,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $208,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (59.36% x $208,000) (123,469) Estimated cost of goods sold $318,731 45 Problem 9-4 (concluded) 2. Conventional (average, LCM) Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 90,000 $180,000 Plus: Purchases 355,000 580,000 Freight-in 9,000 Less: Purchase returns (7,000) (11,000) Plus: Net markups 16,000 Less: Abnormal spoilage (4,800) (8,000) 757,000 $442,200 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 58.41% $757,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (12,000) Goods available for sale 442,200 745,000 Less: Normal spoilage (3,000) Sales: Net sales ($540,000 - 10,000) $530,000 Add back employee discounts 4,000 (534,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $208,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (58.41% x $208,000) (121,493) Estimated cost of goods sold $320,707 46 Problem 9-5 Requirement 1 Sales to employees must be deducted in the retail column at their gross amount: $250,000 = $312,500* .80 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 100,000 $ 150,000 Plus: Purchases 1,387,500 2,000,000 Freight-in 10,000 Plus: Net markups 300,000 2,450,000 $1,497,500 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 61.12% $2,450,000 Less: Net markdowns ________ (150,000) Goods available for sale 1,497,500 2,300,000 Less: Normal shrinkage (15,000) Sales: Sales to customers $1,750,000 Sales to employees 312,500* (2,062,500) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 222,500 Estimated ending inventory at cost (61.12% x $222,500) (135,992) Estimated cost of goods sold $1,361,508 47 Problem 9-5 (concluded) Requirement 2 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 100,000 $ 150,000 Plus: Purchases 1,387,500 2,000,000 Freight-in 10,000 Plus: Net markups 300,000 Less: Net markdowns ________ (150,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beginning inventory) 1,397,500 2,150,000 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) 1,497,500 2,300,000 $1,397,500 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 65% $2,150,000 Less: Normal shrinkage (15,000) Sales: Sales to customers $1,750,000 Sales to employees 312,500 (2,062,500) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 222,500 Estimated ending inventory at cost: Retail Cost Beginning inventory $150,000 $100,000 Current period’s layer 72,500 x 65% = 47,125 Total $222,500 $147,125 (147,125) Estimated cost of goods sold $1,350,375 48 Problem 9-6 Requirement 1 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 20,000 $ 30,000 Plus: Purchases 100,151 146,495 Freight-in 5,100 Less: Purchase returns (2,100) (2,800) Plus: Net markups ($2,500 - 265) 2,235 175,930 $123,151 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 70% $175,930 Less: Net markdowns _______ (800) Goods available for sale $123,151 175,130 Less: Normal spoilage (4,500) Net sales (135,730) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 34,900 Estimated ending inventory at cost (70% x $34,900) $24,430 Requirement 2 The difference between the inventory estimate per retail method and the amount per physical count may be due to: 1. Theft losses. 2. Spoilage or breakage above normal. 3. Differences in cost-to-retail percentage for purchases during the month, beginning inventory, and ending inventory. 4. Markups on goods available for sale inconsistent between cost of goods sold and ending inventory. 5. A wide variety of merchandise with varying cost-to-retail percentages. 6. Incorrect reporting of markdowns, additional markups or cancellations. 49 Problem 9-7 ($ in 000s) Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 80 $ 125 Purchases 671 1,006 Freight-in on purchases 30 Purchase returns (1) (2) Net markups 4 Net markdowns ___ (8) Goods available for sale $780 1,125 Cost-to-retail percentages: Average cost ratio: $780 ÷ $1,125 = .6933 Average (LCM) cost ratio: $780 ÷ ($1,125 + $8) = .6884 Deduct: Net sales (916) Ending inventory: At retail (sales price) $ 209 At Average cost ($209 x .6933) $144.90 At Average (LCM) ($209 x .6884) $143.88 Note that lower of cost or market is approximated by excluding net markdowns. 50 Problem 9-8 ($ in 000s) Cost Retail Beginning inventory $80 $125 Plus: Net purchases 671 1,006 Freight-in 30 Net markups 4 Less: Purchase returns (1) (2) Net markdowns ___ (8) Goods available for sale (excluding beginning inventory) 700 1,000 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) 780 1,125 $80 Base layer cost-to-retail percentage: = 64% $125 $700 2006 layer cost-to-retail percentage: = 70% $1,000 Less: Net sales (916) Estimated ending inventory at current year retail prices $209 Estimated ending inventory at cost (calculated below) (130) Estimated cost of goods sold $650 ___________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $209 $209 = $190 $125 (base) x 1.00 x 64% = $ 80 (above) 1.10 65 (2006) x 1.10 x 70% = 50 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ...................... $130 51 Problem 9-9 Sales to employees must be deducted in the retail column at their gross amount. 2006: $2,400 = $3,000 = Gross sales to employees .80 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $28,000 $ 40,000 Plus: Net purchases 85,000 108,000 Freight-in 2,000 Net markups 10,000 Less: Net markdowns ______ (2,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beginning inventory) 87,000 116,000 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) 115,000 156,000 $ 87,000 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 75% $116,000 Less: Net sales ($100,000 + 3,000) (103,000) Estimated ending inventory at current year retail prices $ 53,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (below) (35,950) Estimated cost of goods sold $79,050 ___________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $53,000 $53,000 = $50,000 $40,000 (base) x 1.00 x 70% = $28,000 (above) 1.06 10,000 (2006) x 1.06 x 75% = 7,950 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ............ $35,950 52 Problem 9-9 (concluded) 2007: $4,000 = $5,000 = Gross sales to employees .80 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $35,950 $ 53,000 Plus: Net purchases 90,000 114,000 Freight-in 2,500 Net markups 8,000 Less: Net markdowns ______ (2,200) Goods available for sale (excluding beginning inventory) 92,500 119,800 Goods available for sale (including beginning inventory) 128,450 172,800 $ 92,500 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 77.21% $119,800 Less: Net sales ($104,000 + 5,000) (109,000) Estimated ending inventory at current year retail prices $ 63,800 Estimated ending inventory at cost (below) (42,744) Estimated cost of goods sold $85,706 ___________________________________________________________________________ Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $63,800 $63,800 = $58,000 $40,000 (base) x 1.00 x 70% = $28,000 (above) 1.10 10,000 (2006) x 1.06 x 75% = 7,950 8,000 (2007) x 1.10 x 77.21% = 6,794 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ............ $42,744 53 Problem 9-10 Requirement 1 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 27,500 $ 45,000 Plus: Purchases 282,000 490,000 Freight-in 26,500 Less: Purchase returns (6,500) (10,000) Purchase discounts (5,000) Plus: Net markups 25,000 550,000 $324,500 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 59% $550,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (10,000) Goods available for sale $324,500 540,000 Less: Gross sales $492,000 Less: Returns (5,000) Plus: Employee discounts 3,000 (490,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 50,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost (59% x $50,000) $ 29,500 54 Problem 9-10 (continued) Requirement 2 Cost Retail Beginning inventory $ 27,500 $ 45,000 Plus: Purchases 282,000 490,000 Freight-in 26,500 Less: Purchase returns (6,500) (10,000) Purchase discounts (5,000) Plus: Net markups 25,000 Less: Net markdowns _______ (10,000) Goods available for sale (excluding beg. inventory) 297,000 495,000 Goods available for sale (including beg. inventory) $324,500 540,000 $297,000 Cost-to-retail percentage: = 60% $495,000 Less: Gross sales $492,000 Less: Returns (5,000) Plus: Employee discounts 3,000 (490,000) Estimated ending inventory at retail $ 50,000 Estimated ending inventory at cost: Retail Cost Beginning inventory $45,000 $27,500 Current period’s layer 5,000 x 60% = 3,000 Total $50,000 $30,500 55 Problem 9-10 (concluded) Requirement 3 2005 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Ending Ending Inventory Inventory Inventory Inventory Layers Layers at Year-end at Base Year at Base Year Converted to Retail Prices Retail Prices Retail Prices Cost $56,100 $56,100 = $55,000 $50,000 (base) x 1.00 x 61%* = $30,500 1.02 5,000 (2005) x 1.02 x 62% = 3,162 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost .............. $33,662 * $30,500 = 61% $50,000 2006 $48,300 $48,300 = $46,000 $46,000 (base) x 1.00 x 61% = $28,060 1.05 Total ending inventory at dollar-value LIFO retail cost ............... $28,060 56 Problem 9-11 Requirement 1 Retained earnings ................................................................... 20,000 Inventory ($150,000 – 130,000) ......................................... 20,000 Requirement 2 FIFO method cost of goods sold: Cost of goods available for sale $530,000 Less ending inventory: 5,000 units @ $40 $200,000 2,000 units @ $36 72,000 (272,000) Cost of goods sold $258,000 Average cost method cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory (5,000 units) $130,000 Purchases: 5,000 units @ $36 $180,000 5,000 units @ $40 200,000 380,000 Cost of goods available for sale (15,000 units) 510,000 Less ending inventory (below) (238,000) Cost of goods sold $272,000 Cost of ending inventory: $510,000 Weighted average unit cost = = $34 15,000 units 7,000 units x $34 = $238,000 The effect of the change for the year 2006 is a $14,000 increase in cost of goods sold ($272,000 - 258,000) resulting in a $14,000 decrease in income before tax and a $8,400 decrease in income after tax [$14,000 x (1 - .40)]. 57 Problem 9-12 Requirement 1 Analysis: U = Understated O = Overstated 2004 2005 Beginning inventory → Beginning inventory U-6,000 Plus: Net purchases ↑ Plus: Net purchases U-3,000 Less: Ending inventory U-6,000 Less: Ending inventory O-9,000 Cost of goods sold O-6,000 Cost of goods sold U-18,000 Revenues Revenues Less: Cost of goods sold O-6,000 Less: Cost of goods sold U-18,000 Less: Other expenses Less: Other expenses Net income U-6,000 Net income O-18,000 Ð Ð Retained earnings U-6,000 Retained earnings O-12,000 Requirement 2 Retained earnings ............................................................ 12,000 Inventory ..................................................................... 9,000 Purchases .................................................................... 3,000 Requirement 3 The financial statements that were incorrect as a result of both errors (effect of one error in 2004 and effect of three errors in 2005) would be retrospectively restated to report the correct inventory amounts, cost of goods sold, income, and retained earnings when those statements are reported again for comparative purposes in the 2006 annual report. A “prior period adjustment” to retained earnings would be reported, and a disclosure note should describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on each year’s net income, income before extraordinary items, and earnings per share. 58 Problem 9-13 Requirement 1 December 31, 2006 inventory, based on a physical count $450,000 Add: Merchandise shipped f.o.b. shipping point in 2006 20,000 Merchandise shipped f.o.b. shipping point in 2006 80,000 Correct ending inventory $550,000 Analysis: U = Understated O = Overstated 2006 Beginning inventory Plus: Net purchases U-130,000 ($50,000 + 80,000) Less: Ending inventory U-100,000 Cost of goods sold U -30,000 Revenues Less: Cost of goods sold U -30,000 Less: Other expenses Net income O -30,000 Ð Retained earnings O -30,000 Requirement 2 Retained earnings ............................................................ 30,000 Inventory ......................................................................... 100,000 Accounts payable ........................................................ 130,000 59 Problem 9-14 Requirement 1 a. $10.50 If market price is equal to or greater than the contract price, the purchase is recorded at cost. Purchases ($10.00 x 10,000 units) ....................................... 100,000 Cash ............................................................................ 100,000 b. $9.50 If market price is less than the contract price, the purchase is recorded at the market price. Purchases ($9.50 x 10,000 units) ......................................... 95,000 Loss on purchase commitment (difference) ...................... 5,000 Cash ............................................................................ 100,000 Requirement 2 a. $12.50 No entry is required. Market price is greater than contract price. b. $10.30 If market price at year-end is less than contract price for outstanding purchase commitments, a loss is recorded for the difference. December 31, 2006 Estimated loss on purchase commitment [($11.00 x 20,000 units) - ($10.30 x 20,000 units)] .................. 14,000 Estimated liability on purchase commitment ............. 14,000 60 Problem 9-14 (concluded) Requirement 3 a. $11.50 If market price on purchase date has not declined from year-end price, the purchase is recorded at the year-end market price. Purchases ($10.30 x 20,000 units) ....................................... 206,000 Estimated liability on purchase commitment ................. 14,000 Cash ($11.00 x 20,000 units) ........................................... 220,000 b. $10.00 If market price on purchase date declines from year-end price, the purchase is recorded at market price. Purchases ($10.00 x 20,000 units) ....................................... 200,000 Loss on purchase commitment ($220,000 - 200,000 -14,000)* ............................................ 6,000 Estimated liability on purchase commitment ................. 14,000 Cash ($11.00 x 20,000 units) ........................................... 220,000 * or, ($10.30 - $10.00) x 20,000 units = $6,000 61 Judgment Case 9-1 1. Hudson should account for the warehousing costs related to its wholesale inventories as part of inventory. All reasonable and necessary costs of preparing inventory for sale should be recorded as inventory cost. This approach results in proper matching of the warehousing costs with revenue when the wholesale inventories are sold. 2. a. The lower-of-cost-or-market method produces a more realistic estimate of future cash flows to be realized from assets, which is consistent with the principle of conservatism, and recognizes (matches) the anticipated loss in the income statement in the period in which the price decline occurs. b. Hudson’s wholesale inventories should be reported in the balance sheet at replacement cost. According to the lower-of-cost-or-market method, replacement cost is defined as market. However, market cannot exceed net realizable value and cannot be less than net realizable value less the normal profit margin. In this instance, replacement cost is below original cost, below net realizable value, and above net realizable value less the normal profit margin. Therefore, Hudson’s wholesale inventories should be reported at replacement cost. 3. Hudson’s freight-in costs should be included only in the cost amounts to determine the cost-to-retail percentage. Hudson’s net markups should be included only in the retail amounts to determine the cost-to-retail-percentage. Hudson’s net markdowns should not be deducted from the retail amounts to determine the cost- to-retail percentage. 4. By not deducting net markdowns from the retail amounts to determine the cost-to-retail percentage, Hudson produces a lower cost-to-retail percentage than would result if net markdowns were deducted. By applying this lower percentage to ending inventory at retail, the inventory is reported at an amount below cost, which approximates lower of average cost or market. CASES 62 Communication Case 9-2 Arguments for the LCM approach versus historical cost should focus on the loss of utility concept. A departure from cost is warranted when the utility of an asset (its probable future economic benefits) is no longer as great as its cost. The utility or benefits from inventory result from the ultimate sale of the goods. So, deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or any situation that might compromise the inventory’s salability impairs utility. To avoid reporting inventory at an amount greater than the benefits it can provide, the lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) approach to valuing inventory was developed. Reporting inventories at LCM causes losses to be recognized when the value of inventory declines below its cost, rather than in the period in which the goods ultimately are sold. A difference between LCM and a market value approach is that a market value approach would recognize income as market value increases above cost. This results in recognizing income before the inventory is sold. Arguments for the LCM approach should focus on the realization principle. That is, in most situations, until inventory is sold, there exists significant uncertainty about the ultimate cash to be collected. It is important that each student actively participate in the process of arriving at a solution. Domination by one or two individuals should be discouraged. Students should be encouraged to contribute to the group discussion by (a) offering information on relevant issues, and (b) clarifying or modifying ideas already expressed, or (c) suggesting alternative direction. 63 Integrating Case 9-3 Requirement 1 York Co. Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold For the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Beginning inventory $ 65,600 Add: Purchases 368,900 Less: Purchase discounts (18,000) Add: Freight-in 5,000 Goods available for sale 421,500 Less: Ending inventory (176,000) (1) Cost of goods sold $245,500 York Co. Supporting Schedule of Ending Inventory December 31, 2006 Inventory at cost (LIFO): Cost Total Units per unit cost Beginning inventory, January 1, 8,000 $8.20 $ 65,600 Purchases, quarter ended March 31 12,000 8.25 99,000 Purchases, quarter ended June 30 2,000 7.90 15,800 22,000 $180,400 Inventory at market: 22,000 units @ $8 = $176,000 (1) Requirement 2 Inventory should be valued at the lower of cost or market. Market means current replacement cost, except that: (1) Market should not exceed the net realizable value; and (2) Market should not be less than net realizable value reduced by an allowance for a normal profit margin. In this situation, because replacement cost ($8 per unit) is less than net realizable value, but greater than net realizable value reduced by a normal profit margin, replacement cost is used as market. Because inventory valued at market ($176,000) is lower than inventory valued at cost ($180,400), inventory should be reported in the financial statements at market. 64 Judgment Case 9-4 1. a. The advantages of using the dollar-value LIFO method are to reduce the cost of accounting for inventory and to minimize the probability of liquidation of LIFO inventory layers. b. The application of dollar-value LIFO is based on dollars of inventory, an inventory cost index for each year, and broad inventory pools. The inventory layers are identified with the inventory cost index for the year in which the layer was added. In contrast, traditional LIFO is applied to individual units at their cost. 2. a. Huddell’s net markups should be included only in the retail amounts (denominator) to determine the cost-to-retail percentage. Huddell’s net markdowns should be ignored in the calculation of the cost-to-retail percentage. b. By not deducting net markdowns from the retail amounts to determine the cost-to-retail percentage, Huddell produces a lower cost-to-retail percentage than would result if net markdowns were deducted. Applying this lower percentage to ending inventory at retail, the inventory is reported at an amount below cost. This amount is intended to approximate the lower of average cost or market. 65 Communication Case 9-5 Suggested Grading Concepts and Grading Scheme: Content (70%) _____ 30 Describes the method. ____ Determining ending inventory at retail. Multiply ending inventory at retail by the cost percentage. ____ Markups and markdowns. _____ 10 Discusses the conditions that may distort results. ____ Possible inaccurate cost percentage. Does not explicitly consider theft, breakage, etc. _____ 30 Describes the advantages of using the method when compared to other methods. _____ Avoids physical inventory count. _____ Acceptable for financial reporting and income taxes. _____ Can explicitly incorporate cost flow methods, taxes, and LCM. ____ _____ 70 points Writing (30%) _____ 6 Terminology and tone appropriate to the audience of a company president. _____ 12 Organization permits ease of understanding. ____ Introduction that states purpose. ____ Paragraphs that separate main points. _____ 12 English ____ Sentences grammatically clear and well organized, concise. ____ Word selection. ____ Spelling. ____ Grammar and punctuation. ____ _____ 30 points 66 Analysis Case 9-6 For changes not involving LIFO or changes from the LIFO method to another, the event is accounted for as a normal change in accounting principle. In general, we report voluntary changes in accounting principles retrospectively. This means revising all previous periods’ financial statements as if the new method were used in those periods. In other words, for each year in the comparative statements reported, we revise the balance of each account affected. More specifically, we make those statements appear as if the newly adopted accounting method had been applied all along. Also, if retained earnings is one of the accounts whose balance requires adjustment (and it usually is), we make an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings for the earliest period reported in the comparative statements of shareholders’ equity (or statements of retained earnings if they’re presented instead). Then we create a journal entry to adjust all account balances affected as of the date of the change. The advantage of retrospective application is to enhance comparability of the statements from year to year. The recast statements appear as if the newly adopted accounting method had been applied in all previous years. Consistency and comparability suggest that accounting choices once made should be consistently followed from year to year. So, any change requires that the new method be justified as clearly more appropriate. In the first set of financial statements after the change, a disclosure note is needed to provide that justification. The footnote also should point out that comparative information has been revised and report any per share amounts affected for the current period and all prior periods presented. When a company changes to the LIFO inventory method from any other method, it usually is impracticable to calculate the cumulative effect of the change. Revising balances in prior years would require knowing what those balances should be. LIFO inventory, though, consists of “layers” added in prior years at costs existing in those years. If another method has been used, the company probably hasn’t kept a record of those costs. Accordingly, accounting records of prior years usually are inadequate to report the change retrospectively. Because of this difficulty, a company changing to LIFO usually does not report the change retrospectively. Instead, the base year inventory for all future LIFO calculations is the beginning inventory in the year the LIFO method is adopted. Then, the LIFO method is applied prospectively from that point on. The disclosure note must include an explanation as to why retrospective application was impracticable. 67 Real World Case 9-7 Requirement 1 We report most voluntary changes in accounting principles retrospectively. This means recasting all previous periods’ financial statements as if the new method were used in those periods. For each year in the comparative statements reported, we revise the balance of each account affected so that those statements appear as if the newly adopted accounting method had been applied all along. Then we create a journal entry to adjust all account balances affected as of the date of the change. GAAP require retrospective application to enhance comparability of the statements from year to year. The revised statements are made to appear as if the newly adopted accounting method (average cost method in this case) had been applied in all previous years. Requirement 2 The note reports that the switch to the average cost method caused an increase in earnings per share of 17 cents for the first nine months of 2000. In order for the average method to result in higher earnings (lower cost of goods sold) than LIFO (assuming the quantity of inventory did not change), the cost of inventory must have increased during the year. Real World Case 9-8 Requirement 3 a. During the fourth quarter of its fiscal year ended June 30, 2003, the Company changed its method of accounting for inventories from LIFO to the average cost method for all inventories not previously accounted for on the average cost method. b. The change in method increased retained earnings as of July 1, 2000 by $451,000. c. The effect of the change was to increase net income for fiscal 2002 by $6,000. 68 Communication Case 9-9 Requirement 1 Change in Inventory Method During 2006, the Company changed the method of valuing its inventories from the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, to the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method, determined by the retail method. To estimate the effects of changing retail prices on inventories, the Company utilizes internally developed price indexes. The impact of the change was to decrease 2006 net income by $13.2 million and to decrease earnings per share by $0.13. Management has determined that retrospective application of the change is impracticable because the cumulative effect of the change on prior years was not determinable. The Company believes that the change to the LIFO method provides a more consistent matching of merchandise costs with sales revenue and also provides a more comparable basis of accounting with competitors. Note: Because cost of goods sold would have been $22 million lower if the change had not been made, income before tax would have been $22 million higher, and net income would have been $13.2 million higher ($22 million multiplied by 60% [1 - .40]). Requirement 2 It usually is impracticable to calculate the cumulative effect of a change to LIFO. To do so would require assumptions as to when specific LIFO inventory layers were created in years prior to the change. Accounting records usually are inadequate for a company to create the appropriate LIFO inventory layers. That’s why a change to LIFO usually can’t be applied retrospectively. 69 Judgment Case 9-10 Despite the self-correcting feature of certain inventory errors, the errors cause the financial statements of the year of the error as well as the financial statements in the subsequent year to be incorrect. For example, an overstatement of ending inventory at the end of 2005 will correct itself in 2006 and retained earnings at the end of 2006 will be correct. However, cost of goods sold and net income will be incorrect in both years. In addition, inventory and retained earnings on the 2005 balance sheet will be incorrect. If a material inventory error is discovered in an accounting period subsequent to the period in which the error is made, previous years’ financial statements that were incorrect as a result of the error are retrospectively restated to reflect the correction. And, of course, any account balances that are incorrect as a result of the error are corrected by journal entry. If retained earnings is one of the incorrect accounts, the correction is reported as a prior period adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings in the statement of shareholders’ equity. In addition, a disclosure note is needed to describe the nature of the error and the impact of its correction on net income, income before extraordinary item, and earnings per share. 70 Ethics Case 9-11 Requirement 1 Bonuses will be negatively affected because if the error is corrected, a lower ending inventory results in higher cost of goods sold and lower income. The effect of the error would be an overstatement of pre-tax income by $665,000 ($3,265,000 - 2,600,000). Requirement 2 It will be reported as a prior period adjustment to the beginning retained earnings balance for the year beginning July 1, 2006. Financial statements for the year ending June 30, 2006, will be retrospectively restated to reflect the correct inventory amount, cost of goods sold, net income, and retained earnings. Requirement 3 Ethical Dilemma: Should John recognize his obligation to disclose the inventory error to Danville shareholders, the local bank, auditors, and taxing authorities or remain quiet, enabling him and other company employees to receive originally computed year-end bonuses? 71 Analysis Case 9-12 ARB 43 requires that purchase commitments be evaluated in the same way as inventory on hand for the purpose of determining any lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) adjustment. Purchases are recorded at market price when market price is lower than the agreed upon contract price, and a loss is recognized for the difference between market price and contract price. Also, losses must be recognized for any purchase commitments outstanding at the end of a reporting period when market price is less than contract price. In this case, the contract price of $.80 per gallon is compared to the market price at December 31. If market is less than $.80, an estimated loss is recognized for the difference multiplied by the million gallon commitment. An estimated liability is recorded for the loss. If market price is greater than $.80, then no year- end adjustment is necessary. As the heating oil is purchased in 2007, if an estimated loss is recorded at year-end, the purchases are recorded at the lower of market price and year-end price. If no loss is recorded at year-end, the purchases are recorded at the lower of market price and contract price. Solution Manual for Intermediate Accounting David J. Spiceland, James F. Sepe, Lawrence A. Tomassini 9780072994025, 9780072524482
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