This Document Contains Chapters 9 to 10 Chapter 9: Nation Building and Nationalism, 1815-1825 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The first goal of postwar expansionists in the United States after 1815 was to __________. a. obtain the Pacific Northwest from Great Britain b. obtain Florida from Spain c. acquire the former French colony of Louisiana d. develop the trans-Appalachian West e. eradicate the Native Americans Answer: b 2) The Adams-Onís Treaty __________. a. excluded Spain from the North American continent b. reduced British influence in Florida c. granted the Northwest Territory to the United States d. weakened the Spanish position in Latin America e. made Florida a U.S. territory Answer: e 3) After 1815, the United States __________. a. grew rapidly in size and population b. was threatened by foreign invasion c. revised its form of government d. was unable to expand its economy e. invaded and occupied Canada Answer: a 4) In response to encroachment by white settlers, the Cherokee __________. a. rejected their native culture and assimilated into white society b. voluntarily ceded their lands to the American government c. created a military alliance with the Creek and Seminole d. forcibly resisted using their military forces e. adopted a policy of accommodation Answer: e 5) The __________ nation was an amalgam of peoples of both Native American and African origins. a. Algonquin b. Seminole c. Cherokee d. Apache e. Choctaw Answer: b 6) The last resistance of Indians to white settlement in the Old Northwest came in 1831-1832 under Chief __________. a. Tecumseh b. Sitting Bull c. Osceola d. Black Hawk e. Rain-in-Face Answer: d 7) The first great federal transportation project was the __________. a. building of the National Road b. Lancaster Turnpike c. Erie Canal d. transcontinental railroad e. Union and Pacific Railroad Answer: a 8) Which of the following forms of transportation predominated before the 1820s and 1830s? a. national road systems b. canal systems c. steamboats d. flatboats e. railroads Answer: d 9) The most spectacular engineering achievement of the young United States was the __________. a. Cumberland Trail b. Erie Canal c. Intercoastal Waterway d. Baltimore Turnpike e. the Washington Monument Answer: b 10) Canals in early nineteenth-century America __________. a. linked the Atlantic coastal cities to the lakes and rivers of the interior b. were very profitable c. competed successfully with railroads d. were financed through federal and state government funds e. led to spectacular canal boat accidents that claimed many lives Answer: a 11) The South became the world’s greatest producer of cotton because __________. a. railroads crisscrossed the south, providing needed transportation b. little competition arose in other locations of the world c. fertile land was available in the “green belts” of the South d. the federal government gave generous farm subsidies e. the cotton gin had a tremendous impact on production Answer: e 12) Under the __________ system, manufacturers provided raw materials to people in their own homes and then picked up the finished products for distribution. a. finishing-off system b. mass production system c. piecework system d. putting-out system e. cottage industry system Answer: d 13) The great showplace for early American industrialization was __________. a. New York, New York b. Boston, Massachusetts c. Lowell, Massachusetts d. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania e. Burlington, Vermont Answer: c 14) Which of the following groups was initially a primary source of labor for the textile mills? a. young single women b. young single men c. children d. immigrants e. African Americans Answer: a 15) Industrialization after 1815 altered the manufacturing system in the United States by __________. a. immediately creating a need for large factories with many workers b. increasing production in the factory and decreasing it in the home c. increasing the need for female labor d. eliminating the need for foreign equipment and technology e. becoming more efficient, therefore using fewer raw materials Answer: b 16) Many Americans believed high tariffs would __________. a. enhance America's image abroad b. prevent competition from foreign goods c. meet the demands of American farmers d. prevent political differences from arising e. take money out of their own pockets Answer: b 17) The president most closely identified with the "Era of Good Feeling" was __________. a. James Monroe b. James Madison c. John Quincy Adams d. Thomas Jefferson e. Andrew Jackson Answer: a 18) The Missouri Compromise of 1820 involved __________. a. the criteria that no more slave states could be created south of the northern boundary of Missouri b. Missouri being admitted as a slave state on condition that slavery be phased out over a period of time c. Maine splitting off from Massachusetts and being admitted as a free state d. northern and southern congressmen splitting along partisan lines on the issue e. adroit political maneuvering by John Calhoun, who got the compromise through the Senate Answer: c 19) As chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall __________. a. promoted the growth of state sovereignty b. supported the attainment of political and social equality c. emphasized the primacy of property and property rights d. abandoned his Federalist sympathies e. began the tradition of wearing four gold stripes on the sleeves of his robes Answer: c 20) Dartmouth College v. Woodward __________. a. increased the regulatory powers of state governments b. asserted the implied powers of the Constitution c. led to the growth of the modern corporation d. ruled the state had no right to tax a privately owned college e. expanded the powers of the federal government to regulate education Answer: c 21) McCulloch v. Maryland involved questions regarding __________. a. the national bank b. internal improvements c. the role of the U.S. Congress d. the chartering of private corporations e. timber rights Answer: a 22) According to the decision of Gibbons v. Ogden, which branch of government would regulate interstate commerce? a. the executive branch b. Congress c. the Supreme Court d. the individual states e. the judicial branch Answer: b 23) The main diplomatic challenge facing James Monroe in 1820 was __________. a. the continuing threat of English intervention in the United States b. the development of trading rights with Latin America c. establishing friendly relations with France d. responding to the revolt of Spain's Latin American colonies e. the "Native American problem" Answer: d 24) In 1823, John Quincy Adams believed the nation should __________. a. form an alliance with the British b. avoid involvement in European affairs c. create an alliance with the newly independent Latin American nations d. control the affairs of the Western Hemisphere e. wrest control of New Orleans from the Spanish Answer: b 25) The foreign policy initiative calling for an end to all European colonization efforts in the Western Hemisphere was known as the __________. a. Monroe Doctrine b. Adams-Onís Agreement c. Continental Treaty 1818 d. Webster-Ashburton Treaty e. "American System" Answer: a 26) How were expansion and migration related in the United States after 1812? a. As populations expanded, people migrated to rural areas outside of populated cities, creating the first suburbs. b. As populations expanded, people migrated to and built up Eastern cities. c. As the United States expanded its borders, people migrated to these new areas. d. Expansion and migration were both direct results of improved water transportation after 1812. e. Expansion and migration were both direct results of improved land transportation after 1812. Answer: c 27) How did expansion affect men like John Jacob Astor? a. As free African Americans, men like Astor could settle in the West and make a life for themselves. b. As displaced Native Americans, men like Astor could relocate in the newly acquired land of the West or Florida, making a new life for themselves. c. Expansion gave entrepreneurs like Astor the opportunity to create prosperous immigrant neighborhoods like Astoria, New York. d. Expansion gave entrepreneurs like Astor the opportunity to create prosperous companies in the West. e. Expansion gave immigrants like Astor the opportunity to work hard in an industrial mill and one day save enough money to start their own business. Answer: d 28) What does it mean that some Americans believed the United States had "continental destiny"? a. It means that some Americans believed that the United States should control all of the North American continent. b. It means that some Americans believed that the United States should expand from the East coast to the West coast, controlling all the lands in between. c. It means that some Americans believed that the United States should support Latin American countries fighting for their independence. d. It means that some Americans believed that the United States should join with continental Europe to fight the British Empire. e. It means that some Americans believed that the United States should join with the continental European countries that opposed Latin American independence. Answer: b 29) How did preemption affect migration? a. More people migrated when assured that preemption would allow them to secure title to land they had improved. b. It allowed Native Americans the right to refuse to leave land they had improved in Florida to settle in the West. c. It gave land speculators the first rights to purchase public domain land, encouraging speculators to migrate west. d. It allowed the government to seize land from farmers, discouraging people from moving west. e. It permitted squatters to occupy Native American camps while they were migrating for seasonal hunting or gathering trips. Answer: a 30) How did state politicians undermine Jefferson's promises to Native Americans? a. They passed the Adams-Onís Treaty to obtain Florida as U.S. land, but Jefferson had promised Florida to the Native Americans. b. They denied citizenship to "civilized" Native Americans when Jefferson had promised them their rights. c. They authorized the occupation of Native American land, displacing Native Americans to whom Jefferson had promised land and citizenship. d. They attempted to relocate or exterminate the Native Americans from their land against the policies of President Jefferson. e. They would not allow Native Americans to own African slaves, and yet Jefferson himself and most southern politicians owned slaves. Answer: c 31) Why was the "civilization" of Native Americans tragic? a. Some Native Americans refused to become civilized, so they were tragically murdered by white Americans. b. Many Native Americans tried to use civilized means like protests and boycotts to influence the U.S. government for their rights, but tragically failed. c. Few Native Americans wanted to become "civilized" because it meant tragically giving up their culture in exchange for land and citizenship. d. Most Native Americans were tragically unable to demonstrate aspects of civilization: literature, art, or organized society. e. Some Native Americans sacrificed their culture to try to assimilate into white society, and still they were not accepted or granted rights. Answer: e 32) What did Native Americans and African Americans have in common in the early nineteenth century? a. Both were enslaved by white Americans and used as cheap agricultural labor. b. Both successfully resisted white American dominance with peaceful protests and lobbying. c. Both successfully resisted white American dominance with violence, often joining together to do so. d. Both were denied their citizenship and freedom in most areas of the United States. e. Both successfully obtained their citizenship and freedom in most areas of the United States. Answer: d 33) When President James Madison talked about the need for "internal improvements," he was referring to __________. a. improved reservations for Native American tribes b. reconstruction of the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. c. construction of a reliable transportation system for the United States d. more efficient method of moving proposed legislation through Congress e. development of the land beyond the Appalachians Answer: c 34) How did transportation affect industry and agriculture in the early nineteenth century? a. Improved land and water transportation changed the United States from an agricultural to an industrial society. b. Improved land and water transportation allowed the United States to develop more industry and create a cash crop agricultural system. c. Developments in land and water transportation were slow, so the United States remained an agricultural society with virtually no industry. d. Because land transportation was so poor, water transportation caused industry and agriculture to be confined to the East coast. e. Because water transportation was cheaper than land transportation, industry soon replaced agriculture in the United States. Answer: b 35) Why did America experience rapid economic development in the early nineteenth century? a. high level of federal support b. rapid establishment of a strong manufacturing base c. great national transportation system created by the nation's river network d. absence of international economic competition e. development of web presses for printing money Answer: c 36) The development of profitable commercial agriculture resulted from __________. a. improvements in agricultural technology b. the population growth in the Midwestern states c. rising need for agricultural products in the New England area d. European demands for American agricultural products e. generous government subsidies to encourage increased production Answer: a 37) How did American industrialization in the early 1800s differ from that of Europe? a. America had not yet had an industrial revolution, whereas Europe had experienced one. b. America had experienced an industrial revolution; Europe had not. c. American industrialization was concentrated in the fossil fuels industry, whereas European industrialization was concentrated in textiles. d. Americans used water transportation and power to increase their industrial production; Europe used land transportation and fossil fuels. e. Americans invented textile industry machines, which Europeans then stole to have their own industrial revolution. Answer: a 38) The economic revolution in the United States between 1810 and 1840 was one of __________ rather than production. a. design b. technology c. hand work d. domestic work e. distribution Answer: e 39) Why did interest in national politics wane in the early nineteenth century? a. Many people began to believe that all politicians, especially those far-removed from their constituency, were corrupt. b. Most people were focused on state politics because of a rise in political parties and internal strife. c. Many people were distracted by the changes in the Supreme Court and paid less attention to national politics. d. Most people were satisfied by the geographical and economic growth of the country, so they were not concerned with national politics. e. Many people still distrusted a strong central government and therefore wanted to develop their state governments rather than the federal one. Answer: d 40) How did the three branches of the federal government respond to the Era of Good Feeling? a. They had a time of little activity because the country was prospering so much. b. The three branches worked together to try to bring about an Era of Good Feeling in the United States like the one they observed in Europe. c. The Supreme Court took advantage of the executive and legislative branches' Era of Good Feeling to push through its own agenda. d. Monroe took advantage of the Era of Good Feeling between the three branches of government to pass expansionist and industrialization legislation. e. Congress dominated the Era of Good Feeling by approving Supreme Court justices and cabinet members who agreed with its expansionist agenda. Answer: b 41) How did the Missouri Compromise impact slavery? a. It put a final time limit on the institution in the South. b. It demonstrated that the federal government did not care about slavery. c. It ensured that slavery would remain in the South indefinitely. d. It put a final end to the slave trade, if not the institution of slavery in the United States. e. It reduced the number of states where slavery was legal. Answer: c 42) How did the Missouri Compromise impact the future of North-South relations in the United States? a. It put off major conflict to a future time. b. It resolved major North-South conflicts about slavery. c. It increased North-South conflict about slavery. d. It changed North-South conflict from diplomatic to violent conflict. e. It changed the source of North-South conflict from economics to slavery. Answer: a 43) Which of John Marshall’s values influenced many of his court decisions? a. economic equality for all American citizens b. the need to balance state and federal powers c. the protection of individual liberty d. the supremacy of the judicial branch e. a belief in the strict interpretation of the Constitution Answer: c 44) How did John Marshall influence the United States? a. He created the first commercial steamship, proving that people and freight can move by steam power. b. He brokered the Adams-Onís Treaty, granting the United States the fertile land of Florida. c. He influenced the future of the institution of slavery in the United States by convincing Congress to pass the Missouri Compromise. d. He influenced the future of the United States and Latin America through his Supreme Court rulings like the Monroe Doctrine. e. He influenced the future of the U.S. economy through his Supreme Court rulings. Answer: e 45) How did politics differ in the "Old World" from politics in the "New World" in the early nineteenth century? a. Most "New World" nations copied the political systems of the "Old World," modifying them slightly to accommodate slavery and industrialization. b. Most "New World" nations founded republics, whereas most "Old World" nations began to form socialist democracies. c. Most "New World" nations adopted policies of eradication or assimilation with their natives, whereas "Old World" nations allowed theirs to coexist. d. Most "New World" nations founded democratic governments, whereas the "Old World" still clung to aristocratic rule. e. Most "New World" nations established communist republics, whereas the "Old World" remained under aristocratic rule. Answer: d 46) Why didn't Great Britain support the rest of the European continent in their Latin American policies? a. Great Britain realized that independent Latin American countries offered better economic opportunities for British products. b. Great Britain didn't want to lose its colonies in Africa, so it opposed any independent colonies in Latin America. c. Great Britain hoped to re-colonize most of the Latin American nations once the Spanish and Portuguese were kicked out. d. Great Britain had learned from the Revolutionary War with the United States that colonial wars were expensive and impossible to win. e. Great Britain had observed the economic and political successes of the United States and respected Latin American nations' rights to the same. Answer: a 47) Why did the Era of Good Feeling end? a. The United States could not sustain continued economic growth; financial institutions began to crumble. b. Nonpartisan cooperation could not be sustained through disagreements over how government should be involved in social and economic changes. c. The United States could not maintain peaceful relations with European countries intent on continuing colonial rule in Latin America. d. Poor road transportation made it difficult to unite the West with the East of the United States, causing poor communication and political divisions. e. The Supreme Court's focus on protection of individual liberty produced political, social, and economic inequalities that greatly weakened the nation. Answer: b 48) How does this statement from Monroe's inaugural address demonstrate American hypocrisy: "Their citizens individually have been happy and the nation prosperous"? a. Few people were truly happy in the United States during the first few decades of the nineteenth century. b. The nation was prosperous only because it exploited immigrants and weaker North American neighbors. c. Only those who were citizens (white males) were able to be happy and prosperous; Native Americans, African Americans, and women were denied these opportunities. d. Monroe was addressing politicians, the only truly happy citizens of the United States, and the only people allowed to contribute to its prosperity. e. From the moment of his inaugural address, Monroe's policies undermined individual citizens’ happiness and the nation's ability to prosper greatly. Answer: c 49) How does the statement from Monroe's inaugural address that expansion "to the Great Lakes and beyond the sources of the great rivers which communicate through our whole interior" meant that "no country was ever happier with respect to its domain" contradict the country's actions in Florida and the West? a. If the United States was happy with respect to its domain, it would not have to expand to obtain Florida or more land in the West. b. If the United States was happy with respect to its domain, it would not have changed to a market economy and begun industrialization outside of the home. c. If the Great Lakes and the great rivers were important to the United States, it would not have built national roads. d. The Great Lakes and great rivers ended up being of little value to the United States during the early nineteenth century, causing the United States to seek more "domain." e. Because of poor relations with Native American tribes in the Great Lakes and great rivers regions, the United States was not truly happy in respect to its domain. Answer: a 50) Why did the Monroe Doctrine make little impression on European powers? a. The Europeans were too occupied with losing their colonial power in the Americas to care about trade embargoes in the United States. b. The Europeans did not see the United States as a significant enough military power to feel threatened about their support of Latin American independence. c. Europe, especially England, could not predict how powerful an influence the United States would have on independent markets in Latin America. d. Communication was so poor that the European powers did not receive news of the Monroe Doctrine until after they had given up Latin America. e. Maps were so inaccurate that European powers did not have a sense of how close the United States was to much of Latin America. Answer: b Essay Questions 51) How did the Native Americans of the trans-Appalachian West respond to encroachment by Anglo-Americans? Answer: The Native Americans of the trans-Appalachian West responded to encroachment by Anglo-Americans in various ways. Initially, some tribes, such as the Shawnee and Miami, sought to resist this encroachment through military means. They formed alliances and engaged in armed conflicts, such as Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, which aimed to drive out the British and settlers from their lands. Others, like the Cherokee, attempted to adapt to the changing circumstances by adopting aspects of European culture, such as agriculture, written language, and a centralized government. This adaptation was part of an effort to coexist peacefully with the newcomers and maintain their autonomy. However, these efforts were often undermined by the continued expansion of Anglo-American settlers, who disregarded Native American land rights and treaties. This led to further conflicts and ultimately the forced removal of many tribes, such as the Trail of Tears experienced by the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes in the 1830s. 52) How did the transportation revolution contribute to the development of a national market economy in the United States between 1810 and 1840? Answer: • Canals (e.g., Erie Canal) connected inland areas to coastal ports, reducing transportation costs and speeding up trade. • Steamboats revolutionized river transportation, allowing for faster travel upstream and opening up new areas for settlement and trade. • Railroads developed in the 1830s provided fast and efficient overland transportation, connecting major cities and industrial centers. • The telegraph, invented in the 1840s, enabled near-instantaneous communication over long distances, facilitating business transactions and market integration. • Improved transportation infrastructure integrated local and regional markets into a national market, increasing competition, efficiency, and access to goods and services. 53) What evidence is there that public policies between the War of 1812 and the Age of Jackson reflected nationalism? Include examples from all three branches of government. Answer: • Legislative Branch: Implemented protective tariffs and funded internal improvements to promote economic self-sufficiency and national unity. • Executive Branch: Reestablished the Second Bank of the United States and promoted westward expansion through the Indian Removal Act. • Judicial Branch: Affirmed federal authority over states in economic matters (McCulloch v. Maryland) and interstate commerce (Gibbons v. Ogden). Chapter 10: The Triumph of White Men's Democracy, 1824-1840 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) __________ came to symbolize the triumph of democracy in the 1820s-1840s. a. Henry Clay b. John C. Calhoun c. Daniel Webster d. Martin Van Buren e. Andrew Jackson Answer: e 2) The European observer, Alexis de Tocqueville, believed the most evident feature of democracy in America was the __________. a. American contribution b. decline in the spirit of deference c. participation of women in government d. American election process e. equality of former slaves Answer: b 3) American culture in the Jacksonian period __________. a. did not reflect the development of a more democratic society b. was based in support of elitism and privileges c. was primarily the concern of the upper class d. accurately reflected the rise of the democratic spirit e. reached an all-time low in production Answer: d 4) Which of the following individuals is matched with his art form? a. William Sidney Mount : novels b. Nathaniel Hawthorne : novels c. Herman Melville : painting d. Oliver Wendell Holmes : painting e. George Caleb Bingham : novels Answer: b 5) The most obvious indicator of the supremacy of democracy in the United States was the __________. a. high percentages of people who voted b. widespread use of the "spoils system" c. absence of any kind of social or economic classes d. development of universal manhood suffrage e. increase in the number of appointed officials Answer: d 6) Martin Van Buren regarded a two-party system as essential to democratic government because __________. a. it provided a check on the temptation to abuse power b. he believed governments could not operate effectively without parties c. it was traditional in democracies d. he saw two parties as a way to increase his personal power e. three or more parties would cause too much voter confusion Answer: a 7) The major issues dominating politics in the 1820s and 1830s were __________ issues. a. constitutional b. sectional c. social d. economic e. foreign affairs Answer: b 8) The "corrupt bargain" was __________. a. another name for the Missouri Compromise b. an alleged deal whereby Henry Clay threw the presidency to John Quincy Adams in the election of 1824 in return for being named Secretary of State c. President Jackson's policy of allowing the removal of the Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma in return for southern political support d. an agreement whereby President Jackson appointed Roger B. Taney to be Chief Justice in return for removing federal funds from the Bank of the United States e. an insulting reference to Jackson's marriage to Rachel Robards Answer: b 9) Which of the following men were true political and philosophical allies in the 1820s? a. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay b. Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson c. Andrew Jackson and John Marshall d. Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun e. Nicholas Biddle and Andrew Jackson Answer: a 10) The main issue of John Quincy Adams's presidency was __________. a. forced relocation of Native Americans b. internal improvements c. foreign affairs d. tariffs e. the idea of a continental railroad Answer: d 11) Andrew Jackson's attitude toward Native Americans was that they should be __________. a. removed to areas beyond white expansion b. allowed to remain on their tribal lands c. assimilated into white society d. treated as equals to the white man e. exterminated Answer: a 12) __________ denied states the right to take Native American tribal lands. a. McCulloch v. Maryland b. Southern legislatures c. Worcester v. Georgia d. Fletcher v. Peck e. Wallace v. Tennessee Answer: c 13) The Trail of Tears refers to __________. a. the destruction of the national bank b. passage of the "tariff of abominations" c. the forced relocation of the Cherokees to Oklahoma d. the nullification controversy e. the Oregon Trail and westward expansion Answer: c 14) In the 1830s and 1840s, the main advocate of states' rights was __________. a. Daniel Webster b. Henry Clay c. John C. Calhoun d. Martin Van Buren e. Andrew Jackson Answer: c 15) The nullification crisis was strongly influenced by __________. a. foreign manufacturing interests b. the political maneuvers of the National Republicans c. the demands of other southern states d. the personal feud between Jackson and Calhoun e. the relocation of Native Americans Answer: d 16) The nullification crisis of the early 1830s __________. a. had little impact outside South Carolina b. was of little significance for the future of the United States c. revealed the strength of the Constitution d. was an early indication of dangerous future divisions e. demonstrated the inherent solidarity of the Union Answer: d 17) Who was the president of the national bank and Andrew Jackson's chief opponent in the "bank war"? a. Henry Clay b. John C. Calhoun c. Francis B. Blair d. Nicholas Biddle e. John Jacob Astor Answer: d 18) The strategic blunder made by Nicholas Biddle was his __________. a. decision to confide in Henry Clay b. decision to seek the bank's charter renewal four years early c. decision to give bank loans to congressmen d. failure to listen to the advice of Henry Clay e. advocacy of large loans to immigrants Answer: b 19) The major significance of Jackson's national bank veto message was that it __________. a. was the first veto made by Jackson b. failed to explain the constitutional reasons for his decision c. was the first one that went beyond strictly constitutional arguments d. decisively ended the life of the national bank e. was the first recorded presidential veto Answer: c 20) Andrew Jackson killed the national bank __________. a. by withdrawing federal deposits from it b. through further legislation c. through the actions of the Supreme Court d. by letting its charter expire in 1836 e. by accusing Nicholas Biddle of treasonous acts Answer: a 21) The Whig Party __________. a. generally supported Jackson's presidency b. grew from a coalition of Jackson's opponents c. refused the support of other, smaller parties d. represented political ideas unique to the American experience e. supported abolition Answer: b 22) William Henry Harrison's nickname "Tippecanoe" refers to his involvement in __________. a. the emancipation of African American slaves in the South b. the forced relocation of eastern tribes west of the Mississippi River c. widespread disease and death during the westward movement d. a western battle with Native Americans e. the nullification crisis Answer: b 23) Belief in a national bank, high tariffs, and federally financed internal improvements best describes the policies of which party in the 1830s? a. Democrats b. Republicans c. Masons d. Whigs e. Federalists Answer: d 24) Typically, immigrants, Catholics, freethinkers, and backwoods farmers of the 1840s would be members of the __________. a. Democratic party b. Equal Rights party c. Loco-focos d. Whig party e. Republican party Answer: a 25) In the 1840s, which of the following was most likely to identify with the Whig party? a. industrialists who wanted tariff protection b. immigrants who enjoyed traditional amusements c. a Catholic, Lutheran, or Episcopalian who attended a more ritualized service d. someone with mixed or negative feelings about a national market economy e. emerging entrepreneurs who were excluded from established commercial groups Answer: a 26) How did hotels symbolize the American spirit in the 1820s-1840s? a. Like democracy, they were open to all men, but closed to women; they also showed how easily people moved around physically, socially, economically, and politically. b. Like democracy, they were open to all white men but closed to women, blacks, and Indians; they also showed how people were mobile—physically, socially, economically, politically. c. Hotels were often sites of debauchery and illicit behaviors, symbolizing how the American spirit had deteriorated to one of debauchery not only in morals but also in economics, politics, and foreign affairs. d. Hotels were expensive, demonstrating the entrepreneurial power of the American spirit: life is a race; all people may start the race in the same place, but those who run fastest and best will win. e. Hotels were large, cavernous places, not the cozy warm places that old-fashioned inns were; they symbolized the size of America geographically, economically, and politically. Answer: b 27) In what ways was American democracy an illusion in the 1820s-1840s? a. Although all white men began life with equal opportunities, women and African and Native Americans did not. b. Despite the impression that people had equal opportunities, distinctions of dress and education persisted. c. Not only were women and African and Native Americans excluded, but even the idea that all white men began life with equal opportunities was false. d. Only landowners could vote, and as there were so few landowners in the United States, suffrage was not universal even among white men. e. An increasing level of illiteracy led to the press focusing on issues of interest mainly to the wealthy and highly educated members of society. Answer: a 28) What theme ran through almost all cultural expression of the 1820s-1840s? a. peace b. prosperity c. expansion d. morality e. democracy Answer: e 29) Why did the two-party system of politics develop in the 1820s-1840s? a. The Supreme Court passed changes in the Constitution regarding the party system. b. There was an increasing concern about foreign policy issues. c. Changes in the method of nominating and electing the president developed. d. The burgeoning population of the trans-Appalachian West created a need for two parties. e. Married women gained the right to vote and created a second party. Answer: c 30) Why did voter participation in elections increase dramatically between 1824 and 1840? a. The population of the United States grew, so the number of voters increased. b. People who had been migrating were settled and could register and vote. c. African Americans in the North were given permission and encouragement to vote. d. Politicians changed campaigning practices, drawing in more voters. e. Native Americans in the South and West were given permission and encouragement to vote. Answer: d 31) Why was Andrew Jackson so influential in the mid-1800s? a. He was a forceful and domineering president, unafraid of breaking the Constitution to gain what he wanted. b. He was a charismatic and kind president, fighting for the poor and disenfranchised. c. He was a politician in the right place at the right time; the 1830s and 1840s were a time when Americans wanted to be led by a strong national government. d. He made political deals to gain majority support in Congress and the Supreme Court, using the other branches to further his own agenda. e. He chose a strong presidential cabinet and followed their advice closely. Answer: a 32) Why did "tariff abominations" become a major campaign issue in the 1828 election? a. Adams's campaigners used it to try to win reelection, suggesting that the tariff showed Jackson was an unfit candidate. b. Jackson campaigners used it to gain valuable farmer and merchant votes, knowing that southerners disagreed with it but were already for Jackson. c. The Democratic party in the South (where the tariff was hated) used the tariff to rally around Jackson, a staunch opponent of the tariff. d. The Republican party in the North (where the tariff was generally welcomed) used it to rally around Adams, a staunch supporter of the tariff. e. Senator Martin Van Buren opposed both Adams and Jackson on the tariff and state rights, proposing a third party that would eliminate the tariff. Answer: b 33) How did campaigning methods change in the election campaign of 1828? a. Politicians campaigned at state and local levels, using parades, barbeques, and eventually rumors and mudslinging. b. Politicians did most of the campaigning themselves, going door-to-door in their cities and soliciting support. c. Politicians hired people called "supporters"; the name is ironic because they did not necessarily believe in the candidate but were financially supported by him. d. Politicians debated with opposing candidates in town squares, halls, and newspaper forums. e. Politicians relied predominantly on newspapers, writing essays and letters to editors that were read nationwide. Answer: a 34) How did Jackson's attitude and policies toward Native Americans compare to those of Jefferson? a. Jefferson respected Native Americans and wanted to grant them their rights, whereas Jackson hated Native Americans and wanted to kill them. b. Jefferson always viewed Native Americans as noble savages, whereas Jackson always viewed them as children. c. Both men were ambivalent, tolerating Native Americans sometimes, while allowing for their displacement or murder at other times. d. Both men respected Native Americans and their culture, but were pressured by other politicians to remove them from their land. e. Both men vilified Native Americans, blaming them for the foreign conflicts (especially with Britain and Canada) and economic setbacks. Answer: c 35) Why did South Carolinians protest the tariff of 1828? a. They feared its effect on the price of cotton. b. They saw it as an unfair "northern" law. c. They thought it threatened the institution of slavery. d. They disliked Andrew Jackson. e. Tariffs determined the prices that southerners paid for manufactured goods. Answer: e 36) What can one can conclude from Jackson's response to the nullification crisis? a. Jackson was a strong supporter of states' rights. b. Jackson believed in the limited use of federal power, but also that states were not truly sovereign. c. Jackson supported the unlimited use of federal power. d. Jackson supported higher tariffs, especially on manufactured goods coming from Europe. e. Jackson supported lower tariffs, especially on manufactured goods going from the South to the North. Answer: b 37) Why were most southerners unconcerned about Jackson's fight with South Carolina? a. They knew him to be in sympathy with the abolitionists. b. They knew him to be truly an advocate of extreme state sovereignty. c. He was a southerner and a slaveholder. d. They knew he was unable to prevent Congress from overriding his decisions. e. He was a master politician with the ability to turn enemies into allies. Answer: c 38) How was Jackson's Force Bill of 1833 connected with slavery? a. South Carolinians feared that if the federal government could force states to obey tariff laws, they could force states to obey antislavery laws. b. Many northerners feared that if southerners required the threat of force to pay tariffs, they would require physical violence to obey antislavery laws. c. The Force Bill of 1833 surprised South Carolinians in that Jackson showed he was willing to force abolitionist ideas on southerners. d. The Force Bill of 1833 required southerners to pay tariffs on all manufactured goods, including slaves traded from Africa and within the South. e. The Force Bill of 1833 put a time limit not only on the slave trade but also on the institution itself. Answer: a 39) How did the organization of the Democratic party differ from that of the Whig party? a. The Democratic party was composed of white evangelical Protestants, whereas the Whig party was founded as a more universal group. b. The Democratic party attempted to influence politics with morality, whereas the Whig party was established to champion individual freedom. c. The Democratic party was founded by Andrew Jackson in his second term as president, whereas the Whig party was founded by Adams in his first term. d. The Democratic party supported Jackson's presidency, whereas the Whig party was founded to counter Jackson's attack on the Bank. e. The Whig party was formed to support Jackson's presidency, whereas the Democratic party was founded to counter Jackson's response to the nullification crisis. Answer: d 40) The "kitchen cabinet" was __________. a. Jackson's special staff of gourmet chefs who prepared White House meals, demonstrating his hypocrisy with regard to social deference b. a reference to the fact that the only place Jackson could consult with his official advisors in secrecy was in the White House kitchen c. Jackson's circle of unofficial advisors, so low in social rank that he allegedly had to meet with them in the kitchen d. the oldest piece of furniture in the White House, saved from destruction by then General Jackson when the British burned the executive mansion in 1814 e. where Jackson kept his state papers, demonstrating his humility and true "common man" character Answer: c 41) Why was Jackson's view of the 1832 election results suspect? a. He was accused of having made a deal with his close friend, Martin Van Buren, in exchange for electoral college votes. b. He did not win by a very large margin, and yet he took the results to mean the nation supported his Native American removal policies. c. He lost the popular vote but won the electoral college vote, increasing his suspicion that states should not have sovereignty. d. He beat Adams a second time, assuring himself that the nation supported his financial and foreign policies, as they differed greatly from Adams's. e. He had not spoken about the Bank War in his campaign, but took his victory as a mandate that the nation wanted him to kill the national Bank. Answer: e 42) What did resistance within Jackson's own cabinet suggest about his Bank-killing policies? a. Jackson was a tyrant who would brook no competition. b. Withdrawing funds from the national Bank and depositing them in state banks was probably unconstitutional. c. Killing the Bank was a politically risky act that might damage future senatorial aspirations. d. Jackson was a charismatic leader who orchestrated his actions with the same precision with which he led his army. e. Jackson was a weak president with Congress and the Supreme Court despite his popular appeal. Answer: b 43) Why was the Panic of 1837 significant for President Van Buren? a. Van Buren had to respond but was hampered by his own political party's laissez-faire policies, dooming his reelection. b. Whigs blamed Van Buren for the crisis, further strengthening their popular appeal. c. Democrats blamed Van Buren for the crisis, further strengthening their popular appeal. d. Van Buren responded contrary to his political party's laissez-faire policies, forcing the economy into enough of a rebound to win him a second term. e. His predecessor, Jackson, had caused the crisis, so Van Buren was taxed with fixing it without insinuating the panic was caused by the popular Jackson. Answer: a 44) What did Whigs mean by "executive usurpation"? a. Whigs felt that Jackson had usurped the executive presidential power by abusing the Constitution in the nullification crisis and Bank War. b. Whigs meant that Democrats had usurped the executive power by creating a corrupt bargain between President Adams and Henry Clay. c. Whigs believed that Jackson was a weak president who ceded too much control to state governments and therefore had to be usurped. d. Whigs wanted to usurp Jackson's executive powers by winning back the presidency. e. Whigs rallied behind Jackson against Adams whom they saw as a tyrannical executive who had usurped the democratic powers of the presidency. Answer: d 45) How did the two-party political system of 1840 differ from the previous system? a. In 1840, there was a two-party system that only allowed for two candidates, while in Jefferson's time, there were many parties and candidates. b. In 1840, the two-party system was regionally organized, meaning there were more than two candidates; in Jefferson's time, parties were national. c. In 1840, the two-party system dominated political, social, and economic life; during Jefferson's time, political parties had little impact on people's lives. d. In 1840, the two-party system had little impact on people's lives, whereas political parties of Jefferson's time affected politics, social life, and economics. e. In 1840, there were no real differences between the two parties, so voters had no real choice, while previously political parties and candidates had varied greatly. Answer: c 46) To what was French historian Alexis de Tocqueville referring when he wrote "that democratic principles should [not] undermine the husband's authority and make it doubtful who is in charge of the family"? a. In France, unlike in the United States, women experienced true democracy both inside and outside the home. b. In the United States, women did not experience true democracy inside or outside their homes. c. In the United States, unlike in France, women experienced true democracy both inside and outside the home. d. Democracy undermined women's rights and safety in the American home. e. United States democracy supported and established women's rights in the American home. Answer: b 47) To what was French historian Alexis de Tocqueville referring when he wrote, "it is possible to foresee that the freer the whites in America are, the more they will seek to isolate themselves"? a. The more rights and liberties whites obtain, the less willing they are to share those rights with others like African or Native Americans. b. Democracy breeds in people (white Americans especially) an isolationist attitude, causing them to eschew involvement in foreign affairs. c. As all whites gain rights and liberties despite social or economic status, they will be more willing to share those rights with nonwhites. d. In order to gain rights and liberties, whites must oppress others, namely, African and Native Americans. e. Because white Americans are isolated from African and Native Americans, they do not see that they do not share the same rights and liberties. Answer: a 48) How did the growth of democracy in the 1820s and 1830s change American society? a. Americans assumed that the rich and well-born were the natural leaders of the community. b. An increase in deference meant that self-made men faced hostility and scorn. c. Economic equality became part of the mainstream agenda. d. Politicians had to win over public opinion before making major decisions. e. The gap between the rich and the poor decreased significantly. Answer: d 49) How does Jackson's interpretation of the "spoils system" compare to contemporary interpretations of it? a. Unlike Jackson, today's politicians refuse to use this practice. b. Unlike Jackson, today's politicians are not permitted to use this practice. c. Like Jackson, today's politicians use it sparingly and secretly. d. Like Jackson, today's politicians believe it is a legitimate application of democracy. e. Unlike Jackson, today's politicians do not believe that a "chosen few" qualify for public duty. Answer: d 50) How do economic crises today compare to the Panic of 1837? a. The Panic of 1837 was caused by Andrew Jackson's laissez-faire policies; today politicians regulate commerce more, avoiding panics and recessions. b. The Panic of 1837 was caused by international fluctuations; today panics and recessions are localized within regions and countries. c. Like the Panic of 1837, panics and recessions today are caused by international fluctuations natural to a capitalistic economy. d. Like the Panic of 1837, panics and recessions today are caused by tight governmental controls on commerce. e. Like the Panic of 1837, panics and recessions today are the primary cause of presidents losing reelection campaigns. Answer: c Essay Questions 51) How did American culture in the 1820s and 1830s reflect the democratic impulse of the period? Answer: 1. Expansion of Suffrage: Voting rights expanded, lowering or eliminating property requirements for white males. 2. Popular Political Participation: Increased political engagement with rallies, parades, and public speeches. 3. Jacksonian Democracy: Andrew Jackson promoted government responsiveness to the will of the common man. 4. Cultural Nationalism: Growth in American cultural identity through art and literature celebrating national themes. 5. Reform Movements: Rise of temperance, women's rights, abolition, and education reform movements. 6. Print Culture and Penny Press: Affordable newspapers increased public access to information and political debates. 7. Literature and Arts: Flourishing of American literature exploring individuality and democracy. 8. Educational Reforms: Push for public education reform to provide equal opportunity for all children. 52) How did the democratization of the political system affect the practice of politics? What factors limited political participation during this era? Answer: Effects on the Practice of Politics: 1. Increased Voter Turnout: More white males gained the right to vote, increasing participation. 2. Emergence of Political Parties: Stronger, more organized parties like Democrats and Whigs. 3. Popular Campaigning: Focus on rallies, parades, and public events to engage voters. 4. Spoils System: Rewarding political supporters with government jobs. 5. Expansion of Political Offices: More positions became elective, increasing public involvement. 6. Increased Political Polarization: Clear distinctions between party platforms intensified competition. Factors Limiting Political Participation: 1. Exclusion of Women and Minorities: Women, African Americans, and other minorities were excluded. 2. Property and Tax Requirements: Some states still required property or tax qualifications. 3. Disenfranchisement of Free Blacks: Many states rescinded voting rights for free black men. 4. Geographic Barriers: Long distances to polling places limited rural voter participation. 5. Economic Barriers: Economic instability prevented many from engaging in politics. 6. Social and Cultural Norms: Social attitudes discouraged certain groups from participating. 7. Educational Barriers: Lack of education and literacy limited political engagement. 53) How did the tumultuous political struggles of the Jacksonian era lead to the rise of a second two-party system? To what extent, if any, were Jackson's views consistent with those of the Antifederalists? Answer: Rise of a Second Two-Party System: 1. Controversial Policies: Jackson's policies, like the Indian Removal Act and opposition to the National Bank, polarized politics. 2. Whig Party Formation: Opponents of Jackson, including National Republicans and Anti-Masons, united to form the Whig Party. 3. Economic Disputes: Conflicts over tariffs and federal economic policies divided political factions. 4. States' Rights vs. Federal Authority: Debates over power balance, highlighted by the Nullification Crisis, spurred distinct ideologies. 5. Political Organization: Both parties developed sophisticated strategies to mobilize voters. Jackson's Views and the Antifederalists: 1. States' Rights: Jackson and the Antifederalists both advocated for states' rights and were wary of federal power. 2. Distrust of Elites: Both distrusted concentrated power and elites, promoting the common man's interests. 3. Democratic Participation: Both favored broader public involvement in government. 4. Economic Populism: Both supported policies benefiting agrarian and working-class populations over industrial interests. Differences: 1. Federal Authority: Jackson upheld federal supremacy in the Nullification Crisis, contrasting with Antifederalist strict limits on federal power. 2. Expansionist Policies: Jackson's expansionist policies, like the Indian Removal Act, were not a focus for Antifederalists, who prioritized limiting federal power. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113
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