This Document Contains Chapters 9 to 10 Chapter 9--Higher Invertebrates 1. Molluscs: A. do not have a larvae stage. B. lack a digestive system. C. have bodies divided into segments. D. possess a soft body covered with a mantle. E. make a chitinous shell. Answer: D. possess a soft body covered with a mantle. 2. Chitons, snails, clams, and squid all belong to this phylum: A. Mollusca. B. Gastropoda. C. Bivalvia. D. Platyhelminthes. E. Cephalopoda. Answer: A. Mollusca. 3. Which are not correctly paired? A. Gastropodia – snails. B. Cephalapodia – squid. C. Bivalvia – mussels. D. Gastropoda – clams. E. Bivalvia – scallops. Answer: D. Gastropoda – clams. 4. The visceral mass of molluscs does not contain the: A. circulatory system. B. excretory system. C. nervous system. D. head-foot. E. digestive system. Answer: D. head-foot. 5. The digestive system of molluscs is found in the: A. head. B. foot. C. mantle. D. visceral mass. E. mantle cavity. Answer: D. visceral mass. 6. The odontophore of molluscs is part of the: A. digestive system. B. nervous system. C. excretory system. D. defense system. E. reproductive system. Answer: A. digestive system. 7. The nephridium of molluscs is part of the: A. reproductive system. B. excretory system. C. nervous system. D. digestive system. E. defense system. Answer: B. excretory system. 8. The structure used for secreting the shell of many molluscs is called the: A. foot. B. visceral mass. C. mantle. D. tentacles. E. radula Answer: C. mantle. 9. The radula functions to: A. filter feed. B. assist in reproduction. C. scrape algae off of rocks. D. assist in osmoregulation. E. secrete the shell. Answer: C. scrape algae off of rocks. 10. The outer layer of the molluscan shell is called the _______________ layer. A. foot B. collagen C. nacreous D. prismatic E. periostracum Answer: E. periostracum 11. The molluscan shell does not contain the: A. periostracum. B. prismatic layer. C. narceous layer. D. mantle. E. periostracum or the mantle. Answer: D. mantle. 12. Molluscs with a tubular shell and sheath foot are: A. scaphopods. B. gastropods. C. bivalves. D. cephalopods. E. nudibranchs. Answer: A. scaphopods. 13. Animals covered by eight overlapping shells on their dorsal surface are: A. chitons. B. octopuses. C. shrimp. D. crabs. E. lobsters. Answer: A. chitons. 14. Most intertidal chitons are considered: A. grazers. B. predators. C. scavengers. D. filter feeders. E. infauna. Answer: A. grazers. 15. Intertidal chitons and snails use the _______________ as a means of attachment to the rocks. A. foot B. mantle C. visceral mass D. head E. radula Answer: A. foot 16. Molluscs that live in a tusk-like shell that is open at both ends belong to the class: A. Polyplacophora. B. Scaphopoda. C. Cephalopoda. D. Gastropoda. E. Bivalvia. Answer: B. Scaphopoda. 17. Many gastropods have external shells composed of: A. two valves. B. eight overlapping valves. C. a series of internal chambers. D. one valve. E. chitin. Answer: D. one valve. 18. Which genus of gastropod has been reported to have caused human fatalities? A. Cyphoma. B. Cassis. C. Conus. D. Busycon. E. Nassarius. Answer: C. Conus. 19. Nudibranchs belong to the class _______________ of the phylum Mollusca. A. Gastropoda B. Cephalopoda C. Bivalvia D. Polyplacophora E. Pulmonata Answer: A. Gastropoda 20. The _______________ have cerata on their surface for gas exchange. A. nudibranchs B. limpets C. scaphpods D. chitons E. cephalopods Answer: A. nudibranchs 21. The opening of the shells of some gastropods is protected by the: A. parapodia. B. setae. C. operculum. D. head. E. cerata Answer: C. operculum. 22. The most common planktonic stage of the majority of marine gastropod species is the: A. trochophore larva. B. veliger larva. C. megalopa larva. D. zoea larva. E. planula larva. Answer: B. veliger larva. 23. Molluscs having two jointed valves or shells belong to the class: A. Gastropoda. B. Cephalopoda. C. Bivalvia. D. Polyplacophora. E. Scaphopoda. Answer: C. Bivalvia. 24. Most bivalves are: A. predators. B. parasites. C. filter feeders. D. grazers. E. detritivores. Answer: C. filter feeders. 25. The valves of bivalves are closed by the action of: A. siphons. B. adductor muscles. C. longitudinal muscles. D. myomeres. E. mantle contractions. Answer: B. adductor muscles. 26. The siphuncle of nautiloids is used for: A. regulating respiration rate. B. providing propulsion. C. regulating water and gas content within the chambers. D. capturing food. E. reproduction. Answer: C. regulating water and gas content within the chambers. 27. Chromatophores are specialized cells in cephalopods that are responsible for: A. bioluminescence. B. changing colors. C. regulating buoyancy. D. maintaining osmotic balance. E. excreting nitrogenous wastes. Answer: B. changing colors. 28. The following phylum is characterized by having a hydrostatic skeleton: A. Mollusca. B. Annelida. C. Cnidaria. D. Porifera. E. Platyhelminthes. Answer: B. Annelida. 29. Spiny bristles used for locomotion that emanate from the segments of annelids are called: A. pharynx. B. parapodia. C. epitokes. D. setae. E. prostomia. Answer: D. setae. 30. The most common marine annelids are: A. polychaetes. B. roundworms. C. earthworms. D. leeches. E. ribbon worms. Answer: A. polychaetes. 31. Epitokes of polychaetes are: A. feeding structures. B. respiratory structures. C. reproductive individuals. D. excretory structures. E. feeding individuals. Answer: C. reproductive individuals. 32. Which is not a typical food item for polychaetes? A. Live capture of fish. B. Live capture of invertebrates. C. Detritus. D. Suspension feeding on plankton. E. Live capture of fish or invertebrates. Answer: A. Live capture of fish. 33. A pile of castings outside the burrow of a polychaete indicates it: A. has just dug a burrow. B. has completed a meal of other worms. C. is a filter feeder. D. is a selective deposit feeder. E. is a nonselective deposit feeder. Answer: E. is a nonselective deposit feeder. 34. Swarming in polychaetes for reproduction appears to be timed by: A. biorhythms of the animals. B. lunar cycle and tides. C. solar cycle and tides. D. temperature. E. current direction. Answer: B. lunar cycle and tides. 35. The echiuran Urechis is also known as: A. the peanut worm. B. the lugworm. C. the innkeeper worm. D. the beardworm. E. the fan worm. Answer: C. the innkeeper worm. 36. The sipunculid worms are also called: A. peanut worms. B. lugworms. C. innkeeper worms. D. fanworms. E. beardworms. Answer: A. peanut worms. 37. What do shipworms and peanut worms have in common? A. Both can bore through hard substrata. B. Both are filter feeders. C. Both are in the same phylum. D. Both are hermaprodites. E. Both can bore through hard substrata and are in the same phylum. Answer: A. Both can bore through hard substrata. 38. An important role of burrowing animals is: A. reducing detritus in the sediment. B. maintaining the structure of marine sediments. C. nutrient cycling. D. circulating water near the bottom. E. nutrient cycling and circulating water near the bottom. Answer: C. nutrient cycling. 39. Marine worms play an important role in the food chain by: A. consuming organic matter. B. removing biotoxins from the ecosystem. C. being prey for larger marine organisms. D. consuming organic matter and removing biotoxins from the ecosystem. E. removing biotoxins from the ecosystem and being prey for larger marine organisms. Answer: D. consuming organic matter and removing biotoxins from the ecosystem. 40. Cage exclusion studies have demonstrated that polychaetes are a common prey item of: A. gray whales. B. crabs. C. fish. D. crabs and fish. E. gray whales and crabs. Answer: D. crabs and fish. 41. A Tampa Bay study demonstrated species diversity and abundance of polychaetes within a square meter was in excess of: A. 10,000 individuals among 50 species. B. 13,000 individuals among 37 species. C. 50,000 individuals among 50 species. D. 100,000 individuals among 37 species. E. 100,000 individuals among 50 species. Answer: B. 13,000 individuals among 37 species. 42. Which of the following has not contributed to the evolutionary success of arthropods? A. Jointed appendages. B. Water vascular system. C. Well-developed sense organs. D. Hard exoskeleton. E. Compound eyes. Answer: B. Water vascular system. 43. The exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of: A. chitin. B. silica. C. cellulose. D. calcium carbonate. E. starch. Answer: A. chitin. 44. All of the following apply to the subphylum Chelicerata of the phylum Arthropoda except: A. they have chelicerae. B. males are smaller than females. C. body is composed of three parts. D. they have three pairs of antennae. E. they have chelicerae and they have three pairs of antennae. Answer: D. they have three pairs of antennae. 45. The function of chelicerae is similar to that of the _____________________ in crabs and lobsters. A. reproductive organs B. antenna C. mouthparts D. claws E. None of these. Answer: C. mouthparts 46. Of the marine arthropods, in which group only does the male carry the eggs? A. Mandibulates. B. Crustaceans. C. Decapoda. D. Sea spiders. E. Barnacles. Answer: D. Sea spiders. 47. Arthropods having two pairs of antennae belong to the subphylum: A. Chelicerata. B. Insecta. C. Crustacea. D. Pycnogonida. E. Cirrepedia. Answer: C. Crustacea. 48. The molting process is a means for arthropods to: A. remove winter coat. B. slough off attached anemones. C. grow. D. develop a new color pattern. E. attract mates. Answer: C. grow. 49. Crabs, lobster, and true shrimp are members of the order: A. Stomatopoda. B. Decapoda. C. Euphausiacea. D. Amphipoda. E. Isopoda. Answer: B. Decapoda. 50. Which of the following is not a decapod? A. Shrimp. B. Lobster. C. Crab. D. Krill. E. Crayfish. Answer: D. Krill. 51. What is false about decapods? A. First walking legs are usually modified. B. Eyes are compound. C. They have only one pair of antennae. D. Mandibles are used to crush food. E. Sexes are usually separate. Answer: C. They have only one pair of antennae. 52. An important food source for baleen whales are: A. shrimp. B. krill. C. lobsters. D. crabs. E. horseshoe crabs. Answer: B. krill. 53. _______________ can dominate the zooplankton community of temperate waters. A. Copepods B. Amphipods C. Barnacles D. Shrimp E. Heteropods Answer: A. Copepods 54. Barnacles live a(n) _______________ lifestyle. A. planktonic B. infaunal C. nektonic D. sessile E. mobile Answer: D. sessile 55. The beach flea Talitrus is a member of the order: A. Stomatopoda. B. Decapoda. C. Euphausiacea. D. Amphipoda. E. Isopoda. Answer: D. Amphipoda. 56. What do cephalopods and crustaceans have in common? A. They both have sharp, tearing beaks. B. Both have compound eyes. C. Both are nektonic predators. D. In males, both transfer spermatophores into the female. E. Both have compound eyes and in males, both transfer spermatophores into the female. Answer: D. In males, both transfer spermatophores into the female. 57. Spiny skinned organisms that have a water vascular system belong to the phylum: A. Echinodermata. B. Chordata. C. Bryozoa. D. Arthropoda. E. Mollusca. Answer: A. Echinodermata. 58. Echinoderms exhibit modified _______________ symmetry. A. asymmetric B. bilateral C. radial D. triradial E. vertical Answer: C. radial 59. Small structures used for removing debris from the surface of sea stars are: A. madreporites. B. spines. C. tubercles. D. pedicellariae. E. the dermal gills. Answer: D. pedicellariae. 60. What is false about sea stars? A. They cannot regenerate. B. Broadcast spawning is common. C. Asexual reproduction is common. D. Tube feet are located on the oral surface. E. Stomach is everted to digest its prey. Answer: A. They cannot regenerate. 61. Water enters the water vascular system of echinoderms through the: A. spines. B. mouth. C. madreporite. D. tubercle. E. tube feet. Answer: C. madreporite. 62. Brittle stars are members of the class _______________ of the phylum Echinodermata. A. Asteroidea B. Ophiuroidea C. Echinoidea D. Holothuroidea E. Crinoidea. Answer: B. Ophiuroidea 63. Those echinoderms with a globular or flattened test are of the class: A. Holothuroidea. B. Asteroidea. C. Ophiuroidea. D. Echinoidea. E. Crinoidea. Answer: D. Echinoidea. 64. The class of echinoderms that releases tubules or eviscerate is called: A. Holothuroidea. B. Asteroidea. C. Ophiuroidea. D. Echinoidea. E. Crinoidea. Answer: A. Holothuroidea. 65. An ancient class of echinoderms whose members are suspension feeders with long arms is called: A. Asteroidea. B. Crinoidea. C. Ophiuroidea. D. Echinoidea. E. Holothuroidea. Answer: B. Crinoidea. 66. _______________ are sea stars that have greatly affected coral reefs in the past by their feeding habits. A. Crown of thorns B. Purple sea urchin C. Red sea urchin D. Serpent stars E. Sea lillies Answer: A. Crown of thorns 67. A toothed, biting structure found in the mouths of sea urchins that is used for rasping algae is called: A. a tube foot. B. Aristotle’s lantern. C. a pedicellaria. D. an ambulacral groove. E. a dermal denticle. Answer: B. Aristotle’s lantern. 68. Sea cucumbers and sedentary annelid worms share all but which in common? A. Both can be deposit feeders. B. Both have oral structures to collect detritus. C. Similar body segmentation. D. Digestive tract is a straight tube. E. None of these. Answer: C. Similar body segmentation. 69. Sea cucumbers belong to the class: A. Asteroidea. B. Ophiuroidea. C. Echinoidea. D. Holothuroidea. E. Crinoidea. Answer: D. Holothuroidea. 70. The process by which sea cucumbers protect themselves from predators by releasing their internal organs is called: A. regeneration. B. cryptic behavior. C. evisceration. D. deposit feeding. E. molting. Answer: C. evisceration. 71. The tunic of tunicates is composed of: A. a cellulose-like substance. B. chitin. C. silica. D. calcium carbonate. E. starch. Answer: A. a cellulose-like substance. 72. An example of an invertebrate chordate belongs in the subphylum: A. Vertebrata. B. Urochordata. C. Chelicerata. D. Crustacea. E. Pycnogonida. Answer: B. Urochordata. 73. Larvacean tunicates feed by means of: A. a mucus bubble that surrounds them. B. feathery appendages. C. sharp teeth. D. sucking on benthic deposits. E. collar cells. Answer: A. a mucus bubble that surrounds them. 74. A sea squirt uses its _______________ for food collection and gas exchange. A. siphon B. pharynx C. tunic D. mantle E. radula Answer: B. pharynx 75. What do sea squirts and mussels have in common? A. Both are in the same phylum. B. Both have incurrent and excurrent siphons. C. Both are covered in a tunic. D. Both reproduce asexually. E. Both attach to the substrate using the same materials. Answer: B. Both have incurrent and excurrent siphons. 76. _______________ are important as food in parts of Asia, and fed to chickens in Brazil. A. Sea squirts B. Salps C. Larvaceans D. Cephalochordates E. Nudibranchs Answer: D. Cephalochordates 77. The lancelet looks like a fish but is considered an invertebrate because it: A. lacks lungs. B. lacks a nerve cord. C. lacks a backbone. D. lacks a nerve cord and a backbone. E. lacks a backbone and lungs. Answer: C. lacks a backbone. 78. The arrowworm’s role in the planktonic community is: A. herbivore. B. detritivore. C. carnivore. D. omnivore. E. filter feeder. Answer: C. carnivore. 79. Arroworms immobilize their prey with: A. tetrodotoxin. B. stinging cells. C. engulfing with their mouth. D. oral tentacles. E. Tetrodotoxin and oral tentacles. Answer: A. tetrodotoxin. 80. Arrowworms' role in the ecosystem is to: A. channel nutrients up the food chain. B. link primary and higher consumers in the food chain. C. prevent grazers from population explosions. D. scavenger. E. recycle nutrients from detritus. Answer: B. link primary and higher consumers in the food chain. 81. Which of the following is not a characteristic of salps? A. Free-swimming lifestyle. B. Incurrent and excurrent siphons. C. Radial symmetry. D. Bioluminescence. E. Filter-feeding. Answer: C. Radial symmetry. 82. Every type of mollusc has a radula. Answer: False 83. Snails, limpets, and abalone are all gastropods. Answer: True 84. Most cephalopods are benthic deposit feeders. Answer: False 85. Crustaceans have paired antennae. Answer: True 86. Chitons roll up into a ball for protection when removed from a rock. Answer: True 87. Scaphopods use tentacles on their heads for capturing their prey. Answer: True 88. All gastropods are grazers. Answer: False 89. All gastropods are covered by one external shell. Answer: False 90. The tentacles of squids can bear hooks, while those of octopus do not. Answer: True 91. The invertebrate phylum having the greatest species diversity is Arthropoda. Answer: True 92. In chelicerates, the abdomen and telson are fused. Answer: False 93. Sea spiders belong to the subphylum Crustacea. Answer: False 94. Most large crustaceans exchange gases through their exoskeletons. Answer: False 95. A common larval form of barnacles is the cyprid larva. Answer: True 96. Tube feet of sea stars are used for feeding in addition to locomotion. Answer: True 97. Sea cucumbers belong to the class Echinoidea. Answer: False 98. Sea urchins are mostly carnivores. Answer: False 99. Match the phylum with the distinguishing features. 1. Cephalochordata foot, mantle 2. Mollusca exoskelton, jointed legs 3. Arthropoda lancelets Answer: 100. Match the phylum with the distinguishing feature. 1. Echinodermata water-vascular system 2. Chordata post-anal tail 3. Chaetognatha transparent, torpedo-shaped body Answer: 101. Match the words with the most closely associated term. 1. Urochordata (tunicates) benthic filter feeders; live as epifauna 2. Echinodermata benthic filter feeders; live as infauna 3. Cephalochordata all types of feeding represented Answer: 102. Match the molluscan class with its most closely associated characteristic. 1. Gastropod stomach foot 2. Polyplacophora eight plates 3. Bivalvia head foot 4. Cephalopod gills strain seawater to collect plankton Answer: 103. Match the molluscan shell layer with its relative position. 1. Prismatic outer layer 2. Periostracum middle layer 3. Nacreous inner layer Answer: 104. Match the characteristic of the coleoid group with the group. 1. Cuttlefish small internal shell 2. Octopus eight arms 3. Nautilus eight arms and two tentacles 4. Squid large external shell Answer: 105. Match the characteristic with the organism it is most closely associated with. 1. Horseshoe crab chelicerae 2. Krill mandibles 3. Crustaceans photophore Answer: 106. Match the class with its most closely associated habitat. 1. Barnacles pelagic 2. Beach fleas sessile on solid substrate 3. Copepods sand beaches Answer: 107. Match the words with the most closely associated organism. 1. Sea urchins five arms attach to central region 2. Brittle stars radial oval test 3. Sand dollars bilateral flattened 4. Sea stars five arms attach to a round central disk Answer: 108. Match the words with the most closely associated organism. 1. Lancelets sessile 2. Salps barrel-shaped plankton 3. Sea squirts eel-like Answer: 109. Describe how and why some species of nudibranchs use the stinging nematocysts of cnidarians. Answer: The diet of some nudibranchs consists of anemones that live on the bottom. Rather than digesting the stinging nematocysts of these anemones, the nudibranchs retain these structures in the tips of their gills and use them for their own defense. 110. Identify the main types of bivalves and describe how they differ in their life habits. Answer: Included within the class Bivalvia are the mussels, oysters, clams, and scallops. Mussels and oysters tend to be sessile animals that filter feed on suspended phytoplankton. Clams are bivalves that live in sandy or muddy environments and move about using a hatchet-shaped foot. They feed by sucking in water through an incurrent siphon. Scallops are benthic epifauna and some free-living species swim by clapping their shells. 111. Describe the symbiosis between wood-boring bivalves and the bacteria inhabiting their guts. How do both organisms benefit from the relationship? Answer: This is a mutualistic relationship. The bivalves have long guts that also contain certain cellulose-digesting bacteria. These adaptations aid in digesting wood. The bacteria have a protected home in the animal’s intestinal tract, while the bivalves get an energy source from the action of the bacterial enzymes on the wood. 112. Unlike other decapods, hermit crabs are covered by a very thin and light exoskeleton that does not confer much protection against predators. How is this a selective advantage for the hermit crabs? Answer: Hermit crabs do not need a very hard exoskeleton since they utilize the shells of dead gastropods for their protection. This means that the hermit crabs can channel their energy into other metabolic processes rather than expending it on hard exoskeletons. 113. Contrast the various functions of the mantle between Cephalopods and Gastropods. Answer: The mantle is responsible for secreting calcium carbonate into the production of the shell of molluscs. In the cephalopods, the mantle cavity is used for locomotion. In other molluscs, such as some snails, the mantle is used for gas exchange. 114. What features of cephalopods have allowed some species to grow to large sizes relative to gastropods? Answer: The lack of a shell in these animals means that they can grow to large sizes without having to carry a proportionally large and heavy shell. These animals rely on their very strong swimming ability to escape potential predators, which may have precluded the need for a large shell. 115. Describe the method by which nautiloids regulate their buoyancy. Answer: Tissue called the siphuncle extends into the chambers of the nautiloid shell. This tissue first removes salts from the seawater in the chambers by actively pumping these salts against a concentration gradient. Next, the diluted water remaining in the chambers moves into the siphuncle tissue by osmosis and it is replaced by metabolic gases that diffuse out of the siphuncle. The animal can control how much gas diffuses into or out of the siphuncle, thereby regulating buoyancy. 116. What are the 2 main anatomical adaptations that contributed to the evolutionary success of arthropods? Answer: Arthropods have unique structures and adaptations that have allowed them to evolve into the varied number of species we see today. These structures include the development of a hard exoskeleton, which affords arthropods protection from predators and abrasive agents. In addition, arthropods have jointed appendages that allow flexible and efficient movement, feeding, and sensory ability. Finally, having a well-developed nervous system with one or more brains and a sophisticated ventral nerve cord has allowed arthropods to master the environment in which they live. 117. Discuss 3 reasons why the crustaceans are considered the most important group of arthropods in the marine environment. Answer: The crustaceans have the most numerous species, highest abundance, and most diverse ecological roles. Many of the smaller species feed directly on primary producers; others are important detritovores, thus providing a link to the higher trophic levels. Many species are predators, thus adding complexity to the marine food web. The largest marine species, including the baleen whales, feed on crustaceans. Some such as crabs, shrimp, and lobster are part of the human diet. 118. Describe 3 anatomical features that distinguish a bivalve from the phylum Mollusca from a brachiopod. Answer: Even though both bivalves and brachiopods have two shells that enclose the animals, there are a number of differences between the two in the shape of the shell and anatomy of the animals. First, the shells of brachiopods are unequal and are dorsal and ventral compared to the bivalve shells, which are left and right and are equal in size. Second, brachiopods attach to the substrate by means of an elongated pedicle that does not exist in bivalves. Finally, the brachiopods feed by means of a ring of tentacles called a lophophore, which they use for capturing detritus. Bivalves rely on their siphons for bringing water and food into their cavities. 119. Even though echinoderms are considered advanced invertebrates, they are radially symmetric in a way similar to the simple cnidarians. What advantage does radial symmetry confer upon echinoderms? Answer: Echinoderms are slow moving animals. As a result, they would be at a disadvantage if all of their sense organs were concentrated at one end of their bodies. For this reason, a better arrangement for their lifestyle would be radial symmetry by which they would be able to sense their environment from all directions. 120. Why is it especially important that some echinoderms, like the sea stars, maintain an aboral surface free of debris and settling larvae? Answer: Sea stars rely on a water vascular system for their locomotion, feeding, respiration, and excretion. In order to function properly, the water vascular system has to have a constant flow of water entering through the madriporite on the aboral surface. Because of this, sea stars must keep the area around the madriporite free of debris, which they do using pedicellariae. 121. Echinoderms often have an important ecological effect on their environment. Provide at least 2 examples of their effects in particular locations. Answer: Pacific coral reefs were being damaged by the crown-of-thorns sea star predation on corals. Sea urchin explosions have been attributed to a reduction in kelp forests off California. The sea urchin population became excessive in the Atlantic, preventing lobsters from accessing traps, and leading the fisherpersons to switch from lobsters to sea urchins. 122. What ecological roles do burrowing polychaetes play in the marine environment? Answer: Many burrowing polychaetes are deposit feeders and actively pass sediments through their bodies during their feeding and digging activities. This leads to oxygenation and regeneration of the sediments. 123. Describe the symbiotic relationships of tube-dwelling and burrowing worms. Answer: Those species that are not carnivorous provide a protected and ventilated home for many commensal organisms. There are commensal polychaetes that live with other animals, often using color camouflage to hide themselves. Chapter 10--Marine Fishes 1. The earliest fish are represented today by: A. hagfish. B. lamprey. C. sharks. D. hagfish and lamprey. E. lamprey and sharks. Answer: D. hagfish and lamprey. 2. What characteristic does not describe a vertebrate? A. Notochord. B. Backbone. C. Exoskeleton. D. Gills or lungs. E. Posterior tail. Answer: C. Exoskeleton. 3. The feeding mode of hagfishes is considered: A. predation. B. scavenging. C. suspension feeding. D. predation and scavenging. E. scavenging and suspension feeding. Answer: D. predation and scavenging. 4. Hagfish are caught commercially for their: A. oil. B. mucus. C. meat. D. hide. E. scales. Answer: D. hide. 5. A defense mechanism of hagfish is ______________. A. to tie into a knot to prevent them from being swallowed B. foul odor C. abundant mucus D. detection by the semicircular canals followed by avoidance E. a sharp fin spine Answer: C. abundant mucus 6. The feeding mode of adult lampreys is considered: A. parasitism. B. scavenging. C. predation. D. grazing. E. filter feeding. Answer: A. parasitism. 7. Ammocoetes, the larval forms of lampreys, feed: A. on suspended particles. B. on other fishes. C. on benthic deposits. D. by parasitizing other fish. E. None of these. Answer: A. on suspended particles. 8. The largest known fish is: A. the blue whale. B. the whale shark. C. the megamouth shark. D. the great white shark. E. the humpback whale. Answer: B. the whale shark. 9. The skin of sharks is covered with scales called: A. placoid. B. cycloid. C. ctenoid. D. ganoid. E. circular. Answer: A. placoid. 10. The forward thrust of swimming sharks is created by: A. the pectoral fins. B. the pelvic fins. C. the dorsal fin. D. the caudal fin. E. the anal fin. Answer: D. the caudal fin. 11. A fish in which a sharp spine is associated with the dorsal fins is the: A. spiny dogfish. B. sea bass. C. hagfish. D. sea horse. E. goldfish. Answer: A. spiny dogfish. 12. The claspers of cartilaginous fishes are used for: A. clasping onto prey. B. clasping onto the sediment. C. reproduction. D. propulsion. E. balance. Answer: C. reproduction. 13. Sharks obtain neutral buoyancy by producing an oil called: A. buoyancy. B. squalene. C. Omega-3. D. fish oil. E. ambergris. Answer: B. squalene. 14. Squalene is produced by the _______________ of sharks. A. kidneys B. heart C. liver D. muscle E. gall bladder Answer: C. liver 15. The majority of a shark's brain is devoted to processing signals of: A. touch. B. olfaction. C. taste. D. electricity. E. vision. Answer: B. olfaction. 16. About 2/3 of a shark's brain is used for: A. control of body movement. B. processing electrical currents from the water. C. olfaction. D. vision. E. processing water pressure differences. Answer: C. olfaction. 17. The nictitating membrane of sharks is used to: A. protect the gills. B. line the mouth. C. enclose the internal organs. D. detect smells. E. cover the eye. Answer: E. cover the eye. 18. Neuromast cells are associated with the _______________ of sharks. A. eyes B. lateral line C. nostrils D. brain E. ampullae Answer: B. lateral line 19. The neuromast cells are part of the system to: A. process light. B. sense electrical currents in the water. C. control balance. D. detect vibrations. E. detect dissolved chemicals. Answer: D. detect vibrations. 20. The ampullae of Lorenzini are specialized organs for detecting _______________ that are found in sharks. A. smells B. vibrations of the water C. tastes D. electrical output E. water pressure Answer: D. electrical output 21. The spiral valve is a specialized structure found within: A. bony fishes. B. sharks. C. sea turtles. D. lampreys. E. sea birds. Answer: B. sharks. 22. The rectal gland of sharks is involved in the excretion of: A. urea. B. sodium chloride. C. calcium and magnesium. D. trimethyamine oxide. E. carbon dioxide. Answer: B. sodium chloride. 23. The kidneys of sharks excrete ions of: A. urea. B. salts. C. calcium and magnesium. D. trimethyamine oxide. E. ammonia. Answer: B. salts. 24. A shark reproduction scheme in which the embryos develop within eggs that supply all their nourishment inside the oviduct of the female is called: A. ovoviviparous. B. viviparous. C. spawning. D. oviparous. E. None of these. Answer: A. ovoviviparous. 25. Which of the following is not a measure to avoid a shark attack? A. Swimming where people, fish, and/or blood are in the water. B. Swimming at night, dusk, or in murky water. C. Swim with erratically behaving schools of fish. D. Avoid splashing or wearing shiny jewelry. E. Swim with erratically behaving schools of fish or at night, dusk, or in murky water. Answer: C. Swim with erratically behaving schools of fish. 26. Unique features of skates and rays are their: A. gill slits. B. adipose tissues. C. flat bodies. D. spiracles. E. countershaded bodies. Answer: D. spiracles. 27. The forward thrust of swimming stingrays is created by: A. the pectoral fins. B. the pelvic fins. C. the dorsal fin. D. the caudal fin. E. the anal fin. Answer: A. the pectoral fins. 28. The spiracle in conjunction with a ventral gill in skates and rays is an adaptation that allows them to: A. be nekton. B. have a bottom existence. C. position their mouth ventrally. D. avoid detection by predators. E. filter feed on plankton. Answer: B. have a bottom existence. 29. Most skates are: A. ovoviviparous. B. oviparous. C. live bearers. D. viviparous. E. broadcast spawners. Answer: B. oviparous. 30. The toxins of stingrays are destroyed with hot water, therefore they are a type of: A. protein. B. carbohydrate. C. fat. D. lipid. E. DNA. Answer: A. protein. 31. A first aid for stingray injury is: A. place the injured area in cold water or apply ice packs. B. pour ammonia over the injured area. C. place the injured area in hot water. D. apply MSG to the injured area. E. urinate onto the wound. Answer: C. place the injured area in hot water. 32. The subclass of Chondrichthyes with an operculum is called: A. sharks. B. skates. C. rays. D. chimaeras. E. hagfish. Answer: D. chimaeras. 33. A bony fish that lives in the marine environment that was once thought to be extinct is the: A. coelacanth. B. African lung fish. C. sturgeon fish. D. mud skipper. E. puffer fish. Answer: A. coelacanth. 34. The coelacanth gave rise to the ______________. A. ray-finned fish B. chimaeras C. tetrapods D. dogfish E. lungfish Answer: C. tetrapods 35. The skin of the subclass Chondrosti is covered with scales called: A. placoid. B. cycloid. C. stenoid. D. ganoid. E. rhomboid. Answer: D. ganoid. 36. Tails that have equally sized upper and lower lobes are called: A. heterocercal. B. ganoid. C. cycloid. D. homocercal. E. ctenoid. Answer: D. homocercal. 37. Fishes that are very active swimmers have a _______________ body. A. fusiform B. laterally compressed C. globular D. flattened E. dorso-ventrally compressed Answer: A. fusiform 38. Fishes that exhibit a sedentary lifestyle have _______________ bodies. A. fusiform B. laterally compressed C. globular D. flattened E. streamlined Answer: C. globular 39. The following are all main points of the article Surviving in Near-Freezing Water except: A. 90% of fish biomass in Antarctic seas belongs to a single species of fish. B. sugar and protein molecules in fish cells prevent fish from freezing. C. some Antarctic fish lack hemoglobin in their blood. D. some Antarctic fish lack red blood cells. E. global warming may place these fish in danger of extinction. Answer: A. 90% of fish biomass in Antarctic seas belongs to a single species of fish. 40. Utilizing pigments for camouflage is common in _______________ fishes. A. benthic B. tuna C. pelagic D. reef E. angler Answer: A. benthic 41. Which of the following is not a camouflage device? A. Chromatophores. B. Iridophores. C. Thigmotaxis. D. Obliterative countershading. E. None of these. Answer: C. Thigmotaxis. 42. Countershading is a common form of camouflage in _______________ fishes. A. coral reef B. eel grass bed C. pelagic D. deep sea E. All of these Answer: C. pelagic 43. Which of the following does not use a swim bladder to regulate buoyancy? A. Mackerel. B. Sea bass. C. Grouper. D. Sheepshead. E. Butterfly fish. Answer: A. Mackerel. 44. Snappers swim by: A. flexing only the area before the caudal fin. B. flexing only the posterior portion of the body. C. using only their fins. D. undulating the entire body. E. All of these. Answer: B. flexing only the posterior portion of the body. 45. Which function below is not performed by the gills of bony fishes? A. Extract nutrients from the water. B. Extract oxygen from the water. C. Eliminate carbon dioxide from their body. D. Aid in osmoregulation. E. None of these. Answer: A. Extract nutrients from the water. 46. Most sodium chloride is excreted from marine bony fishes through: A. the kidneys. B. the gills. C. salt glands. D. the feces. E. diffusion. Answer: B. the gills. 47. The mechanism for gas exchange in the gills includes: A. chloride cells. B. rete mirable. C. countercurrent multiplier system. D. swim bladder inflation. E. hormonal controls. Answer: C. countercurrent multiplier system. 48. The following are all main points of the article Fish Toxicity except: A. ciguatera poisoning is not usually fatal. B. ciguatera is due to blooms of dinoflagellates. C. puffer fish poisoning can be fatal. D. there are safe and effective antidotes for both kinds of toxins. E. ciguatera poisoning is not usually fatal and there are safe and effective antidotes for both kinds of toxins Answer: D. there are safe and effective antidotes for both kinds of toxins. 49. The gill rakers of anchovies are modified for: A. respiration. B. excretion of salts. C. filtering plankton. D. crushing their fish prey. E. detecting vibrations in the water column. Answer: C. filtering plankton. 50. The sucker of clingfishes is modified from: A. the mouth. B. the pectoral fins. C. a disc on top of the head. D. the pelvic fins. E. the first dorsal fin. Answer: D. the pelvic fins. 51. Deoxygenated blood is initially collected by the: A. dorsal aorta. B. sinus venosus. C. atrium. D. bulbus arteriosus. E. vena cava. Answer: B. sinus venosus. 52. Bony fish usually do not need to adjust pupil size because: A. their eyelids protect their eyes from bright light. C. they can move their lens forward and backward. D. their eyelids protect their eyes from bright light in conjunction with they can move their lens forward and backward. E. the quantity of light is relatively low in conjunction with they can move their lens forward and backward Answer: B. the quantity of light is relatively low. 53. The nervous system of fish includes: A. olfactory pits. B. taste receptors. C. eyes. D. otoliths. E. All of these. Answer: E. All of these. 54. The lateral line is part of the system to: A. process light. B. sense electrical currents in the water. C. control balance. D. detect vibrations. E. detect dissolved substances. Answer: D. detect vibrations. 55. The majority of bony fishes show the _______________ reproductive strategy. A. viviparous B. oviparous C. internal fertilization D. ovoviviparous E. None of these. Answer: B. oviparous 56. Fishes that reproduce in fresh water and migrate out to sea as adults are considered: A. catadromous. B. anadromous. C. polyandrous. D. polygynous. E. demersal. Answer: B. anadromous. 57. _______________ are a good example of a catadromous fish. A. Lampreys B. Salmon C. Freshwater eels D. Hagfish E. Sea horses Answer: C. Freshwater eels 58. The skeletons of both hagfish and sharks are made of the same cartilaginous material. Answer: True 59. The reproductive biology of hagfishes is well understood. Answer: False 60. All sharks must swim continuously or they will die. Answer: False 61. Sharks are positively buoyant in seawater. Answer: False 62. The eyes of sharks are designed for optimal color vision. Answer: False 63. Fertilization is internal in sharks. Answer: True 64. The annual risk of death from lighting is 47 times the risk of death from shark attack. Answer: True 65. The discharge of the electric organ of electric rays delivers up to 220 volts. Answer: False 66. The fins of bony fishes are more maneuverable than those of cartilaginous fishes. Answer: True 67. Fast moving fishes tend to propel themselves by undulating their entire bodies. Answer: False 68. Marine bony fishes have blood that is just as salty as seawater. Answer: False 69. Unlike cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes do not have a keen sense of smell. Answer: False 70. The eyes of fishes are adapted for black and white vision. Answer: False 71. Match the animal with the swimming method it is most closely associated with. 1. Skate wave travels along the edge of pectoral fins 2. Ray pectoral fins flap up and down 3. Shark moving caudal fin side-to-side 4. Lamprey eel-like undulation of body Answer: 72. Match the body form with its most closely associated species. 1. Flounder fusiform 2. Pufferfish flattened 3. Moray eels globular 4. Tuna snakelike bodies Answer: 73. Match the reproductive type of sharks with its characteristic. 1. Oviviparity egg released outside of body 2. Ovoviparity egg hatched in mothers uterus 3. Viviparity development in mother's uterus without an egg Answer: 74. Match the word with the one it is most closely associated with. 1. Pigments chromataphores 2. Countershading iridophores 3. Structural Colors obliterative Answer: 75. Match the words with the terms they are most closely associated with. 1. Disruptive coloration vertical lines 2. Cryptic coloration blend with environment 3. Bright colors aposematic Answer: 76. Match the swimming type with the appropriate type of fish. 1. Eels undulating the entire body 2. Swift swimmers flexing only the posterior portion of the body 3. Body is encased in a rigid dermal skeleton only the area before the caudal fin is flexed Answer: 77. Match the osmoregulatory function with the most closely associated organ. 1. Chloride cell removal of most excess salt 2. Gut excretion of magnesium sulfate 3. Kidney magnesium, calcium and sulfate ions eliminated 4. Urea retained in the body fluids of sharks Answer 78. Match the swim bladder filling mechanism with the appropriate term. 1. Herrings and eels gulping air and "spitting it out" 2. Gases diffused into blood gas gland Answer: 79. Match the fish with its feeding type. 1. Herbivore grouper 2. Filter Feeder surgeonfish 3. Carnivore anchovies 4. Scavenger hagfish Answer: 1 80. Match the hermaphroditism with the appropriate term. 1. Protogyny having both male and female gonads simultaneously 2. Protandry changing from females to males 3. Synchronous changing from males to females 4. Sequential changing from one sex to another Answer: 81. Explain how hagfish are still able to consume their dead or dying prey, even though hagfish lack jaws. Answer: Hagfishes rely on sharp teeth located on their tongues for rasping away at the flesh of their food. They also use knot-tying as a means of providing leverage for tearing off bits of flesh. 82. Even though the caudal fin of sharks tends to direct the fish downward when beating (due to the heterocercal tail) the shark still manages to remain at a fairly constant level. Explain. Answer: The pectoral fins of sharks have a cross-section resembling the cross-section of the wing of an aircraft. The shape of the fins provides lift just as a wing would and this offsets the effect of the heterocercal tail. 83. Compare a shark and a bony fish with regard to how they maintain buoyancy. Answer: Both sharks and bony fish are negatively buoyant. In order to maintain somewhat neutral buoyancy sharks have evolved a very large liver that produces an oily material called squalene. Squalene is less dense than seawater and thus it makes the sharks slightly positively buoyant. In addition, the wing-like pectoral fins of sharks aid in maintaining the buoyancy of the shark when it is swimming. Bony fishes do not produce squalene, although a few produce other oily materials. Many bony fishes rely on a gas-filled swim bladder as their only means of maintaining buoyancy. As a result, bony fishes with swim bladders, unlike many sharks, do not have to swim in order to maintain a certain level. 84. How are the eyes of sharks well adapted to the environment in which they live? Answer: In the marine environment, colors, especially red and orange, tend to get absorbed within the first few meters of water. As a result, the shallow marine environment is composed mostly of grays and shades of blue. The eyes of sharks, with their high rod content, are well adapted for viewing in dim environments where gray and black colors prevail. 85. How can sharks use the ampullae of Lorenzini to discern between healthy and injured prey items? Answer: All living organisms put out low-level electrical fields. Under conditions of stress or injury, the injured animal increases the strength of the electric field around it and the shark is able to recognize this heightened electrical field as that of an injured animal that would make easy prey. 86. Compare sharks and bony fishes with regard to how they ingest their food. In your answer, discuss how both the position of the mouth and the presence of a gill cover confers a feeding advantage to bony fish. Answer: When sharks ingest prey items, they must make full contact with the prey before they can begin to bite down on it. This is because sharks lack a gill cover, which could otherwise be used to create negative pressure within the mouth of the shark and which would draw the prey item in without having to actually bite down on the prey. Bony fishes, with their well developed operculum and protrusible jaws, can suck in prey items without having to bite down on them. Furthermore, because of the ventral placement of the mouth in sharks, they lose site of their prey in the last crucial moments before they bite their prey, which could end in an escape by the prey. Most bony fishes, on the other hand, have terminal mouths, which means they have their prey in sight until it enters their mouth. Obviously, the way in which bony fishes feed is more efficient than that of sharks. 87. How does the spiral valve within the shark intestine increase the efficiency of food digestion? Answer: The spiral valve does two things. It aids in more efficient digestion by increasing the available surface area for uptake of digested materials. The spiral valve also slows the progression of food within the short intestine in order to allow more time for complete digestion of the food. 88. How do marine biologists know that sharks and bony fishes evolved in freshwater but then later migrated to the marine environment? Answer: Both sharks and bony fishes are hypoosmotic to the seawater around them. As a result, they constantly lose water to the marine environment. These fishes have evolved adaptations against losing water. If these fishes had evolved in a marine environment then one would expect them to be isotonic to their environment. 89. Outline how bony fish regulate their osmotic balance lower than the salinity of the surrounding seawater. Answer: Most marine fish have an internal salinity lower than the surrounding seawater resulting in an osmotic imbalance where water flows out of the fish. The fish drinks seawater to avoid dehydration. Absorption of salts in the gut is reduced; absorbed salts are removed in concentrated urine and through the gills. 90. What are 3 adaptations of skates and rays for living on the bottom? Contrast these adaptations to those of the bony flatfishes such as halibut. Answer: The skates and rays are adapted to their benthic lifestyle by having flattened bodies that may not be very obvious to potential prey or predators. Likewise, bony fishes such as flatfishes are also flat. The skates and rays also have spiracles on their dorsal surfaces, which they use for drawing in water that is passed over the gills. The bony flatfishes do not have such a structure but rely on the opening of their mouths and their operculum for drawing in water through the mouth. Both the skates and rays and the flatfishes show strong countershading, with light underside and a dark dorsal surface that blends in with the environment. 91. What are 2 pieces of anatomical evidence that lead ichthyologists to consider that sturgeons are a fairly old group of fishes? Answer: The sturgeon fishes share a number of characteristics with sharks, which are considered to be more primitive by many scientists. These shared characters include: heterocercal tail, and a ventral mouth. 92. Most bony fishes are considered to be much more efficient at maneuvering than cartilaginous fishes. Explain why this is so and how it arose. Answer: Many bony fishes, such as those that live on coral reefs, are better at maneuvering than a shark because their fins are much more flexible. The evolution of these flexible fins was probably the result of the evolution of the swim bladder of bony fishes, which freed the pectoral fins from their previous role of maintaining buoyancy. With the advent of the swim bladder, the fins of bony fish became less stiff and flexibility was added with the introduction of rays and spines within the fins. 93. Seasonal migration is common among marine fisheries. Describe the types and indicate the primary causes of migration. Answer: Spawning, changing temperatures, and following prey items are primary causes of fish migrations. Catadromous fish move from freshwater to the ocean to spawn and anadromous fish move from the ocean to freshwater to spawn. 94. What advantage does bright coloration confer upon venomous fishes? Answer: Bright colors in venomous fishes advertise the danger that these fishes pose to potential predators. Fishes, like many vertebrates, will learn from trial and error not to harass certain fishes. Perhaps this learned behavior is genetically imprinted, as it would surely be a selective advantage. 95. How does human activity drastically affect the reproductive success of salmon? Answer: Human construction, such as dams, can interfere with the progress of salmon up rivers that they use for spawning. In addition, humans alter the chemical makeup of streams and rivers on a massive scale and this could lead to the loss of recognition by the salmon of their native streams, and could ultimately have an effect on their reproductive success. Test Bank for Introduction to Marine Biology George Karleskint, Richard Turner, James Small 9780495561972, 9780534420727
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