This Document Contains Chapters 9 to 10 Chapter 9: Groups: Belonging, Following and Leading 9.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. What kind of groups are the most important groups in our lives? A. civic groups B. primary groups C. secondary groups D. collective groups Answer: B 2. Which of the following is an example of a primary group? A. a crowd waiting for a rock concert B. a kindergarten class C. a family D. passengers on a jetliner Answer: C 3. Secondary groups usually A. have a smaller membership than the primary groups B. are more likely to engage in a face-to-face interaction pattern C. have a formal or contractual reason for coming together D. continue indefinitely Answer: C 4. Collectives A. are small groups of unrelated persons B. have a leader as well as many followers C. follow a clear-cut set of rules D. often form and disband for no readily apparent reasons Answer: D 5. In-group perceptions can develop A. based on ethnicity B. based on a clear set rules C. any time two or more people gather D. all of the above are ways in-groups develop perceptions Answer: A 6. Which statement is true about prejudice? A. Prejudice is the behavioral component of discrimination. B. Prejudice rarely occurs without discrimination. C. Discrimination does not occur without prejudice. D. Prejudice is an attitude based solely on group membership. Answer: D 7. One reason biased individuals tend to hold prejudices is that they A. have no other choice because of genetic and social determinants of prejudice B. seek to enhance their self-esteem by viewing their own group as superior C. continue receiving criticism for their behavior D. fear more liberal thinking and critical analysis will leave them at a disadvantage Answer: B 8. What is the first stage of group formation? A. forming B. norming C. storming D. performing Answer: A 9. What is the sequence of group formation, according to the text? A. forming, storming, norming, and performing B. forming, storming, performing, and norming C. storming, forming, norming, and performing D. norming, storming, performing, and forming Answer: A 10. Storming is the A. third stage of group formation B. stage in which group members disagree and openly argue C. process by which the group establishes norms or written rules D. stage of group formation in which the group becomes cohesive Answer: B 11. The stage of group formation where the group comes to a consensus about the rules under which it will operate is called A. norming B. performing C. forming D. storming Answer: A 12. Which of these is NOT cited in the text as a reason for joining groups? A. the chance to affiliate B. the process of social comparison C. social support D. the opportunity for individual power Answer: D 13. One of the reasons cited in the text for joining groups is that groups provide A. individual power and aptitude B. opportunity to pursue individual interests C. social comparison with others D. all of the above Answer: C 14. Which statement is true about group communication networks? A. Centralized communication networks allow for individuals to communicate more freely with one another. B. Where one or two individuals control the flow of information it is called decentralized communication network. C. When tasks are complicated or decisions require complex input, decentralized networks are best. D. Centralized and decentralized networks result in about the same type of performance in groups. Answer: C 15. Which communication network shape is the most decentralized? A. circle B. wheel C. chain D. concom Answer: A 16. In which communication network do all members have an equal opportunity to communicate? A. wheel B. chain C. concom D. circle Answer: C 17. With electronic communication A. there is less opportunity for miscommunication B. trust is greater C. communication is less efficient D. users can heighten their number of social contacts Answer: D 18. Solomon Asch’s experiment in which confederates gave apparently wrong answers demonstrated that the tendency to conform in our society A. is strong on difficult tasks and weak on easy tasks B. is strong even on easy tasks C. is strong only when we are in a psychology experiment D. is weak because we are so individualistic Answer: B 19. Conformity and harmony are integral to cultures that emphasize A. interdependence B. individualism C. independence D. autonomy Answer: A 20. When you are given a free sample, there is some feeling of obligation to buy the product. This is known as the A. norm of reciprocity B. bystander effect C. foot-in-the-door effect D. opinion conformity Answer: A 21. When flattery is used in the hopes that the flattered individual will give in to a certain request, this is a form of A. the bystander effect B. ingratiation C. the norm of reciprocity D. the foot-in-the-door effect Answer: B 22. In what type of social influence situation do we follow direct orders from others? A. conformity B. compliance C. interpersonal attraction D. obedience Answer: D 23. Social loafing results when an individual A. contributes less in a group than if operating as an individual B. makes risky decisions C. performs differently when evaluated D. solicits group input Answer: A 24. Which factor reduces social loafing? A. When failure is possible if and only if loafing occurs. B. When people believe their performance will not be evaluated. C. When the task is not important. D. When the group is not valued by its individual members. Answer: A 25. When groups make riskier or more conservative decisions than individuals, this is known as A. groupthink B. the foot-in-the-door effect C. the group polarization effect D. the door-in-the-face effect Answer: C 26. Groupthink begins when A. the leader is not very directive or authoritative B. the group is too open to ideas from outsiders C. the group is close-knit and attractive to members D. the group members are not concerned with consensus Answer: C 27. Which is NOT a consequence of groupthink that contributes to disastrous decision making. A. The group does not look at all possible risks. B. The group develops a contingency plan. C. The group discusses only one or two ideas. D. The group fails to survey all possible solutions. Answer: B 28. One of the ways groupthink can be prevented is to A. promote skepticism B. provide strong, directive leadership C. avoid bringing in outsiders, especially experts D. prevent the development of subgroups Answer: A 29. Which of these factors often contributes to conflict escalation? A. groupthink B. mind guards C. threats D. power distance Answer: C 30. The ________ occurs when people’s expectations become reality by virtue of their own behavior. A. self-fulfilling prophesy B. integrative solution C. fundamental attribution error D. consensus effect Answer: A 31. When both sides can win something, this kind of conflict resolution is called A. a compromise B. an integrative solution C. concession bargaining D. group polarization Answer: B 32. GRIT is a negotiating technique to A. prevent groupthink B. end or lower conflict C. intervene in consensus building D. promote win-win Answer: B 33. The person who remains neutral in a conflict but renders a binding solution to the conflict is known as a(n) A. mediator B. mind guard C. arbitrator D. negotiator Answer: C 34. Two well-documented leadership styles are ______ and ______. A. severe; moderate B. people-oriented; task-oriented C. casual; intense D. thoughtful; thoughtless Answer: B 35. Research shows that task-oriented leaders are most effective in A. low and medium control situations B. high control situations only C. medium control situations generally D. high or low control situations Answer: D 36. Leaders high in emotional intelligence do not tend to A. be self-aware B. have good interpersonal skills C. be arrogant D. be popular with others Answer: C 37. Which set of terms best fit together? A. emotional intelligence, charismatic leader, transformational leader B. in-group, task-oriented, groupthink C. great man theory, women, conformity D. collectives, conformity, group polarization Answer: A 38. With regard to leadership style and gender, A. women tend to consult less with subordinates B. women are more people-oriented C. women have lower emotional intelligence D. men are more effective leaders Answer: B 39. Why are there so few women leaders? A. Women leaders tend to be less positively evaluated than men B. They face societal pressure about mixing work and family. C. Women may be set up for failure as leaders. D. all of the above Answer: D 40. In which culture are members most likely to interact with authority figures? A. high-power-distance societies B. medium-power-distance societies C. low-power-distance societies D. there is equal access to authority figure in all of these Answer: C 9.2 True/False Questions 1. Primary groups typically function through face-to-face interaction. Answer: True 2. Secondary groups are less likely to engage in regular face-to-face interaction. Answer: True 3. Collectives often form and disband for no readily apparent reason. Answer: True 4. Discrimination cannot occur without prejudice. Answer: False 5. Performing is the second stage of group formation involving member disagreement. Answer: False 6. One of the most important group processes is communication. Answer: True 7. Group size does not significantly affect the quality of a group’s communication. Answer: False 8. Increased use of text messaging eliminates the miscommunication problems inherent in email. Answer: False 9. Advertisers of some “adult-oriented” products attempt to attract a younger audience than the product is designed for. Answer: True 10. In mainstream America, the norm of reciprocity is common. Answer: True 11. The larger the group, the more individual effort everyone puts into his or her performance. Answer: False 12. Groups are likely to shift to either a more conservative or more risky decision than individuals alone make. Answer: True 13. Groupthink is a technique that groups can use to make sound decisions. Answer: False 14. Group conflict always reduces a group’s effectiveness. Answer: False 15. As their preferred methods of conflict resolution, participants from the United States preferred to save the "face" of their opponents. Answer: False 16. In conflict management, when one side wins, the other must lose. Answer: False 17. A mediator is a neutral third person who assists other disputants to come to mutually agreeable solutions in a conflict. Answer: True 18. Every state in the U.S. has mediation or neighborhood justice centers as alternatives to the courts. Answer: True 19. There were little or no personality traits that consistently correlated with how effective a president was in office. Answer: True 20. Research shows that men are more effective leaders than women. Answer: False 9.3 Short Answer Questions 1. What are the characteristics of a secondary group? Answer: Secondary groups are typically larger, more impersonal, and goal-oriented compared to primary groups. Key characteristics include: • Formal Structure: Relationships are based on specific roles and duties rather than personal connections. • Limited Emotional Ties: Interactions are less personal and more formal. • Temporary and Intermittent: Membership may be temporary, and interactions occur less frequently. • Goal-Oriented: The group exists to achieve specific objectives or tasks. • Examples: Workplaces, schools, professional associations, and governmental bodies. 2. Differentiate prejudice from discrimination. Answer: Differentiating Prejudice from Discrimination • Prejudice: An unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on their membership in a particular group. • Example: Believing that all people from a certain country are lazy. • Discrimination: Behaviors or actions, often negative, directed towards an individual or group based on prejudice. • Example: Refusing to hire someone because of their race or gender. 3. Discuss the storming stage of group formation. Answer: Discussing the Storming Stage of Group Formation The storming stage is the second phase in Tuckman's model of group development. Characteristics include: • Conflict and Competition: Members may experience conflicts as they assert their ideas and challenge each other. • Establishing Roles: There is often disagreement and tension as members try to establish their roles within the group. • Clarification of Purpose: The group's goals and norms begin to take shape, but this process can be contentious. • Resolution Needed: Effective resolution of conflicts during this stage is crucial for the group to move forward to more productive phases. • Emotional Response: Members might feel stressed or anxious due to the emerging conflicts and competition. Successful navigation through the storming stage can lead to stronger group cohesion and a clearer sense of direction. 4. Under what circumstances are we most likely to conform? Answer: We are most likely to conform in situations where there is group unanimity, high cohesion, strong social norms, and when the task is ambiguous or difficult. Conformity also increases under pressure to fit in or when the group has authority or expertise. 5. Describe the door-in-the-face effect. Answer: The door-in-the-face effect occurs when a person initially makes a large, unreasonable request that is expected to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request. This tactic increases the likelihood of the second request being accepted because it seems more manageable in comparison. 6. Discuss and give examples of the factors that reduce social loafing. Answer: Factors that reduce social loafing include assigning individual responsibilities, increasing task importance and motivation, enhancing group cohesion, and implementing peer evaluations. Clear goals and accountability also help minimize social loafing. 7. Discuss how groupthink can be prevented. Answer: Groupthink can be prevented by encouraging open dialogue, promoting diverse viewpoints, appointing a "devil's advocate," and breaking the group into smaller, independent teams. Leaders should avoid expressing their opinions early and actively seek input from all members. 8. What are the two different styles of leadership in the contingency theory of leadership? Answer: The contingency theory of leadership identifies two styles: task-oriented and relationship-oriented. Task-oriented leaders focus on achieving goals and completing tasks, while relationship-oriented leaders prioritize building strong interpersonal relationships and team cohesion. 9. List several reasons why there are so few women leaders. Answer: Women face barriers such as gender stereotypes, discrimination, and the glass ceiling effect. Other factors include work-life balance challenges, lack of mentorship, and organizational cultures that favor male leadership styles. 9.4 Essay Questions 1. Describe the different types of groups that exist in our society; be sure to provide a concrete example of each. Answer: • Primary Groups: Small, close-knit, and typically long-lasting groups where members have deep, personal relationships. • Example: Family. • Secondary Groups: Larger, more impersonal groups that are goal-oriented and often temporary. • Example: Work teams. • Reference Groups: Groups that individuals compare themselves to for self-evaluation and identity formation. • Example: Professional associations. • In-Groups and Out-Groups: In-groups are groups to which individuals feel they belong, while out-groups are those they do not identify with. • Example: In-group: College alumni association; Out-group: Rival school's alumni association. • Formal Groups: Structured with specific roles and established rules. • Example: Corporate board of directors. • Informal Groups: No official structure or established rules. • Example: Friends meeting for a casual dinner. 2. Discuss the stages of group formation and what happens at each stage. Is the final stage truly the final stage? Why or why not? Answer: • Forming: Members meet, establish initial relationships, and begin to understand the group's purpose. • Activity: Ice-breaker activities and introductions. • Storming: Conflicts arise as members assert their opinions and challenge each other. • Activity: Debates and discussions on roles and responsibilities. • Norming: The group develops cohesive relationships and establishes norms and expectations. • Activity: Setting group goals and agreeing on procedures. • Performing: The group operates efficiently towards achieving its goals. • Activity: Collaborative work on tasks and projects. • Adjourning: The group disbands after achieving its goals. • Activity: Final meetings and reflections on accomplishments. The final stage is not always the absolute end, as some groups may transform or reform for future projects, maintaining a dynamic existence. 3. Why do individuals join groups? Answer: • Social Interaction: To form relationships and socialize with others. • Shared Interests: To pursue common interests or goals. • Support and Belonging: To gain emotional support and a sense of belonging. • Identity and Self-Esteem: To enhance self-identity and boost self-esteem. • Achievement and Growth: To achieve personal or professional growth through collaboration. • Influence and Power: To gain influence and power within a social or organizational context. Individuals join groups to fulfill various psychological, social, and practical needs, contributing to their overall well-being and success. 4. Discuss the factors that affect quality of communication and group work. Answer: Factors Affecting Quality of Communication and Group Work • Clear Objectives: Defined goals and roles improve direction and efficiency. • Open Communication: Encourages sharing of ideas and feedback, enhancing understanding. • Trust and Cohesion: Builds cooperation and reduces conflicts. • Leadership: Effective leadership provides guidance and motivation. • Diversity: A variety of perspectives can enhance creativity and problem-solving. • Technology: Effective use of communication tools facilitates better coordination. • Conflict Resolution: Effective strategies for managing disagreements maintain group harmony. 5. Describe three methods of inducing compliance. Provide a concrete example of each. Answer: Methods of Inducing Compliance • Foot-in-the-Door Technique: Start with a small request, then follow with a larger one. • Example: Asking someone to sign a petition, then later asking for a donation. • Door-in-the-Face Technique: Make a large request expecting refusal, then present a smaller, more reasonable request. • Example: Asking for a large donation first, then asking for a smaller one when refused. • Low-Ball Technique: Secure agreement with a low-cost request, then reveal additional costs. • Example: Offering a low price on a car, then adding extra fees after the buyer agrees. 6. What is groupthink? Discuss the conditions under which groupthink develops. How can groupthink be prevented? Answer: Understanding Groupthink Groupthink: A phenomenon where the desire for group consensus overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives and leads to poor decision-making. Conditions for Development: • High Cohesion: Strong desire for unanimity. • Isolation: Lack of exposure to differing viewpoints. • Directive Leadership: Dominant leaders promoting their own views. • Stressful Situations: High pressure for quick decisions. Prevention: • Encourage Open Debate: Promote critical evaluation and diverse perspectives. • Appoint a Devil's Advocate: Assign someone to question assumptions and decisions. • Independent Groups: Break into smaller groups to discuss issues separately. • Seek External Input: Involve outside experts to provide alternative viewpoints. 7. What are three ways to end conflict? Answer: 1. Negotiation: Parties involved discuss their differences and come to a mutually acceptable agreement. • Example: Employees and management negotiate terms to end a labor strike. 2. Mediation: A neutral third party helps facilitate a resolution between conflicting parties. • Example: A mediator helps divorcing couples reach a settlement on child custody. 3. Collaboration: Parties work together to find a win-win solution that satisfies everyone's needs. • Example: Team members brainstorm to address workload distribution, ensuring everyone's input is considered. 8. Discuss three theories of leadership presented in your text. Which do you think is best and why? Answer: Theories of Leadership 1. Trait Theory: Suggests that certain individuals possess innate qualities that make them effective leaders, such as intelligence, confidence, and charisma. • Example: Leaders like Winston Churchill or Martin Luther King Jr. who are often seen as having natural leadership traits. 2. Behavioral Theory: Focuses on the actions of leaders rather than their traits, emphasizing behaviors such as task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership. • Example: Managers who use participative decision-making processes and maintain open lines of communication with their teams. 3. Contingency Theory: Proposes that the effectiveness of a leadership style depends on the context and specific situation, including factors like the leader's style, followers' characteristics, and situational variables. • Example: A leader who adopts a task-oriented approach in high-pressure situations but switches to a relationship-oriented style when team morale is low. Best Theory: Contingency Theory is often considered the best because it acknowledges that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to leadership. It emphasizes the importance of adapting leadership styles to the specific needs of the situation and the team, leading to more flexible and effective leadership. This adaptability is crucial in the dynamic and diverse environments typical of modern organizations. 9. Define and provide an example for each of the following concepts: primary group, ingratiation, mind guard, transformational leader, and risky shift. Answer: Definitions and Examples Primary Group: A small, close-knit, and usually long-term group characterized by intimate, face-to-face relationships. • Example: A family where members support and care for each other deeply. Ingratiation: A social strategy in which an individual attempts to become more likable to another person, often to gain favor or approval. • Example: Complimenting a coworker frequently to gain their support for a project. Mind guard: A member of a group who protects the group from dissenting opinions and negative information that could disrupt group consensus. • Example: In a corporate board meeting, a senior executive who dismisses critical feedback to ensure the team remains unified behind a decision. Transformational Leader: A leader who inspires and motivates followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes and, in the process, develops their own leadership capacity. • Example: A CEO who encourages innovation and empowers employees to pursue new ideas, leading to significant organizational growth. Risky Shift: The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would make alone. • Example: A group of friends deciding to invest in a high-risk business venture after a discussion, whereas individually, they might have been more cautious. 10. Write a cohesive essay that demonstrates your ability to use the following terms to describe group dynamics: storming, affiliation, communication networks, social influence and groupthink. Answer: Group dynamics are complex and multifaceted, involving various stages and influences that shape how groups function and make decisions. One critical stage in group development is the storming stage, where members experience conflicts and power struggles as they assert their opinions and roles. This stage is essential for establishing clear roles and norms but can be turbulent as differences come to the fore. During the storming stage, affiliation plays a significant role in group cohesion. Members seek to belong and form connections with others, often aligning themselves with certain subgroups or allies within the larger group. This desire for affiliation can either exacerbate conflicts or help resolve them, depending on how these connections are managed. Effective communication networks are crucial during this stage. Open and transparent communication channels help ensure that all members can voice their opinions and concerns, which can mitigate misunderstandings and reduce the potential for conflict. For instance, a well-structured communication network might include regular meetings, clear agendas, and accessible communication tools, facilitating smoother interactions and decision-making processes. Social influence is another powerful force in group dynamics. Members often conform to the opinions and behaviors of influential individuals within the group, whether due to expertise, charisma, or authority. This influence can be positive, fostering unity and concerted effort, but it can also lead to groupthink. Groupthink occurs when the desire for harmony and consensus overrides critical thinking and the realistic appraisal of alternatives. In such scenarios, groups might ignore potential problems and take risky decisions without thorough analysis. Preventing groupthink requires conscious effort from both leaders and members. Encouraging open debate, appointing a devil's advocate, and seeking external input can help ensure diverse perspectives are considered. This not only enhances decision-making quality but also fosters a more inclusive and dynamic group environment. In summary, understanding and managing the intricacies of group dynamics, including the storming stage, affiliation needs, communication networks, social influence, and the risk of groupthink, are vital for effective group performance and decision-making. By addressing these elements thoughtfully, groups can navigate challenges and leverage their collective strengths to achieve their goals. Chapter 10: At Work and Play 10.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. A career is A. a place or position of employment B. a set of work activities and responsibilities C. a purposeful life pattern of work D. all of the above Answer: C 2. The text states that when choosing a career goal, it’s best to begin by A. asking your parents, spouses, or friends for their ideas B. looking over the Occupational Outlook Handbook C. taking stock of yourself D. scanning the classified ads in the newspaper Answer: C 3. When classifying your skills, A. artistic skills rarely help in the workplace. B. consider only formal training, not hobbies. C. it is generally easy to answer the question “what are you good at?” D. think about tasks you have the ability to perform well. Answer: D 4. The Occupational Outlook Handbook does NOT contain A. more than 80 basic career groups B. information on the type of work involved in each career C. job search tips D. information on the job market in each state Answer: A 5. People who score high on the “realistic” theme of the Strong Interest Inventory would most likely enjoy a job working as a(n) A. engineer B. biologist C. stockbroker D. accountant Answer: A 6. People who score high on the “investigative” theme of the Strong Interest Inventory would prefer a job A. as a social worker B. as a research biologist C. working outdoors D. necessitating creativity Answer: B 7. People who score high on the “enterprising” theme of the Strong Interest Inventory would prefer a job A. investigating abstract problems B. managing a business C. working with their hands D. involving self-expression Answer: B 8. Which of these is not a category on the Strong Interest Inventory? A. Artistic B. Social C. Conventional D. Athletic Answer: D 9. Psychological inventories such as the Strong Interest Inventory are best used to predict A. how happy you'll be in a given career B. which career you should choose C. how successful you'll be in a given career D. how compatible a career might be for you Answer: D 10. Which of the following occupational groups is projected to experience the largest employment growth by 2018? A. sales B. service C. transportation D. production Answer: B 11. According to the text, a major pitfall in choosing a career is A. choosing a career based on money B. choosing a work activity because it is enjoyable C. modifying an earlier career goal D. beginning by taking stock of yourself before you know what jobs are available Answer: A 12. According to the text, when choosing a career, you should base the decision on A. your enjoyment of your first job B. prestige C. a full exploration of your career options D. finding a career path as quickly as possible in your early 20s Answer: C 13. Which is true of networking? A. it is unethical because it provides an unfair advantage B. it is unnecessary since most jobs are acquired through internet job sites C. it can be accomplished online through professional networks D. it is important because up to half of all position openings are unadvertised Answer: D 14. According to the text, a crucial part of the job interview is to A. furnish more information than is requested B. discuss your salary needs early in the interview C. prepare for the job interview carefully D. avoid asking questions yourself Answer: C 15. Most job changes occur A. during young adulthood B. as an individual faces retirement C. during middle age D. during the retirement years Answer: A 16. Which statement concerning job change is true? A. People are changing jobs more frequently than ever. B. As people age, they are less likely to make job changes. C. There are several patterns of job change. D. all of the above Answer: D 17. How do most Americans feel about their jobs? A. Despite all the griping, most Americans report relatively high satisfaction. B. Most Americans dislike their jobs and want a job change. C. Midlevel managers report highest job satisfaction. D. People at the bottom of an organization are likeliest to report high job satisfaction. Answer: A 18. Surveys on job satisfaction show that A. most people dislike their jobs intensely B. professional workers are more satisfied than workers in lower-level jobs C. older workers are less satisfied than younger workers are D. women are much less satisfied with their jobs than men are Answer: B 19. Surveys on job satisfaction show that A. people who love their jobs perform better than those who don't B. the highest-paying jobs tend to result in the highest job satisfaction C. workers prefer job where they don’t have to learn new skills D. recent graduates tend to enjoy high job satisfaction Answer: D 20. A major reason for job satisfaction to rise with age and/or years on the job is A. the proximity of retirement B. knowing office politics and how to circumvent them C. knowing the requirements of the job D. having more realistic job expectations Answer: D 21. While at the office, Karl spends several hours each day on Facebook and surfing the Web. This is an example of A. telecommuting B. cyberslacking C. e-recruiting D. cyber harassment Answer: B 22. In individualistic cultures, as opposed to collectivistic cultures, A. the bonds between individuals and organizations are stronger. B. organizations are considered morally responsible for the welfare of their employees across their life spans. C. people have a more difficult time distinguishing between work time and personal time. D. initiative and freedom on the job are valued. Answer: D 23. Who is most likely to suffer from job burnout? A. an engineer B. a nurse C. a computer operator D. an automotive mechanic Answer: B 24. Which is true of job burnout? A. Men are more likely to burn out. B. Those who are unmarried are more prone to burnout. C. Those who burn out are likely to have high self-esteem. D. Stress is rarely a factor in burnout. Answer: B 25. One of the best ways to reduce the effects of burnout is to A. depersonalize your clients B. avoid too much leisure time C. have a good social support system D. avoid considering changing jobs Answer: C 26. Which issue do women face in the workplace? A. the earnings gap B. the glass ceiling C. sexual harassment D. all of the above Answer: D 27. Which is NOT an aspect of the earnings gap between men and women? A. Women are overrepresented in lower-paying service jobs. B. Women have had less education. C. Women have had less experience. D. The earnings gap is unlikely to narrow, as there has been little increase in the proportion of women in traditionally male careers. Answer: D 28. Women hold a smaller percentage of top management jobs. Women who are in better managerial positions tend to be paid less than their male counterparts. As defined in the text, these are examples of A. the glass ceiling B. sexual harassment C. the earnings gap D. balancing work and family Answer: A 29. Donna is annoyed at a male coworker who constantly puts his arm around her waist while talking to her. A helpful strategy as suggested by the text for handling such an act would be for Donna to A. ignore such a harmless act B. keep it to herself C. request another job assignment D. make it clear she disapproves Answer: D 30. According to the text, which is NOT a recommended strategy for dealing with sexual harassment? A. Make it clear when you disapprove. B. Record the time, place, and manner of each incident. C. Avoid talking to coworkers about what has happened. D. Make a note of who laughed at the inappropriate joke. Answer: C 31. Compared to workers in the recent past, the average American worker today A. has more leisure time B. works fewer hours a week C. has the same amount of leisure time D. has less leisure time Answer: D 32. Has technology lightened our workload as forecasters predicted? A. apparently not B. definitely yes C. for executives but not others D. for lower-level employees, not upper-level Answer: A 33. According to the text, which of the following is an example of a leisure activity? A. any non-work-related activity B. playing basketball for fun C. listening to music for a musicology test D. none of these is a leisure activity Answer: B 34. Which of the following is a maintenance activity? A. going on a vacation to eliminate stress B. calling the office while out of town C. dusting the house D. none of these are maintenance activities Answer: C 35. Which of the following is an example of unconditional leisure? A. bicycling for pleasure B. dusting the house C. calling the office while out of town D. competing in a triathlon with the goal of earning a medal Answer: A 36. The majority of people report their favorite activity in the evening is A. participating in their favorite sports activity B. creating works of art or crafts such as weaving and painting C. watching television D. talking to family members or friends Answer: C 37. The most common reason Americans take a vacation is for A. escape B. relaxation C. self-discovery D. family togetherness Answer: B 38. About ________ of Americans take a vacation each year. A. one-fourth B. one-third C. one-half D. two-thirds Answer: C 39. When it comes to leisure time, A. most Americans use all the vacation time they have earned. B. businesses are more likely to hire additional workers rather than assign additional responsibilities to current employees. C. the amount of leisure time available to the average person has increased. D. people with a bachelor’s degree engage in less leisure activity per day than those who never went to college. Answer: D 40. What is true about volunteering? A. It can’t help with job skills. B. It is decreasing. C. It is good for health. D. It is best done after retirement. Answer: C 10.2 True/False Questions 1. Underemployment is similar to unemployment. Answer: True 2. It’s impossible to turn a hobby into a career. Answer: False 3. Never change careers. Any skills learned will go to waste. Answer: False 4. In addition to containing information on more than 20 basic career groups, the Occupational Outlook Handbook provides advice on how to find a job. Answer: True 5. Those who score high in the realistic category of the Strong Interest Survey are likely to be compatible with a career as a biologist. Answer: False 6. Instruments such as the Strong Interest Inventory may help predict which careers you would be most compatible with. Answer: True 7. Attraction to one’s first job is a good way to choose a career. Answer: False 8. In general, the higher one’s educations level is, the higher their lifetime income will be. Answer: True 9. Less than 15% of position openings are unadvertised. Answer: False 10. When applying for a job, it is a good idea to furnish more information than is requested by the employer. Answer: False 11. The typical US worker has fewer jobs (or employers) in his or her lifetime than workers during the 1950s. Answer: False 12. Relatives tend to make good references when applying for a job. Answer: False 13. A substantial number of Americans are satisfied with their jobs. Answer: True 14. College-educated workers generally are more satisfied with their jobs than those with less education. Answer: True 15. Cyberslacking involves overuse of the Internet at work. Answer: True 16. In 2010, women’s pay was 81 percent of men’s. Answer: True 17. The amount of leisure time available to the average person has increased about 30 percent in the past decade. Answer: False 18. Leisure activities are any activities that are done outside of work. Answer: False 19. Americans are likely to use all the vacation time they have earned. Answer: False 20. Volunteer work is directly related to career advancement. Answer: True 10.3 Short Answer Questions 1. List two resources for identifying compatible careers. How should these resources be used? Answer: ONET Online: A comprehensive database of occupational information. Use it to explore careers, assess skills, and match interests with potential job paths. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): A personality assessment tool. Use it to understand your personality type and identify careers that align with your traits and preferences. 2. List five careers that are expected to grow faster than the average career in the years ahead. Answer: 1. Software Developers 2. Healthcare Technologists 3. Data Scientists 4. Renewable Energy Technicians 5. Mental Health Counselors 3. List at least three pitfalls you should guard against while deciding on a career. Answer: 1. Ignoring Personal Interests and Values: Choosing a career solely based on market trends without considering what you enjoy or value. 2. Overlooking Work-Life Balance: Focusing only on salary and benefits without considering how the career fits your lifestyle and personal goals. 3. Failing to Research: Not thoroughly investigating job prospects, required qualifications, and potential career growth before making a decision. 4. How has technology changed how we work? Answer: Impact of Technology on Work Technology has significantly changed how we work by: • Remote Work : Allowing employees to work from anywhere, increasing flexibility and work-life balance. • Automation : Streamlining repetitive tasks, improving efficiency, and reducing manual labor. • Communication : Facilitating instant global communication through email, video conferencing, and collaboration tools. • Access to Information : Providing quick access to vast amounts of data, enhancing decision-making processes. • Job Creation : Creating new job roles in technology-related fields while transforming traditional industries. 5. Discuss the reasons for the inequity in earnings of men and women in the workplace. Answer: Inequity in Earnings of Men and Women Reasons for the earnings gap include: • Occupational Segregation : Women are often concentrated in lower-paying sectors or roles. • Discrimination : Bias in hiring, promotion, and pay decisions based on gender. • Family Responsibilities : Women may face penalties in pay and career advancement due to caregiving responsibilities. • Negotiation Skills : Differences in negotiation tactics and assertiveness in salary negotiations. • Unconscious Bias : Subtle biases affecting performance evaluations and opportunities for advancement. 6. Describe some guidelines for dealing with sexual harassment on the job. Answer: Guidelines for Dealing with Sexual Harassment Guidelines include: • Know Your Rights : Understand company policies and legal protections against harassment. • Document Incidents : Keep detailed records of any harassment incidents, including dates, times, and witnesses. • Report Promptly : Report harassment to HR or a supervisor as soon as possible. • Seek Support : Talk to trusted colleagues, friends, or counselors for emotional support. • Follow Up : Monitor how your complaint is handled and take further action if necessary to ensure resolution and prevention. 7. What is leisure? Give three examples of leisure activities. Answer: Leisure and Examples of Leisure Activities Leisure refers to free time or activities done for enjoyment, relaxation, and personal development, typically outside of work or obligations. Examples of Leisure Activities : 1. Reading : Enjoying a novel, magazine, or online articles. 2. Sports and Exercise : Playing soccer, going for a jog, or practicing yoga. 3. Creative Hobbies : Painting, gardening, or playing a musical instrument. 8. List some of the common reasons for taking a vacation. Answer: Reasons for Taking a Vacation Common reasons for taking a vacation include: • Rest and Relaxation : To recharge physically and mentally. • Exploration and Adventure : Discovering new places, cultures, and experiences. • Family Time : Spending quality time with loved ones and creating lasting memories. • Personal Growth : Learning new skills, hobbies, or languages. • Stress Reduction : Escaping daily pressures and routines to unwind. 10.4 Essay Questions 1. Describe the best way to go about choosing a compatible career. Discuss some ways to take stock of yourself as the basis for choosing a career. Answer: Choosing a Compatible Career Choosing a compatible career involves self-assessment and exploration. Here’s a structured approach: • Self-Assessment: • Skills and Strengths: Identify your strengths, skills, and areas of expertise through self-reflection or assessments like skills inventories. • Interests: Reflect on activities or subjects that genuinely interest and engage you. • Values: Consider your personal values and what is important to you in a career, such as work-life balance, helping others, or creativity. • Personality: Understand your personality traits and how they align with different work environments and roles. • Research and Exploration: • Career Options: Explore various career paths that match your self-assessment results. Research job descriptions, required qualifications, and potential career growth. • Informational Interviews: Connect with professionals in your desired field to gain insights into their day-to-day responsibilities and career paths. • Internships or Job Shadowing: Gain hands-on experience through internships or shadowing opportunities to see if a career aligns with your expectations. • Decision-Making: • Evaluate Fit: Assess how well each career option aligns with your self-assessment in terms of skills, interests, values, and personality. • Set Goals: Establish short-term and long-term career goals based on your findings and interests. • Seek Guidance: Consult career counselors, mentors, or trusted advisors to discuss your options and receive feedback. 2. What is the value of instruments such as the Strong Interest Inventory? Answer: Value of Instruments like the Strong Interest Inventory Instruments such as the Strong Interest Inventory are valuable for several reasons: • Self-Discovery: They help individuals clarify their interests and preferences, providing insights into potential career paths that align with those interests. • Career Exploration: They offer a structured approach to exploring different career options based on the individual’s interests, helping to expand awareness beyond familiar choices. • Informed Decision-Making: By highlighting compatible career fields and roles, these instruments assist in making more informed decisions about education, training, and career transitions. • Validation and Confidence: They validate individuals’ interests and provide confidence in pursuing careers that match their natural inclinations, enhancing satisfaction and success in chosen fields. Overall, instruments like the Strong Interest Inventory serve as valuable tools in the career exploration process by facilitating self-awareness, guiding research, and aiding in decision-making to find a fulfilling and compatible career path. 3. What factors affect job satisfaction? Answer: Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is influenced by various factors: • Work Environment: Including workplace culture, relationships with colleagues and supervisors, and physical workspace. • Job Security: Stability and perceived continuity of employment. • Compensation and Benefits: Fair pay, benefits packages, and opportunities for advancement. • Work-Life Balance: Flexibility in work hours and ability to manage personal commitments. • Recognition and Appreciation: Feeling valued and acknowledged for contributions. • Job Design: Meaningful tasks, autonomy, and opportunities for skill development. • Career Growth: Opportunities for advancement, professional development, and learning. • Alignment with Personal Values: Feeling that the organization's mission and values align with one's own beliefs. • Workload and Stress: Manageable workload and effective stress management practices. 4. What role does technology play in the American workplace? Answer: Role of Technology in the American Workplace Technology plays a pivotal role in the American workplace in several ways: • Communication and Collaboration: Facilitates instant communication and collaboration across distances through email, video conferencing, and messaging platforms. • Automation and Efficiency: Streamlines processes, reduces manual tasks, and enhances productivity through software, robotics, and artificial intelligence. • Remote Work: Enables employees to work from anywhere, fostering flexibility and work-life balance. • Data Management: Manages and analyzes large volumes of data for decision-making and strategic planning. • Globalization: Connects businesses and employees globally, expanding market reach and cultural diversity. • Job Creation and Transformation: Creates new job roles in technology-related fields while transforming traditional industries. • Security and Privacy: Ensures data security and privacy through cybersecurity measures and compliance regulations. Overall, technology continues to reshape the American workplace, driving innovation, efficiency, and new opportunities while also posing challenges related to job displacement, skills gaps, and digital divide issues. Adopting and adapting to technological advancements are crucial for organizations and individuals alike to thrive in today's rapidly evolving work environment. 5. What are some of the differences between how collectivistic and individualistic societies view work? Answer: Differences Between Collectivistic and Individualistic Societies' Views on Work Collectivistic Societies: • Focus: Emphasize group harmony, loyalty, and cooperation. • Purpose: Work is seen as contributing to the greater good of the community or family. • Roles: Individuals may prioritize collective goals over personal ambitions. • Examples: Japan, China, where teamwork and consensus-building are valued. Individualistic Societies: • Focus: Emphasize personal achievement, independence, and self-expression. • Purpose: Work is often viewed as a means of personal fulfillment and advancement. • Roles: Individuals may prioritize personal goals and aspirations over group cohesion. • Examples: United States, Western European countries, where individual achievement and career success are highly esteemed. 6. What are some of the major obstacles to gender equality in the workplace? Answer: Obstacles to Gender Equality in the Workplace • Gender Bias: Stereotypes and prejudices affecting hiring, promotion, and pay decisions. • Work-Life Balance: Challenges balancing career advancement with caregiving responsibilities. • Pay Gap: Disparities in earnings between men and women for similar work. • Leadership Roles: Underrepresentation of women in senior leadership and executive positions. • Sexual Harassment: Persistent issue affecting workplace climate and career opportunities. • Glass Ceiling: Invisible barriers preventing women from advancing to higher-level positions. • Double Standards: Different expectations and scrutiny placed on women compared to men in the same roles. 7. Differentiate leisure, work, and maintenance activities. Provide two examples of each. Answer: Leisure: • Definition: Activities done for enjoyment, relaxation, and personal development outside of work obligations. • Examples: Playing sports, reading books for pleasure. Work: • Definition: Activities performed to achieve specific goals or outcomes, often for financial compensation. • Examples: Completing assignments, attending meetings. Maintenance Activities: • Definition: Tasks necessary to sustain daily living and personal well-being. • Examples: Cooking meals, cleaning the house. Understanding these distinctions helps in balancing responsibilities and enhancing overall well-being in different aspects of life. 8. Provide a definition and concrete example for the following concepts: cyberslacking, job satisfaction, sexual harassment, unconditional leisure, and burnout. Answer: Definitions and Examples 1. Cyberslacking: • Definition: Wasting time on the internet or engaging in non-work-related activities online during work hours. • Example: Spending time on social media, shopping websites, or watching videos instead of completing work tasks. 2. Job Satisfaction: • Definition: The degree of contentment or fulfillment an individual experiences in their job role. • Example: Feeling fulfilled and happy with one's work environment, tasks, and relationships at work. 3. Sexual Harassment: • Definition: Unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that creates a hostile or intimidating work environment. • Example: Making inappropriate comments, gestures, or advances towards a coworker. 4. Unconditional Leisure: • Definition: Leisure activities pursued without any external obligations or constraints. • Example: Going for a hike in the mountains purely for enjoyment and relaxation, without any deadlines or responsibilities. 5. Burnout: • Definition: Physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged stress and overwork. • Example: Feeling drained, cynical, and unable to cope with work demands, leading to reduced effectiveness and motivation. These concepts illustrate various aspects of work, leisure, and workplace dynamics, each impacting individuals' well-being and productivity differently. Test Bank for Psychology for Living: Adjustment, Growth, and Behavior Today Steven J. Kirsh, Karen Grover Duffy, Eastwood Atwater 9780205961627
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