Chapter Eight Public Opinion Multiple Choice 1. In which decade did the Literary Digest make an important error regarding the selection of a president? a. 1930s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s e. 1980s Answer: a. 1930s 2. Who was Alfred Landon? a. a pollster b. a college professor who taught public opinion c. a union activist d. a presidential candidate e. a candidate for the US Senate Answer: d. a presidential candidate 3. Who authored On Liberty? a. John Stuart Mill b. William Edwards c. Roger Smith d. Tyrone Session e. Max Weber Answer: a. John Stuart Mill 4. The view that public policy must not be driven by public opinion was held most strongly by a. James Madison. b. Plato. c. John Stuart Mill. d. Machiavelli. e. Thomas Jefferson. Answer: b. Plato. 5. Who feared that competing opinions could lead to hostile factions that would divide rather than unify or improve society? a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Socrates d. James Madison e. Max Weber Answer: d. James Madison 6. Straw polls are of little use because they often fail to obtain a. legitimacy. b. a representative sample. c. validity. d. a quorum. e. correct responses. Answer: b. a representative sample. 7. Public opinion polls a. only came about after 1950. b. are not important. c. have always been accurate. d. have emerged as an integral part of American politics. e. were present in Greek politics. Answer: d. have emerged as an integral part of American politics. 8. A representative sample must include a. a disproportionate number of white males. b. a disproportionate number of whites. c. all the significant demographic characteristics of the total population. d. at least 300 African American males. e. a collective expression of attitudes. Answer: c. all the significant demographic characteristics of the total population. 9. The Literary Digest poll of 1936 overrepresented a. poor Americans. b. upper-class Americans. c. Jewish Americans. d. Muslim Americans. e. African Americans Answer: b. upper-class Americans. 10. Most polls have a margin of error of approximately a. 3 percent. b. 10 percent. c. 95 percent. d. 30 percent. e. 60 percent Answer: a. 3 percent. 11. George Gallup and Elmo Roper were a. college professors. b. national politicians. c. newspaper editors. d. professional pollsters. e. members of the political machine in Chicago. Answer: d. professional pollsters. 12. According to your text, a nonrepresentative sample like the infamous Literary Digest poll is a. amusing. b. no longer ever to take place. c. very helpful. d. worthless. e. impossible to produce. Answer: d. worthless. 13. A reputable national poll should have a sample size of at least a. 100 persons b. 10,000 persons. c. 14,000 persons. d. 500 persons. e. 1,500 persons. Answer: e. 1,500 persons. 14. In a random sample a. all age groups are taken into account. b. all ethnic groups are taken into account. c. every member of the population has an equal chance of appearing in the sample. d. all religious groups are taken into account. e. all political groups are taken into account. Answer: c. every member of the population has an equal chance of appearing in the sample. 15. Pollsters are very careful to avoid a. a random sample. b. a totally random sample. c. sampling bias. d. margins of error. e. independent voters. Answer: c. sampling bias. 16. An open-ended question a. allows respondents to provide any answer to the question. b. provides the respondent with a set of answers. c. is more representative than a close-ended question. d. can never be completely random. e. should never be used in polls. Answer: a. allows respondents to provide any answer to the question. 17. __________ helps people make sense of the political world and predicts their behavior within it. a. Partisan identification b. Telephone polling c. Public opinion d. Grassroots activism e. Family influence Answer: a. Partisan identification 18. A poll used by the media to trace the support of a candidate over a period of time is called a(n) a. tracing poll. b. tracking poll. c. exit poll. d. random poll. e. time history poll. Answer: b. tracking poll. 19. __________ polls target voters as they leave the voting booth in an effort to gauge the likely winner of an election before the results are announced. a. Tracing b. Tracking c. Random d. Telephone e. Exit Answer: e. Exit 20. Exit polls have been accused of a. lowering voter turnout. b. increasing voter turnout. c. being biased. d. not being random. e. not always being inaccurate. Answer: e. not always being inaccurate. 21. The term political socialization refers to a. how we acquire our political manners. b. how nice politicians are to one another. c. the process by which we acquire our political beliefs. d. the relationships among politics, social skills, and racial tolerance. e. social events that politicians attend. Answer: c. the process by which we acquire our political beliefs. 22. Political socialization begins a. in college. b. in early childhood. c. in church. d. when we cast our first vote. e. at birth. Answer: b. in early childhood. 23. Which social institution plays the greatest role in political socialization? a. the church b. the military c. grade school d. college e. the family Answer: e. the family 24. The most likely source of one’s partisan identification is a. one’s parents. b. one’s peers. c. one’s spouse. d. one’s American National Government professor. e. one’s clergy person. Answer: a. one’s parents. 25. The __________ Generation refers to a cohort of young adults who were born after 1981. a. X b. Y c. Z d. Lost e. Millennial Answer: e. Millennial 26. Schools are central to the political socialization process because it is there that children learn a. violence. b. to sell their votes. c. to develop positive attitudes toward citizenship. d. to think like their teachers. e. to interact with their peers. Answer: c. to develop positive attitudes toward citizenship. 27. University training a. represents a key element in the process of socialization. b. has no effect on socialization. c. ignores socialization. d. makes people less liberal. e. makes individuals less tolerant of the political system. Answer: a. represents a key element in the process of socialization. 28. __________ suggests that Americans today are less prone to engage in civic activities, less trusting of others, and more cynical about the institutions of American society than those in previous generations. a. J. David Singer b. John Stuart Mill c. Max Weber d. John King e. Robert Putnam Answer: e. Robert Putnam 29. More than anything else in American culture, __________ has emerged to dominate the social and political landscape. a. the cell phone b. the newspaper c. the radio d. the computer e. the television Answer: e. the television 30. People in the highest income households are roughly twice as likely as those in the lowest income households to say they are __________. a. Democrats. b. Republicans. c. Independents. d. Greens. e. Libertarians. Answer: b. Republicans. 31. __________ produces the clearest of all social delineations between the two major political parties. a. Income b. Gender c. Region d. Race e. Age Answer: d. Race 32. People in the South a. tend to support conservative candidates. b. tend to support very liberal candidates. c. tend not to participate in politics. d. tend to be political extremists. e. tend to support green parties more than other areas. Answer: a. tend to support conservative candidates. 33. In the United States, people with few religious connections are likely to a. have very little involvement in politics and voting. b. favor conservative social and economic policies and to vote Republican. c. favor liberal social and economic policies and to vote Democratic. d. favor conservative social policies and liberal economic policies and to vote Libertarian. e. favor liberal social policies and conservative economic policies. Answer: c. favor liberal social and economic policies and to vote Democratic. 34. The term gender gap refers to a. the fact that men tend to vote Republican while women tend to vote Democratic. b. the angry white male phenomena. c. the fact that women have consistently been more supportive of compassion issues. d. the voting patterns of gay men and lesbians. e. the fact that men tend to vote democratic and women tend to vote Republican. Answer: c. the fact that women have consistently been more supportive of compassion issues. 35. An individual’s racial or ethnic background a. has a strong influence upon his or her political beliefs b. has no influence upon his or her political beliefs. c. becomes important only during the primary season. d. becomes important only when one of the major parties nominates a minority candidate. e. becomes important only in presidential elections. Answer: a. has a strong influence upon his or her political beliefs 36. As a general rule, the less money one makes, the more likely one is to a. vote. b. volunteer for political campaign work. c. favor liberal economic policies. d. favor conservative economic policies. e. not participate in politics. Answer: c. favor liberal economic policies. 37. American political culture is a. non-existent. b. homogeneous and stable. c. largely rhetorical and nondescript. d. shaped, for the most part, by the entertainment industry. e. terribly unstable. Answer: b. homogeneous and stable. 38. Americans tend to favor a. all forms of equality. b. equality of opportunity and equality of outcome. c. equality of outcome but not political equality. d. political equality and equality of opportunity. e. economic and political equality. Answer: d. political equality and equality of opportunity. 39. In 1992, Clinton received overwhelming support from women voters often referred to as a. “the best and brightest.” b. “conservative moms.” c. “religious zealots.” d. “soccer moms.” e. “Generation X.” Answer: d. “soccer moms.” 40. Which of the following are considered part of political culture? a. values b. political ideology c. culture d. lifestyle. e. all of the above Answer: e. all of the above 41. Perhaps the leading American value is a. patriotism. b. religion. c. social consciousness. d. liberty. e. justice. Answer: d. liberty. 42. In 2000, George W. Bush portrayed himself as a a. “middle-of-the-roader.” b. “loving liberal.” c. “compassionate conservative.” d. “religious righty.” e. “moderate democrat.” Answer: c. “compassionate conservative.” 43. Political ideology is a. a jumbled, mudpuddle of views and opinions about politics. b. a coherent way of viewing politics and government. c. irrelevant in politics. d. more important to women than to men. e. an inconsistent set of political beliefs. Answer: b. a coherent way of viewing politics and government. 44. Many saw Ronald Reagan’s success in 1980 and 1984 as a clear signal that the nation a. had turned to the left. b. had less interest in national politics. c. had turned to the right. d. had become more moderate. e. wanted to return to acting. Answer: c. had turned to the right. 45. The most common ideologies among politically aware Americans are a. liberalism and conservatism. b. socialism and stoicism. c. socialism and populism. d. moderation and patience. e. libertarianism and populism. Answer: a. liberalism and conservatism. 46. Democrats are more likely to oppose a. minimum wage laws. b. actions that restrict cultural freedoms c. universal health care. d. the minimization of economic inequality,. e. none of the above. Answer: b. actions that restrict cultural freedoms 47. Which of the following theories argue that individual preferences emerge from social interaction? a. Communist theory b. Marxist theory c. Pluralist theory d. Culture theory e. none of the above Answer: d. Culture theory 48. Intolerance a. is no longer an issue in America. b. is still a pressing problem in America. c. is still a pressing problem, but has no influence on our political process or public policies. d. is the dominant influence on our public policy making. e. none of the above. Answer: b. is still a pressing problem in America. 49. The concepts of spiral of silence and spiral of intolerance are indications that a. bigots are prohibited by law from expressing their views. b. public opinion has become a form of social control. c. racists become even more so as they age. d. most Americans are afraid to confront those with intolerant views. e. one has a well-developed party identification. Answer: b. public opinion has become a form of social control. 50. Who is responsible for the following quote: “the average American does not know for certain what is going on, or who is doing it, or where he is being carried . . . . He lives in a world which he cannot see, does not understand and is unable to direct.” a. Max Weber b. Joseph Shumpeter c. Robert Powerll d. Walter Lippman e. Anderson Cooper Answer: d. Walter Lippman 51. A schema is a. a breakdown of the federal bureaucracy. b. an intellectual framework for evaluating the world. c. a plan for proportional representation in Congress. d. an organizational framework for the appellate court circuit. e. an organization plan that is used by Congress. Answer: b. an intellectual framework for evaluating the world. 52. A broad base change in party identification is known as a. dealignment. b. revolution. c. realignment. d. misalignment. e. restructuring. Answer: c. realignment. 53. One cause of realignment is a. the generation gap. b. racism. c. homophobia. d. campaign finance abuses. e. the growing number of independents. Answer: a. the generation gap. 54. Latency describes feelings that are a. late in forming. b. pressing and painful. c. hidden and unspoken. d. still in the formation process. e. inappropriate. Answer: c. hidden and unspoken. 55. Which of the following public opinion terms refers to the extent to which people see an issue as having a clear impact on their own lives? a. salience b. intensity c. latency d. schemas e. realignment Answer: a. salience 56. In terms of government policy, one might say that it a. never reflects public opinion. b. it does not always reflect public opinion. c. it always reflects public opinion. d. it is irrelevant to public opinion. e. none of the above. Answer: b. it does not always reflect public opinion. True or False 57. Public opinion is the keystone of democracy. Answer: True 58. John Stuart Mill advocated that public opinion should be controlled. Answer: False 59. Public opinion is defined as the collective expression of attitudes about prominent issues and actors of the day. Answer: True 60. A major mistake by the Literary Digest in 1936 signaled the beginning of a new era in how polling is done. Answer: True 61. Plato saw public opinion as a danger if it meant the mass of citizens could freely express individual desires. Answer: True 62. John Stuart Mill agreed with Plato. Answer: False 63. James Madison took a middle stance between Plato and Mill. Answer: True 64. The Literary Digest predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat his opponent in the 1936 presidential election. Answer: False 65. The Literary Digest worked with an unbiased sample. Answer: False 66. Although the notion of public opinion has been with us for centuries, we have only recently developed reliable ways to measure it. Answer: True 67. George Gallup and Elmo Roper helped meet the growing demand for information about public attitudes. Answer: True 68. Most pollsters do not produce results of high reliability. Answer: False 69. Public opinion polls have emerged as an integral part of American politics. Answer: True 70. Early on election night 2000, the television networks, basing their announcement on exit polling in Florida, correctly projected George W. Bush as winning the election. Answer: False 71. The 2004 presidential election went very well for exit polling. Answer: False 72. About the age of five, children begin to form their worldview. Answer: False 73. Because many variables affect American political attitudes, it is difficult to trace the precise effects of family on the political opinions of adult Americans. Answer: True 74. Partisan identification helps people make sense of the political world and predicts their behavior within it. Answer: True 75. Most generations simply mimic their parents views. Answer: False 76. University training has very little effect in the process of socialization. Answer: False 77. A child’s peers make up an important source of political socialization. Answer: True 78. Perhaps more than anything else in American culture, television has emerged to dominate the social and political landscape. Answer: True 79. Most people watch television for educational purposes. Answer: False 80. As a general rule, the less money one makes, the more inclined one is to favor liberal economic policies that provide benefits to the poor. Answer: True 81. Income level strongly influences voting patterns in the United States. Answer: True 82. Racial and ethnic background has little effect on the attitudes a person is likely to develop. Answer: False 83. A nation’s political culture is the set of beliefs held by a few that many are trying to attain. Answer: False 84. As a general rule, ethnic groups become more conservative as they rise in social status. Answer: True 85. Members of any country’s dominant religion tend to be more conservative. Answer: True 86. Generally, the more religious one is the more liberal one is likely to be. Answer: False 87. The South has always been America’s most conservative region. Answer: True 88. In recent decades, the South has moved increasingly into the Republican camp. Answer: True 89. Intolerance is not a serious problem in the United States. Answer: False 90. In the 1980 election between President Jimmy Carter and challenger Ronald Reagan, men voted strongly for Carter. Answer: False 91. In 1992, Clinton received overwhelming support from women voters. Answer: True 92. Most Americans do not know the actual level of spending on foreign aid. Answer: True 93. The American political culture is shaped by only one core value. Answer: False 94. At the deepest level, American values are remarkably homogeneous. Answer: True 95. Perhaps the leading American value is religion. Answer: False 96. The “spiral of silence” occurs when individuals sense prevailing opinions around them and echo those opinions. Answer: True 97. Most Americans view themselves as liberals. Answer: False Essay Questions 98. What role does public opinion play in democracy? Answer: Public opinion plays a crucial role in democracy as it serves as a mechanism for expressing the preferences, needs, and values of the general population. In democratic systems, public opinion influences decision-making processes in several ways: 1. Elections: Public opinion is reflected in the outcomes of elections, where voters choose representatives based on their views and preferences. Elected officials are expected to represent the interests of their constituents, making public opinion a key factor in shaping government policies and actions. 2. Policy-making: Policymakers often consider public opinion when formulating and implementing policies. Public support or opposition to specific issues can influence the direction and content of policies, as politicians seek to align their actions with the preferences of the electorate. 3. Accountability: Public opinion serves as a mechanism for holding elected officials accountable for their actions. If politicians act contrary to public opinion, they may face criticism, lose public support, and ultimately be voted out of office in future elections. 4. Legitimacy: A government that is perceived to have the support of the majority of the population is seen as more legitimate. Public opinion helps to legitimize democratic institutions and processes, contributing to political stability. 5. Public discourse: Public opinion shapes the public discourse on important issues, influencing how these issues are framed and discussed in the media, among policymakers, and within society at large. Overall, public opinion is essential for the functioning of a democratic system, providing a way for citizens to participate in governance and ensuring that government actions are reflective of the will of the people. 99. What is the history of thought regarding the role of public opinion in democratic policy making? Answer: The role of public opinion in democratic policy-making has been a subject of debate among scholars and political theorists throughout history. Several key perspectives have emerged: 1. Majority rule: One of the foundational principles of democracy is the idea that decisions should reflect the will of the majority. This perspective emphasizes the importance of public opinion in guiding policy-making, as elected officials are expected to represent the views of their constituents. 2. Pluralism: Pluralist theories argue that public opinion is one of many factors that influence policy-making. According to this view, a variety of interest groups and stakeholders compete to shape policy outcomes, with public opinion being just one of many inputs. 3. Elitism: Elitist theories suggest that a small, elite group of individuals or organizations has disproportionate influence over policy-making, regardless of public opinion. According to this view, public opinion may be manipulated or ignored by powerful elites. 4. Deliberative democracy: Deliberative democracy emphasizes the importance of informed and reasoned public discussion in shaping policy outcomes. According to this perspective, public opinion should be based on thoughtful deliberation rather than fleeting or uninformed preferences. 5. Populism: Populist theories emphasize the importance of direct, unmediated expression of public opinion in policy-making. Populist leaders often claim to represent the "will of the people" against perceived elite interests. Overall, the history of thought regarding the role of public opinion in democratic policy-making reflects a complex interplay of ideas about representation, power, and the nature of democracy itself. 100. How can public opinion be measured? Answer: Public opinion can be measured using a variety of methods, each with its strengths and limitations. Some common methods include: 1. Surveys: Surveys are one of the most common methods for measuring public opinion. They typically involve asking a sample of individuals about their attitudes, beliefs, or preferences on a particular issue. Surveys can be conducted in person, over the phone, through mail, or online. 2. Polls: Polls are similar to surveys but are typically shorter and focus on specific questions or topics. Polls are often used to gauge public opinion on political candidates, policy proposals, or current events. They can be conducted using similar methods as surveys. 3. Focus groups: Focus groups involve gathering a small group of people to discuss a particular topic in depth. Focus groups can provide insights into the underlying reasons behind public opinion and are often used to test reactions to new ideas or concepts. 4. Social media analysis: Social media platforms can provide a wealth of data on public opinion, as users often express their views on various issues online. Social media analysis involves using algorithms to analyze large amounts of social media data to identify trends and patterns in public opinion. 5. Election results: Election results can be seen as a measure of public opinion, as they reflect the choices of voters. However, it's important to note that not all members of the public participate in elections, so election results may not always be representative of the broader public opinion. 6. Public demonstrations: Public demonstrations, protests, or rallies can also be seen as indicators of public opinion, as they represent a visible expression of support or opposition to a particular issue. Each of these methods has its strengths and limitations, and researchers often use a combination of methods to gain a more comprehensive understanding of public opinion. 101. Discuss the implications of the 1936 presidential election in reference to the prediction of the Literary Digest. Answer: The 1936 presidential election in the United States is widely remembered for its implications regarding the accuracy of public opinion polling. The Literary Digest, a popular magazine at the time, conducted a large-scale straw poll to predict the outcome of the election between Republican candidate Alf Landon and Democratic incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt. The magazine's poll, which sampled over 2 million people, predicted a landslide victory for Landon. However, the actual election results were dramatically different. Roosevelt won by a large margin, carrying 46 out of 48 states and receiving over 60% of the popular vote. The Literary Digest's prediction was not only incorrect but also highlighted the limitations of its polling methodology. The failure of the Literary Digest's prediction had several implications for the field of public opinion polling: 1. Sampling bias: The Literary Digest's poll suffered from sampling bias, as it mainly reached out to wealthier individuals who were more likely to be Republican supporters. This biased sample led to an inaccurate prediction. 2. Methodological issues: The size and scope of the Literary Digest's poll were impressive for the time, but its methodology was flawed. The magazine relied on telephone and automobile registration lists, which skewed the sample towards more affluent individuals. 3. Emergence of scientific polling: The failure of the Literary Digest's prediction helped to popularize the use of scientific polling methods, which aim to obtain a more representative sample of the population. This shift led to the rise of polling organizations such as Gallup and Roper, which used more rigorous sampling techniques. Overall, the 1936 presidential election and the failure of the Literary Digest's prediction marked a turning point in the field of public opinion polling, highlighting the importance of careful methodology and sampling techniques in obtaining accurate predictions. 102. Discuss the importance of public opinion polls. Answer: Public opinion polls play a significant role in modern societies by providing insights into the views, preferences, and attitudes of the public on a wide range of issues. The importance of public opinion polls can be seen in several ways: 1. Informing policymakers: Polls help policymakers understand public sentiment, which can influence policy decisions. By gauging public opinion, policymakers can better align their actions with the desires of the electorate. 2. Shaping public discourse: Polls can shape public discourse by highlighting issues that are important to the public. Media outlets often report on poll results, which can influence public perceptions and attitudes. 3. Predicting election outcomes: Polls are often used to predict the outcomes of elections. While not always accurate, polls can provide a general indication of which candidates are likely to win an election. 4. Evaluating government performance: Polls can be used to evaluate the performance of government officials and institutions. By tracking public opinion over time, policymakers can gauge the effectiveness of their policies and make adjustments as needed. 5. Monitoring social trends: Polls can help monitor social trends and attitudes over time. For example, polls can track changes in public opinion on issues such as same-sex marriage, climate change, or healthcare. 6. Informing business decisions: Polls are used by businesses to understand consumer preferences and market trends. By conducting polls, businesses can make informed decisions about product development, marketing strategies, and customer service. Overall, public opinion polls are a valuable tool for understanding public sentiment and shaping decision-making in a variety of contexts. However, it's important to interpret poll results with caution, as they are influenced by a variety of factors and may not always accurately reflect the views of the entire population. 103. Discuss how a person develops his or her ideas about politics? Answer: A person's ideas about politics are shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including their upbringing, education, personal experiences, and exposure to various sources of information. Several key influences can contribute to the development of political ideas: 1. Family and upbringing: Family plays a crucial role in shaping political beliefs. Children often adopt their parents' political views and values through socialization processes. Family discussions, traditions, and values can all influence how a person thinks about politics. 2. Education: Formal education can also play a significant role in shaping political beliefs. Schools and universities teach students about civics, government structures, and political ideologies, which can influence their understanding of politics and the world around them. 3. Peer groups and social networks: Peers and social networks can shape political beliefs through discussions, debates, and shared experiences. People often align themselves politically with those around them, seeking validation and support for their views. 4. Media and information sources: Media sources such as news outlets, social media, and online forums can significantly influence political beliefs. The information and perspectives presented in the media can shape how people perceive political issues and form their opinions. 5. Personal experiences: Personal experiences, such as interactions with government institutions, participation in political activities, or exposure to different cultures and societies, can shape political beliefs. These experiences can influence how individuals perceive the effectiveness and fairness of political systems. 6. Economic and social factors: Economic and social factors, such as income level, occupation, race, and gender, can also influence political beliefs. These factors can shape perceptions of fairness, equality, and the role of government in society. 7. Religion and morality: Religious beliefs and moral values can play a significant role in shaping political beliefs. People often look to their religious teachings and moral values to guide their views on issues such as abortion, same-sex marriage, and social justice. Overall, a person's ideas about politics are shaped by a complex interplay of individual, social, and cultural factors. While some influences may be more prominent than others, the development of political beliefs is a multifaceted process that varies from person to person. 104. Comment on various social variables that influence opinion formation. Answer: Various social variables can influence opinion formation, shaping how individuals perceive and interpret information about political and social issues. Some key social variables include: 1. Socialization: The process by which individuals acquire the values, norms, and beliefs of their culture or society. Socialization begins in childhood and continues throughout life, influencing how individuals perceive and interpret political information. 2. Social networks: The people with whom individuals interact regularly can influence their opinions. Social networks can provide exposure to different perspectives, shaping how individuals form their opinions on political issues. 3. Group identity: People often align their opinions with the groups to which they belong, such as political parties, religious groups, or social movements. Group identity can influence how individuals interpret information and form their opinions. 4. Media: Mass media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion. The way issues are framed and presented in the media can influence how people perceive those issues and form their opinions about them. 5. Education: Education can influence opinion formation by providing individuals with knowledge and critical thinking skills. Higher levels of education are often associated with more informed and nuanced opinions on political issues. 6. Economic factors: Socioeconomic status can influence opinion formation. People from different economic backgrounds may have different perspectives on issues such as taxation, welfare, and economic policy. 7. Cultural norms: Cultural norms and values can shape how individuals perceive and interpret political information. Cultural factors such as individualism, collectivism, and attitudes toward authority can influence opinion formation. 8. Personal experiences: Personal experiences, such as interactions with government institutions, personal or family hardships, or exposure to different cultures, can shape how individuals form their opinions on political issues. 9. Geographic location: Geographic location can influence opinion formation through exposure to different political cultures, economic conditions, and social norms. Overall, social variables play a significant role in shaping opinion formation, highlighting the complex interplay of individual, social, and cultural factors that influence how people form their opinions on political and social issues. 105. What positions do Americans take on core issues and ideals? Answer: Americans hold a wide range of positions on core issues and ideals, reflecting the diversity of opinions within the country. However, some broad trends can be identified: 1. Government and Politics: Americans generally value democracy, freedom, and the rule of law. There are diverse opinions on the size and role of government, with some advocating for smaller government and others supporting a more active role for government in addressing social and economic issues. 2. Economic Issues: Views on economic issues vary, but many Americans support policies that promote economic opportunity, such as access to education and job training. There are also debates about the role of government in regulating the economy and addressing income inequality. 3. Social Issues: Social issues such as healthcare, immigration, and civil rights often elicit strong opinions. Americans have diverse views on these issues, with debates often centering on questions of fairness, equality, and individual rights. 4. Foreign Policy: Americans have differing views on foreign policy, including issues such as military intervention, international trade, and diplomacy. There are debates about the role of the United States in the world and how best to promote peace and security. 5. Environment: Many Americans are concerned about environmental issues such as climate change and pollution. There are debates about the best ways to address these issues, with some advocating for government regulation and others favoring market-based solutions. Overall, Americans hold a variety of opinions on core issues and ideals, reflecting the country's diverse population and democratic values. Public opinion often shapes political debates and policy decisions, highlighting the importance of understanding and respecting the range of views within the country. 106. Comment on the core values of American society, Answer: The core values of American society are often seen as embodying principles of freedom, equality, democracy, and opportunity. These values have been enshrined in the country's founding documents, such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, and have shaped the nation's identity and aspirations. Some key core values of American society include: 1. Freedom: Americans highly value individual freedom and liberty, including freedom of speech, religion, and the press. The idea of personal autonomy and the ability to pursue one's own goals and aspirations are fundamental to American identity. 2. Equality: The principle of equality is central to American society, with the belief that all individuals are created equal and should have equal rights and opportunities. This includes equality before the law and the idea that no one should be discriminated against based on race, gender, or other characteristics. 3. Democracy: Americans value democracy as a form of government, with the belief that power should ultimately reside with the people. The democratic process, including free and fair elections, is seen as essential to ensuring that government is accountable to its citizens. 4. Opportunity: The American Dream is based on the idea that anyone, regardless of background, can achieve success and prosperity through hard work and determination. The belief in upward mobility and the opportunity for a better life are central to American society. 5. Justice: Americans value the concept of justice, including the fair and impartial application of the law. The idea that everyone should be treated fairly and have access to a fair legal system is fundamental to American values. 6. Diversity: The United States is a diverse society, and many Americans value diversity as a strength. The idea of embracing different cultures, backgrounds, and perspectives is seen as essential to the country's identity and success. Overall, these core values help to define American society and have played a significant role in shaping its history, culture, and institutions. While there may be differences in how these values are interpreted and applied, they continue to be guiding principles for many Americans. 107. Comment on political ideology as applied to Americans. Answer: Political ideology in America is diverse and often reflects a range of beliefs and values. Some of the most prominent political ideologies in the United States include: 1. Liberalism: Liberalism in the American context emphasizes individual rights and liberties, social progress, and the role of government in promoting equality and social welfare. American liberals often support policies such as healthcare reform, environmental protection, and civil rights. 2. Conservatism: Conservatism in America is characterized by a belief in limited government, free markets, traditional values, and a strong national defense. American conservatives often advocate for lower taxes, deregulation, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. 3. Libertarianism: Libertarianism emphasizes individual freedom and autonomy, advocating for minimal government intervention in both personal and economic matters. American libertarians often support policies such as drug legalization, free trade, and non-interventionist foreign policy. 4. Progressivism: Progressivism in America focuses on social reform and the advancement of progressive policies. American progressives often advocate for government intervention to address social and economic inequalities, as well as environmental protection and healthcare reform. 5. Populism: Populism in America is characterized by a distrust of elite institutions and a focus on the interests of the common people. American populists often advocate for policies that benefit the working class and criticize political and economic elites. 6. Centrism: Centrism in America is characterized by a moderate approach to politics, seeking to balance liberal and conservative ideas. American centrists often emphasize pragmatism and compromise in order to address issues facing the country. Overall, political ideology in America is diverse and often reflects a complex interplay of values, beliefs, and experiences. While these ideologies can be broadly categorized, individual Americans may hold a mix of views that do not neatly fit into one category. 108. Describe culture theory and its implication for public opinion. Answer: Culture theory, also known as cultural theory, is a framework for understanding how individuals' cultural backgrounds shape their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. It suggests that people's views on issues are influenced by the cultural context in which they live, including their values, norms, and social identities. Culture theory has several implications for public opinion: 1. Cultural values influence opinions: Culture theory suggests that individuals' cultural values and beliefs play a significant role in shaping their opinions on political and social issues. For example, individuals from cultures that value collectivism may have different views on issues such as individual rights and social welfare compared to those from cultures that emphasize individualism. 2. Cultural biases affect perception: Culture theory suggests that individuals' cultural backgrounds can lead to biases in how they perceive information. People may be more likely to accept information that aligns with their cultural beliefs and reject information that contradicts them, a phenomenon known as cultural cognition. 3. Cultural contexts shape political views: Culture theory suggests that political views are often shaped by the cultural context in which individuals live. For example, individuals from regions with a history of racial segregation may have different views on issues of race and discrimination compared to those from more racially diverse areas. 4. Cultural identities influence group opinions: Culture theory suggests that individuals' cultural identities, such as their race, ethnicity, or religion, can influence their opinions on political and social issues. People may align themselves with groups that share their cultural identity and adopt the group's opinions on certain issues. 5. Cultural change affects public opinion: Culture theory suggests that public opinion can change over time as cultural values and norms evolve. For example, attitudes towards issues such as gender equality or LGBTQ rights may shift as society's cultural values change. Overall, culture theory provides a framework for understanding how cultural backgrounds shape public opinion. By considering the cultural context in which individuals live, researchers and policymakers can gain insights into the factors that influence public attitudes and behaviors. 109. Comment on intolerance regarding Americans Answer: Intolerance in America is a complex and multifaceted issue that manifests in various forms, including racism, xenophobia, religious intolerance, and political polarization. While America is known for its diversity and inclusivity, there are instances where intolerance rears its head, often fueled by fear, ignorance, and prejudice. One of the most glaring examples of intolerance in America is racism, which has deep historical roots and continues to impact communities of color. Racial intolerance can be seen in systemic inequalities, discriminatory practices, and acts of violence against minorities. Xenophobia, or the fear and hostility towards foreigners or people from different cultures, is another form of intolerance that persists in America. Immigrants and refugees often face discrimination and prejudice, leading to social exclusion and marginalization. Religious intolerance is also a significant issue in America, with instances of discrimination against religious minorities and the misrepresentation of certain faiths in the media and public discourse. Political intolerance has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, with growing polarization and a lack of willingness to engage with differing viewpoints. This can lead to a breakdown in civil discourse and a weakening of democratic principles. Addressing intolerance in America requires a concerted effort from individuals, communities, and institutions. It involves promoting empathy, understanding, and respect for diversity, as well as challenging discriminatory attitudes and behaviors. By fostering a culture of inclusivity and acceptance, America can move towards a more tolerant and harmonious society. 110. Do Americans live up to the ideal of the democratic citizen? Answer: The extent to which Americans live up to the ideal of the democratic citizen varies widely across individuals and communities. While many Americans actively participate in democratic processes such as voting, volunteering, and engaging in political activism, others may be less engaged or may face barriers to participation. Some Americans embody the ideal of the democratic citizen by actively participating in their communities, staying informed about political issues, and advocating for social change. These individuals often demonstrate a commitment to democratic values such as equality, freedom, and justice. However, there are also challenges to achieving the ideal of the democratic citizen in America. Voter turnout, for example, is often lower than in other democracies, and certain groups, such as marginalized communities and young people, may face barriers to political participation. Additionally, political polarization and misinformation can hinder constructive dialogue and compromise, which are essential aspects of democratic citizenship. Overall, while many Americans strive to live up to the ideal of the democratic citizen, there is always room for improvement. Encouraging greater civic engagement, promoting inclusivity, and fostering a culture of democracy are important steps towards realizing this ideal. 111. How are political opinions formed? Answer: Political opinions are formed through a complex interplay of factors, including individual experiences, social influences, media exposure, and ideological beliefs. Some key factors that contribute to the formation of political opinions include: 1. Socialization: Political opinions are often shaped early in life through socialization processes within families, schools, and communities. Individuals learn about political values, beliefs, and norms from their parents, teachers, and peers, which can influence their political attitudes later in life. 2. Personal experiences: Personal experiences, such as interactions with government institutions, economic hardships, or exposure to different cultures, can shape political opinions. These experiences can influence how individuals perceive government policies and their effectiveness. 3. Media exposure: Media plays a significant role in shaping political opinions by influencing what issues are salient and how they are framed. Individuals who consume news from different sources may form different opinions based on the information they receive. 4. Social networks: People often align their political opinions with those of their social networks, such as friends, family, and colleagues. Social networks can provide a source of information and validation for political beliefs. 5. Ideological beliefs: Individuals often hold core ideological beliefs that shape their political opinions. For example, someone who values individual freedom may have different opinions on government intervention than someone who values social equality. 6. Demographic factors: Demographic factors such as age, gender, race, and education can also influence political opinions. For example, younger people may have different opinions on social issues than older people, and women may have different opinions on healthcare than men. Overall, political opinions are formed through a combination of personal experiences, social influences, and ideological beliefs. While individuals may be influenced by these factors, they also have the capacity to critically evaluate information and form their own opinions based on their values and beliefs. 112. How changeable is public opinion? Answer: Public opinion is inherently changeable, as it is influenced by a variety of factors and can evolve over time. Several factors contribute to the changeability of public opinion: 1. Events and crises: Major events, such as natural disasters, economic downturns, or political scandals, can significantly impact public opinion. These events can shift priorities, change perceptions of government effectiveness, and influence attitudes on specific issues. 2. Media coverage: Media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, and changes in media coverage can lead to shifts in public attitudes. Media framing, agenda-setting, and the tone of coverage can all influence how issues are perceived by the public. 3. Leadership and rhetoric: Political leaders and public figures can influence public opinion through their speeches, statements, and actions. Effective leadership can rally public support for specific policies or initiatives, while ineffective leadership can lead to a loss of confidence and a shift in opinion. 4. Social movements: Social movements and grassroots activism can also lead to changes in public opinion. Movements advocating for social change, such as civil rights movements or environmental movements, can raise awareness and shift public attitudes over time. 5. Generational changes: Public opinion can also change as new generations come of age. Younger generations may have different attitudes and priorities than older generations, leading to shifts in public opinion on various issues. 6. Education and information: Access to information and education can also influence public opinion. As people become more informed about issues, their opinions may change based on new knowledge and perspectives. Overall, public opinion is dynamic and can change in response to a variety of factors. While certain beliefs and attitudes may be deeply ingrained, public opinion is not static and can evolve over time in response to changing circumstances and influences. 113. Does public policy mirror public opinion? Answer: Public policy does not always mirror public opinion, as the relationship between the two can be complex and influenced by various factors. While public opinion can play a role in shaping public policy, it is not the sole determinant, and other factors such as political ideology, institutional constraints, and elite influence can also play a significant role. There are several reasons why public policy may not always mirror public opinion: 1. Political elites and interest groups: Political elites, including elected officials and interest groups, often play a significant role in shaping public policy. These groups may have their own agendas and priorities that do not always align with public opinion. 2. Institutional constraints: Institutional structures, such as the separation of powers, federalism, and bureaucratic processes, can also influence public policy outcomes. These constraints can sometimes limit the ability of policymakers to directly translate public opinion into policy. 3. Complexity of issues: Public policy issues are often complex, requiring careful analysis and consideration of multiple factors. Public opinion may not always reflect the full complexity of an issue, leading policymakers to make decisions that differ from public opinion. 4. Time lag: There may be a time lag between changes in public opinion and changes in public policy. Policymaking processes can be slow and may not always respond immediately to shifts in public opinion. 5. Partisan politics: Partisan politics can also influence the relationship between public opinion and public policy. Policymakers may be more inclined to prioritize the views of their political base or party leadership over broader public opinion. Overall, while public opinion can influence public policy, it is just one of many factors that policymakers consider when making decisions. The relationship between public opinion and public policy is complex and influenced by a variety of factors, and policy outcomes may not always directly reflect public opinion. 114. What policies would be in force today if American public opinion were translated into the law of the land? Answer: If American public opinion were directly translated into law, the policies in force today would likely reflect the following: 1. Healthcare: There would likely be a comprehensive healthcare system that ensures access to affordable healthcare for all Americans, as polls consistently show strong support for measures to expand healthcare coverage. 2. Gun control: There would likely be stricter gun control measures in place, including universal background checks, bans on assault weapons, and restrictions on high-capacity magazines, as polls indicate widespread support for such measures. 3. Climate change: There would likely be more aggressive action to address climate change, including regulations to reduce carbon emissions and promote renewable energy, as polls show increasing concern about climate change among Americans. 4. Immigration: There would likely be policies in place to provide a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, as well as measures to reform the immigration system to make it more humane and efficient, reflecting public opinion that is generally supportive of immigration reform. 5. Criminal justice reform: There would likely be efforts to reform the criminal justice system, including measures to reduce mass incarceration, address racial disparities in the criminal justice system, and reform sentencing laws, as polls show growing support for criminal justice reform. 6. Income inequality: There would likely be policies in place to address income inequality, including measures to raise the minimum wage, expand access to education and job training, and ensure fair pay for women and minorities, as polls show widespread concern about income inequality. Overall, if American public opinion were directly translated into law, the policies in force today would likely reflect a more progressive and inclusive agenda that addresses key issues such as healthcare, gun control, climate change, immigration, criminal justice reform, and income inequality. 115. What role do intensity, latency, and salience have on the long term stability of public opinion? Answer: Intensity, latency, and salience are important factors that can influence the long-term stability of public opinion. 1. Intensity: Intensity refers to the strength or depth of an individual's opinion on a particular issue. Public opinion that is highly intense is more likely to be stable over time, as individuals are more committed to their beliefs and less likely to change them in response to new information or events. Intense opinions are also more likely to translate into action, such as voting or political activism, which can further reinforce their stability. 2. Latency: Latency refers to the potential for opinion change among individuals who have not yet expressed a strong opinion on a particular issue. Public opinion that is latent, or not yet fully formed, is more susceptible to change in response to new information or events. However, once opinions become more solidified, they are likely to be more stable over time. 3. Salience: Salience refers to the prominence or importance of an issue in the minds of the public. Issues that are highly salient are more likely to influence public opinion and behavior, as they are perceived as more relevant to individuals' lives. Highly salient issues are also more likely to be stable over time, as they are less likely to be influenced by short-term factors. In summary, intensity, latency, and salience all play important roles in shaping the long-term stability of public opinion. Public opinion that is highly intense, less latent, and more salient is likely to be more stable over time, while opinions that are less intense, more latent, and less salient are more susceptible to change. 116. How well has the U.S. government reflected its people’s will over the past few decades? Answer: Assessing the extent to which the U.S. government has reflected the will of its people over the past few decades is complex and can vary depending on the issue and the timeframe in question. Here are some key considerations: 1. Elections and representation: The U.S. government is structured to reflect the will of the people through democratic elections. However, factors such as gerrymandering, voter suppression, and the influence of money in politics can impact the representativeness of elected officials and the extent to which they reflect the will of the electorate. 2. Public opinion and policy: Studies have shown that public opinion does influence policy decisions to some extent, but the relationship is not always direct or immediate. Factors such as political ideology, interest group influence, and institutional constraints can all shape policy outcomes. 3. Polarization and gridlock: In recent decades, political polarization and gridlock have made it challenging for the government to enact policies that reflect the will of the majority. This has led to frustration among the public and a perception that the government is not responsive to their needs and preferences. 4. Major policy shifts: There have been instances in which the government has responded to public opinion and enacted major policy shifts, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Affordable Care Act. However, these shifts are often the result of prolonged social movements and political mobilization rather than immediate responses to public opinion polls. Overall, while the U.S. government is designed to reflect the will of the people, the reality is more nuanced. Factors such as political polarization, institutional constraints, and the influence of interest groups can all impact the extent to which the government reflects the will of its people. 117. Discuss the various factors that may lead to a realignment. Answer: A political realignment refers to a significant and lasting shift in the party coalitions and voter alignments that support them. Several factors can contribute to a political realignment: 1. Major political events: Events such as wars, economic crises, or social movements can lead to political realignments by changing voter priorities and perceptions of the political parties. 2. Changes in party platforms: If one party significantly changes its platform or policy positions, it can attract new groups of voters and lead to a realignment. 3. Demographic shifts: Changes in the demographic composition of the electorate, such as population growth in certain regions or changes in the racial or ethnic makeup of the population, can lead to realignments as parties seek to appeal to these new demographics. 4. Generational changes: As new generations of voters come of age, they may have different priorities and values than previous generations, leading to shifts in party support. 5. Regional factors: Regional differences in political attitudes and preferences can also contribute to realignments, particularly if one party becomes dominant in a region or if regional issues become salient. 6. Party leadership: Strong leadership within a party can also contribute to realignments by shaping the party's image and platform. Overall, political realignments are complex phenomena that can result from a combination of these and other factors. They are often driven by changes in voter attitudes, party strategies, and the broader political and social context. 118. What if Congress, the president, and the courts were required to use public opinion as the primary guiding force for all policy decisions? How would this change impact the democratic nature of the presidency? Answer: If Congress, the president, and the courts were required to use public opinion as the primary guiding force for all policy decisions, it would significantly impact the democratic nature of the presidency and the government as a whole. Here's how: 1. Increased Responsiveness: There would likely be a higher level of responsiveness to the will of the people, as policymakers would be compelled to align their decisions more closely with public opinion polls and sentiment. 2. Potential for Populism: There could be a tendency towards populism, where policymakers prioritize short-term popular opinions over long-term policy goals or the interests of minority groups. 3. Policy Instability: Public opinion is often volatile and can change rapidly. Requiring policymakers to constantly adjust their decisions based on shifting public sentiment could lead to policy instability and inconsistency. 4. Challenges to Expertise: Public opinion is not always well-informed or based on expertise. Relying solely on public opinion could undermine the role of experts and evidence-based decision-making in policymaking. 5. Checks and Balances: The requirement to use public opinion as the primary guiding force could disrupt the traditional system of checks and balances, as each branch of government may be more inclined to defer to popular opinion rather than exercising independent judgment. In conclusion, while increased responsiveness to public opinion may enhance the democratic nature of the presidency in some respects, it could also lead to challenges such as populism, policy instability, and a potential erosion of expertise in policymaking. Balancing public opinion with other factors such as expertise, evidence, and long-term policy goals would be crucial to maintaining a democratic and effective government. 119. Discuss the gender gap: what it is and why it is present. Answer: The gender gap refers to the differences between men and women in terms of their access to resources, opportunities, rights, and outcomes. It manifests in various aspects of life, including education, employment, political representation, and healthcare. The gender gap is present for several reasons: 1. Historical and Cultural Factors: Throughout history, many societies have been patriarchal, placing men in positions of power and authority while limiting the roles and rights of women. These cultural norms and traditions have persisted, contributing to the gender gap. 2. Socialization: From a young age, boys and girls are often socialized differently, with stereotypical expectations about their interests, abilities, and roles in society. This socialization can lead to differences in educational and career choices later in life. 3. Economic Factors: Women are more likely to be employed in low-paying jobs and informal sectors, leading to economic disparities between men and women. The gender pay gap, where women are paid less than men for the same work, is a significant contributor to the gender gap. 4. Legal and Institutional Barriers: In many countries, laws and institutions create barriers for women's participation in certain activities or professions. These barriers can include restrictions on property ownership, inheritance rights, and access to credit. 5. Lack of Political Representation: Women are often underrepresented in political leadership roles, which can result in policies that do not adequately address gender-specific issues or promote gender equality. 6. Violence and Discrimination: Women are more likely to experience gender-based violence and discrimination, which can limit their ability to fully participate in society and access resources and opportunities. Addressing the gender gap requires a multi-faceted approach that includes legal reforms, changes in cultural attitudes, improvements in education and healthcare, and efforts to promote women's empowerment and representation in decision-making processes. 120. Discuss whether or not public opinion changes over time and the factors that might cause it to change. Answer: Public opinion can and does change over time, influenced by a variety of factors. Some of the key factors that can cause public opinion to change include: 1. Events and Crises: Major events, such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or economic downturns, can significantly impact public opinion. These events can lead to shifts in priorities, values, and perceptions of government and leaders. 2. Media Coverage: Media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion. Coverage of certain issues or events can influence how the public perceives them, leading to changes in opinion over time. 3. Political Leadership: The actions and statements of political leaders can sway public opinion. Effective leadership can inspire confidence and support, while poor leadership can lead to disillusionment and dissatisfaction. 4. Social Movements: Social movements advocating for change can also impact public opinion. These movements can raise awareness of issues, mobilize support, and change societal norms and attitudes. 5. Economic Conditions: Economic factors, such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth, can influence public opinion. People's perceptions of the economy can affect their views on government policies and leaders. 6. Demographic Changes: Changes in demographics, such as shifts in population composition or generational differences, can also lead to changes in public opinion. Different demographic groups may have varying views on certain issues. 7. Global Events: Events happening on a global scale, such as conflicts or international agreements, can impact public opinion. These events can influence how people view their own country's role in the world. 8. Technological Advances: Advances in technology, particularly in communication and information sharing, can also impact public opinion. The rise of social media, for example, has made it easier for people to express their opinions and access a wide range of information. Overall, public opinion is dynamic and can change in response to a variety of factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for policymakers, as they seek to gauge and respond to public sentiment. Test Bank for Approaching Democracy Larry A Berman, Bruce Allen Murphy 9780205903825
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