Chapter 8 Process-Costing Systems ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 8.1 Equivalent units are computed in process costing because it enables companies to assign costs to whole units rather than partial units. Equivalent units represent the amount of work actually performed on products not yet complete translated to the work required to complete an equivalent number of whole units. For example, four units were started at the beginning of a month and each was 25 percent complete at the end of the month. The work performed would be considered equivalent to the work performed to complete one whole unit. This calculation allows companies to assign costs to one whole unit rather than four partially completed units. 8.2 Using the basic cost flow equation, rearrange the terms to solve for the unknown beginning inventory. From BB + TI – TO = EB, we have: Beginning Inventory + Transfers In – Transfers Out = Ending Inventory. Rearranging yields: Beginning Inventory = Transfers Out + Ending Inventory – Transfers In 8.3 With FIFO costing, the units in the beginning inventory are transferred out first. These beginning inventory units carry with them the costs incurred in a previous period plus the costs incurred this period to complete the beginning inventory. Units started and completed during the period are charged out using all current period costs. While such a distinction is made by the department transferring the units out, the department receiving the units usually ignores the distinction in costs incurred in the prior department. 8.4 Under FIFO costing, the equivalent units represent only the work done in the current period. Under weighted-average costing, the equivalent units represent the work associated with all of the costs charged to work in process regardless of the period in which those costs were incurred (i.e., including costs from prior periods that are in beginning inventory). 8.5 Prior department costs behave the same as direct materials, which are typically added at the start of production. They are treated separately because they represent the accumulation of costs from previous departments rather than the receipt of materials from the stores area. It is helpful to separate prior department costs from other costs because the manager of the department receiving the transferred units has no control over the costs incurred in prior departments. Thus, the prior department costs are not useful for evaluating the performance of the manager of the department receiving the units. 8.6 Using the basic cost flow equation, rearrange the terms to solve for the unknown transfers out. From BB + TI – TO = EB, we have: Beginning Inventory + Transfers In – Transfers Out = Ending Inventory. Rearranging yields: Transfers Out = Beginning Inventory + Transfers In – Ending Inventory 8.7 Process costing typically separates the costs of spoiled units from the costs of other outputs of the period. Some process costing systems classify spoiled goods under two categories: 1) Normal spoilage, where the spoiled good is treated as a natural outcome of an imperfect process and is counted as a normal cost of good units produced. This approach is in some disfavor as it can be interpreted as tolerance of spoilage. 2) Abnormal spoilage, where the spoiled good was not expected and is treated as a cost of the period. 8.8 Spoilage costs are similar to underapplied overhead because they are both costs in excess of what was expected. 8.9 Relative costs and benefits of weighted-average vs. FIFO costing: Weighted-average costing Benefits Costs • Easier to learn and apply in practice • More appropriate than FIFO when costs per unit do not materially differ from one period to the next • Numbers are not reflective of current year activity • Can hide signals that process costs are changing FIFO costing Benefits Costs • Units are based on current period activity • More accurate at matching actual costs to the period of production • Can signal process cost changes which can warrant other changes such as the pricing of products • Requires detailed information • Complicated to calculate 8.10 Operation costing is a hybrid of job costing and process costing by adding customized materials to a continuous process. The accounting is similar in that costs of materials are assigned separately to jobs, like job costing. Conversion costs are assigned equally over each operation. ANSWERS TO CRITICAL ANALYSIS 8.11 To assign costs to specific lots of cereal or similarly mass-produced items requires a lot of recordkeeping. Assuming products are all the same, a process costing system provides sufficient information for control purposes. Recordkeeping is simplified since all costs in a given month are accumulated in one account and assigned at the end of the period. 8.12 a. Certainly, LIFO process costing is possible. This just means that cost of goods completed exhausts all of current costs applied before dipping into beginning WIP costs. Ending WIP, therefore, could contain mostly costs from beginning WIP. Though this does not mirror most production process flows, it would be possible to measure costs this way so that cost of goods completed (and cost of goods sold) reflects current costs more accurately. b. MeadWestvaco, Corporation, a large paper producer, reports in its Form 10-Ks a mix of inventory costing methods: “Cost is determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for raw materials, finished goods and certain production materials, where allowed for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Cost of all other inventories is determined by the first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost method.” 8.13 b. If there is no beginning WIP inventory, all costs assigned to cost of goods completed (and ending WIP) are current costs. Therefore, both weighted-average and FIFO process costing always will generate the same cost of goods manufactured. 8.14 a. Total equivalent units would be understated. (A lower percentage completion multiplied by the number of physical units results in lower equivalent units.) b. Costs per equivalent unit would be overstated. (Fewer equivalent units divided into the same costs results in higher costs per equivalent unit.) c. Costs assigned to cost of goods transferred out for the period would be overstated. (Higher costs per unit result in over-costing.) 8.15 b. Weighted average costing considers both current costs and costs in beginning WIP inventory. 8.16 e. None of these answers is correct. Answer “a” is incorrect because it ignores different degrees of completion. “b” is incorrect because it double-counts units started that are still in ending WIP. “c” is incorrect because units in ending WIP should be multiplied by the amount of work done this period, not the amount necessary to complete them (in the future). “d” is incorrect because it defines weighted average equivalent units and repeats the error of “c.” 8.17 No process is 100 percent error-free, and some spoilage is inevitable. Moreover, the optimal level of spoilage usually is not zero – the cost of eliminating the last spoiled unit may be prohibitively high. However, treating spoilage as a normal cost of production runs the risk of approving higher levels of spoilage than would be achieved with less tolerance. Reporting spoilage separately is a step toward recognizing the magnitude of an organization’s spoilage problem. The next step is to determine the costs and benefits of reducing spoilage. 8.18 Some organizations classify spoilage into normal and abnormal categories. The rate of normal spoilage usually is based on historical experience and is considered a normal cost of production. Any amount of spoilage above that amount would be treated as an extraordinary cost of the period. This treatment of spoilage, unfortunately, could result in complacency about higher than necessary levels of spoilage. Other organizations may be able to reduce spoilage and its wasted resources and gain a cost advantage. 8.19 If you overstate degrees of completion of ending WIP, you also will overstate the amount of equivalent units of work done overall. This will lead to a lower cost per equivalent unit, and, if completed units are sold, cost of goods sold will be lower than it should be (and the period’s income higher). Relatively more cost will be retained in ending WIP than justified. In future periods, either more than normal cost will be added to actually complete these units in ending WIP, or the cost of ending WIP will be restated to reflect actual degrees of completion. In either event, these costs, once buried in ending WIP, will be expensed eventually. If the individual wishes to play this game, each period ending WIP must be overstated even more, until there is almost no more overstating to do. The units may be shown as nearly complete, but an audit would reveal otherwise, unraveling the whole scheme. SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES 8.20 (20 min) Equivalent units computation, weighted-average method Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 1,000 Units started 12,000 Total units to account for 13,000 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 9,000 100% 100% 9,000 9,000 Ending WIP* 4,000 10% 20% 400 800 Total units accounted for 13,000 9,400 9,800 (a) (b) * EI = 1,000 + 12,000 – 9,000 = 4,000 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.21 (30 min) Equivalent units computation, FIFO method (Appendix A) Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 1,000 20% 15% 200 150 Units started 12,000 Total units to account for 13,000 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out: From beginning inventory 1,000 80% 85% 800 850 Started and completed 8,000 100% 100% 8,000 8,000 Units in ending WIP* 4,000 10% 20% 400 800 Total units accounted for 13,000 Current period equivalent units (a) 9,200 (b) 9,650 * EI = 1,000 + 12,000 - 9,000 = 4,000 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.22 (20 min) Equivalent units computed, weighted-average method Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP* 7,000 Units started 25,000 Total units to account for 32,000 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 22,000 100% 100% 22,000 22,000 Ending WIP 10,000 20% 10% 2,000 1,000 Total units accounted for 32,000 (a) 24,000 (b) 23,000 *BI = 22,000 + 10,000 – 25,000 = 7,000 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.23 (30 min) Equivalent units computed, FIFO method (Appendix A) Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP* 7,000 55% 70% 3,850 4,900 Units started 25,000 Total units to account for 32,000 Units accounted for: To complete beginning WIP 7,000 45% 30% 3,150 2,100 Started and completed** 15,000 100% 100% 15,000 15,000 Ending WIP 10,000 20% 10% 2,000 1,000 Total units accounted for 32,000 Current period equivalent units 20,150 18,100 *BI = 10,000 + 22,000 – 25,000 **15,000 units started and completed = 22,000 total transferred out – 7,000 transferred out that was in beginning inventory EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.24 (20 min) Equivalent units computed, weighted- average method Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 6,000 Units started 40,000 Total units to account for 46,000 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 30,000 100% 100% 30,000 30,000 Ending WIP 16,000 100% 40% 16,000 6,400 Total units accounted for 46,000 (a) 46,000 (b) 36,400 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.25 (30 min) Equivalent units computed, FIFO (Appendix A) Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 250 100% 40% 250 100 Units started 1,000 Total units to account for 1,250 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out: From beginning inventory 250 0% 60% 0 150 Started and completed 800 100% 100% 800 800 Ending inventory 200 100% 70% 200 140 Total units accounted for 1,250 January equivalent units 1,000 1,090 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.26 (20 min) Costs per equivalent unit computed, weighted average method Flow of units Physical units Percent completeMaterials Equiv. Units Materials Units to account for: Beginning WIP 60,000 Units started 160,000 Total units to account for 220,000 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 170,000 100% 170,000 Ending WIP 50,000 100% 50,000 Total units accounted for 220,000 220,000 Costs to account for Materials Costs in beginning WIP $ 13,200 Current period costs 35,200 Total costs to account for $ 48,400 Cost per equivalent unit $ 0.22* * $0.22 = $48,400 220,000 EU EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.27 (30 min) Equivalent units computed, FIFO (Appendix A) Flow of units Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Units to account for: Beginning WIP 40,000 60% 24,000 Units started 700,000 Total units to account for 740,000 Units accounted for: Beginning WIP 40,000 40% 16,000 Started and completed* 620,000 100% 620,000 Ending WIP 80,000 20% 16,000 Total units accounted for 740,000 April equivalent units 652,000 * 620,000 units started and completed = 660,000 total transferred out – 40,000 transferred out that was in beginning inventory EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.28 (40 min) Cost per equivalent unit with spoilage, weighted average method Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 150 Units started 1,000 Total units to account for 1,150 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 750 100% 100% 750 750 Spoilage 100 100% 100% 100 100 Ending WIP 300 40% 20% 120 60 Total units accounted for 1,150 970 910 Costs to account for Total Costs Materials Conversion Costs in beginning WIP $ 624 $ 488 $ 136 Current period costs 9,042 5,720 3,322 Total costs to account for 9,666 6,208 3,458 Cost per equivalent unit $ 10.20 $ 6.40* $ 3.80** * $6.40 = $6,208 970 EU ** $3.80 = $3,458 910 EU EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.29 (30 min) Cost assignment to units transferred out, spoilage, and ending inventory (using costs from exercise 8.28), weighted-average Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 150 Units started 1,000 Total units to account for 1,150 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 750 100% 100% 750 750 Spoilage 100 100% 100% 100 100 Ending WIP 300 40% 20% 120 60 Total units accounted for 1,150 970 910 Costs to account for Total Costs Materials Conversion Costs in beginning WIP $ 624 $ 488 $ 136 Current period costs 9,042 5,720 3,322 Total Costs to account for 9,666 6,208 3,458 Cost per equivalent unit $ 10.20 $ 6.40 $ 3.80 Costs assigned Total Costs Materials Conversion Completed and transferred out $ 7,650 $ 4,800a $ 2,850b Spoilage 1,020 640c 380d Ending WIP 996 768e 228f Total costs assigned $ 9,666 $ 6,208 $ 3,458 a $4,800 = $6.40 x 750 E.U. b $2,850 = $3.80 x 750 E.U. c $640 = $6.40 x 100 E.U. d $380 = $3.80 x 100 E.U. e $768 = $6.40 x 120 E.U. f $228 = $3.80 x 60 E.U. Costs for units completed and transferred out total $7,650, spoilage costs total $1,020, and ending inventory costs total $996. EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.30 (30 min) Costs per equivalent unit (with spoilage) computed, weighted average a. Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 8,000 Units started 14,000 Total units to account for 22,000 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 17,000 100% 100% 17,000 17,000 Spoilage 500 100% 50% 500 250 Ending WIP 4,500 80% 40% 3,600 1,800 Total units accounted for 22,000 21,100 19,050 Costs to account for Total Costs Materials Conversion Costs in beginning WIP $ 98,260 $ 31,400 $ 66,860 Current period costs 895,240 390,600 504,640 Total costs to account for $993,500 422,000 571,500 Cost per equivalent unit $ 50 $ 20* $ 30** * $20 = $422,000 21,100 E.U. ** $30 = $571,500 19,050 E.U. EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.31 (40 min) Cost assignment to units transferred out, spoilage, and ending inventory (using costs from exercise 8.30), weighted average Note: Answers might differ due to rounding the cost per equivalent unit calculation. Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 8,000 Units started 14,000 Total units to account for 22,000 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 17,000 100% 100% 17,000 17,000 Spoilage 500 100% 50% 500 250 Ending WIP 4,500 80% 40% 3,600 1,800 Total units accounted for 22,000 21,100 19,050 Costs to account for Total Costs Materials Conversion Costs in beginning WIP $ 98,260 $ 31,400 $ 66,860 Current period costs 895,240 390,600 504,640 Total costs to account for $993,500 422,000 571,500 Cost per equivalent unit $ 50 $ 20 $ 30 Costs assigned Total Costs Materials Conversion Completed and transferred out $ 850,000 $340,000a $ 510,000b Spoilage 17,500 10,000c 7,500d Ending WIP 126,000 72,000e 54,000f Total costs assigned $ 993,500 $ 422,000 $ 571,500 a $340,000 = $20 x 17,000 E.U. b $510,000 = $30 x 17,000 E.U. c $10,000 = $20 x 500 E.U. d $7,500 = $30 x 250 E.U. e $72,000 = $20 x 3,600 E.U. f $54,000 = $30 x 1,800 E.U. Costs for units completed and transferred out total $850,000, spoilage costs total $17,500, and ending inventory costs total $126,000. EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.32 (60 min) Assign costs to products, operation costing (Appendix B) * Equals number of units produced times the cost of direct materials per unit: for Dirt bikes, $72,000 = $300 x 240 units ** Equals number of units produced times $100 per unit: for Dirt bikes, $24,000 = $100 x 240 units *** Equals number of units produced times cost per unit for special assembly: for Dirt bikes, $9,600 = $40 x 240 units b. D = Dirt Bike T = Touring Motorcycle W = Motorized Wheelchair 8.32 (continued) c. South Central West Revenue $90,000 $80,000 $80,000 Costs Dirt1 17,600 44,000 44,000 Touring2 24,000 Wheelchairs3 44,000 11,000 Profits $28,400 $12,000 $25,000 1 equals $440 (from part a above) x units produced and sold to customer: for south, $17,600 = $440 x 40 units 2 equals $300 (from part a above) x units produced and sold to customer: for central, $24,000 = $300 x 80 units 3 equals $1,100 (from part a above) x units produced and sold to customer: for south, $44,000 = $1,100 x 40 units 8.33 (60 min) Assign costs to products, operation costing (Appendix B) a. Nicholson Pitt J. Dean Number of coats produced 250 140 60 Costs: Direct materials* $ 50,000 $42,000 $30,000 Conversion costs–Basic Ass’y** 25,000 14,000 6,000 Conversion costs-Special Fin.*** 0 7,000 2,400 Total Product Costs $75,000 $63,000 $38,400 Cost per Unit (total costs/units) $300 $450 $640 * Equals number of units produced times the cost of direct materials per unit: for Nicholson coat, $72,000 = $200 x 250 units ** Equals number of units produced times $100 per unit: for Nicholson coat, $25,000 = $100 x 250 units *** Equals number of units produced times cost per unit for special finishing: for Pitt coat, $7,000 = $50 x 140 units 8.33 (continued) b. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS 8.34 (45 min) Production cost report, weighted-average method a. Gates Company Production Cost Report Month Ending March 31 Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Flow of units Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Units to account for: Beginning WIP 22,000 Units started 12,000 Total units to account for 34,000 Units accounted for: Completed and transferred out 28,000 100% 100% 28,000 28,000 Ending WIP 6,000 80% 60% 4,800 3,600 Total units accounted for 34,000 32,800 31,600 Costs to account for Total Costs Materials Conversion Costs in beginning WIP $ 49,800 $22,360 $27,440 Current period costs 33,800 17,000 16,800 Total Costs to account for 83,600 39,360 44,240 Cost per equivalent unit $ 1.20 $ 1.40 Costs assigned Total Costs Materials Conversion Completed and transferred out $72,800 $ 33,600a $ 39,200b Ending WIP 10,800 5,760c 5,040d Total costs assigned $ 83,600 $ 39,360 $ 44,240 a $33,600 = $1.20 x 28,000 E.U. b $39,200 = $1.40 x 28,000 E.U. c $5,760 = $1.20 x 4,800 E.U. d $5,040 = $1.40 x 3,600 E.U. b. Cost flows Finished Goods Inventory $72,800 WIP Inventory $72,800 To transfer costs from Work-in-Process inventory to Finished Goods Inventory. EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.35 (60 min.) Production cost report, FIFO method (Appendix A) Note: Answers might differ because of rounding. 8.35 (continued) Footnotes to table * Cost per EU (equivalent unit) equals current period costs divided by equivalent units of work done in the current period: $1.04294 = $17,000/16,300; $1.03704= $16,800/16,200. ** Costs to complete beginning inventory equal equivalent units to complete beginning inventory times cost per EU: $5,666 = 5,500 x $1.04294; $6,855 = 6,600 x $1.03704. *** Costs of units started and completed equals units started and completed times cost per EU: $6,258 = 6,000 x $1.04294; $6,222 = 6,000 x $1.03704. **** Costs in ending inventory equal number of equivalent units in ending inventory times cost per EU: $5,006 = 4,800 x $1.04294; $3,733 = 3,600 x $1.03704. # Numbers do not add to total because of rounding. (Totals are correct.) b. The FIFO approach is helpful when costs fluctuate significantly over time. A case can be made for using the FIFO method for the company because this method tracks costs by period, and helps identify increasing or decreasing costs by period. Using the FIFO approach would help the managers of this company see that it had lower costs in the current period than in the previous period. EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.36 (45 min) Production cost report, weighted-average method a. Note: Answers might differ somewhat due to rounding the cost per equivalent unit EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE b. 8.37 (45 min) Production cost report, weighted-average a. Note: Answers might differ due to rounding the cost per equivalent unit calculation. EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE b. 8.38 (60 min) Production cost report, FIFO (Appendix A) a. Note: Answers might differ due to rounding the cost per equivalent unit calculation. EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.38 (continued) b. c. Using weighted-average costing, ending WIP Inventory was $21,442. Using the FIFO costing approach, ending WIP Inventory was $15,278. The difference is attributable to a lower current cost per equivalent unit using FIFO, which is ultimately assigned to ending WIP Inventory (and the most recent completed inventory transferred out). The FIFO approach is helpful when costs fluctuate significantly over time. A case can be made for using the FIFO method for Needles Production Company because this method tracks costs by period, and helps identify increasing or decreasing costs by period. Using the FIFO approach would help the company identify that it had lower costs in the current period. 8.39 (40 min) Solving for unknowns—weighted-average a. Answer: 4,350 units. Start with the formula: transferred out (TO) = beginning inventory (BI) + transferred in (TI) – ending inventory (EI). TO = 4,100 + 3,500 – 3,250 TO = 4,350 b. Answer: $53,300. First compute the cost per equivalent unit from ending inventory: $4,500/(6,000 x .2) = $3.75 Next, multiply the cost per equivalent unit by the total equivalent units for the period to derive the total costs (including BI costs): $3.75 x 18,000 = $67,500. Finally, subtract the BI costs from the total costs to derive the materials costs incurred this period: $67,500 - $14,200 = $53,300. c. Answer: 200 equivalent units First, compute the cost of ending inventory: EI = BI + TI – TO EI = $1,900 + $18,100 - $19,200 = $800 Next compute the cost per equivalent unit: $19,200 costs TO/4,800 units TO = $4 Finally: $800/$4 = 200 equivalent units d. Answer: 1,200 units in the ending inventory First, find the cost per equivalent unit: $3,360 TO/1,600 units TO = $2.10 Next, find the equivalent units for materials costs in EI: $630/$2.10 = 300 equiv. units Finally, if these units are 25% complete, then the total number of units in EI must be 1,200 (1,200 = 300/.25) 8.40 (60 min) Production cost report, weighted average a. Note: Answers might differ due to rounding the cost per equivalent unit calculation. Flow of Units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Units to be accounted for Physical units Trans. In Mat'ls Conv. Trans. In Materials Conversion Beginning WIP 1,000 100% 60% 75% 1,000 600 750 Units Transferred In 6,000 Total units to account for 7,000 Units accounted for Completed and transferred out* 4,300 100% 100% 100% 4,300 4,300 4,300 Ending WIP 2,700 100% 80% 45% 2,700 2,160 1,215 Total units accounted for 7,000 7,000 6,460 5,515 Equivalent units 7,000 6,460 5,515 Costs to be accounted for Costs Trans. In Materials Conversion Costs in beginning WIP $ 8,120,000 $ 7,100,000 $ 600,000 $ 420,000 Current period costs 52,175,000 43,200,000 2,500,000 6,475,000 Total Costs to be accounted for $ 60,295,000 $ 50,300,000 $ 3,100,000 $ 6,895,000 Cost per equivalent unit $ 7,185.71 $ 479.88 $ 1,250.23 Costs accounted for Completed and Transferred out $ 38,338,014 $ 30,898,571 $ 2,063,467 $ 5,375,975 Ending WIP 21,956,986 19,401,429 1,036,533 1,519,025 Total costs accounted for $ 60,295,000 $ 50,300,000 $ 3,100,000 $ 6,895,000 * 4,300 = 7,000 - 2,700 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.40 (continued) * Transfers-in cost represents the total of shredding process costs, direct material costs, and conversion costs; $52,175,000 = $43,200,000 + $2,500,000 + $6,475,000 8.41 (60 min) Production cost report, weighted-average a. Degree Of Completion Equivalent units Units to be accounted for Physical Units Transferred In Materials Labor Overhead Transferred In Materials Labor Overhead Beginning WIP 1,000 100% 100% 60% 50% 1,000 1,000 600 500 Units transferred In 5,000 Total units to account for 6,000 Units accounted for Completed & transferred 4,000 100% 100% 100% 100% 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 Ending WIP 2,000 100% 90% 70% 35% 2,000 1,800 1,400 700 Total units accounted for 6,000 6,000 5,800 5,400 4,700 Costs to be accounted for Costs Costs in beginning WIP $ 64,700 $ 32,000 $ 20,000 $ 7,200 $ 5,500 Current period costs 310,000 160,000 96,000 36,000 18,000 Total costs to account for $ 374,700 $ 192,000 $ 116,000 $ 43,200 $ 23,500 Cost per equivalent unit $ 32.00 $ 20.00 $ 8.00 $ 5.00 Costs accounted for Completed & transferred out $ 260,000 $ 128,000 $ 80,000 $ 32,000 $ 20,000 Ending WIP 114,700 64,000 $ 36,000 $ 11,200 $ 3,500 Total costs accounted for $ 374,700 $ 192,000 $ 116,000 $ 43,200 $ 23,500 b. The weighted-average production analysis indicates that the assembling department has met its material cost target and beat its labor cost target. However, it has not met its overhead cost target of $4.50 (versus $5.00 actual cost). EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.42 (45 min) Production cost report (with spoilage), weighted-average a. Note: Answers might differ due to rounding the cost per equivalent unit calculation. Flow of Units Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Units to be accounted for Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Beginning WIP 11,000 75% 70% Units Started 6,000 Total units to account for 17,000 Units accounted for Completed and transferred 13,800 100% 100% 13,800 13,800 Spoilage 200 100% 100% 200 200 Ending WIP 3,000 80% 60% 2,400 1,800 Total units accounted for 17,000 16,400 15,800 Costs to be accounted for Costs Costs in beginning WIP $ 4,650 $ 3,200 $ 1,450 Current period costs 31,800 16,000 15,800 Total Costs to account for 36,450 19,200 17,250 Cost per equivalent unit $1.171 $ 1.092 Costs accounted for Completed and Transferred out $ 31,222 $ 16,156 $ 15,066 Spoilage 453 234 219 Ending WIP 4,775 2,810 1,965 Total costs accounted for $ 36,450 $ 19,200 $ 17,250 b. WIP BB 4,650 TI 31,800 TO 31,222 Spoilage 453 EB 4,775 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.43 (45 min) Production cost report (with spoilage), weighted-average a. Note: Rounding is due to rounding the cost per equivalent unit calculation. Flow of Units Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Units to be accounted for Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Beginning WIP 13,000 70% 60% Units Started 17,000 Total units to account for 30,000 Units accounted for Completed and transferred 22,500 100% 100% 22,500 22,500 Spoilage 1,500 75% 60% 1,125 900 Ending WIP 6,000 60% 55% 3,600 3,300 Total units accounted for 30,000 27,225 26,700 Costs to be accounted for Costs Costs in beginning WIP $ 18,500 $ 6,500 $ 12,000 Current period costs 31,800 16,000 15,800 Total Costs to account for $ 50,300 $ 22,500 27,800 Cost per equivalent unit $ 0.8264 $ 1.0412 Costs accounted for Completed and Transferred out $ 42,021 $ 18,594 23,427 Spoilage 1,868 931 937 Ending WIP 6,411 2,975 3,436 Total costs accounted for $ 50,300 $ 22,500 $ 27,800 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.44 (30 min) Transfer from Prior Department, Weighted Average a. Flow of Units Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Units to be accounted for Materials Conversion Materials Conversion Beginning WIP 25,000 0% 40% Units transferred In 120,000 Total units to account for 145,000 Units accounted for Completed & transferred 132,500 100% 100% 132,500 132,500 Ending WIP 12,500 100% 30% 12,500 3,750 Total units accounted for 145,000 145,000 136,250 b. Flow of Units Physical units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Units to be accounted for Transferred In Materials Conversion Transferred In Materials Conversion Beginning WIP 50,000 100% 0% 80% Units Transferred In 320,000 Total units to account for 370,000 Units accounted for Completed & transferred 330,000 100% 100% 100% 330,000 330,000 330,000 Ending WIP 40,000 100% 0% 90% 40,000 - 36,000 Total units accounted for 370,000 370,000 330,000 366,000 SOLUTIONS TO CASES 8.45 (60 min) Public policy and process costing a. $000 omitted Balance Finished goods WIP BB (given) $ 24, 832* $ 13,868* TI = EB + TO – BB* 330,361 335,713 TO = BB + TI – EB** 329,748* 330,361 EB (given) 25,445* 19,220* * Given in the case. ** TO is CGS for Finished Goods Inventory. TO for WIP is the TI to Finished Goods Inventory. b. Process costs per unit. Start by computing product line costs. Operating profit = Net sales – SG&A – COGS. So, COGS = Net sales – SG&A – Operating profit. $000 omitted. Product line Net sales % sales SG&A* Operating profit CGS Timber products $ 79,045 21.83% $7,053 $ 37,309 $ 34,683 Paper and paperboard 92,433 25.52% 8,247 (11,842) 96,028 Converted products 190,677 52.65% 17,013 (25,373) 199,037 Total $ 362,155 100% $ 32,313 $ 94 $ 329,748 * Allocated to product line based on the product line’s percent of total sales. For example, $7,053 = $79,045/$362,155 x $32,313. EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.45 (continued) The following table answers both questions b and c: Product area CGS Sales quantity Year 2 cost per unit Year 1 cost per unit % change Timber products $ 34,683,000 144,000,000 $ .24 $ .23 4% Paper and paperboard 96,028,000 177,000 542.53 502.01 8% Converted products 199,037,000 255,000 780.54 789.59 -1% Total $329,748,000 The results in the last column are consistent with reduced conversion costs for converted products – despite increased material costs converted product costs have declined. It does not appear, however, that the company has reduced its conversion costs for timber or paper sufficiently to offset increased material prices. This demonstrates the cost squeeze experienced by Longview Fibre and others that depend on more expensive, local timber. Some companies, such as Weyerhaeuser, have secured long-term supplies from private lands in Canada and have entered joint ventures to grow and harvest timber in New Zealand and South America. 8.46 (60 min) Choosing between job and process costing Answers will vary. Some large companies that have both commercial and governmental customers include such defense contractors as Boeing, General Electric and Honeywell. Many consulting firms, including the Big 5 accountancy firms, service both governmental and commercial customers. Many firms that provide IT, food and maintenance services have both governmental and commercial customers. Some universities offer programs for governmental employees, such as people in the military services, and nongovernmental students. (Note that governmental is not limited to national governments, but includes local, county and state/provincial governmental units.) Governmental contracts sometimes require cost-plus fees, which necessitate job costing. Companies with governmental customers sometimes find that the profit margins are smaller on governmental work, thus increasing the benefits of close cost control that job costing provides. Governments might require job costing because they are subject to scrutiny by citizens who want to know how much is spent on particular jobs or projects. 8.47 (60 min.) Spoilage costs, weighted-average a. Normal vs abnormal spoilage: The issue is whether any spoilage should be regarded as normal. Many feel that this label implies that spoilage is acceptable, and that this attitude is not competitive these days. Normal spoilage of 300 jackets at the first inspection (4.1% of those inspected = 300 / (8,160 – 900)) seems quite high for most industries. Presumably, the company will seek to eliminate the sources of the abnormal spoilage, but why not seek to eliminate it all? Although the optimal amount of spoilage (or defects) may be greater than zero, “normal” spoilage implies historical levels of spoilage that people have gotten used to. b. Production analysis Flow of Units Degree of Completion Equivalent Units Units to be accounted for Physical units Material #1 Material #2 Conversion Material #1 Material #2 Conversion Beginning WIP 560 100% 0% 25% Units started 7,600 Total units to be accounted for 8,160 Units accounted for Completed 6,600 100% 100% 100% 6,600 6,600 6,600 Spoilage - 1st insp 460 100% 0% 70% 460 - 322 Spoilage - 2nd insp 200 100% 100% 100% 200 200 200 Ending WIP 900 100% 0% 50% 900 - 450 Units accounted for 8,160 8,160 6,800 7,572 Costs to be accounted for Beginning WIP $ 17,006 $12, 500 $ - $ 4,506 Current period costs 605,220 252,700 74,120 278,400 Costs to be accounted for $622,226 $ 265,200 $ 74,120 $ 282,906 Cost per equiv. unit $ 32.50 $ 10.90 $ 37.36 Costs accounted for Completed $533,030 $ 214,500 $ 71,940 $ 246,590 Spoilage - 1st insp 26,981 14,950 - $ 12,031 Spoilage - 2nd insp 16,152 6,500 2,180 $ 7,472 Ending WIP 46,063 29,250 - 16,813 Costs accounted for $622,226 $ 265,200 $ 74,120 $ 282,906 EXCEL SOLUTIONS ARE FOUND IN EXCEL SOLUTIONS FILE 8.47 (continued) c. Required return on sales = (125 - 75) / 125 = 40%. Current costs per unit equal $80.76 (= $32.50 + $10.90 + $37.36). P = $80.76 / (1 - .40) P = $134.60 The target cost reduction = $80.76 – $75 = $5.76 per unit. 8.48 (60 min.) Ethics – Increasing Production to Boost Profit a. Knowing that any units started in the last half of March will remain in WIP Inventory at the end of the month, management is attempting to allocate a higher proportion of fixed costs (primarily overhead costs) to ending WIP Inventory. This in turn reduces the proportion of costs allocated to goods transferred out to Finished Goods Inventory. Since all goods transferred out during March were sold by March 31, fewer costs would ultimately be assigned to Cost of Goods Sold for the month. Lower Cost of Goods Sold results in higher net income. b. The revised production cost report appears below. Amounts may vary slightly due to rounding. 8.48 cont. *These costs = cost per EU x EU transferred out or in ending inventory. c. The last section of the report (Step 4) clearly identifies the impact of increasing production. Specifically, comparing the costs assigned to units transferred out from the Controller’s initial estimate to the revised report prepared in part b will identify the impact on profit. Since all units transferred out were sold by March 31, the costs assigned to these units are ultimately included in Cost of Goods Sold on the income statement as of March 31. Thus, if these costs decrease, Cost of Goods Sold decreases, and net income (profit) increases. Profit is estimated to increase by $98,327 as a result of boosting production at the end of March (this amount may vary slightly due to rounding). This is calculated as follows: The primary reason for this increase is that more overhead costs, most of which are fixed, are allocated to units remaining in ending WIP Inventory at March 31. d. The request made by the CEO and CFO is not ethical if the only motivation is to increase profit. The case clearly states that Pacific Siding does not expect an increase in sales. Absent any additional customer demand, it appears that the only reason to boost production is to manipulate profit. This action places the company in a precarious position starting the next fiscal year as inventory levels will reach excessive levels. Solution Manual for Cost Management: Strategies for Business Decisions Ronald W. Hilton, Michael W. Maher, Frank H. Selto 9780073526805, 9780072430332, 9780072830088, 9780072299021, 9780072881820, 9780072882551, 9780070874664, 9780072388404, 9780072343533
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