Chapter 8 Adolescence Section 1 Physical Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. The word puberty is derived from the Latin word pubecere, which means to grow _______________. A. older B. more mature C. hairy D. adult-like Answer: C 2. Pubertal changes begin when a threshold of _______________. A. body fat is reached B. a specific age is reached C. specific height is reached D. after the rites of passage has occurred Answer: A 3. You overheard your little sister and her best friend, who are both 8 years old, discussing what they thought about puberty and when they thought those changes would begin for them. Your sister is thin and her friend is considerably heavier. What is likely to occur in terms of the beginning of puberty for them? A. They will both begin puberty at the same time. B. Your sister, being thinner, is likely to begin puberty earlier. C. Your sister’s friend, having more body fat is likely to begin puberty earlier. D. They are not likely to be talking about puberty at this age. Answer: C 4. With regard to pubertal development for females, what is the most important estrogen? A. testosterone B. estradiol C. estriol D. androgen Answer: B 5. With regard to pubertal development for males, what is the most important androgen? A. testosterone B. estradiol C. androsterone D. estrogen Answer: A 6. By the mid-teens, estradiol production in females is how many times greater than it was before puberty? A. 8 B. 12 C. 16 D. 20 Answer: A 7. By the mid-teens, testosterone production in males is how many times greater than it was before puberty? A. 8 B. 12 C. 16 D. 20 Answer: D 8. The site of chemical events triggering puberty, the hypothalamus is _______________. A. a bean-sized structure located in the lower part of the brain B. an area of the cerebral cortex that is located at the anterior end C. a region of the brain that is located toward the lower-back of the skull D. a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres Answer: A 9. Which of the following are two classes of sex hormones? A. thalamus and hypothalamus B. estrogens and androgens C. dopamine and serotonin D. cortisol and relaxin Answer: B 10. With respect to pubertal development, the most important estrogen is _______________ and the most important androgen is _______________. A. dopamine; serotonin B. estradiol; testosterone C. cortisol; relaxin D. thalamus; hypothalamus Answer: B 11. Your 15-year-old son has been what he says is “hormonal.” He realizes that his emotions and feelings can be quite variable during this time of his life. What is the major difference in his hormone levels now than they were before puberty? His levels of testosterone are about: A. 8 times higher than before puberty B. 12 times higher than before puberty C. 16 times higher than before puberty D. 20 times higher than before puberty Answer: D. 20 times higher than before puberty Correct: Testosterone production is about 20 times higher in males during their mid-teens than before puberty. C. 16 times higher than before puberty Incorrect: Testosterone production is about 20 times higher in males during their mid-teens than before puberty. 12. Two kinds of changes take place in the body in response to increased sex hormones during puberty. What characteristic is directly related to reproduction? A. primary sex characteristics B. secondary sex characteristics C. tertiary sex characteristics D. quarternary sex characteristics Answer: A 13. Your little sister, who is 13, has a bust that is visibly increasing. What type of sex characteristic describes this change? A. primary sex characteristics B. secondary sex characteristics C. tertiary sex characteristics D. quarternary sex characteristics Answer: B. secondary sex characteristics Correct: Primary sex characteristics are involved in the production of ova and sperm. A. primary sex characteristics Incorrect: Primary sex characteristics are involved in the production of ova and sperm. 14. Females are born with all of the ova that they will ever have. According to the text, how many eggs does the average female have at puberty? A. 20,000 B. 40,000 C. 60,000 D. 80,000 Answer: B 15. Your daughter is 9 years old and you have been talking about the changes that she will soon be experiencing. One of the topics that you are discussing is what happens during menstruation and what she can expect. You tell her that the first menstrual period has a special name. What is it? A. spermarche B. menarche C. menstruational primacy D. ovulation Answer: B. menarche Correct: The first menstruation period is menarche. C. menstruational primacy Incorrect: The first menstruation period is menarche. 16. How many ova are released during the course of a woman’s reproductive lives? A. 100 B. 200 C. 400 D. 600 Answer: C. 400 Correct: Approximately 400 ova are released during the course of a woman’s reproductive life. D. 600 Incorrect: Approximately 400 ova are released during the course of a woman’s reproductive life. 17. What is a male’s first ejaculation referred to as? A. menarche B. spermarche C. wet dream D. hot flash Answer: B. spermarche Correct: Spermarche is a male’s first ejaculation. A. menarche Incorrect: Menarche is the first menstrual period. Spermarche is a male’s first ejaculation. 18. According to the text, how many sperm are in the typical ejaculation? A. 10,000 to 20,000 B. 500,000 to 2 million C. 100 million to 300 million D. 800 million to 1 billion Answer: C 19. At what age is the brain approximately 95% of its adult size? A. 6 years old B. 12 years old C. 15 years D. 18 years Answer: A 20. Considerable thickening of synaptic connections occurs around the time puberty begins during a process neuroscientists call _______________. A. overproduction B. pruning C. myelination D. synaptic expansion Answer: A 21. What area of the brain is associated with the overproduction of synaptic connections during puberty? A. temporal lobes B. frontal lobes C. parietal lobes D. occipital lobes Answer: B. frontal lobes Correct: Overproduction of synaptic connections during puberty occurs in the frontal lobes, the lobes associated with problem solving, planning, and moral judgments. C. parietal lobes Incorrect: Overproduction of synaptic connections during puberty occurs in the frontal lobes, the lobes associated with problem solving, planning, and moral judgments. 22. What area of the brain is associated with planning, problem solving, and moral reasoning? A. frontal lobes B. parietal lobes C. temporal lobes D. occipital lobes Answer: A. frontal lobes Correct: The frontal lobes are associated with planning, problem solving, and moral reasoning. B. parietal lobes Incorrect: The frontal lobes are associated with planning, problem solving, and moral reasoning. 23. Ova, or female eggs, and male sperm are considered _______________. A. primary sexual characteristics B. secondary sexual characteristics C. tertiary sexual characteristics D. gender determining characteristics Answer: A. primary sexual characteristics Correct: Ova and sperm are directly related to reproduction, and therefore, primary. B. secondary sexual characteristics Incorrect: Secondary characteristics are ones that are influenced by hormones and not directly related to reproduction. 24. _______________ describes a female’s first menstruation, whereas _______________ describes a male’s first ejaculation of sperm. A. Menarche; spermarche B. Spermarche; menarche C. Primary menstruation; foremost ejaculation D. Foremost menstruation; primary ejaculation Answer: A 25. During adolescence neurological overproduction or exuberance occurs throughout the brain; however, it is especially pronounced in the _______________. A. frontal cortex B. occipital lobe C. primary motor cortex D. hypothalamus Answer: A. frontal cortex Correct: Overproduction of synaptic connections occurs in many parts of the brain but is especially concentrated in the frontal lobes (Keating, 2004). D. hypothalamus Incorrect: The hypothalamus is a bean-sized structure in the lower part of the brain where the chemical changes that trigger puberty occur. Neurological overproduction is especially pronounced in the frontal lobes. 26. Your niece is a very intelligent person and is excelling in high school. In fact, it seems that she continues to get more intelligent, and she is especially excelling at biology, which she became interested in during middle school. What is happening to your niece, neurologically speaking? A. overproduction B. synaptic pruning C. myelination D. exuberance Answer: B. synaptic pruning Correct: During this time synaptic pruning is occurring, which is accelerated in highly intelligent people. A. overproduction Incorrect: During this time synaptic pruning is occurring, which is accelerated in highly intelligent people. 27. Between the ages of 12 and 20 what percentage of the brain’s gray matter is purposefully lost? A. 7 to 10% B. 12 to 15% C. 17 to 20% D. 22 to 25% Answer: A 28. _______________ is a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron that keeps the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increases their speed. A. Myelin B. The hippocampus C. Acetylcholine D. Microtubule Answer: A 29. What does the text describe as “a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron that serves the function of keeping the brain’s electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed”? A. synapse B. lipids C. cortex D. myelin Answer: D. myelin Correct: The material that wraps the axon is myelin. B. lipids Incorrect: Lipids are fat, but the material that wraps the axon is myelin. 30. What is the last structure of the brain to complete its growth process? A. cortex B. cerebellum C. hypothalamus D. frontal lobes Answer: B 31. In Kenya, boys show the first physical changes of puberty _______________ their female peers, which is _______________ the Western pattern. A. after; similar to B. before; similar to C. after; the reversal of D. before; the reversal of Answer: D. before; the reversal of Correct: In the West, girls generally show the first signs of puberty; in Kenya it is the opposite. A. after; similar to Incorrect: In the West, boys show signs of puberty after girls but this is not the pattern in Kenya. 32. At age 8, nearly 50% of _______________ girls have begun to develop breasts, pubic hair, or both, compared with just 15% of _______________ girls. A. African American; White B. White; African-American C. Asian American; Hispanic American D. Hispanic American; Asian American Answer: A 33. Pubic hair and genital development began earlier for _______________ boys than _______________ boys. A. White; African American B. African American; White C. Asian American; Hispanic American D. Hispanic American; Asian American Answer: B 34. In every Western country for which records exist there has been a downward trend in the age of menarche. This trend is known as the _______________. A. secular trend B. lowering trend C. early onset trend D. sooner trend Answer: A. secular trend Correct: Due to the improvement of nutritional and medical knowledge within last 150 years in Western nations, onset of puberty has occurred sooner. D. sooner trend Incorrect: This trend, attributed to improvements in nutrition and medical knowledge, is called the secular trend. 35. _______________ describes a steady decrease in the average age of menarche in Western countries over the past 150 years. A. Secular trend B. Lowering trend C. Early onset trend D. Sooner trend Answer: A 36. Ellie is an eight-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in a large metropolitan area. If one were to compare Ellie to her mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother in regards to the onset of puberty, one would predict that Ellie will experience puberty _______________ others did in her family lineage. A. younger than B. older than C. later than D. similar to when Answer: A. younger than Correct: A secular trend has illustrated that girls in Western societies have experienced a sooner onset of puberty within the last 150 years. D. similar to when Incorrect: The secular trend shows that the age of menarche has decreased over the last 150 years, so Ellie is likely to experience puberty sooner than her foremothers. 37. For girls living in Western societies who have access to proper nutrition and medical care the menarche can be predicted to occur at the age of _______________. A. 11 B. 11.5 C. 12 D. 12.5 Answer: D 38. In Western societies menarche generally occurs at age _______________, whereas in developing countries it generally occurs at age _______________. A. 10.5; 17 B. 11.5; 16 C. 12.5; 15 D. 13.5; 14 Answer: C 39. On average, when do girls begin puberty compared to boys? A. at the same time as boys B. two years later than boys C. two years earlier than boys D. four years earlier than boys Answer: C 40. At age 8, what percentage of African American girls have begun to develop breasts or pubic hair or both? A. 20% B. 35% C. 50% D. 75% Answer: C 41. What is the term that is used to describe the downward trend in the age of menarche? A. obesity trend B. secular trend C. pubertal trend D. secondary sex characteristic trend Answer: B. secular trend Correct: Due to technological influences within last 150 years in Western nations, onset of puberty has occurred sooner. C. pubertal trend Incorrect: The downward trend in the age of menarche is referred to as secular trend. 42. Adequacy of _______________ accounts for the average age of menarche being lowest in industrialized countries. A. nutrition and medical care B. exercise and education C. parental care and knowledge D. family relationships and friendships Answer: A. nutrition and medical care Correct: The average age of menarche being lowest in industrialized countries is related to the adequacy of nutrition and medical care. B. exercise and education Incorrect: The average age of menarche being lowest in industrialized countries is related to the adequacy of nutrition and medical care. 43. In regards to the timing of the onset of puberty, which of the following is more at risk for a depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior, and school problems? A. a boy who experiences late-onset puberty B. a girl who experiences late-onset puberty C. a boy who experiences early-onset puberty D. a girl who experiences early-onset puberty Answer: D. a girl who experiences early-onset puberty Correct: Early-onset girls are at greatest risk for these behavioral issues. A. a boy who experiences late-onset puberty Incorrect: An early-onset boy has a slight social advantage; however, he may experience slight behavioral problems. 44. Your 12-year-old daughter began puberty around age 9; now she is often mistaken for an 18-year-old. What challenges do you face as a parent of an early-maturing female? A. She is not likely to have boyfriends. B. She is likely to experience early sexual activity. C. She is likely to be ostracized due to extraordinary academic success. D. She is likely to be considered too tall and thin by her classmates. Answer: B. She is likely to experience early sexual activity. Correct: She is more likely to be introduced to early sexual activity and other potentially problematic behaviors including substance abuse. A. She is not likely to have boyfriends. Incorrect: Actually, she is more likely to have boyfriends as a function of her early maturity. She is more likely to be introduced to early sexual activity and other potentially problematic behaviors including substance abuse. 45. Your 17-year-old son didn’t start showing signs of puberty until recently, and still looks like he is 14 years old. What challenges do you face as a parent of a late-maturing male? A. He is likely to engage in early sexual behavior. B. He is likely to spend too much time studying. C. He is likely to be a homebody and prefers to stay at home rather than go out on the weekends. D. He is likely to have difficulties with alcohol use and delinquency. Answer: D. He is likely to have difficulties with alcohol use and delinquency. Correct: He is more likely to have difficulties with alcohol and delinquency. A. He is likely to engage in early sexual behavior. Incorrect: He is more likely to have difficulties with alcohol and delinquency. 46. _______________ are culturally based markers that signify an individual’s departure from childhood and his or her entrance into adolescence. A. Puberty rituals B. Psycho-cognitive stages C. History-graded norms D. Aging confirmations Answer: A 47. Aapril is from Latin America and is excited to celebrate her quinciñeara. She has picked out the most beautiful dress and she knows that all of her family and friends will be there. Aapril will soon _______________. A. turn 15 years old B. have a baby C. graduate from high school D. get married Answer: A. turn 15 years old Correct: The quinciñeara is a celebration of a girl’s 15th birthday. D. get married Incorrect: Marriage is a major milestone for young women in many developing nations but April is preparing for the celebration of her 15th birthday. 48. A bar or bat mitzvah, the Catholic ritual of confirmation, or the quinciñeara of Latin America are examples of _______________. A. puberty rituals B. psycho-cognitive stages C. history-graded norms D. aging confirmations Answer: A 49. In many parts of the world menarche is the catalyst that enters females into a lifelong process of socially constructed monthly rituals. Menstrual-related monthly rituals are remarkably common because _______________. A. many cultures are male-dominant and rituals are a means to control women B. many cultures lack access to medical care and scientific knowledge C. many cultures have strong beliefs concerning the power of menstrual blood D. many cultures lack access to informative media such as television and radio Answer: C. many cultures have strong beliefs concerning the power of menstrual blood Correct: Many cultures view menstrual blood as taboo and have created cultural practices to isolate women. B. many cultures lack access to medical care and scientific knowledge Incorrect: Many cultures view menstrual blood as taboo and have created cultural practices to isolate women. 50. Traditional puberty rituals for males do not focus on a particular biological event comparable to menarche for females, but require a young man to _______________. A. prove his ability to gain financial wealth B. display his intelligence and creativity C. display courage, strength, and endurance D. display his ability to control emotional expressions Answer: C 51. In traditional cultures coming-of-age rituals for young men often require them to demonstrate proficiency in warfare, hunting, and fishing because _______________. A. they are required by national law B. boys cannot perform these tasks C. men are physically stronger than women D. daily life often requires these skills Answer: D 52. Schlegel and Barry (1991) analyzed information on adolescent development across 186 traditional cultures and found that what percentage had puberty rites for boys? A. 68% B. 58% C. 48% D. 38% Answer: A 53. Schlegel and Barry (1991) analyzed information on adolescent development across 186 traditional cultures and found that what percentage had puberty rites for girls? A. 49% B. 59% C. 69% D. 79% Answer: D 54. For girls, menarche is the pubertal event that is most often marked by ritual. In many cultures menarche initiates a monthly ritual related to menstruation that lasts throughout a woman’s reproductive life because these cultures believe that menstrual blood is _______________. A. dangerous B. magical C. precious D. medicinal Answer: A. dangerous Correct: Many cultures believe that menstrual blood presents a danger to the growth of crops, the health of livestock, and the likelihood of success among hunters. B. magical Incorrect: Many cultures believe that menstrual blood presents a danger to the growth of crops, the health of livestock, and the likelihood of success among hunters. 55. In many cultures boys were required to engage in violent rituals in which they were to submit to and sometimes engage in bloodletting of various kinds. Why have these rituals declined in frequency or disappeared? A. changes in religion practices B. globalization C. legislation D. boys refusal to participate Answer: B. globalization Correct: Globalization has pushed traditional cultures to modernize and these rituals are no longer seen as relevant to the futures that young people anticipate. C. legislation Incorrect: Globalization has pushed traditional cultures to modernize and these rituals are no longer seen as relevant to the futures that young people anticipate. 56. What puberty ritual in many African cultures is still maintained today? A. whipping B. public circumcision C. scaring by burning D. tattooing Answer: B 57. Due to globalization, many cultural groups have minimized their use of puberty rituals for boys; however, in Africa the ritual of _______________ is still maintained. A. the farmer B. the warrior C. public beatings D. public circumcision Answer: D. public circumcision Correct: Public circumcision for boys is still maintained as a puberty ritual in many African cultures (Vincent, 2008). C. public beatings Incorrect: Many traditional cultures still have wrestling and lashings as a ritual but these have diminished in frequency. 58. Female circumcision in adolescence remains common in Africa, with rates of more than _______________ in many countries and above _______________ in Mali, Egypt, Somalia, and Djibouti. A. 40%; 60% B. 50%; 70% C. 60%; 80% D. 70%; 90% Answer: D 59. Critics have waged an international campaign against _______________ and have cited it as a cruel and inhumane practice that has lifelong physiological effects. A. male vasectomies B. male circumcision C. female mastectomies D. female circumcision Answer: D. female circumcision Correct: Female circumcision is also known as female genital mutilation and is commonly practiced in Africa; however, many view it as cruel and inhumane. B. male circumcision Incorrect: A smaller population would view male circumcision as cruel; however, it does not have the volume of outcries by critics that female genital mutilation does. 60. What do critics call female circumcision? A. barbaric B. torturous C. hymen intrusion D. female genital mutilation Answer: D 61. What percentage of Egyptian girls are circumcised? A. 90% B. 70% C. 50% D. 30% Answer: A 62. _______________ percentage of American adolescent girls and _______________ of boys believe they weigh too much, even though only 15% of girls and 16% of boys are actually overweight by medical standards. A. Sixty, 30% B. Seventy, 25% C. Eighty, 20% D. Ninety, 15% Answer: A 63. According to the CDC (2008), about _______________ of American adolescent girls and _______________ of boys in grades 9–12 report engaging in eating disordered behavior in the past 30 days. A. 20%; 10% B. 15%; 7% C. 10%; 4% D. 5%; 1% Answer: A 64. Approximately 15% of American adolescent females are overweight. What percentage believe that they are overweight? A. 60% B. 50% C. 40% D. 30% Answer: A 65. You think that your niece is a very beautiful 15-year-old. At 5' 5", she weighs 130 pounds, which her physician says puts her in the middle of the healthy BMI range. However, you have noticed that she has become a very picky eater and rarely finishes her meals. Based on what you’ve read about adolescent eating habits and weight, why might she be doing this? A. She has already gone through her growth spurt and is probably not hungry. B. Since 60% of adolescent females believe that they are overweight, she is probably trying not to gain weight or is actively dieting. C. She probably has a thyroid problem and has no appetite. D. She might have a hormone deficiency that leaves her not interested in eating. Answer: B. Since 60% of adolescent females believe that they are overweight, she is probably trying not to gain weight or is actively dieting. Correct: Dieting is common amongst adolescent females. C. She probably has a thyroid problem and has no appetite. Incorrect: Since 60% of American adolescent females believe that they are overweight, she is likely either trying not to gain weight or is dieting to lose weight. 66. What percentage of adolescents with eating disorders are females? A. 90% B. 70% C. 50% D. 30% Answer: A 67. Comparing the rates of eating disorder symptoms in adolescent girls in Germany and Finland to girls in the United States, it is clear that rates are _______________ in the United States. A. much higher B. slightly higher C. the same as D. slightly lower Answer: B. slightly higher Correct: The rate of disordered eating symptoms in Germany is about 33%, Finland is about 24%,and in the United States it is about 20%. A. much higher Incorrect: Research shows only slightly higher rates of eating disorders among German and Finnish girls; rates are similar throughout many Western countires. 68. The two most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia; however _______________. A. bulimia nervosa is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa B. anorexia nervosa is slightly more common than women nervosa C. anorexia nervosa is more common in males than it is in females D. bulimia nervosa is more common in males than it is in females Answer: A. bulimia nervosa is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa Correct: The prevalence of bulimia nervosa is 3%; anorexia nervosa is .5%. D. bulimia nervosa is more common in males than it is in females Incorrect: It is more common for males to be diagnosed with bulimia; however, females still have a higher rate of prevalence. 69. About _______________ of eating disorders occur among females. Most cases of eating disorders have their onset among females in their _______________. A. 90%; teens and early 20s B. 80%; teens and early 20s C. 70%; early to mid-20s D. 60%; early to mid-20s Answer: A 70. Which of the following best describes the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa? A. excessive worry and anxiety, significant difficulty controlling one’s worry, and the feeling of being wound up B. inability to maintain body weight at least 85% of normal for height, fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image C. episodes of binge eating, a sense of lack of control over eating during the episodes, and inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain D. depressed mood most of the day nearly every day, and feeling sad or empty Answer: B 71. Which of the following best describes the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa? A. excessive worry and anxiety, significant difficulty controlling one’s worry, and the feeling of being wound up B. inability to maintain body weight at least 85% of normal for height, fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image C. episodes of binge eating, a sense of lack of control over eating during the episodes, and inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain D. depressed mood most of the day nearly every day, and feels sad or empty Answer: C 72. When Rachel looks into a mirror she sees a fat person. However, she is extremely thin for her height, weighing less than 85% of normal. She has intense fear of gaining weight and has not experienced a menstrual cycle in the last four months. Knowing diagnostic criteria, one can assume that Rachel might manifest which of the following disorders? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa C. pica D. feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood Answer: A. anorexia nervosa Correct: Less than 85% of ideal body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, and the loss of one’s menstrual cycle are all diagnostic criteria of anorexia nervosa. B. bulimia nervosa Incorrect: It involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g., vomiting, excessive exercise), but it does not necessarily involve being underweight or amenorrhea as diagnostic criteria. 73. Ramon engages in discrete periods of binge eating and he feels as if he cannot control himself. After each binge episode his guilt is extremely high and he feels compelled to exercise relentlessly. Typically, after a binge episode, he will spend two hours at the gym and another hour running. Knowing diagnostic criteria, one can assume that Ramon might manifest _______________. A. feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood B. pica C. bulimia nervosa D. anorexia nervosa Answer: C. bulimia nervosa Correct: Discrete periods of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors are key diagnostic features of bulimia nervosa. D. anorexia nervosa Incorrect: Binge eating followed by guilt and inappropriate compensatory behaviors are key diagnostic criteria for bulimia. 74. Your friend has been losing quite a bit of weight and is now very thin. Although she was very attractive before she began to lose weight, nearly everyone thinks that she is now way too thin and unattractive. However, she thinks that she is too heavy. What is going on? She likely has _______________. A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia C. a thyroid problem D. cancer Answer: A. anorexia nervosa Correct: Anorexia nervosa is associated with severe weight loss and distorted body image. B. bulimia Incorrect: Individuals who have bulimia generally are not too thin. 75. Your neighbor is concerned that her teenage daughter has an eating disorder. You are not so sure since her daughter is of normal weight. If her daughter does have an eating disorder, what is the most likely possibility? A. bulimia nervosa B. anorexia nervosa C. over-exercise D. EDNOS Answer: A. bulimia nervosa Correct: Individuals who have bulimia nervosa are often within a healthy weight range. B. anorexia nervosa Incorrect: Individuals who have anorexia are generally significantly too thin. 76. Your mother and father are examining hospital treatment facilities for your younger sister, who has just been diagnosed with anorexia. What is the likelihood that she will improve with hospital treatment? A. 11% B. 22% C. 44% D. 66% Answer: D. 66% Correct: About 66% of individuals with anorexia improve when treated in hospital settings. C. 44% Incorrect: About 66% of individuals with anorexia improve when treated in hospital settings. 77. Your mother and father are examining treatment facilities for your younger sister, who has just been diagnosed with bulimia. What is the likelihood that she will improve with hospital treatment? A. 30% B. 50% C. 70% D. 90% Answer: B. 50% Correct: The success rate for treating bulimia in a hospital setting is about 50%. C. 70% Incorrect: The success rate for treating bulimia in a hospital setting is about 50%. 78. Your younger sister has been recently diagnosed with anorexia. Your mother and father are not really sure what they should do and think that your sister might just improve on her own. You are very concerned because it took a couple of years before your parents insisted that your sister get a diagnosis and you know that anorexia can be a very serious problem. What is one of the major difficulties with anorexia? A. 10% will die from its complications B. 30% will struggle with anorexia-like problems their entire lives C. 50% will never marry or have families D. 70% will acquire a more severe psychological disorder Answer: A. 10% will die from its complications Correct: Anorexia can cause many serious health complications. C. 50% will never marry or have families Incorrect: 10% will die from complications related to anorexia. 79. Why are rates of cigarette smoking lower among adolescents in the United States and Canada as compared to Europeans? A. Adolescents in the U.S. and Canada are more intelligent than European adolescents. B. It is not illegal to sell tobacco products to European adolescents. C. The United States and Canadian governments have waged large-scale public health campaigns against smoking. D. Parents in the United States and Canada are less likely to smoke. Answer: C 80. Which of the following are four classifications that young people can be grouped into as substance users? A. experimental, social, medicinal, and addictive B. medical, pharmacological, social, and experimental C. pre-addictive, addictive, post addictive, and recovery D. social, antisocial, asocial, and pre-social Answer: A 81. Which of the following best describes the classification of experimental substance use? A. trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again B. the use of a substance during social activities with one or more friends C. using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness D. when a person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically Answer: A 82. Which of the following best describes the classification of medicinal substance use? A. trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again B. the use of a substance during social activities with one or more friends C. using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness D. when a person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically Answer: C 83. Which of the following best describes the classification of social substance use? A. trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again B. the use of a substance during social activities with one or more friends C. using a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness D. when a person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically. Answer: B 84. Your parents just found illegal substances in your younger brother’s backpack. He is a good student and does well in sports. He told your parents that he has not used the drugs yet and was only interested in trying them. Considering what you learned in your developmental course, how likely is this? A. He is a likely telling the truth; experimentation is one of the four major reasons that adolescents use substances. B. He is probably lying, most drug abusers do. C. He is not telling the truth; adolescents are either users or not users. D. He is likely self-medicating. Answer: A. He is a likely telling the truth; experimentation is one of the four major reasons that adolescents use substances. Correct: Given that he is doing well in school and sports, it is worth considering that he is only interested in experimentation. B. He is probably lying, most drug abusers do. Incorrect: It is possible that he is lying, but given that he is doing well in school and sports, it is worth considering that he is only interested in experimentation. 85. Your roommate’s younger brother just broke up with his girlfriend who he has been dating for three years, and has been upset about it. When your roommate went home to visit she noticed her brother was using substances. She was surprised since he never did before. What is happening? He is likely _______________. A. experimenting B. self-medicating C. using substances socially D. addicted Answer: B. self-medicating Correct: Given the situation, he is likely self-medicating. A. experimenting Incorrect: Given the situation, he is likely self-medicating. 86. When substances are used to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness, the type of substance use is _______________. A. experimenting B. self-medicating C. social substance use D. addiction Answer: B. self-medicating Correct: Self-medication involves using substances to relieve unpleasant emotions. A. experimenting Incorrect: Given the situation, he is likely self-medicating. 87. Although there are many reasons for using substances, how do adults generally view substance use among adolescents? A. acceptable if used occasionally B. “problem behavior” C. tolerable if only used socially D. normal age-related behavior Answer: B. “problem behavior” Correct: Adults generally view substance use as “problem behavior.” A. acceptable if used occasionally Incorrect: Adults generally view substance use as “problem behavior.” 88. Which of the following best describes the classification of addictive substance use? A. try a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then do not use it again. B. the use of a substances during social activities with one or more friends. C. to relieve an under pleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness. D. a person has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically. Answer: D 89. _______________ is the use of a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again, whereas _______________ is the use of substances during social activities with one or more friends. A. Experimental substance use; social substance use B. Social substance use; experimental substance use C. Medicinal substance use; addictive substance use D. Addictive substance use; medicinal substance use Answer: A 90. _______________ is the use of a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness, whereas _______________ takes place when a person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically or psychologically. A. Experimental substance use; social substance use B. Social substance use; experimental substance use C. Medicinal substance use; addictive substance use D. Addictive substance use; medicinal substance use Answer: C 91. Samantha is a teenager and is having a really bad day; not only did she fail her chemistry test, but also the person she wanted to go to the prom with asked someone else. She is feeling sad, lonely, and depressed. Having only drunk alcohol socially in the past, she becomes intoxicated after consuming four beers that she finds in her father’s garage. Based upon the four classifications of adolescent substance use, which of the following best describes Samantha situation? A. experimental substance use B. social substance use C. medicinal substance use D. addictive substance use Answer: C. medicinal substance use Correct: Samantha has only drunk socially in the past but now she’s trying to relieve her anxiety and depressed state. D. addictive substance use Incorrect: Addictive substance use takes place when a person has become dependent on regular use of substances to feel good physically or psychologically. Short Answer Questions 92. Give an example of a primary and a secondary sex characteristic. Answer: Primary sex characteristics for females include the production of eggs and the growth of the uterus and vagina. Female secondary sex characteristics include growth of axillary (underarm) hair, breast development, changes in voice, skin oil and sweat. 93. What are two causes of the secular trend? Answer: Better nutrition and better health care over the past decades. 94. Briefly describe a puberty ritual of a non-Western culture. Answer: In Samoa, adolescents get tattoos that can take months to complete (they take longer for boys whose tattoos are more elaborate). Males would get them done in groups as a way of supporting each other through the pain. This practice had been considered primitive and became less common, but recently young men are getting tattoos again as a way of resisting assimilation into the global culture. 95. Is the reduction of food intake even to the point of self-starvation a recent phenomenon (occurring only in the last several decades)? Explain. Answer: No, self-starvation goes back to the 12th century and was often tied to religious rituals. People denied themselves food as a way to prove their devotion and to achieve holiness. Females who starved themselves were spectacles at fairs and received a lot of attention. What these women of different time periods had in common was striving for perfection. 96. Weiner (1992) proposed four classes of substance use, illustrating that adolescents use substances for a variety of purposes. Name and briefly describe two purposes of substance abuse. Answer: Some use substances to experiment (experimental substance use). They are curious, try it, and then decide that they will not do it again. Social substance use involves using substances with friends, perhaps to fit in or to relax in situations that may cause social anxiety. Essay Questions 97. Recent neuroscience research findings have overturned previous beliefs about brain development during adolescence. Discuss at least one of these findings and its implications. Answer: It used to be thought that there was an overproduction (or exuberance) of synaptic connections in prenatal development and infancy followed by synaptic pruning. Now, it has been discovered that this overproduction of synaptic connections occurs in adolescence as well, especially in the frontal lobe. This is why adolescents eventually get better at planning, making good decisions and solving problems- their brain is not fully developed until much later than what was originally thought. 98. Assuming you live in the U.S., if you could go back in time and mature early, late, or on time, what would you choose and why? Support your answer with research findings that include short-term and/or long-term effects. Answer: As a female, it would be best to mature on time because girls who mature early tend to have a negative body image. They are already ahead of their male counterparts in physical development, so they feel really out of place. In addition, the female ideal of being thin means that earlier maturation moves them further from the cultural ideal. Maturing early is also linked with delinquency, school problems, and pressure to engage in sex. Late maturing girls may also feel as though they don’t fit in, so it is best to be on time. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. The word puberty is derived from the Latin word pubecere, which means to grow _______________. A. hairy B. taller C. independent D. older Answer: A 2. Which of the following is the most important estrogen for the development of puberty in females? A. estradiol B. estriol C. androgen D. testosterone Answer: A 3. _______________ is used to describe the downward trend in the age of menarche. A. secular trend B. pubertal trend C. hormonal trend D. bipartisan trend Answer: A 4. Which of the following are classifications that are used to describe why young people abuse substances? A. experimental, social, medicinal, and addictive B. medical, pharmacological, social, and experimental C. pre-addictive, addictive, post addictive, and recovery D. social, antisocial, asocial, and pre-social Answer: A 5. Critics of have waged an international campaign against ______________ and have cited it as a cruel and inhumane practice has lifelong physiological effects. A. female circumcision B. female mastectomies C. male circumcision D. male vasectomies Answer: A 6. _______________ is the phrase to describe when substances are used to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness. A. Self-medicating B. Addiction C. Social substance use D. Experimentation Answer: A 7. Although there are many reasons for using substances, according to the text, how do many adults view substance use by adolescents? A. as "problem behavior" B. tolerable if only used socially C. as normal age-related behavior D. as acceptable if used occasionally Answer: A 8. Chris is a teenager and is having a really bad day. Not only did he fail to make the football team but the person he wanted to go to the prom with was asked by someone else. He is feeling sad, lonely, and depressed. Having only drunk alcohol socially in the past, he becomes intoxicated after consuming six beers that he finds in his mother's garage. Based upon the four classifications of adolescent substance use, which of the following best describes Chris's situation? A. medicinal substance use B. social substance use C. experimental substance use D. addictive substance use Answer: A 9. Your 15-year-old son describes himself as being "hormonal." He realizes that his emotions and feelings can be quite a mixture during this time of his life. What is the major difference in his hormone levels now as compared to before puberty? His levels of testosterone are about _______________. A. 8 times higher than before puberty B. 12 times higher than before puberty C. 16 times higher than before puberty D. 20 times higher than before puberty Answer: D 10. Even though 60% of Americans can be classified as overweight or obese, American culture is obsessed with physical appearance. Young girls are especially vulnerable to media images of models, TV stars, and singers who are beautiful and "strikingly" thin. You have a niece who is 15 years old and you think she is very beautiful. You notice that she has become a very picky eater and rarely finishes her meals. Before puberty she was an eating machine. Based upon what is described in the text, which of the following is a possible reason for your niece's new food behaviors? A. Since 60% of adolescent females believe that they are overweight, she is probably trying not to gain weight or is actively dieting. B. She has already gone through her growth spurt and is probably not hungry. C. She probably has a thyroid problem and has no appetite. D. She might have a hormone deficiency that leaves her not interested in eating. Answer: A Post-Test 1. _______________ is the most important androgen for pubertal development in males. A. Testosterone B. Estradiol C. Androsterone D. Estrogen Answer: A 2. _______________ are physiological characteristics that are directly related to reproduction. A. Primary sex characteristics B. Secondary sex characteristics C. Tertiary sex characteristics D. Quarternary sex characteristics Answer: A 3. The rates of eating disorder symptoms in adolescents from Germany and Finland are _______________ than United States. A. slightly lower B. much higher C. the same as D. slightly higher Answer: A 4. Which of the following are culturally based markers that signify an individual's departure from childhood and his or her entrance into adolescence? A. puberty rituals B. psycho-cognitive stages C. history graded norms D. aging confirmations Answer: A 5. As describe in the text, _______________ is a male's first ejaculation. A. spermarche B. menarche C. wet dream D. hot flash Answer: A 6. Where records exist, in every Western country there has been a downward trend in the age of menarche. This trend is known as the _______________. A. secular trend B. lowering trend C. premature menarche D. early-onset trend Answer: A 7. In many cultures, boys are required to engage in violent rituals and sometimes in bloodletting of various kinds. However, due to _______________, some of these rituals have declined in frequency, or even disappeared. A. globalization B. changes in religion practices C. legislation D. boys' refusal to participate Answer: A 8. When Samantha looks into a mirror she sees an overweight person; however, she is extremely thin for her height and weighs less than 85% of normal weight. She has an intense fear of gaining weight and has not experienced a menstrual cycle in the last four months. Samantha might have the disorder of _______________. A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa C. pica. D. borderline personality disorder Answer: A 9. Your niece is a very intelligent person and is excelling in high school. In fact, it seems that she continues to get more intelligent. You understand that as her brain matures, neurons develop greater synaptic connections, grow more axons, and increase in myelin. You also understand that neurons that are not used do not develop synaptic connections with others. The brain actually has more synapses than it needs. Which of the following terms describes the natural process of synaptic death? A. synaptic pruning B. synaptic extinction C. synaptic transportation D. synaptic reuptake Answer: A 10. Your roommate's younger brother just broke up with his girlfriend, whom he had been dating for three years, and he's been very upset about it. When your roommate went home to visit, she noticed her brother was using substances. She was surprised since he never did before. According to the text, he is likely _______________. A. self-medicating B. using substances socially C. experimenting D. addicted Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. You overheard your little cousin and her best friend, who are both 8 years old, discussing what they thought about puberty and when they thought those changes would begin. Your cousin is thin and her friend is considerably heavier. Based upon what is described in the text, what is likely to occur in terms of the beginning of puberty for them? A. Your cousin's friend, having more body fat, is likely to begin puberty earlier. B. Your cousin, being thinner, is likely to begin puberty earlier. C. Your cousin's friend, having more body fat is likely to begin puberty later. D. They are not likely to be talking about puberty at this age. Answer: A 2. By the middle teenage years, estradiol production in females is about _______________ times greater than it was before puberty. A. 8 B. 12 C. 16 D. 20 Answer: A 3. As stated in the text, with respect to pubertal development, the most important androgen is _______________ and the most important estrogen is _______________. A. testosterone; estradiol B. dopamine; serotonin C. cortisol; relaxin D. thalamus; hypothalamus Answer: A 4. At climax the typical male will release about _______________ sperm. A. 100 to 300 million B. 800 million to 1 billion C. 500,000 to 2 million D. 10 to 20,000 Answer: A 5. During puberty what area of the brain is associated with the overproduction of synaptic connections? A. frontal lobes B. occipital lobes C. temporal lobes D. parietal lobes Answer: A 6. The male sperm and the female egg, the ova, can be classified as _______________. A. primary sexual characteristics B. secondary sexual characteristics C. tertiary sexual characteristics D. gender determining characteristics Answer: A 7. Tran is an 8-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in an urban area. If one were to compare the timing of puberty for Tran to the timing of puberty for her ancestral female lineage, one could say that Tran will experience puberty _______________ others did in her family's history. A. younger than B. older than C. later that D. similar to when Answer: A 8. Research has demonstrated that the timing of the onset of puberty may have psychosocial ramifications for some adolescents. In regards to the onset/timing of puberty, which of the following is more at risk for a depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior, and school problems? A. a girl who experiences early-onset puberty B. a boy who experiences early-onset puberty C. a girl who experiences late-onset puberty D. a boy who experiences late-onset puberty Answer: A 9. Your 16-year-old son is small and looks young for his age; he's often mistaken for a 12-year-old. As a parent of a late maturing male, what challenges might you expect? A. He is more likely to have difficulties with alcohol use and delinquency. B. He is likely to be "antisocial" and prefer to stay at home rather than go out with friends on the weekends. C. He is likely to spend too much time studying. D. He is likely to engage in early sexual behavior. Answer: A 10. Blonca is from Latin America and is excited to celebrate her quinciñeara. She has picked out the most beautiful dress and she knows that all of her family and friends will be there. Blonca will soon _______________. A. turn 15 years old B. have a baby C. graduate from high school D. get married Answer: A 11. In many traditional cultures, young men are required to demonstrate proficiency in warfare, hunting, and fishing in their coming-of-age rituals because _______________. A. daily life often requires these capacities B. men are physically stronger than women C. boys cannot perform these tasks D. they are required by national law Answer: A 12. Even with pressure from the global community to discontinue female circumcision in adolescence, it remains common in Africa with rates of over _______________ in many countries and above _______________ in Mali, Egypt, Somalia, and Djibouti. A. 70%; 90% B. 60%; 80% C. 50%; 70% D. 40%; 60% Answer: A 13. The two most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia. According to the text, which of the following statements has the greatest degrees of accuracy? A. Bulimia is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa. B. Anorexia nervosa is slightly more common than bulimia. C. Anorexia nervosa is more common in males than it is in females. D. Bulimia is more common in males than it is in females. Answer: A 14. Ryan engages in discrete periods of binge eating and he feels as if he cannot control himself. After each binge episode his guilt is extremely high and he feels compelled to exercise relentlessly. On a normal day, he will spend two hours at the gym and another hour running. Knowing diagnostic criteria, one can assume that Ryan might manifest _______________. A. bulimia nervosa B. anorexia nervosa C. a feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood D. pica Answer: A 15. The classification of addictive substance use is best described as _______________. A. a person who has become dependent on regular use of the substance to feel good physically or psychologically B. when a substance is used to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness C. trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again D. the use of substances during social activities with one or more friends Answer: A Quick Review 1. Pubertal changes begin when the body's threshold of _______________. A. fat is reached B. age is reached C. height is reached D. rites of passage has occurred Answer: A 2. Which of the follow best describes the hypothalamus? A. a bean-sized structure located in the lower part of the brain B. an area of the cerebral cortex that is located at the anterior end C. a region of the brain that is located toward the lower-back of the skull D. a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres Answer: A 3. In developing countries, menarche generally occurs around age _______________;whereas, in Western societies it generally occurs around age _______________. A. 15; 12.5 B. 13.5; 14 C. 11.5; 16 D. 17; 10.5 Answer: A 4. Of all individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder, what percentage are female? A. 90% B. 80% C. 70% D. 60% Answer: A 5. According to the text, which of the following best describes the classification of experimental substance use? A. trying a substance once or perhaps a few times out of curiosity and then not using it again B. the use of substances during social activities with one or more friends C. to relieve an under pleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness D. becoming dependent on the regular use of a substance to feel good physically or psychologically Answer: A 6. During the course of a woman's reproductive life, she will release about _______________ ova. A. 400 B. 800 C. 1,200 D. 1,600 Answer: A 7. Boys in Kenya's Kikuyu culture show the first physical changes of puberty _______________ their female peers, which is _______________ the Western pattern. A. before; the reversal of B. after; the reversal of C. before; similar to D. after; similar to Answer: A 8. Which of the below accounts for the average age of menarche being lower in industrialized countries as compared to developing countries? A. nutrition and medical care B. exercise and education C. parental care and knowledge D. family relationships and friendships Answer: A 9. Globalization has reduced the number of traditional cultures that practice rituals associated with puberty; however, in Africa the male ritual of _______________ is still maintained. A. public circumcision B. public beatings C. The Warrior D. The Farmer Answer: A 10. In many cultures, menarche initiates a monthly ritual related to menstruation that lasts throughout a woman's reproductive life. In these cultures many believe that menstrual blood is _______________. A. dangerous B. magical C. precious D. medicinal Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. Do you feel that the two girls interviewed in this video represent the average views of U.S. female teens? Answer: As an AI language model, I don't have the ability to view videos or assess individuals' representations. However, determining whether two individuals represent the average views of U.S. female teens would require broader sampling and statistical analysis across a diverse range of demographics, backgrounds, and opinions within that population. Individual interviews can provide insights but may not fully capture the diversity of perspectives among U.S. female teens. 2. What impact does the media really have on adolescent females? Answer: The media can significantly impact adolescent females by shaping their self-image, influencing body ideals, and impacting behaviors and attitudes towards relationships and societal norms. It can contribute to issues such as body dissatisfaction, self-esteem concerns, and mental health challenges like anxiety and depression, particularly through portrayal of unrealistic standards and stereotypes. However, media can also empower and educate when used positively to promote diversity, authenticity, and healthy lifestyles among young women. 3. The mother interviewed in this video states that there are not many good role models for young girls today. Do you agree or disagree? Can you list at least two people who would be a good role model for a young female of today? Answer: Opinions on role models can vary widely, but there are numerous individuals who can serve as positive influences for young females today. For instance, Michelle Obama is admired for her advocacy of education and empowerment. Malala Yousafzai is another exemplary figure, known for her activism in promoting girls' education and human rights. These individuals demonstrate leadership, resilience, and a commitment to making positive societal impacts, serving as inspirations for young women worldwide. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Kianna and her girlfriend talk about girls their age being obsessed with appearance and weight. Based on their thoughts and actions in the video, what factor often contributes to this? A. medical standard for ideal body weight based on height B. pressure to excel in athletics C. ideal thinness promoted by fashion magazines D. cultural norm for being “boy crazy” at this age Answer: C 2. Based on the girls’ comments in the video, some of their young classmates may be at high risk for eating problems because they __________________. A. are dissatisfied with their body image B. come from families that focus on cooking and eating C. reached puberty later than their peers D. refuse to diet or count calories Answer: A Section 2 Cognitive Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. What Piagetian stage involves the development of hypothetical-deductive reasoning? A. pre-operations B. concrete operations C. formal operations D. advanced hypothesis testing Answer: C 2. _______________ is the ability to think scientifically and apply the rigor of the scientific method to cognitive tasks. A. Concrete-formal reasoning B. Creative reasoning C. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning D. Formal reasoning Answer: C 3. Which of the following best describes hypothetical-deductive reasoning? A. the ability to form stable concepts as well as to think in images and symbols B. the ability to coordinate the sensation and actions through reflective behaviors C. the ability to transcend traditional ideas, rules, patterns, and relationships D. the ability to think scientifically and apply the rigor of the scientific method to cognitive tasks Answer: D 4. What Piagetian task was used to test whether a child had progressed from concrete to formal operations? A. open-box problem B. pendulum problem C. three-mountain problem D. blueprint problem Answer: B. pendulum problem Correct: The pendulum problem was used to assess formal operations. C. three-mountain problem Incorrect: The Three-Mountain task was used to assess concrete operations. 5. Jean Piaget used the _______________ to illustrate and measure children’s and adolescent’s entrance into hypothetical-deductive reasoning. A. pendulum problem B. low of conservation task C. visual cliff D. three mountains task Answer: A 6. You recently were watching your younger sister, who is 13 years old, try to figure out why her cell phone was not working. You were fascinated by the systematic problem-solving strategies that she was using. You remember just a few months ago she would not have been able to perform at this level of hypothesis testing. According to Piaget, what type of reasoning is she using? A. random operations B. haphazard trial and error processing C. discrete trial learning D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning Answer: D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning Correct: Your sister is scientifically assessing the situation and therefore is using hypothetical-deductive reasoning. A. random operations Incorrect: Concrete thinkers use random processing. Your sister is scientifically assessing the situation and therefore is using hypothetical-deductive reasoning. 7. For Piaget, cognitive advances at each stage were reflected not just in the answers children devised for problems, but in _______________. A. their explanations for how they came to the solution B. the emotional maturity with which they solved the problems C. how long the child would stay on task D. the advancement of the child’s memory abilities Answer: A. their explanations for how they came to the solution Correct: For Piaget, the explanations for the solution were very important. B. the emotional maturity with which they solved the problems Incorrect: For Piaget, the explanations for the solution were very important. 8. On any given Piagetian task of formal operations, what is the success rate among late adolescents and adults? A. 80 to 100% B. 60 to 80% C. 40 to 60% D. 20 to 40% Answer: C 9. For individuals in emerging adulthood and beyond, a large proportion of people use formal operations _______________. A. consistently B. fairly consistently C. inconsistently or not at all D. rarely Answer: C. inconsistently or not at all Correct: A large proportion of people use formal operations inconsistently or not at all. A. consistently Incorrect: A large proportion of people use formal operations inconsistently or not at all. 10. According to Piaget, cognitive advances at each stage are reflected not just in the answers children devise for problems, but _______________. A. in their emotional and social explanation placement B. by their creative and moral development C. also by their social-emotional maturity D. in their explanations for how they arrived at the solution Answer: D 11. As described by Piaget, the child who attempts to solve the pendulum task by trial and error is closer to _______________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: C 12. As described by Piaget, the child who solves the pendulum task and can explain their rationale is closer to _______________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: D 13. In Piaget's pendulum task, the solution that reveals whether not an individual is in the formal operations stage is _______________. A. the length of the string B. the height from which the weight is dropped C. the force with which it is dropped D. the weight of the pendulum Answer: A 14. The following is a description of a child being assessed in Piaget's pendulum task: “They may try the heaviest weight on the longest string dropped from medium height with medium force, then a medium weight on the smallest string dropped from medium height with lesser force. If they happen to arrive at the right answer they find it difficult to explain why.” According to this description, it is clear that the child is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: C. concrete operations Correct: Children who engage in trial and error to solve the pendulum task are more likely in concrete operations. D. formal operations Incorrect: The child is not in formal operations because he or she cannot explain the rationale behind the solution. 15. Children who use hypothetical-deductive reasoning to solve Piaget's pendulum problem and can provide a rationale for their solution are closer to _______________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: D. formal operations Correct: According to Piaget, determining that the length of the string is a solution to the pendulum problem and being able to provide a rationale are hallmarks of hypothetical-deductive reasoning which is indicative of formal operations. C. concrete operations Incorrect: A child in concrete operations is more likely to use trial and error to solve the pendulum problem and not be able to provide a rationale. 16. According to Piaget, determining that the length of the string is the solution to the pendulum problem and being able to provide a rationale are hallmarks of hypothetical-deductive reasoning, which is indicative of _______________. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: D 17. Which of the following are the two largest criticisms of Piaget’s theory of formal operations? A. There are individual differences and cultural variations. B. There are neurological differences and social stratification. C. There is developmental sequencing and continued neurological migration. D. There are immeasurable and invalid variables. Answer: A 18. On any given Piagetian task of formal operations, the success rate among late adolescents and adults is only about _______________. A. 10–20% B. 40–60% C. 95–100% D. 75–80% Answer: B 19. People who demonstrate the capacity for formal operations tend to use it selectively, for _______________. A. problems and situations that involve social cognitive reasoning and social cognitive problem-solving B. problems and situations that involve low to moderate creativity and ingenuity C. problems and situations in which they have the most experience and knowledge D. problems and situations that involve personal consequences Answer: C 20. Sam is a young adult who is enrolled in college in the United States. He is taking a broad range of courses, and is passionate about automobiles and motorcycles. He has the capacity to perform tasks that Piaget would deem formal operational; however, he selectively uses his cognitive ability. In which of the following courses is he more likely to perform cognitive tasks that are within formal operations? A. literature B. small engine repair C. computer-aided design D. psychology and sociology Answer: B. small engine repair Correct: Young adults who have the capacity to perform formal operational tasks are more likely to use their skills in an area that they are familiar with and passionate about. C. computer-aided design Incorrect: CAD might be an area of interest, however it is clear that Sam has a passion for mobiles and motorcycles, hence small engine repair is a correct answer. 21. Historically, before the 1970s, researchers believed that formal operations _______________. A. do not develop in many cultures, particularly in cultures that do not have formal schooling B. developed much sooner than Piaget proposed, closer to age 9 C. develop much faster in girls than in boys because of social and emotional maturity D. only developed in the United States and for unknown reasons it did not develop in other industrialized nations Answer: A 22. More recent research suggests that people in many cultures use reasoning that could be called formal operational provided that they _______________. A. are using materials and tasks familiar to them and relevant to their daily lives B. are supplied with formal education and proper teaching methods C. are introduced and taught the scientific approach and scientific theory D. are taught hypothetical-deductive reasoning before the critical period to learn this cognitive skill expires Answer: A 23. The Fore people of Papua New Guinea primarily survive from slash and burn farming, and hunting and gathering in the forest. If one wanted to measure higher cognitive tasks, tasks that are deemed as formal operational, he or she would be best served by presenting a cognitive task that involves knowledge of _______________. A. geography and social political structure B. psychosocial interactions with others C. a scientific approach D. basic survival skills Answer: D. basic survival skills Correct: In cross-cultural comparisons, formal operations have been seen in many groups, however when measuring one must present material that relates to the person who is being assessed. C. a scientific approach Incorrect: A scientific approach does encourage formal operations, however it can be seen in many different areas. 24. Which adolescents are more likely than others to exhibit formal operational thought? A. older adolescents B. adolescents who have higher intelligence C. adolescents who have had coursework in math and science D. adolescents who have part-time jobs Answer: C. adolescents who have had coursework in math and science Correct: Adolescents who have had coursework in math and science are more likely to exhibit formal operational thought. D. adolescents who have part-time jobs Incorrect: Adolescents who have had coursework in math and science are more likely to exhibit formal operational thought. 25. You are watching a video of a man in a developing country performing a task intended to determine if he is in the formal operations state of development. The person performing the task is 28 and he is performing quite poorly. What explanation would late 20th-century researchers have given to account for his poor performance? A. He was cognitively incapable of formal operations. B. He did not have formal education that included the scientific method. C. He had previously experienced brain damage. D. He was not interested in “proving” his abilities. Answer: B. He did not have formal education that included the scientific method. Correct: It is most likely that a lacked a formal education that included learning the scientific method. A. He was cognitively incapable of formal operations. Incorrect: It is most likely that a lacked a formal education that included learning the scientific method. 26. There is widespread support among scholars for the proposition that the stage of formal operations constitutes a universal human potential, but _______________. A. only a very small and select group of elite humans have this potential B. no one can figure out how to test this hypothesis C. there is very little support for this position D. the form it takes depends on the kinds of cognitive requirements people in that culture face Answer: D. the form it takes depends on the kinds of cognitive requirements people in that culture face Correct: Not all members of all cultures have life experiences that advance the development of formal operations even though they have the potential to develop it. A. only a very small and select group of elite humans have this potential Incorrect: The form that formal operations take is dependent on the kinds of experiences and cognitive requirements that people in various cultures have. Not all members of all cultures have life experiences that advance the development of formal operations even though they have the potential to develop it. 27. You are in class listening to the instructor, but the students on both sides of you are having separate quiet conversations. Even though these conversations are distracting, you are able to maintain your focus and attention on the lecture. What skill are you utilizing? A. divided attention B. selective attention C. ignoring D. focused attention Answer: B. selective attention Correct: The student is not dividing his or her attention, rather he or she is selectively focusing on the lecture. A. divided attention Incorrect: The student is not dividing his or her attention, rather he or she is selectively focusing on the lecture. Divided attention would indicate that at some point, the student was actively and purposefully listening to the other students. 28. You are studying the summary for chapter 8 of your developmental textbook while you are listening to music. What skill are you utilizing? A. selective attention B. divided attention C. ignoring D. focused attention Answer: B. divided attention Correct: You are dividing your attention between studying and listening to music. A. selective attention Incorrect: You are not selectively attending to one or the other task but are dividing your attention between studying and listening to music. 29. Pool et al. (2003) found that watching television interfered with adolescents’ homework performances, but _______________. A. they learned about the same as people who did not watch television B. listening to music did not C. texting did not D. they received similar grades on their exams as those who did not watch television Answer: B. listening to music did not Correct: Listening to music did not interfere with homework performance. A. they learned about the same as people who did not watch television Incorrect: They learned less. However, listening to music did not interfere with homework performance. 30. What is the name of memory strategies that adolescents use more frequently than younger children that involves organizing information into coherent patterns? A. learning devices B. long-term memory devices C. mnemonic devices D. virtual memory devices Answer: C 31. According to the text, what component of the memory system is limited such that the more information that is contained in the system, the less effectively new information can be added? A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. episodic memory D. iconic memory Answer: A. short-term memory Correct: The amount of information held in short-term memory is limited. B. long-term memory Incorrect: Long-term memory is thought to be essentially limitless. 32. What helps individuals learn new information and store it in long-term memory? A. strategies B. a good short-term memory C. a good teacher D. related knowledge Answer: D. related knowledge Correct: Knowledge of a particular area helps the individual to learn information and subsequently store it in long-term memory. A. strategies Incorrect: Knowledge of a particular area helps the individual to learn information and subsequently store it in long-term memory. 33. What is the capacity of long-term memory? A. dependent upon the ability of the person to process relevant information B. limited neurologically to 4 billion engrams C. essentially unlimited D. seven plus or minus two items Answer: C. essentially unlimited Correct: Long-term memory capacity is essentially unlimited. B. limited neurologically to 4 billion engrams Incorrect: Long-term memory capacity is essentially unlimited. 34. You have been interested in kanji, Japanese logograph symbols, for many years. In fact, you know about 500 of them, which is extraordinarily advanced. Your friends frequently ask you what the symbols mean because they are interested in getting tattoos of them. You are surprised at how many times they ask you about the same symbol. Why is it that you can learn more kanji symbols fairly easily, but your friends barely learn a few symbols? A. You have considerable knowledge, which assists you in learning more. B. You hang around with friends who are not very intelligent. C. Your friends put very little effort in learning the symbols. D. You have special powers of memorization. Answer: A. You have considerable knowledge, which assists you in learning more. Correct: Knowledge of an area helps to learn more in that particular area. B. You hang around with friends who are not very intelligent. Incorrect: Knowledge of an area helps to learn more in that particular area. 35. What is the capacity to think about thinking? A. metamemory B. metathinking C. metacognition D. metacritical Answer: C. metacognition Correct: The capacity to think about thinking is metacognition. A. metamemory Incorrect: The capacity to think about thinking is metacognition. 36. Which of the following are the two keys to cognition in the information processing approach? A. attention and memory B. neural growth and synaptic connections C. parietal and occipital lobes D. visual images and the management of cognitive load Answer: A 37. _______________ attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant. A. Selective B. Divided C. Inattentive D. Lateralized Answer: A 38. Which of the following best describes selective attention? A. the ability to filter out or ignore all environmental stimuli and to focus on one's own thoughts B. the ability to focus on relevant information from two or more independent sources C. organizing information into coherent patterns D. the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant Answer: D 39. Which of the following best describes divided attention? A. the ability to filter out or ignore all environmental stimuli and to focus on one's own thoughts B. the ability to focus on relevant information from two or more independent sources C. organizing information into coherent patterns D. the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant Answer: B 40. Reading a book and listening to music at the same time is an example of _______________. A. selective attention B. divided attention C. inattentive attention D. lateralized attention Answer: B. divided attention Correct: Divided attention is focusing on two or more inputs at one time. A. selective attention Incorrect: Selective attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant. 41. _______________ are ways of organizing information into coherent patterns that enhance memory storage. A. Retrieval clues B. Divided attention C. Selective attention D. Mnemonic devices Answer: D 42. Writing a chapter outline, making notes in the margins, organizing information into categories, underlining key passages, and so on are all examples of _______________. A. retrieval clues B. cognitive-lateral organization C. selective attention D. mnemonic devices Answer: D. mnemonic devices Correct: Mnemonic devices are ways of organizing information into coherent patterns that hence memory storage. B. cognitive-lateral organization Incorrect: Mnemonic devices are ways of organizing information into coherent patterns that hence memory storage. 43. Beyond the development of mnemonic devices and a greater capacity for selective attention, adolescents’ long-term memory is also enhanced by _______________. A. a greater amount of experience and knowledge of the world B. a greater amount of testosterone, which has been shown to enhance memory C. their ability to think concretely and egocentrically of the world D. their ability to question their parents and the world around them Answer: A 44. _______________ is the capacity to think about thinking. A. Postcognition B. Precognition C. Metacognition D. Megacognation Answer: C 45. When adolescents first enter formal operations, they may have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. Piaget would have argued that this results in a distinctive kind of adolescent _______________. A. cognition B. thinking C. behavior D. egocentrism Answer: D. egocentrism Correct: Piaget would have argued that this is a distinctive type of egocentrism. A. cognition Incorrect: Piaget would have argued that this is a distinctive type of egocentrism. 46. What makes adolescents much more self-conscious than they were in childhood? A. egocentrism B. the imaginary audience C. the personal fable D. the adolescent growth spurt Answer: B. the imaginary audience Correct: The imaginary audience makes adolescents much more self-conscious than before they were adolescents. A. egocentrism Incorrect: The imaginary audience makes adolescents much more self-conscious than before they were adolescents. 47. Your 14-year-old nephew just walked in the door from school and told you that he is not going to go back to school. You ask why and he tells you that everyone laughed at him because he dropped his tray full of food as he sitting down during lunch. Although you tried to help, he was inconsolable. Why? Your nephew was experiencing what David Elkind regarded as _______________. A. egocentrism B. the imaginary audience C. the personal fable D. the adolescent growth spurt Answer: B. the imaginary audience Correct: The imaginary audience makes adolescents much more self-conscious than before they were adolescents. A. egocentrism Incorrect: The imaginary audience makes adolescents much more self-conscious than before they were adolescents. 48. According to David Elkind, adolescents believe that their personal experiences and personal destinies are historically new and unique. What did Elkind call this phenomenon? A. egocentrism B. the imaginary audience C. the personal fable D. the adolescent growth spurt Answer: C. the personal fable Correct: The personal fable is when adolescents believe that they are new and unique and that no other human has ever felt as they are feeling. A. egocentrism Incorrect: The personal fable is when adolescents believe that they are new and unique and that no other human has ever felt as they are feeling. 49. Your younger brother’s best friend is a huge risk-taker. Even though he is 15 years old, he has already exhibited some very dangerous behaviors. One of his favorite activities is to run across a highway in the early evening when there is quite a bit of traffic. What concept helps to explain this risky behavior? A. egocentrism B. the imaginary audience C. the personal fable D. the adolescent growth spurt Answer: C. the personal fable Correct: The personal fable is when adolescents believe that they are new and unique and that no other human has ever felt as they are feeling. It also leads some adolescents to engage in very risky behaviors. A. egocentrism Incorrect: The personal fable is when adolescents believe that they are new and unique and that no other human has ever felt as they are feeling. It also leads some adolescents to engage in very risky behaviors. 50. _______________ is when an individual distinguishes their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. A. Adolescent egocentrism B. An imaginary audience C. An adolescent personal fable D. Adolescent creative thinking Answer: A 51. Which of the following best describes adolescent egocentrism? A. difficulty distinguishing one’s thinking about one’s own thoughts from one’s thinking about the thoughts of others B. an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behavior C. holding the belief that one’s personal experiences and personal destiny are unique D. organizing information into coherent patterns Answer: A 52. Which of the following best describes an imaginary audience? A. difficulty distinguishing one’s thinking about one’s own thoughts from one’s thinking about the thoughts of others B. an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behavior C. holding the belief that one’s personal experiences and personal destiny are unique D. organizing information into coherent patterns Answer: B 53. Which of the following best describes a personal fable? A. difficulty distinguishing one’s thinking about one’s own thoughts from one’s thinking about the thoughts of others B. an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behavior C. holding the belief that one’s personal experiences and personal destiny are unique D. organizing information into coherent patterns Answer: C 54. A(n) _______________ is holding the belief of one’s uniqueness of personal experiences and personal destiny, whereas a(n) _______________ is an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent’s appearance and his or her behavior. A. personal fable; imaginary audience B. imaginary audience; personal fable C. metacognition; egocentrism D. egocentrism; metacognition Answer: A 55. According to Elkind, adolescent egocentrism has two aspects _______________. A. ethnocentrism and formal operations B. concrete operations and egocentrism C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning and hypothesis testing D. personal fable and imaginary audience Answer: D 56. Marco is a teenager and is arguing with his father about borrowing the car for Friday night. Out of frustration Marco states, “Dad, you don't know what it feels like to be a teenager. You have no clue what about what I’m going through, and how not having a car on Friday night is going to kill my social life. I swear, no one will be drinking at the party. Why don't you believe me?” Which of the following best describes the cognitive limitation Marco is experiencing? A. imaginary audience B. personal fable C. mnemonic device D. egocentrism Answer: B. personal fable Correct: A personal fable is an adolescent’s belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and their personal destinies—the idea that no one could possibly understand what they’re going through. D. egocentrism Incorrect: Adolescent egocentrism is when they experience difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. 57. Taliba is a teenager with a pimple on her nose. Feeling self-conscious, she is sure everyone is staring at her when in fact no one has noticed. Out of embarrassment she pretends she is sick and calls her mom to pick her up from school. Which of the following best describes Taliba’s cognitive experience? A. imaginary audience B. personal fable C. mnemonic device D. concrete operations Answer: A. imaginary audience Correct: An imaginary audience is when adolescents exaggerate the extent to which others think about them. They imagine a rapt audience for their appearance and behavior. B. personal fable Incorrect: A personal fable is an adolescent’s belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and their personal destiny. 58. Even though state law requires all drivers of motorcycles and ATVs wear helmets, Roberto refuses to wear one. Arguing with his father, Roberto makes the claim that he is a skilled driver and the reason why there are so many motorcycle accidents is because other drivers lack skills and don’t pay attention. Roberto is confident he will never get into motorcycle accident and will not wear a helmet while riding. Which of the following best describes Roberto's cognitive limitation? A. imaginary audience B. personal fable C. mnemonic device D. concrete operations Answer: B. personal fable Correct: A personal fable is an adolescent’s belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and their personal destiny. A. imaginary audience Incorrect: An imaginary audience is when adolescents exaggerate the extent to which others think about them, they imagine a rapt audience for their appearance and behavior. 59. What did Vygotsky refer to as the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone and those they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer? A. scaffolding B. zone of proximal distance C. area of competence D. structuring Answer: B. zone of proximal distance Correct: The zone of proximal distance refers to the difference between skills or tasks. A. scaffolding Incorrect: Scaffolding refers to the degree of assistance that is given to an individual who is not yet capable of performing a task or skill. The zone of proximal distance refers to the actual difference. 60. What term refers to the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent who is not yet able to perform a task or skill according to theorists who espouse Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development? A. scaffolding B. zone of proximal distance C. area of competence D. structuring Answer: A. scaffolding Correct: Scaffolding refers to the degree of assistance that is given to an individual who is not yet capable of performing a task or skill. B. zone of proximal distance Incorrect: Scaffolding refers to the degree of assistance that is given to an individual who is not yet capable of performing a task or skill. The zone of proximal distance refers to the actual difference. 61. In regards to cognition, which of the following researchers developed the concepts of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development? A. Jean Piaget B. B. F. Skinner C. Sigmund Freud D. Lev Vygotsky Answer: D 62. According to Vygotsky, children and adolescents learn best if the instruction they are provided is _______________ of the zone of proximal development. A. near the top B. near the bottom C. towards the right side D. towards the left side Answer: A 63. Lev Vygotsky coined the term, _______________, which refers to the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development. A. supporting B. enhancing C. boosting D. scaffolding Answer: D 64. In Vygotsky’s view _______________ always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses _______________ and someone who is in the process of obtaining it. A. learning; knowledge B. physical growth; knowledge C. struggle; social maturity D. moratorium; achievement Answer: A 65. The following is an example of a boy learning to weave handmade cloth. “The boy attempts a simple weaving pattern, the father corrects his mistakes, the boy tries again. When the boy gets it right, the father gives him a more complex pattern, thus raising the bar so that the boy continues to be challenged and his skills continue to improve.” This scenario illustrates Lev Vygotsky's concept of _______________. A. scaffolding B. zone of proximal development C. psychosocial moratorium D. cooperative learning Answer: A. scaffolding Correct: Scaffolding is providing an appropriate amount of support where the learner is challenged but can succeed if given assistance. B. zone of proximal development Incorrect: This is the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone and those they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. 66. _______________ is the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone and those they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. A. Psychosocial moratorium B. Cooperative Learning C. Scaffolding D. The zone of proximal development Answer: D 67. Which of the following best describes Vygotsky's concepts of scaffolding? A. the belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and their personal destiny B. the capacity to think about thinking C. the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone D. the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development Answer: D 68. Which of the following best describes Vygotsky's premise of how learning and cognitive growth occurs? A. cooperative learning B. independent study C. rote memorization D. multichoice testing Answer: A. cooperative learning Correct: In Vygotsky’s view learning always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining it. B. independent study Incorrect: Independent study is more in keeping with Jean Piaget’s theories. He proposed that learning occurs when individuals confront their environment through independent or personalized cognitive challenges. 69. Ms. Long is a first grade teacher and uses cooperative learning in her classroom. In creating groups of students she will equally distribute high achieving, moderate achieving, and low achieving students so there is one student of each category in every group. Based upon the skills of each student, Ms. Long knows that the high achieving students can help the modern achieving students, and in turn, the moderate achieving students can help the low achieving students. It is clear that Ms. Long is using the principle of _______________ in her classroom. A. psychosocial moratorium B. accommodation C. scaffolding D. assimilation Answer: C. scaffolding Correct: Scaffolding refers to the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development. In Vygotsky’s view learning always takes place via a social process, through the interactions between someone who possesses knowledge and someone who is in the process of obtaining it. A. psychosocial moratorium Incorrect: Psychosocial moratorium is to put a hold on one’s identity for the process of exploration Short Answer Questions 70. Arnett notes that there is “a great range of individual differences exists in the extent to which people use formal operations.” Give a specific example to illustrate this statement. Answer: An adolescent who is interested in mechanics might use formal operations consistently at the shop where he works to solve problems, but might not use those skills in school subjects that he does not like. 71. What would be one critique in measuring formal operations by using Piaget’s pendulum problem among adolescents in an impoverished traditional culture? Answer: Researchers would argue that if people are tested in real-life situations that they would encounter in their own culture using materials that they are familiar with, they will be more likely to demonstrate formal operational thinking. Because they are probably not familiar with the apparatus of the pendulum and weights, they will score lower than their peers in developed countries. 72. What is metacognition and how could it be the source of stress for adolescents? Answer: Metacognition refers to thinking about thinking. Upon utilizing these newly developed skills, adolescents can spend hours obsessing about what others are thinking about them and they may become overly self-conscious and self-critical. They may not want to leave the house if they have a pimple or they may worry that they will be teased if they wear a bulky winter coat while waiting at the bus stop b/c the cool kids wear nothing more than a hoodie. 73. Name one of the types of adolescent egocentrism described by Elkind. Give a specific example. Answer: Personal fable- the belief that you are unique. This type of thinking could lead an adolescent to think that they won’t get pregnant even though they don’t use contraception. They might rationalize that this only happens to other people who aren’t careful. 74. How do males from the Dioula culture of Ivory Coast learn to weave? How does your answer illustrate Vygotsky’s theory? Answer: Boys in this culture learn to weave by starting with simple patterns and getting feedback on their work from their fathers. They continue to work on more intricate patterns and eventually need less help (scaffolding). This is an important skill to learn because the fabrics can be sold. The types of skills that are learned differ depending on the particular culture. Essay Questions 75. Describe two ways that adolescents’ cognitive development is more advanced than school-age children. Use specific examples to illustrate your response. Answer: -Adolescents become better able to selectively attend to relevant information. An adolescent may still be able to get her homework done while the T.V. is on, but a younger child may end up watching it and need to be prompted to get back to work. -Adolescents also make use of a range of mnemonic devices. They know that they will remember information better for an exam if they form a word from the first letters of the terms they need to remember. For example, they would use the word ocean to help them remember the Big 5 aspects of personality. They also know that an outline help them to write a well-organized write a paper, whereas a younger child may include a number of facts haphazardly. 76. Give an example of how formal operational thinking allow adolescents to become very good at arguing or debating with their parents? Use your own example or outline what an adolescent might say to a parent who told her child to be home by midnight after the prom. Answer: Now that adolescents have a more sophisticated way of thinking, they are able to come up with many arguments to support their position. For example, hypothetico-deductive thinking allows them to consider a number of possibilities, so they might argue that anything they could do after curfew that would get them in trouble they could just as easily do before the curfew. They might explain that they have made good decisions in the past and that they could agree to call home if there is a problem. They might even use guilt by arguing that not allowing them to stay out means they don’t trust them. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. Which of the following Piagetian stages involves the development of hypothetical-deductive reasoning? A. formal operations B. advanced hypothesis testing C. concrete operations D. pre-operations Answer: A 2. Before the 1970s, researchers believed that formal operational thought _______________. A. does not develop in many cultures, particularly in cultures that do not have formal schooling B. develops much sooner than Piaget proposed, closer to age 9 C. develops much faster in girls than in boys because of social- emotional maturity D. only develops in the United States and for unknown reasons it does develop in other industrialized nations Answer: A 3. According to the text, _______________ attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant. A. selective B. divided C. inattentive D. lateralized Answer: A 4. Which of the following best illustrates adolescent egocentrism? A. difficulty distinguishing one's own thinking about his or her own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others B. an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent's appearance and his or her behavior C. holding the belief of one's uniqueness of personal experiences and personal destiny D. organizing information into coherent patterns Answer: A 5. Vygotsky referred to _______________ as the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone and those they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. A. zone of proximal distance B. scaffolding C. structuring D. area of competence Answer: A 6. The _______________ task can be used to assess whether or not a child has progressed from concrete to formal operations. A. pendulum B. open-box C. three-mountain D. blue-print Answer: A 7. According to the text, which of the following adolescents is most likely to exhibit formal operational thought? A. adolescents who have had coursework in math and science B. adolescents who have higher intelligence C. adolescents who have part-time jobs D. older adolescents Answer: A 8. You are watching a video of a woman in a developing country performing a Piagetian task intended to determine if she is in formal operations. The person performing the task is 28 and she is doing quite poorly. Which of the following is a likely reason which accounts for her poor performance? A. She did not have formal education that included the scientific method. B. She was cognitively incapable of formal operations. C. She had previously experienced brain damage. D. She was not interested in "proving" her abilities. Answer: A 9. Your 14-year-old nephew just walked in the door from school and told you that he is not going to go back. You ask why and he tells you that everyone laughed at him because he forgot to put on deodorant. Although you tried to help, he was inconsolable. He tells you that everyone knew his armpits smelled. You do not notice any odor coming from him and ask him why he thinks he smells. He replies, "You can't really smell it, but I'm sure everyone noticed my body odor!" Your nephew was experiencing what David Elkin regarded as ____ A. the imaginary audience B. egocentrism C. the personal fable D. the adolescent growth spurt Answer: A 10. Your younger brother's best friend is a huge risk taker. Even though he is 15 years old, he has already exhibited some very dangerous behaviors. One of his favorite activities is to run across a highway in the early evening when there is quite a bit of traffic. In talking to your brother's friend, you ask him, "Why would you risk your life?" He cannot reply with a good response. So you ask him, "How do you think the driver who almost hit you feels?" He tries to answer the question, but for some reason cannot give you the driver's perspective. Elkin proposed that adolescent egocentrism produces very specific cognitive characteristics in the minds of adolescents. Of those listed, which of the following best describes the cognition of this adolescent? A. personal fable B. egocentrism C. the imaginary audience D. the adolescent growth spurt Answer: A Post-Test 1. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is best described as the ability to _______________. A. think scientifically and apply the rigor of the scientific method to cognitive tasks B. transcend traditional ideas, rules, patterns, and relationships C. coordinate the sensation and actions through reflective behaviors D. form stable concepts as well as to think in images and symbols Answer: A 2. The _______________ is a cognitive task that illustrates and measures a child's or an adolescent's entrance into the cognitive realm of hypothetical-deductive reasoning. A. pendulum problem B. low of conservation task C. visual cliff D. three mountains task Answer: A 3. Which of the following is a memory strategy that adolescents use more frequently than children, involving organizing mental information into coherent patterns? A. mnemonic devices B. auditory memory devices C. long-term memory devices D. cerebral memory Answer: A 4. An imaginary audience is best described as _______________. A. an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent's appearance and his or her behavior B. difficulty distinguishing one's thinking about his or her own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others C. holding the belief of one's uniqueness of personal experiences and personal destiny. D. organizing information into coherent patterns Answer: A 5. When children perform Piaget's pendulum task and generate the correct answer but find it difficult to explain why their answer is correct or the reasoning behind their answer, it is clear they are in the cognitive stage of _______________. A. preoperations B. sensorimotor C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: C 6. According to the text, current research has demonstrated that most individuals in emerging adulthood and beyond use formal operations _______________. A. inconsistently or not at all B. fairly consistently C. rarely D. consistently Answer: A 7. According to Piaget's theory, children who use hypothetical-deductive reasoning to solve the pendulum problem and can provide a rationale for their solution are closer to the _______________ stage of cognitive development. A. formal operations B. concrete operations C. preoperational D. sensorimotor Answer: A 8. Freddy is a teenager and is arguing with his mother about borrowing the car for Friday night. Out of frustration Freddy states, "Mom, you don't know what it feels like to be a teenager. You have no clue what I'm going through, and how not having a car on Friday night is going to kill my social life. I swear, no one will be drinking at the party. Why don't you believe me?" Which of the following best describes the cognitive limitation Freddy is experiencing? A. egocentrism B. the personal fable C. imaginary audience D. decentration Answer: B 9. Samantha is a young adult who is enrolled in college in the United States and is passionate about automobiles and motorcycles. She has the capacity to perform formal operational tasks, but uses her cognitive abilities selectively. In which of the following courses is she more likely to perform formal operational tasks? A. small engine repair course B. drafting and design course C. computer aided design course D. psychology and sociology courses Answer: A 10. The Fore people of Papua New Guinea primarily survive from slash and burn farming, and hunting and gathering from the forest. Learning from the mistakes of historical research, if one wanted to measure higher cognitive tasks among the Fore, tasks that are deemed as within the realm of formal operations, he or she would be best served by presenting a cognitive task that involves knowledge of _______________. A. basic survival skills B. a scientific approach C. assimilation and accommodation D. world geography and social political structure Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. _______________ is a factor that contributes to a heightened self-conscious state that many adolescents experience. A. the imaginary audience B. the personal fable C. egocentrism D. decentration Answer: A 2. You recently were watching your nephew, who is 13 years old, try to figure out why his bike's gears won't work. You were fascinated by the systematic problem-solving strategies that he is using. You remember just a few months ago he would not have been able to perform at this level of hypothesis testing, but would have most likely tried random solutions haphazardly. According to Piaget, what type of reasoning is he using? A. hypothetical-deductive reasoning B. working backwards C. working in subgoals D. random operations Answer: A 3. Piaget proposes that cognitive advances at each stage of development are not only reflected in the answers children provide, but also _______________. A. in their explanations for how they arrived at the solution B. by their social-emotional maturity C. by their creative and moral development D. in their emotional and social explanation placement Answer: A 4. Being able to determine that the length of the string is the solution to the pendulum problem and providing a rationale are hallmarks of hypothetical-deductive reasoning, which is an indicator that they are in _______________ stage of cognitive development. A. formal operations B. sensorimotor C. preoperational D. concrete operations Answer: A 5. Among scholars there is widespread support for the belief that Piaget's formal operations stage constitutes a universal human potential in the realm of cognitive ability; however, _______________. A. the form it takes is dependent upon on the kinds of cognitive requirements people in that culture face B. there is very little support for this position C. no one can figure out how to test this hypothesis D. only a very small and select group of elite humans have this potential Answer: A 6. In regards to attention, researchers have found that watching television interfered with adolescents' homework performance, but _______________. A. listening to music did not B. text messaging on their phones did not C. they received similar grades on their exams to those who did not watch television D. they learned about the same amount as people who did not watch television Answer: A 7. Which of the following represents the capacity of long-term memory? A. essentially unlimited B. 7 plus or minus 2 items C. limited neurologically to 4 billion engrams D. dependent upon the ability of the person to process relevant information Answer: A 8. You have been interested in kanji, Japanese logograph symbols for many years. In fact, you know about 500 of them, which is extraordinarily advanced. Your friends frequently ask you what the symbols mean because they are interested in getting tattoos of them. You are surprised at how many times they ask you about the same symbol. Why is it that you can learn more kanji symbols easily, but your friends barely learn a few symbols? A. You have considerable knowledge, which assists you in learning more. B. You hang around with friends who are not very intelligent. C. Your friends put very little effort in learning the symbols. D. You have special powers of memorization. Answer: A 9. Which of the following are the two major components to cognition in the information processing approach? A. attention and memory B. neural growth and synaptic connections C. parietal and occipital lobes D. visual images and the management of cognitive load Answer: A 10. According to the text, _______________ are ways of organizing information into coherent patterns that enhance memory storage. A. mnemonic devices B. selective attention C. divided attention D. retrieval clues Answer: A 11. Through the use of mnemonic devices and a greater capacity for selective attention, adolescents' improve their long-term memories; however, _______________ also contributes. A. a greater amount of experience and knowledge of the world B. a greater amount of testosterone, which has been shown to enhance memory C. their ability to think concretely and egocentrically of the world D. their ability to question their parents and the world around them Answer: A 12. According to Vygotsky _______________ is the basic premise of how learning and cognitive growth occurs. A. cooperative learning B. independent study C. rote memorization D. multichoice testing Answer: A 13. Ms. Smith is a 3rd grade teacher who uses cooperative learning in her classroom. In creating groups of students she equally distributes high-achieving, moderate-achieving, and low-achieving students so there is one student of each category in every group. Based upon the skills of each student, Ms. Smith knows that the high-achieving students can help the moderate-achieving students, and in turn, the moderate-achieving students can help the low-achieving students. It is clear that Ms. Smith is using the principle of _______________ in her classroom. A. scaffolding B. accommodation C. assimilation D. psychosocial moratorium Answer: A 14. Critics of Piaget's theory of cognitive development propose _______________. A. there are neurological differences and social stratification B. there are individual differences and cultural variations C. there is developmental sequencing and continued neurological migration D. there are immeasurable and invalid variables Answer: B 15. You are in class listening to the instructor, but the students on both sides of you are having separate quiet conversations. For some reason, you are able to block out their conservations and maintain your focus and attention on the lecture. What skill are you utilizing? A. selective attention B. ignoring C. focused attention D. divided attention Answer: A Quick Review 1. Which of the following is a cognitive ability that allows a person to think scientifically and apply the rigors of the scientific method to cognitive tasks? A. hypothetical-deductive reasoning B. concrete operations C. egocentrism D. psychoanalytic thought Answer: A 2. The success rate among late adolescents and adults for any given Piagetian task that assesses formal operations is roughly _______________. A. 40 to 60% B. 80 to 100% C. 20 to 40% D. 40 to 60% Answer: A 3. The child who attempts to solve the pendulum task by trial and error is closer to _______________ stage of cognitive development. A. concrete operations B. preoperational C. sensorimotor D. formal operations Answer: A 4. Which of the following best describes the concept of divided attention? A. the ability to focus on relevant information from two or more independent sources B. organizing information into coherent patterns C. the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant D. the ability to filter out or ignore all environmental stimuli and to focus on one's own thoughts Answer: A 5. The concept of the personal fable is best described as _______________. A. holding the belief of one's uniqueness of personal experiences and personal destiny B. organizing information into coherent patterns C. an exaggerated image of a highly attentive audience for the adolescent's appearance and his or her behavior D. difficulty distinguishing one's own thinking about his or her own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others Answer: A 6. _______________ refers to the degree of assistance provided to an adolescent who is not yet able to perform a task or skill, according to theorists who embrace Vygotsky's view of cognitive development. A. Scaffolding B. Zone of proximal development C. Supporting D. Structuring Answer: A 7. Lev Vygotsky proposes that _______________ is the basic premise for how individuals learn and develop cognitively. A. cooperative learning B. independent study C. rote memorization D. cognitive confrontations Answer: A 8. Piaget proposes that cognitive advances at each stage are reflected not only by the answers a child provides to a particular cognitive task but also in _______________. A. their explanations for how they came to the solution B. the emotional maturity in which they solved the problems C. how long the child would stay on task D. the advancement of the child's memory abilities Answer: A 9. Which of the following best describes the mental capacity to think about thinking? A. metacognition B. metacerebral C. metathinking D. metahypothetical Answer: A 10. What did David Elkin call the phenomenon of adolescent cognition where he or she believes that their personal experience and destiny is historically new and unique? A. the personal fable B. the imaginary audience C. animism D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. Explain how this adolescent’s story fits with the concept of an imaginary audience. Answer: The story that this adolescent tells fits very well with the concept of the imaginary audience because she describes the feeling that she has regarding others looking at her. The adolescent tells the viewers that she feels that everyone is looking at her and her hair that is a mess. Ash the adolescent continues with the conversation she tells the viewers that she asked the people the next day if they saw her hair and they told her that they did not even notice. The concept of the imaginary audience tells us that adolescents in particular tend to feel that everyone is looking at them and scrutinizing them. 2. How is the imaginary audience connected to the concept of a personal fable? Answer: Personal Fable is characterized by an over-differentiation of ones experiences to the point that they feel their experiences are unique from what others experience. This personal fable is linked to the concept of an imaginary audience because both revolve around egocentrism. 3. The imaginary audience doesn’t entirely disappear when adolescence ends. Were there times in your own adolescence when you felt others were acutely aware of your appearance and behavior? How have these feelings changed as you have gotten older? Answer: During adolescence, I often felt self-conscious and believed others were constantly judging my appearance and behavior. This imaginary audience lessened over time as I gained confidence and realized people are generally less preoccupied with my actions than I had thought. Growing older has brought a greater sense of self-assurance and a realization that people's perceptions of me are less critical than I once imagined during my adolescent years. Multiple Choice Questions 1. What concept is being demonstrated in this video? A. the adolescent focus B. the false-belief task C. Piaget’s term “conservation” D. the imaginary audience Answer: D 2. According to this video, what was the adolescent concerned about? A. her hair B. a spot on her shirt C. her homework D. acne Answer: A 3. Based on what we see in this video, how did the other children react to her problem? A. They told her quietly, so they would not embarrass her. B. They laughed and pointed. C. They did not even notice. D. They posted her picture on Facebook. Answer: C Section 3 Emotional and Social Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. Over 2,000 years ago, what Greek philosopher observed that youth “are heated by Nature as drunken men by wine”? A. Aristotle B. Pythagoras C. Heraclitus D. Socrates Answer: A 2. Which of the following research methods involves having people carry wristwatch beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their thoughts, feelings, and behavior? A. Longitudinal Study B. quasi-experiment C. Experience Sampling Method D. naturalistic observation Answer: C 3. Which of the following best describes the overall conclusion of research that used the Experience Sampling Method to measure the emotional state of adolescence in the United States? A. adolescence is often a time of emotional volatility B. adolescence is often a time of emotional stability C. adolescence is often a time of intellectual stagnation D. adolescence is often a time of intellectual volatility Answer: A 4. Adolescent emotionality is often attributed to “raging hormones,” and most scholars view the emotional changes of adolescence as due to _______________ more than to _______________. A. social and emotional factors; behavioral consequences B. behavioral consequences; social and emotional factors C. cognitive and environmental factors; biological changes D. biological changes; cognitive and emotional factors Answer: C 5. A type of German literature was developed approximately 250 years ago, sturm and drang, in which young people in their teens and early twenties experienced extreme emotions of angst, sadness and romantic passion. What does strum and drang mean? A. schizophrenic and dysphoric B. silly and deranged C. serious depression D. storm and stress Answer: D 6. Comparing preadolescent 5th graders to adolescent 8th graders, Larson and Richards (1994) found that the percentage of time participants experienced as “very happy” _______________. A. increased by 60% B. increased by 20% C. decreased by 30% D. decreased by 50% Answer: D 7. Your little sister, who is 14 years old, has been extremely emotional lately. Her mood changes very abruptly. Although you know that there are many changes that are taking place during this time, to what do scholars who study adolescence attribute this variability of emotional responses? A. biological and physical factors B. hormonal and endocrine factors C. cognitive and environmental factors D. emotional and psychological factors Answer: C. cognitive and environmental factors Correct: Scholars believe that the variability in emotions is due to cognitive and environmental factors. B. hormonal and endocrine factors Incorrect: Although hormones are important, scholars believe that the variability in emotions is due to cognitive and environmental factors. 8. Your little sister, who is 14 years old, has been extremely emotional lately. Her mood changes very abruptly. Although at this point there are many changes that are taking place in her life and her emotions seem to reflect this, what is likely to occur as she develops into late adolescence? Her moods will become _______________. A. more volatile B. less volatile C. flat and expressionless D. more depressive Answer: B. less volatile Correct: According to Larson and Richards (1994) her moods will become less volatile. C. flat and expressionless Incorrect: According to Larson and Richards (1994) her moods will become less volatile. 9. One aspect of the complexity of adolescents’ self-conceptions is that they can distinguish between an actual self and _______________. A. potentiated selves B. possible selves C. imagined selves D. fictional selves Answer: B. possible selves Correct: Scholars use the term “possible selves” to describe the different people an adolescent imagines he or she could become in the future depending on his or her choices and experiences. C. imagined selves Incorrect: Scholars use the term “possible selves” to describe the different people an adolescent imagines he or she could become in the future depending on his or her choices and experiences. 10. The _______________ self is your self-conception, and _______________ selves are the different people you could become in the future depending on your choices and experiences. A. ideal; feared B. feared; ideal C. possible; actual D. actual; possible Answer: D 11. Kerry loves and respects her mother; however, her mother works in a job that she hates. Kerry knows that she wants better for herself and wants to earn a college degree. Having a teaching career in mind, Kerry knows that she does not want to work in a job similar to her mother's. Which of the following self-concepts best describes Kerry trepidation of working in a dissatisfying career like her mother does. A. feared self B. real self C. possible self D. ideal self Answer: A. feared self Correct: Feared self is the person the adolescent imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming. C. possible self Incorrect: Possible selves are the different people you could become in the future depending on your choices and experiences 12. The _______________ self is a self that adolescents present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she are actually thinks and feels. A. real B. false C. feared D. congruent Answer: B 13. The overall conclusion of several longitudinal studies shows that self-esteem slightly _______________ in early adolescence, then slightly _______________ through late adolescence and emerging adulthood. A. levels off; declines B. rises; levels off C. declines; rises D. rises; declines Answer: C 14. The actual self as defined by scholars is an adolescent’s _______________. A. self-conception B. real self C. imagined self D. fictional self Answer: A. self-conception Correct: Scholars define the actual self as the self-conception. C. imagined self Incorrect: Scholars define the actual self as the self-conception. 15. Your 15-year-old cousin exaggerates his performance in nearly every story that he tells. He claims to be a better athlete than he is, a better musician than he is, and much more popular than he actually is. To what type of self is he referring? A. feared self B. ideal self C. real self D. fictional self Answer: B. ideal self Correct: Scholars define the self that an adolescent would like to be as the “ideal self.” D. fictional self Incorrect: Scholars define the self that an adolescent would like to be as the “ideal self.” 16. Your 17-year-old niece is very careful not to get involved with any types of substances and has no friends who engage in substance use of any kind. Her brother, who is 8 years older than she is, had a serious substance abuse problem during his high school years. What type of self is your niece concerned about? A. feared self B. ideal self C. real self D. fictional self Answer: A. feared self Correct: Her behavior indicates that she is concerned about her “feared self.” B. ideal self Incorrect: Her behavior indicates that she is concerned about her “feared self.” 17. The discrepancy between the actual and the ideal self is the greatest during _______________. A. middle childhood B. mid-adolescence C. early adolescence D. late adolescence Answer: B. mid-adolescence Correct: The discrepancy between the actual and the ideal selves is greatest during mid-adolescence. C. early adolescence Incorrect: The discrepancy between the actual and the ideal selves is greatest during mid-adolescence. 18. What have researchers discovered with regard to the size of the discrepancy between the actual and the ideal selves in both adolescents and emerging adults? The discrepancy is related to _______________. A. strong ego values B. heightened ambition and determination C. low achievement D. depressed moods Answer: D. depressed moods Correct: The discrepancy between the actual and the ideal selves is related to depressed moods. C. low achievement Incorrect: The discrepancy between the actual and the ideal selves is related to depressed moods. 19. What is being presented when individuals put on a self that they know does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling? A. feared self B. ideal self C. false self D. fictional self Answer: C. false self Correct: Portraying a false self is when the individual is not representing what he or she is actually thinking and feeling. B. ideal self Incorrect: Portraying a false self is when the individual is not representing what he or she is actually thinking and feeling. 20. To whom are adolescents most likely to show the self that they know does not represent what they are actually thinking and feeling? A. friends B. dates C. parents D. teachers Answer: B. dates Correct: Adolescents are more likely to show their false self to people they are dating. C. parents Incorrect: Adolescents are more likely to show their false self to people they are dating. 21. In what cultures do adolescents tend to be strongly peer-oriented and to value the opinion of their peers highly, especially on day-to-day issues such as how they are dressed and what they say in social situations? A. Asian B. Western C. developing D. African Answer: B. Western Correct: Adolescents are more likely to be strongly peer-oriented in Western countries. C. developing Incorrect: Adolescents are more likely to be strongly peer-oriented in Western countries. 22. Why does self-esteem rise in late adolescence and emerging adulthood? A. adolescents feel more mature B. parents are much less critical during this time C. peers’ evaluations become less important D. adolescents have initiated romantic relationships by this time Answer: C. peers’ evaluations become less important Correct: Self-esteem rises during this time because peers’ evaluations become less important to the adolescent. D. adolescents have initiated romantic relationships by this time Incorrect: Self-esteem rises during this time because peers’ evaluations become less important to the adolescent. 23. Your family values education, but your younger brother is a very poor student and has always been a poor student. His global self-esteem is quite high. How can this be? A. He is unaware that he is a poor student. B. He probably has a neurological injury. C. He probably does not really value the importance of education. D. He has had years of counseling to help his self-esteem. Answer: C. He probably does not really value the importance of education. Correct: His self-esteem is not affected by being a poor student because he does not view academics as very important. D. He has had years of counseling to help his self-esteem. Incorrect: His self-esteem is not affected by being a poor student because he does not view academics as very important. 24. Who is more likely to emphasize physical appearance as a basis for their self-esteem? A. adolescent females B. adolescent males C. middle-aged males D. middle-aged females Answer: A 25. Girls tend to use physical appearance when determining their global self-esteem. Since girls tend to view their physical appearance _______________. A. positively, their global self-esteem is quite high throughout adolescence B. negatively, their global self-esteem is lower than boys’ during adolescence C. neutrally, their global self-esteem is variable throughout adolescence D. Negatively, their global self-esteem is very high during adolescence Answer: B. negatively, their global self-esteem is lower than boys’ during adolescence Correct: Girls tend to view their physical appearance negatively; therefore, their global self-esteem is lower than boys’ during adolescence. C. neutrally, their global self-esteem is variable throughout adolescence Incorrect: Girls tend to view their physical appearance negatively; therefore, their global self-esteem is lower than boys’ during adolescence. 26. _______________ is the proposal that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence because of social pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles. A. Sexual labeling theory B. Gender-based speculation hypothesis C. Sexual identification theory D. Gender-intensification hypothesis Answer: D 27. During adolescence, gender intensification is often considerably stronger in _______________. A. traditional cultures than in the West B. Western cultures than in traditional cultures C. developed nations than in industrialized nations D. industrialized nations than in developed nations Answer: A 28. David Gilmore (1990) concluded that in most cultures an adolescent boy must demonstrate three capacities before he can be considered a man. A. perform, promote, and prosper B. proud, perfect, and polite C. proficient, pure, and political D. provide, protect, and procreate Answer: D 29. Hill and Lynch proposed that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence because of intensified socialized pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles. What is the name of this hypothesis? A. gender role Hypothesis B. gender identification-alignment hypothesis C. gender-intensification hypothesis D. adolescent role confusion hypothesis Answer: C. gender-intensification hypothesis Correct: The gender-intensification hypothesis states that the differences between genders become more pronounced due to pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles. D. adolescent role confusion hypothesis Incorrect: This is the gender-intensification hypothesis. 30. One striking difference in gender expectations in traditional cultures is that for boys, manhood is something that _______________. A. naturally occurs with maturation B. has to be achieved C. is not acquired until young adulthood D. requires a rite of passage Answer: B. has to be achieved Correct: In traditional cultures, boys must achieve manhood. C. is not acquired until young adulthood Incorrect: In traditional cultures, boys must achieve manhood. 31. Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on _______________. A. biological maturity B. psychological functioning C. cognitive development D. environmental forces Answer: C. cognitive development Correct: Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on cognitive development. D. environmental forces Incorrect: Kohlberg viewed moral development as based on cognitive development. 32. _______________ viewed moral development as based on cognitive development, such that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop, regardless of culture. A. Karen Horney B. Lawrence Kohlberg C. Jean Piaget D. Lene Jensen Answer: B 33. When Kohlberg began his research on moral judgment, who did he study? A. 72 boys aged 10, 13, and 16 years old B. 72 males aged 10, 20, and 30 years old C. 36 boys and 36 girls aged 10, 13, and 16 years old D. 36 males and 36 females aged 10, 20, and 30 years old Answer: A 34. To Kohlberg, whether the participants concluded that the actions of the persons in the dilemma _______________ was crucial for understanding the level of people’s moral development? A. were “right” or “wrong” B. made the correct choice C. should have been punished D. were not just “right” or “wrong,” but how they explained their answers Answer: D. were not just “right” or “wrong,” but how they explained their answers Correct: Kohlberg was most interested in how the individuals explained their conclusions. C. should have been punished Incorrect: Kohlberg was most interested in how the individuals explained their conclusions. 35. Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning? A. Moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right. B. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities. C. Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority. D. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments. Answer: A 36. Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's Stage 6: universal ethical principles orientation? A. Moral judgments are explained by reference to concepts such as social order, law, and justice. B. The person has developed an independent moral code based on universal principles. C. The person reasoning at this stage views society’s laws and rules as important, but also sees it as important to question them. D. Care of and loyalty to others is important and it is seen as good to conform to what others expect in a certain role. Answer: B 37. Kohlberg’s claims of a universal theory of moral development have been challenged, most notably by Richard Shweder, who believes that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand the individual’s _______________. A. intellectual abilities B. cultural worldview C. social context D. personality factors Answer: B. cultural worldview Correct: Shweder believed that to understand moral development one needs to understand the individual’s cultural worldview. C. social context Incorrect: Shweder believed that to understand moral development one needs to understand the individual’s cultural worldview. 38. You and your roommate are having a discussion about divorce. You both believe there is no ethical reason for someone who is unhappy in his or her marriage not to seek a divorce—that the individual’s interests are the most important thing to consider. Since you are both emerging adults, Jensen would argue that you probably use what worldview to determine ethical behavior? A. the ethic of autonomy B. the ethic of community C. the ethic of culture D. the ethic of divinity Answer: A. the ethic of autonomy Correct: Jensen would argue that emerging adults use the ethic of autonomy to make ethic judgments. D. the ethic of divinity Incorrect: Jensen would argue that emerging adults use the ethic of autonomy to make ethic judgments. 39. You and your father are having an argument regarding ethics. You are arguing that as long as people do no harm to anyone else, their behavior is ethical. Your father argues that people have responsibilities in the family, community, and other groups that have to be considered and evaluated before a behavior is considered ethical. Jensen would argue that your father is using what worldview to determine ethical behavior? A. the ethic of autonomy B. the ethic of community C. the ethic of culture D. the ethic of divinity Answer: B. the ethic of community Correct: Jensen would argue that emerging adults use the ethic of autonomy to make ethic judgments. D. the ethic of divinity Incorrect: Jensen would argue that emerging adults use the ethic of autonomy to make ethic judgments. 40. Lene Jensen's theory of moral development differs from Kohlberg’s theory in that it places emphasis on a person’s _______________ as the ultimate basis of morality. A. worldview B. self-esteem C. social conditioning D. temperament Answer: A 41. In general, adolescents and emerging adults in industrialized societies are _______________. A. more religious than their counterparts in developed nations B. less religious than their counterparts in developed nations C. more religious than their counterparts in traditional cultures D. less religious than their counterparts in traditional cultures Answer: D 42. Industrialized societies such as Japan and Western countries tend to be highly _______________, which means based on nonreligious beliefs and values. A. worldly B. spiritual C. secular D. divine Answer: C 43. Jonathan is in his late teens and is beginning to question his religious upbringing. Just recently, he has begun to believe in the human spirit and a person’s ability to reason. Moving closer to a scientific worldview, and moving further away from religious beliefs and values, it is clear that Jonathan is becoming more _______________. A. pious B. spiritual C. secular D. divine Answer: C. secular Correct: Secular means based on nonreligious beliefs and values. In every industrialized country, religion has gradually faded in its influence over the past two centuries. A. pious Incorrect: Pious means devout, religious, or virtuous. This is the opposite of what Jonathan is experiencing. 44. Compared to their counterparts in traditional cultures, how religious are adolescents and emerging adults from industrialized societies? Individuals from industrial societies are _______________. A. very similar in religiousness B. less religious C. more religious D. about the same until emerging adulthood and then much more religious Answer: B 45. In Belgium what percentage of 18-year-olds attend religious services at least once a month? A. 8% B. 16% C. 24% D. 32% Answer: A 46. In Spain, a traditionally highly Catholic country, what percentage of adolescents attend church regularly? A. 18% B. 26% C. 34% D. 42% Answer: A 47. Your roommate is from Spain and Catholic. She is talking to her sister and you overhear her sister tell her that she does not attend services. From your knowledge from your developmental course, is this very unusual? A. Yes, about 92% of Spanish adolescents attend church regularly. B. Yes, about 60% of Spanish adolescents attend church regularly. C. No, only about 40% of Spanish adolescents attend church regularly. D. No, only about 18% of Spanish adolescents attend church regularly. Answer: D. No, only about 18% of Spanish adolescents attend church regularly. Correct: Only 18% of adolescents in Spain attend church regularly. B. Yes, about 60% of Spanish adolescents attend church regularly. Incorrect: Only 18% of adolescents in Spain attend church regularly. 48. In American society religious faith and religious practices tend to be strong among _______________. A. European Americans B. African Americans C. Native Americans D. Southern Americans Answer: B 49. You are getting to know the family who lives next to you. Their daughter is a 16-year-old and she is very cheerful, and does not engage in substance abuse or have premarital sex. She is likely: A. an honor student B. religious C. socially isolated D. an atheist Answer: B. religious Correct: She is likely religious in that religious adolescents are less likely to engage in substance abuse or to have premarital sex and are less depressed. C. socially isolated Incorrect: She is likely religious in that religious adolescents are less likely to engage in substance abuse or to have premarital sex and are less depressed. 50. Adolescents spend what percentage less time with their families between the 5th and 9th grades? A. 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70% Answer: C 51. Perhaps the most notable change in family relationships that occurs from middle childhood to adolescence in American society is _______________. A. the decline in the amount of time spent with family members B. the increase in amount of homework that adolescents are assigned in school C. the increase in amount of friends teenagers add to their social network D. the decline in purchasing power of adolescents, as a whole Answer: A 52. The amount of time adolescents spend with their families drops by _______________ between 5th and 9th grades and declines even more sharply between _______________. A. 30%; 9th and 10th grades B. 40%; 9th and 11th grades C. 50%; 9th and 12th grades D. 60%; 12th grade and college Answer: C 53. Your sister is frustrated that she is arguing with her 15-year-old daughter quite a bit about what feels like everything. Your sister feels that her relationship with her daughter is deteriorating and abnormal. Based on your knowledge of development, what advice do you give your sister? A. Do not worry, conflict with sons is even worse. B. Do not worry, conflict between mothers and daughters is typical during this time. C. She should worry, something is seriously wrong with her daughter. D. She should worry, it sounds like her daughter has borderline personality disorder. Answer: B. Do not worry, conflict between mothers and daughters is typical during this time. Correct: Conflict between mothers and daughters is especially frequent and intense. C. She should worry, something is seriously wrong with her daughter. Incorrect: Conflict between mothers and daughters is especially frequent and intense. 54. How frequent is conflict between parents and adolescents in traditional cultures? A. frequent B. somewhat frequent C. somewhat rare D. rare Answer: D. rare Correct: Conflict between adolescents and parents in traditional cultures is rare. C. somewhat rare Incorrect: Conflict between adolescents and parents in traditional cultures is rare. 55. Your roommate is an only child. What percentage of people in industrialized countries have at least one sibling? A. 100% B. 80% C. 60% D. 40% Answer: B. 80% Correct: Eighty percent of people in industrialized countries have at least one sibling. C. 60% Incorrect: Actually, 80% people in industrialized countries have at least one sibling. 56. Schlegel and Barry (1991) found that what percentage of adolescent boys and girls had frequent responsibility for caring for younger siblings in traditional cultures? A. 100% B. 80% C. 60% D. 40% Answer: B 57. According to Schlegel and Barry (1991), how frequently do most adolescents in traditional cultures have contact with their grandparents? A. rarely B. very infrequently C. somewhat frequently D. daily Answer: D. daily Correct: Adolescents are generally in daily contact with their grandparents. C. somewhat frequently Incorrect: Adolescents are generally in daily contact with their grandparents. 58. Antony is an adolescent who is primarily responsible for taking care of his younger sibling while his parents work. In addition, Antony's household includes not only his parents and siblings but also includes grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins as well. Based upon this description, Antony is most likely _______________. A. an adolescent who lives in a traditional culture B. an adolescent who lives in a industrialized nation C. an adolescent who lives in a developed nation D. an adolescent who lives in a Western nation Answer: A. an adolescent who lives in a traditional culture Correct: In traditional cultures, households tend to include relatives beyond the immediate family. B. an adolescent who lives in a industrialized nation Incorrect: in these cultures, older children often take on significant caregiving responsibilities for their younger siblings, particularly when both parents are working. This extended family structure and the role of adolescents in caregiving are characteristic of traditional cultures, which are less common in industrialized, developed, or Western nations where nuclear families are more typical, and formal childcare services are more widely used. 59. In _______________ cultures, adolescent girls have more contact and more intimacy with their _______________ than boys do with _______________. A. traditional; mothers; either parent B. Western; fathers; their mothers C. traditional; fathers; either parent D. Western; mothers; their fathers Answer: A 60. _______________ is the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. A. Caring B. Intimacy C. Passion D. Commitment Answer: B 61. Who do adolescents indicate they depend on for companionship and intimacy? A. parents B. siblings C. teachers D. friends Answer: D 62. What percentage of Dutch adolescents indicated that they communicated about themselves, about their personal feelings, and about sorrows and secrets with their fathers? A. 3% B. 13% C. 23% D. 33% Answer: A 63. What is defined as the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings? A. sincerity B. love C. intimacy D. friendship Answer: C. intimacy Correct: Intimacy is defined by sharing personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. B. love Incorrect: Intimacy is defined by sharing personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. 64. Alfredo is a high school student whose circle of friends includes about six other people. They all know each other well and spend most of their time together, from sharing lunch in the cafeteria every day to hanging out on the basketball courts after school and on weekends. What type of group is this? A. clique B. crowd C. friends D. family Answer: A. clique Correct: Cliques are small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group B. crowd Incorrect: Crowds are larger in size than cliques and its members may not even know each other. 65. Your high-school-aged sister is one of the school’s best sprinters and she’s also a starting forward on two different soccer teams. During free periods, she spends time in the weight room with his teammates and coaches. Your family and other students at her school consider her a jock. What type of group does being a jock signify that she’s a member of? A. clique B. crowd C. friends D. family Answer: B. crowd Correct: Crowds are larger, reputation-based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and do not necessarily spend much time together A. clique Incorrect: Crowds are larger than cliques and its members may not even know each other. So your sister who is a jock may not even know other jocks in her school. 66. According to Susman et al. (2007) what type of group includes students who do not stand out in any particular way, neither positively nor negatively, and are mostly ignored by other students? A. elite B. academics C. deviants D. others Answer: D. others Correct: Susman called this crowd “Others,” a.k.a. “normals” and “nobodies.” C. deviants Incorrect: Susman called this crowd “Others,” a.k.a. “normals” and “nobodies.” 67. _______________ are small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group; in contrast, _______________ are larger, reputation-based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and do not necessarily spend much time together. A. Pods; groups B. Groups; pods C. Crowds; cliques D. Cliques; crowds Answer: D 68. Fitz is an athletic high school student and is a member of both the football and basketball teams. He has a reputation of being a jock, but seldom interacts with other athletes. If asked, he would state that he has more friends who are members of the glee club than who are athletes. His closest friends are those he interacts with on a daily basis, other teens who live in his neighborhood and who he has grown up with. Which of the following best describes Fitz’s crowd? A. jocks B. glee club members C. neighborhood friends D. the football and basketball teams Answer: A. jocks Correct: Crowds, in contrast to cliques, are larger, reputation-based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and do not necessarily spend much time together. C. neighborhood friends Incorrect: Cliques are small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group. 69. Fitz is an athletic high school student and is a member of both the football and basketball teams. He has a reputation of being a jock, but seldom interacts with other athletes. If asked, he would state that he has more friends who are members of the glee club than who are athletes. His closest friends are those he interacts with on a daily basis, other teens who live in his neighborhood and who he has grown up with. Which of the following best describes Fitz’s clique? A. jocks B. glee club members C. neighborhood friends D. the football and basketball teams Answer: C. neighborhood friends Correct: Cliques are small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group. A. jocks Incorrect: Fitz would be part of the jock crowd, but his neighborhood friends are his clique. Crowds, in contrast to cliques, are larger, reputation-based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and do not necessarily spend much time together. 70. According to the text, which of the following are three components of bullying? A. aggression, repetition, and power imbalance B. physical aggression, relational aggression, and hostile aggression C. dominancy, power, and low self-esteem D. an easy temperament, an authoritative parental upbringing, and high social problem-solving skills Answer: A 71. Your 14-year-old sister is constantly being harassed at school. She has done all that she can to avoid and prevent the bullying besides just dropping out of school. She has decided that all she can do is try to avoid the perpetrators. What can you tell her regarding how long this type of behavior continues? The bullying will _______________. A. intensify as adolescence continues B. remain about the same throughout adolescence C. slowly decline by late adolescence D. decrease substantially by late adolescence Answer: D. decrease substantially by late adolescence Correct: Bullying decreases substantially by late adolescence. C. slowly decline by late adolescence Incorrect: Bullying decreases substantially by late adolescence. 72. What is another name for electronic bullying? A. Internet bullying B. cell phone bullying C. text bullying D. cyberbullying Answer: D 73. Your little sister is in 7th grade and has a boyfriend. Your parents are not very happy about this and think not only that she is too young to have an intimate relationship, but also that this behavior is very unusual for a 7th grader. What do you tell them? A. This is not unusual, 80% of 7th graders have intimate relationships. B. This is not unusual, 60% of 7th graders have intimate relationships. C. This is unusual, only 44% of 7th graders have intimate relationships. D. This is unusual, only 17% of 7th graders have intimate relationships. Answer: D. This is unusual, only 17% of 7th graders have intimate relationships. Correct: Only 17% of 7th graders have intimate relationships. C. This is unusual, only 44% of 7th graders have intimate relationships. Incorrect: Actually, this is unusual and only 17% of 7th graders have intimate relationships. 74. In what countries is premarital sex least common? A. African countries B. Northern European countries C. Asian countries D. South American countries Answer: C 75. By 11th grade, _______________ of adolescents have experienced a romantic relationship. A. 50% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80% Answer: D 76. Premarital sex during adolescence is the least common in which of the following countries? A. western European countries B. African countries C. South American countries D. northern European countries Answer: D 77. In regards to sexuality, _______________ tolerate and even encourage adolescent sexuality, whereas _______________ place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage. A. permissive cultures; restrictive cultures B. restrictive cultures; semi restrictive cultures C. permissive cultures; semi restrictive cultures D. semi restrictive cultures; restrictive cultures Answer: A 78. A cultural view of adolescent sexuality that is common worldwide, in which premarital sex is allowed for boys but forbidden for girls, is known as _______________. A. unfair sexual restriction B. male-dominated exploitation C. a double standard D. pair bonding Answer: C. a double standard Correct: This cultural view is referred to as a “double standard.” B. male-dominated exploitation Incorrect: This cultural view is referred to as a “double standard.” 79. Two types of countries have low rates of teenage pregnancy: those that are very restrictive in sexual behavior and those that are _______________. A. ultra restrictive B. punative C. permissive D. moderately restrictive Answer: C. permissive Correct: Cultures such as Denmark have low rates of adolescent pregnancy because they are permissive. D. moderately restrictive Incorrect: Cultures such as Denmark have low rates of adolescent pregnancy because they are permissive. 80. Your roommate is from Denmark and she was telling you that she and her boyfriend had sexual intercourse frequently and her parents allowed him to spend the night frequently with her. You were quite surprised to learn this and asked if her situation was unusual. She indicated that _______________. A. yes, it was very unusual, Denmark is very restrictive regarding sexual behavior B. yes, it was somewhat unusual. None of her friends were allowed to have their boy- or girlfriends spend the night with them C. no, Denmark has a very permissive attitude regarding teenage sexual behavior D. it was somewhat unusual, but if the parents signed consent forms, their children could acquire contraception Answer: C. no, Denmark has a very permissive attitude regarding teenage sexual behavior Correct: Cultures such as Denmark are very permissive about adolescent sexual behavior. D. it was somewhat unusual, but if the parents signed consent forms, their children could acquire contraception Incorrect: Cultures such as Denmark are very permissive about adolescent sexual behavior. 81. What country has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy of any other developed country? A. Denmark B. Japan C. United States D. Canada Answer: C 82. What percentage of American adolescents self-identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual? A. 2% B. 4% C. 6% D. 8% Answer: A 83. What is the term for fear and hatred of homosexuals? A. homophobia B. gay bashing C. LGB haters D. homophilia Answer: A 84. What percentage of adolescents in economically developing countries attend secondary school? A. 30% B. 50% C. 70% D. 90% Answer: B 85. Nearly _______________ adolescents are enrolled in secondary school in industrialized countries. In contrast, only about _______________ of adolescents in economically developing countries attend secondary school. A. 40%; 20% B. 60%; 30% C. 80%; 40% D. all; 50% Answer: D 86. In regards to education, a person born a developing nation would most likely _______________. A. only complete primary school B. complete primary and secondary school C. complete primary school and vocational training D. complete secondary school and college Answer: A. only complete primary school Correct: If you happen to be born in a developing country, you are likely to receive an education through primary school but unlikely to have the resources to finish secondary school. B. complete primary and secondary school Incorrect: This is common for Western and developed nations, but in developing nations only about half of adolescents are enrolled in secondary school. 87. Your Chinese neighbor relocated to the United States several years ago before his children were adolescents. He told you that there were many reasons why he wanted to move his family to the United States, but one reason had to do with his children’s education during high school. He stated that high schools in Eastern countries like China, Japan, and South Korea train their students _______________. A. by rote learning B. by using critical thinking C. with no computers D. with harsh criticism Answer: A. by rote learning Correct: Eastern schools train their students by rote learning. B. by using critical thinking Incorrect: Eastern schools train their students by rote learning. 88. Which of the following forms of work, for adolescents, is a pervasive and growing problem in some developing nations, especially in Asia? A. prostitution B. logging C. farming D. military Answer: A 89. Which of the following best captures what adolescents in developed nations with part-time jobs do with the money they earn? A. They are likely to contribute it to their family's living expenses. B. They are likely to save it for college. C. They are likely to purchase items for themselves, such as clothes. D. They are likely to donate it to charity. Answer: C. They are likely to purchase items for themselves, such as clothes. Correct: Typically, adolescents in developed nations who earn money from part-time jobs spend it on purchases for themselves, here and now: stylish clothes, music, car payments and gas, concert tickets, movies, and eating out. A. They are likely to contribute it to their family's living expenses. Incorrect: This is more common among ethnic minority groups in developed nations; however, it is not the norm. 90. According to the text, adolescent prostitution is a pervasive and growing problem, especially in _______________. A. China B. Mexico C. Russia D. Thailand Answer: D 91. What percentage of adolescents in the United States and Canada hold at least one part-time job by the end of high school? A. 80% B. 60% C. 40% D. 20% Answer: A 92. Adolescents who _______________ are more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs? A. are from high-income families B. have parents who are unemployed C. work D. are gifted athletes Answer: C 93. Adolescents who work more than 10 hours a week are more likely to _______________. A. have psychological symptoms B. be happy C. have several romantic relationships D. have very high grades Answer: A. have psychological symptoms Correct: Adolescents who work more than 10 hours per week are more like to have psychological symptoms. B. be happy Incorrect: Adolescents who work more than 10 hours per week are more like to have psychological symptoms. 94. Countless research studies have examined the correlation between the number of hours an adolescent works and problems they may experience. It is clear that when a teenager works beyond _______________ hours a week problems arise, and beyond _______________ hours a week the problems become considerably worse. A. 2; 10 B. 5; 15 C. 10; 20 D. 15; 30 Answer: C 95. Which of the following are three components of the Media Practice Model? A. selection, interaction, and application B. television, radio, and the Internet C. electronic, visual, and auditory media D. pre-engagement, engagement, and post-engagement Answer: A 96. A content analysis of nearly 400 of the most popular electronic games found that _______________ contained violence? A. around 25% B. 50% C. just below 75% D. more than 90% Answer: D 97. Which of the following is a theory used to explain why the crime rate for adolescents and young adults is so dramatically high in comparison to other groups? A. Adolescence and young adulthood is a time in which one seeks independence from parents and is reinforced by their peers to commit various crimes. B. From a biological perspective, one’s genetic code begins to unfold during adolescence and this predisposes the individual to commit crimes. C. Since the crime rate is much higher for males, it is believed that testosterone triggers criminal behaviors during adolescence and young adulthood. D. Adolescents and young adults are negatively influenced by media violence in this in turn causes them to commit crimes. Answer: A. Adolescence and young adulthood is a time in which one seeks independence from parents and is reinforced by their peers to commit various crimes. Correct: Wilson & Herrnstein (1985) suggests that the key to explaining the age–crime relationship is that adolescents and emerging adults combine increased independence from parents and other adult authorities with increased time with peers and increased orientation toward peers. C. Since the crime rate is much higher for males, it is believed that testosterone triggers criminal behaviors during adolescence and young adulthood. Incorrect: There is an influx of testosterone during puberty, however there is little to suggest that this is a cause for increased delinquency and crime. 98. What percentage of boys who play electronic games say they play nearly every day? A. 99% B. 66% C. 33% D. 11% Answer: C 99. A content analysis of nearly 400 of the most popular electronic games found that what percentage of them contained violence? A. 94% B. 84% C. 74% D. 64% Answer: A 100. Rates of crime begin rising in the mid-teens. At what age does crime peak? A. 12 years B. 14 years C. 16 years D. 18 years Answer: D 101. Your friends are talking about the crazy and stupid things that they did when they were adolescents. Most of your male friends said they were involved in vandalism, underage drinking, or petty shoplifting once or twice. On average, how many adolescent boys committed at least one criminal act before they reached age 20? A. 90% B. 75% C. 60% D. 18 years Answer: B. 75% Correct: Breaking laws during adolescence is fairly common; approximately 75% of male adolescents commit at least one criminal act. C. 60% Incorrect: Breaking laws during adolescence is fairly common; approximately 75% of male adolescents commit at least one criminal act. 102. What type of delinquent individuals show no signs of problems in infancy or childhood, and few of them engage in any criminal activity after their mid-twenties? A. adolescence-limited delinquents B. life-course-persistent delinquents C. lifetime-chronic delinquents D. time-specific delinquents Answer: A. adolescence-limited delinquents Correct: Individuals who essentially only engage in criminal activity during adolescence and early emerging adulthood are adolescence-limited delinquents. C. lifetime-chronic delinquents Incorrect: Individuals who essentially only engage in criminal activity during adolescence and early emerging adulthood are adolescence-limited delinquents. 103. What term is used to describe a temporary period of sadness, without any related symptoms? A. depressed mood B. depressive syndrome C. major depressive disorder D. pseudo-depression Answer: A. depressed mood Correct: Depressed mood describes a temporary period of sadness. C. major depressive disorder Incorrect: Major depressive disorder refers to the most serious form of depression. 104. Which of the following is a basic premise of the multisystemic approach to combating delinquency for adolescents and young adults? A. to place a high degree of structure for adolescents and young adults who have been the product of neglectful parenting B. to direct the energy of delinquents into more socially constructive directions C. to expose delinquent adolescents and young adults to prison inmates who have committed the same crimes in hopes of “scaring them straight” D. to punish delinquent adolescents and young adults in an appropriate manner so they will learn from their mistakes and pay retribution to society Answer: B. to direct the energy of delinquents into more socially constructive directions Correct: Adolescents are provided job-training and parental training, and encouraged to engage in prosocial neighborhood activities. D. to punish delinquent adolescents and young adults in an appropriate manner so they will learn from their mistakes and pay retribution to society Incorrect: Although this is the basic premise of our judicial system, it does not describe the multisystemic approach to delinquency intervention. 105. Which of the following best describes the category of depressed mood? A. a temporary period of sadness, without any related symptoms B. a more enduring period of sadness along with other symptoms such as frequent crying, feelings of worthlessness, and feeling guilty, lonely, or worried C. includes all the symptoms of depressive syndrome, plus other symptoms such as difficulty sleeping and changes in appetite D. a feeling of being wound-up, tense, or restless; difficulty concentrating; and a high rate of irritability Answer: A 106. A variety of studies have shown that the proportion of adolescents who report experiencing depressed mood within the past 6 months is about ____. In contrast, the rate of major depressive disorder among adolescents is _______________. A. 5%; less than 5% B. 35%; less than 10% C. 50%; slightly more than 45% D. 75%; slightly more than 65% Answer: B 107. The two main types of treatment for depression are _______________. A. social modeling training and Gestalt theory B. counseling and behavior modification C. psychoanalysis and electroconvulsive shock therapy D. medications and psychotherapy Answer: D 108. Ellie is working with a therapist for her depression. In each therapeutic session the focus is to help Ellie examine her thought patterns and cognitive habits. As a means to minimize the effects of her depression, Ellie's therapist helps her to examine her thought patterns critically and realistically in the hopes of creating behavioral change. Which of the following therapeutic approaches best describes Ellie’s treatment? A. cognitive behavioral therapy B. psychoanalytic therapy C. humanistic therapy D. psychopharmacology Answer: A. cognitive behavioral therapy Correct: The basic premise of cognitive behavioral therapy is to help the client examine his or her maladaptive self-defeating thoughts and apply them to a behavioral consequence that will promote self-growth. D. psychopharmacology Incorrect: Psychopharmacology refers to the use of psychoactive drugs to treat various psychological disorders and is not discussed in the text. 109. According to the text, resilience is promoted by _______________ that enable adolescents to overcome risk elements, or factors that may impeded or stifle their success in life. A. imposing factors B. buffering factors C. inoculating factors D. protective factors Answer: D. protective factors Correct: The three most common protective factors are high intelligence, effective parenting (authoritative), and caring adult supervision outside of the family. C. inoculating factors Incorrect: Resilience is promoted by protective factors, which include high intelligence and effective parenting. 110. What term is used to describe a more enduring period of sadness along with other symptoms such as frequent crying, feelings of worthlessness, and feeling guilty, lonely, or worried? A. depressed mood B. depressive syndrome C. major depressive disorder D. pseudo-depression Answer: B. depressive syndrome Correct: Depressive syndrome describes a longer period of sadness and symptoms like crying and low self-worth. C. major depressive disorder Incorrect: Major depressive disorder refers to the most serious form of depression. 111. What is the most serious form of depression? A. depressed mood B. depressive syndrome C. major depressive disorder D. pseudo-depression Answer: C. major depressive disorder Correct: Major depressive disorder is the most serious form of depression. B. depressive syndrome Incorrect: Major depressive disorder is the most serious form of depression. 112. Your suitemate has been sad all semester and has cried quite a bit, felt worthless and guilty, and is very worried. What type of depression is she experiencing? A. depressed mood B. depressive syndrome C. major depressive disorder D. pseudo-depression Answer: B. depressive syndrome Correct: Depressive syndrome describes a longer period of sadness and symptoms like crying and low self-worth. A. depressed mood Incorrect: Depressed mood is a more temporary period of sadness with no other symptoms. 113. A variety of studies have shown that the proportion of adolescents who report experiencing depressed mood within the past 6 months is about what percentage? A. 15% B. 25% C. 35% D. 45% Answer: C 114. What is one of the strongest risk factors for all types of depression in adolescence and beyond? A. being female B. being an only child C. being poor D. being obese Answer: A 115. What is one of the most effective types of psychotherapy for depression? A. electroshock therapy B. cognitive behavior therapy C. systematic desensitization D. role-playing therapy Answer: B. cognitive behavior therapy Correct: Cognitive behavior therapy is an effective form of psychotherapy for depression. C. systematic desensitization Incorrect: Systematic desensitization is an effective therapy for phobias, not depression. 116. What is the most effective approach to treating adolescent depression? A. medication alone B. psychotherapy alone C. medication and psychotherapy D. electroshock therapy Answer: C. medication and psychotherapy Correct: A combination of medication and psychotherapy is the most effective approach to treating adolescent depression. B. psychotherapy alone Incorrect: A combination of medication and psychotherapy is the most effective approach to treating adolescent depression. 117. What is the term for the phenomenon defined as “good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation and development?” A. Resilience B. Rebounding C. Rebirth D. Rebuilding Answer: A. Resilience Correct: Resilience refers to good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation and development. B. Rebounding Incorrect: Resilience refers to good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation and development. 118. Carlos can be best described as a resilient adolescent. Against all odds, he has graduated from high school and is enrolled in college. He comes from a lower socioeconomic status and a harsh neighborhood, and he is the first in his family to graduate from high school and attend college. Which of the following are three protective factors we can assume Carlos possesses? A. high intelligence, warm but controlling parents, and a social network of caring adults B. high religious involvement, an easygoing temperament, and an insecure attachment C. high sociability, high emotional quotient, and low intelligence D. high parental control, a difficult temperament, and high intelligence Answer: A. high intelligence, warm but controlling parents, and a social network of caring adults Correct: There are many factors that contribute to the resilient individual; however, high intelligence, authoritative parenting, and caring adults are the three most common. D. high parental control, a difficult temperament, and high intelligence Incorrect: High parental control without high parental responsiveness is known as authoritarian parenting and leads to negative results the majority of the time. Short Answer Questions 119. How is the ability to think about an ideal self and a feared self tied to formal operational thinking abilities? Answer: Both of these require the adolescent to think about possibilities rather than the concrete “here and now.” This hypothetical thinking requires an ability to use abstract thinking, a hallmark of the formal operational stage. 120. Outline at least two of Harter’s domains of self-image or self-esteem. Which domain has been found to be more important to adolescents? Answer: Scholastic ability and athletic competence are two of Harter’s domains of self-image. Physical appearance is most important to adolescents. 121. Give an example of a behavior that is based on preconventional moral reasoning and explain. Answer: An adolescent who follows the speed limit only on roads where she knows that police are likely to give tickets. An adolescent who works as a camp counselor for pay, but who turns down the offer to help train other volunteers because she does not get paid for her time and the extra responsibility. 122. Discuss one reason why conflict with parents rises during adolescence. Answer: Physical maturity brings up all kinds of worries for parents about the sexuality of their adolescents. These issues come up earlier with early-maturing adolescents. Adolescents who look more mature may also demand more autonomy because they see themselves more as adults. 123. How are adolescents’ friendships different from those of younger children? Are there sex differences? Answer: When adolescents are asked what makes someone a good friend, they mention characteristics that entail intimacy and trust (e.g., someone who will not talk about me behind my back, someone I can tell my secrets to), whereas children mention shared activities. Girls tend to have more intimate friendships than boys. Essay Questions 124. What research methodology has been used to track adolescents’ emotions? Discuss the findings comparing the emotional experiences of adolescents to younger children. Answer: The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) has been used in these “beeper studies” to check in with adolescents on their emotions at various times in their day. The adolescent fills out questionnaires about their emotional experiences at that time rather than trying to remember how they felt in the past (reducing retrospective bias). Overall, adolescents are less happy than their younger counterparts. 125. Why are some adolescents more religious than others? Explain at least one variable that predicts religiosity and discuss outcomes of a strong religious background. Answer: Some adolescents have parents who are religious and participate in religious activities. African Americans are more religious than Whites, and being religious seems to buffer them from a number of negative outcomes. For example, those who are religious are less likely to use drugs and alcohol and less likely to be depressed. They are also more likely to do volunteer work. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. Which Greek philosophers noted that youth "are heated by Nature as drunken men by wine"? A. Aristotle B. Pythagoras C. Heraclitus D. Socrates Answer: A 2. _______________ is a research design that involves having subjects carry wristwatch beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their thoughts, feelings, and behavior. A. Experience Sampling Method B. Random Access Method C. Periodic Questioning Method D. Experiential Survey Method Answer: A 3. In regards to the development of one's self-concept and its appraisal, several longitudinal studies have demonstrated that self-esteem slightly _______________ in early adolescence, then slightly _______________ through late adolescence and emerging adulthood. A. declines; rises B. rises; levels off C. rises; declines D. levels off; declines Answer: A 4. Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning is most consistent with which of the following statements? A. Moral reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right. B. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities. C. Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority. D. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments. Answer: A 5. Which of the following is a cultural view that allows premarital sex for adolescent boys, but forbids it for adolescent girls? A. double standard B. homophobia C. permissive culture D. punitive culture Answer: A 6. Resilience is promoted by _______________ that enable adolescents to overcome the risk factors that may impede or stifle their success in life. A. protective factors B. inoculating factors C. buffering factors D. imposing factors Answer: A 7. Which of the following is a supported hypothesis that explains why the crime rate for adolescents and young adults is so dramatically high in comparison to other groups? A. Adolescence and young adulthood is a time in which one seeks independence from parents and is reinforced by their peers to commit various crimes. B. From a biological perspective, one's genetic code begins to unfold during adolescence and this predisposes an individual to commit crimes. C. Since the crime rate is much more prevalent for males, it is believed that testosterone triggers criminal behaviors during adolescence and young adulthood. D. It is a fact that adolescents and young adults are negatively influenced by media violence and this in turn causes them to commit crimes. Answer: A 8. Lisa is working with a therapist for her anxiety. As a means to minimize the effects of her anxiety, Lisa's therapist prescribes Prozac and helps her examine her thought patterns in the hopes of creating behavioral change. Prozac is a drug that is commonly used to treat: A. Depression. B. Anti-social personality disorder. C. Obsessive compulsive disorder. D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Answer: A 9. Marcus can be best described as a resilient person. Against all odds, he has graduated from high school. He comes from a lower social economic status and a harsh neighborhood, and is the first in his family to graduate from high school and attend college. Which of the following are three protective factors we can assume Marcus possesses? A. high intelligence, warm but controlling parents, and a social network of caring adults B. high religious involvement, an easy-going temperament, and an insecure attachment C. high sociability, high emotional quotient, and low intelligence D. high parental control, a difficult temperament, and high intelligence Answer: A 10. Your little sister is 14 years old has been extremely emotional lately. Her mood changes suddenly and abruptly. According to your friends, teenagers are highly emotional and their mental state is always on shaky ground. Your mother believes that your sister is most likely being flooded with estrogen and progesterone, which is affecting her emotions. Your older sister thinks that your younger sister's brain is developing and her body is going through multiple changes. You know these changes are occurring; however, after reading your text, you know scholars attribute adolescent's variability of emotions to _______________. A. cognitive and environmental factors B. emotional and psychological factors C. hormonal and endocrine factors D. biological and physical factors Answer: A Post-Test 1. Adolescence is often a time of emotional _______________, which was the overall conclusion of research that used Experience Sampling Methods to measure the emotional state of adolescence in the United States. A. volatility B. stability C. calmness D. tranquility Answer: A 2. There are many different selves within one individual; however, your _______________ self is your self-conception, and _______________ selves are the different people you could become in the future depending on your choices and experiences. A. actual; possible B. possible; actual C. feared; ideal D. ideal; feared Answer: A 3. Which of the following individuals is more likely to emphasize physical appearance as the basis of their self-esteem? A. adolescent females B. adolescent males C. middle-aged males D. middle-aged females Answer: A 4. According to the text, David Gilmore (1990) concluded that in most traditional cultures an adolescent boy must demonstrate three capacities before he can be considered a man. He must _______________. A. provide, protect, and procreate B. be proficient, pure, and political C. be proud, perfect, and polite D. perform, promote, and prosper Answer: A 5. Which of the following does Kohlberg propose as the basis of moral development? A. cognitive development B. psychological functioning C. biological maturity D. environmental forces Answer: A 6. _______________ is defined as the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings. A. Intimacy B. Sincerity C. Love D. Friendship Answer: A 7. _______________ are delinquent individuals who show no signs of problems in infancy or childhood and few of them engage in any criminal activity after their mid-twenties. A. Adolescent-limited delinquents B. Conduct disorder-persistent delinquents C. Sporadic-chronic delinquents D. Time-specific delinquents Answer: A 8. When adolescents in developed nations have a part-time job, which of the following best captures what they do with the money they earn? A. They are likely to purchase items for themselves, such as clothes. B. They are likely to donate it to charity. C. They are likely to save it for college. D. They are likely to contribute it to their family's living expenses. Answer: A 9. You and your friends are discussing some of the mischievous behavior you took part in when you were teenagers. At the time it seemed like good fun; however, reflecting back as an adult it is clear that some of what occurred was illegal. On average, how many adolescent boys commit at least one criminal act some time before they reach age 20? A. 75% B. 60% C. 90% D. 50% Answer: A 10. Kerry loves and respects her mother; however, her mother works in a job that she hates in the deli at a local grocery store. Kerry knows that she wants better for herself and wants to earn a college degree and have a teaching career. Kerry has a positive outlook on life and has a strong self-esteem; her future seems bright. There are many selves described in this scenario-which of the following best describes Kerry's trepidation about working in a dissatisfying career? A. feared self B. real self C. possible self D. ideal self Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. When adolescents in developed nations have a part-time job, which of the following best captures what they do with the money they earn? A. They are likely to purchase items for themselves, such as clothes. B. They are likely to donate it to charity. C. They are likely to save it for college. D. They are likely to contribute it to their family's living expenses. Answer: A 2. A common view of adolescents is that they are emotional due to their "raging hormones"; however, most scholars view the emotional changes of adolescence as due to _______________ more than _______________. A. cognitive and environmental factors; biological changes B. biological changes; cognitive and emotional factors C. behavioral consequences; social and emotional factors D. social and emotional factors; behavioral consequences Answer: A 3. An adolescent's _______________, is how scholars define the actual self . A. self-conception B. real self C. imagined self D. fictional self Answer: A 4. Your 17-year-old nephew is very careful not to get involved with any types of drugs or substances and has no friends who engage in substance use of any kind. His sister, who is 6 years older than he is, had a serious substance abuse problem during her high school years. What type of self is your nephew concerned about? A. feared self B. ideal self C. real self D. fictional self Answer: A 5. Which of the following is the most notable change in family relationships that occurs from middle childhood to adolescence in American society? A. the decline in the amount of time spent with family members B. the increase in amount of homework that adolescents are assigned in school C. the increase in amount of friends added to their social network D. the decrease in amount of friends in their social network Answer: A 6. According to the text, girls tend to use physical appearance as a factor in determining their global self-esteem. As a result, girls are more likely to view their physical appearance _______________. A. negatively; their global self-esteem is quite low B. positively; their global self-esteem is high C. neutrally; their global self-esteem is variable throughout adolescence D. negatively; their global self-esteem is very high Answer: A 7. Kohlberg's proposition of a universal theory of moral development has been challenged by Richard Shweder, who believes that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand an individual's _______________. A. cultural worldview B. intellectual abilities C. social context D. personality factors Answer: A 8. _______________ are larger, reputation-based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and do not necessarily spend much time together; in contrast, _______________ are small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group. A. crowds; cliques B. cliques; crowds C. groups; pods D. pods; groups Answer: A 9. Your 12-year-old sister is constantly being harassed at school. She has done all that she can to avoid and prevent the bullying besides just dropping out. She has decided that all she can do is try to avoid the perpetrators. What can you tell her regarding how long this type of behavior continues? The bullying will _______________. A. decrease substantially by late adolescence B. remain about the same throughout adolescence C. intensify as adolescence continues D. slowly decline by late adolescence Answer: A 10. By the time they enter the 11th grade, what percentage of adolescents have experienced a romantic relationship at some point? A. 80% B. 70% C. 60% D. 50% Answer: A 11. Which of the following is the term used to describe a period of sadness that is not accompanied by any related symptoms? A. depressed mood B. depressive syndrome C. major depressive disorder D. pseudo-depression Answer: A 12. Your suitemate has been sad all semester and has cried quite a bit, felt worthless and guilty and is very worried. She also has difficulty sleeping and does not eat much, which has led her to lose quite a bit of weight. What type of depression is she experiencing? A. major depressive disorder B. depressive syndrome C. pseudo-depression D. depressed mood Answer: A 13. _______________ have been shown to be effective treatments for adolescents and adults with depression. A. Psychotherapy and antidepressant medications B. Systematic Desensitization and aversion therapy C. Role-Playing and equine therapy D. Electroshock therapy and psychoanalytic therapy Answer: A 14. Larson and Richards (1994) compared preadolescent 5th-graders to adolescent 8th-graders and found that the percent of time experienced as "very happy" _______________. A. decreased by 50% B. decreased by 30% C. increased by 20% D. increased by 60% Answer: A 15. The discrepancy between an individual's actual self and their ideal self is greatest during the time period of _______________. A. mid-adolescence B. middle childhood C. late childhood. D. late adolescence. Answer: A Quick Review 1. Which research method involves having people carry wristwatch beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their thoughts, feelings, and behavior? A. Experience Sampling Method B. longitudinal study C. quasi-experiment D. naturalistic observation Answer: A 2. According to the text, which of the following developmental theorists viewed moral development as based on cognitive development, such that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop, regardless of culture? A. Lawrence Kohlberg B. Jean Piaget C. Karen Horney D. Alfred Adler Answer: A 3. Industrialized countries such as Japan and other Western nations tend to be highly _______________, which means based on non-religious beliefs or values. A. secular B. spiritual C. divine D. worldly Answer: A 4. _______________ is another name for electronic bullying. A. Cyberbullying B. Cell phone bullying C. Tax bullying D. Internet bullying Answer: A 5. Which of the following are two main types of treatment for depression? A. medications and psychotherapy B. psychoanalysis and electroconvulsive shock therapy C. counseling and behavior modification D. social modeling training and Gestalt theory Answer: A 6. Adolescents' self-conceptions are complex; however, they can distinguish between an actual self and _______________. A. possible selves B. potential selves C. imagine selves D. fictional selves Answer: A 7. _______________ is the term for the phenomenon defined as "good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adoptions and development." A. Resilience B. Rebounding C. Rebirth D. Rebuilding Answer: A 8. As cited in the text, researchers have demonstrated that when adolescents work a part time job more than 10 hours a week, they are more likely to _______________. A. have psychological symptoms B. be happy C. have several romantic relationships D. have very high grades Answer: A 9. For traditional cultures, how frequent are conflicts between parents and their adolescents? A. rare B. somewhat rare C. somewhat frequent D. frequent Answer: A 10. Which of the following is the most likely educational trajectory of an individual who was born in a developing nation? A. only complete primary school B. complete primary and secondary school C. complete primary school and vocational training D. complete secondary school and college Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. One common thread across all of the interviewed teens was that they keep secrets from their elders. Do you feel that this is a universal trend among teens? Why or why not? Answer: Keeping secrets from elders can be a common trend among teens due to a desire for autonomy and privacy as they navigate personal challenges and identity development. While it's not universal, this behavior often stems from a need for independence and a perception that elders may not understand or respect their perspectives. Cultural and familial dynamics also play roles in shaping whether teens share openly or keep secrets from adults. 2. The narrator tells us that interdependence is valued in the Mexican village where one of the female teens is from. Do you feel that U.S. families could impact their teen’s lives if they placed a higher value on interdependence rather than dependence? Explain. Answer: Placing a higher value on interdependence in U.S. families could positively impact teens by fostering stronger family bonds, empathy, and a sense of community responsibility. This approach could encourage teens to develop healthier relationships, greater self-reliance, and a broader perspective on mutual support and collaboration, preparing them better for adulthood and societal engagement. 3. In comparing the adolescents interviewed in this clip, do you feel that gender plays an important role in parent-child conflict? Answer: Gender can indeed play a significant role in parent-child conflict, influencing communication styles, expectations, and societal norms around behavior and responsibilities. Cultural and individual family dynamics also intersect with gender, shaping how conflicts are perceived and managed between parents and their adolescent children. Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to this video, adolescents spend less time with their families. This is due to __________________. A. the fact that they begin to dislike their siblings B. increased education demands C. the need to work outside of the home D. a stronger interest in peer relationships Answer: D 2. According to this video, the shift that takes place in adolescence toward spending less time with families leads to __________________. A. more conflict with parents B. a stronger parent-child relationship C. an increase in homework D. stronger sibling bonds Answer: A 3. In this video, the narrator tells us that _______________ is valued in the Mexican village, whereas _______________ is valued in the US. A. independence, interdependence B. dependence, independence C. interdependence, independence D. independence, dependence Answer: C Practice Test Questions from the Textbook 1. Estradiol A. is produced only in females. B. increases in females by the midteens. C. is an androgen important in pubertal development. D. is a sex hormone that is regulated by the amygdala. Answer: B 2. Which of the following best describes pubertal timing? A. The average age of menarche is much later today than it was in earlier generations. B. Menarche takes place as late as age 15 in some developing countries, due to lack of proper nutrition and medical care. C. The timing of puberty has no effect on adolescent boys. D. The effects of early maturation are generally positive for girls. Answer: B 3. Puberty rituals A. developed to mark the departure from adolescence into emerging adulthood. B. are only carried out for females and are most often related to menstruation. C. are declining in many cultures as a consequence of globalization. D. focus on a particular biological event across all cultures. Answer: C 4. In the United States, girls A. who have an eating disorder are also more likely than other females to be depressed. B. with bulimia are usually about 20% overweight. C. who are Asian American are more likely to have eating disorders than are those in other ethnic groups. D. are more likely than boys to be satisfied with their bodies. Answer: A 5. The substance use of an adolescent who drinks alcohol to relieve feelings of sadness and loneliness would be classified as A. social substance use. B. medicinal substance use. C. experimental substance use. D. addictive substance use. Answer: B 6. Compared to the concrete thinking abilities displayed in childhood, the ability to reason in adolescence A. utilizes the hypothetical thinking involved in a scientific experiment. B. involves more random attempts at problem solving as they persist longer. C. differs quantitatively but not qualitatively. D. is not significantly different. Answer: A 7. Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on research on formal operational thinking? A. Educational background is unlikely to impact performance on Piagetian tasks. B. Once people obtain formal operational thinking skills, they use them consistently across all tasks and situations. C. All people reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development by age 12. D. The way that formal operational thinking is manifested is likely different across different cultures. Answer: D 8. Compared to his 7-year-old brother, a 14-year-old will have an easier time reading a book and listening to music at the same time because he’s more adept at A. using mnemonic devices consistently. B. tasks that require divided attention. C. tasks that require transfer of information from sensory memory to short-term memory. D. maximizing his metamemory. Answer: B 9. Compared to his brother in college, Jonah is more likely to think that if he starts smoking marijuana, he will be able to quit when he wants to and nothing bad will happen. This way of thinking demonstrates A. the personal fable. B. the imaginary audience. C. selective attention. D. hypothetical reasoning. Answer: A 10. After learning to knit a simple scarf with her grandmother’s guidance, Alexis began to knit a sweater while on break from college. She went over to her grandmother’s when she had a question and was almost done when it was time to go back to school. She finished a few weeks later, needing only one Skype help session. Her grandmother recently mailed her a pattern so she can knit a handbag. This illustrates: A. selective attention. B. synaptic pruning. C. scaffolding. D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Answer: C 11. A developmental psychologist would most likely use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) A. to evaluate the strength of cohort differences. B. to examine changes in emotions at various time points. C. to examine how different environmental experiences affect brain development. D. to determine whether behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence. Answer: B 12. Adolescents are most likely to exhibit their false selves with A. close friends. B. dating partners. C. acquaintances. D. parents. Answer: B 13. In traditional cultures, girls reach womanhood mainly through A. their achievements. B. the same means that males reach manhood. C. their biological changes. D. protecting their young. Answer: C 14. Research on Kohlberg’s stages of moral development has shown that A. the stage of moral reasoning achieved tends to increase with age. B. over time, people regress to an earlier stage of moral reasoning. C. people often skip stages and advance to the highest stage in adulthood. D. the majority of people reach Stage 5: community rights and individual rights orientation. Answer: A 15. Religious faith and practices are A. usually weaker among African Americans than among Whites in the United States. B. associated with less depression and lower rates of drug use among adolescents. C. highest among adolescents in Europe compared to adolescents in other countries. D. the main priority of most American adolescents’ lives. Answer: B 16. In the United States, conflict in adolescence A. is especially intense and frequent between fathers and sons. B. steadily increases until the end of emerging adulthood. C. is more frequent between early maturing adolescents and their parents compared to “on-time” adolescents and their parents. D. is similar in frequency to that observed in traditional cultures. Answer: C 17. Which of the following would you be LEAST LIKELY to hear an American female adolescent say: A. “If I need relationship advice I will ask my parents.” B. “I feel most comfortable talking to my best friend about my deepest secrets.” C. “I have the most fun when I am with my friends.” D. “If I had the choice, I would rather hang out with my friends than go on vacation with my family.” Answer: A 18. On the basis of anthropological evidence, the United States would be considered a(n) ______________________ culture in terms of its cultural beliefs about the acceptability (or not) of premarital sex. A. permissive B. authoritarian C. semirestrictive D. restrictive Answer: C 19. Compared to their peers in the United States, adolescents in Eastern countries A. have a shorter school day. B. have a shorter school year. C. have to take entrance exams for both high school and college. D. focus almost exclusively on critical thinking. Answer: C 20. Adolescents in developed countries who work part-time A. are less likely to use drugs and alcohol than their nonworking counterparts. B. have higher grades in school than other students. C. usually contribute the majority of their earnings to support the household income. D. do not typically see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career. Answer: D 21. Research on the media use of adolescents A. has found that only females report that they enjoy the social aspect of gaming. B. has found that adolescents in industrialized countries use media for about 2 hours every day. C. has focused primarily on the benefits, such as increasing problem solving ability and strategizing. D. has shown that the content of electronic games is related to their emotional responses. Answer: D 22. Which of the following best describes the relationships between age and crime? A. Adolescents are less likely than adults to commit crimes because they do not have enough opportunity to do so. B. Adolescents are less likely to be the victims of crime than are children or adults. C. Adolescents are likely to commit crimes alone because they worry about their reputation if they get caught. D. A small percentage of adolescents commit the majority of crimes. Answer: D 23. Which of the following statements about depression is true? A. Rates of major depressive disorder are higher among adolescents than rates of depressed mood. B. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) alone was as effective in treating adolescent depression as CBT combined with medication. C. Rates of depressed mood reach a peak between the ages of 15 to 17. D. Boys are more likely than girls to show increases in depressed mood during adolescence. Answer: C 24. Research on resilience has shown that A. bouncing back from adversity requires a high level of achievement and extraordinary abilities. B. high intelligence characterizes many individuals who are considered resilient. C. as a group, girls are more resilient than boys. D. parenting has no influence on resilience. Answer: B Test Bank for Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey J. Arnett 9780205987887, 9780134641348
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