This Document Contains Chapters 7 to 8 Chapter 7: Managing Motives and Emotions 7.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The concept of motivation may be defined as A. voluntary compliance to another’s request B. rewarding and punishing behavior so as to change it C. energizing and directing our efforts toward a meaningful goal D. controlling behavior through reinforcements but not punishments Answer: C 2. ________ arouse us to seek gratification, while ________ direct behavior. A. Values; conflicts B. Emotions; necessities C. Media; economics D. Needs; motives Answer: D 3. The need that appears at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy is A. physiological needs B. safety needs C. self-actualization D. belonging Answer: C 4. According to Maslow’s hierarchical model of needs, the most urgent need is A. the need for self-actualization B. the lowest level of unmet needs C. the need for security and other social needs D. the highest level of unmet needs Answer: B 5. Although Savannah is 15-years-old, she still wants lots of love and attention from her parents. What need level is Savannah working to satisfy? A. self-actualization B. esteem C. belonging D. safety needs Answer: C 6. According to Maslow, the average person’s ________ needs are the most satisfied relative to other needs. A. physiological B. safety C. love D. esteem Answer: A 7. The need that Maslow says is most difficult to satisfy is A. self-actualization B. safety C. esteem D. belonging Answer: A 8. Eating behavior is strongly affected by A. atmospheric pressure as the seasons change B. the hypothalamus C. body temperature D. personal values Answer: B 9. Tatiana prefers to sit home and read while her sister, Tina, prefers to ride up rugged mountain passes. The two sisters differ in which motive? A. achievement B. sensation-seeking C. jealousy D. anxiety Answer: B 10. Bill likes to bet on horse racing, eat exotic foods, and drive fast. His wife Kim does not drink or smoke, but rather she likes to stay home and read. This couple’s marital incompatibility most likely involves a discrepancy between their A. interpersonal security preferences B. sensation-seeking needs C. needs for achievement D. tolerances for personal intimacy Answer: B 11. Sensation-seeking may be dependent on ______, resulting in _______. A. biological factors; different optimal arousal levels among individuals B. genes; differences in brain chemistry and neurotransmitters C. learning; similarity among individuals within the same culture D. other people; incompatibility among same-sex friends Answer: A 12. Someone who has a ________ for success and a ________ of failure is more apt to choose moderately difficult but realistic tasks. A. strong desire, low fear B. intense desire, high fear C. low desire, low fear D. low desire, high fear Answer: A 13. Someone who has a ________ for success and a ________ of failure is apt to set modest goals and be anxious about reaching them. A. strong desire, low fear B. intense desire, high fear C. low desire, low fear D. low desire, high fear Answer: B 14. The personal goals that we have the most direct control over are those covering A. the next five years B. the next month or so C. the next day or two D. the next few hours Answer: D 15. Intrinsic motivation involves active engagement out of personal interest, while external motivation involves A. a desire to help others B. engagement to satisfy family C. engagement as a means to an end D. a need to have others guide you Answer: C 16. Du attended college because of his parents’ desire for him to be a successful doctor. Thus, his college career was mostly A. intrinsically motivated B. extrinsically motivated C. motivated by achievement D. motivated by sensation-seeking Answer: B 17. According to the text, one of the four important components of emotion is A. social interaction B. behavioral stagnation C. cognitive processes D. self-efficacy Answer: C 18. According to the text, which is NOT one of the important components of emotion? A. behavioral stagnation B. cognitive processes C. physiological arousal D. subjective feelings Answer: A 19. How many primary emotions have been identified? A. 8 B. 9 C. 10 D. 6 Answer: A 20. Which is NOT one of the primary emotions? A. acceptance B. disgust C. anger D. embarrassment Answer: D 21. An example of a secondary emotion is A. the shame you feel after an angry outburst B. the joy you feel when falling in love C. the anticipation of a good time D. the sadness you feel after a loss Answer: A 22. Does anxiety serve a purpose? A. No, it almost always causes ulcers and other health problems. B. Yes, it almost always improves performance and energy level. C. Yes, it warns us of threat or danger so acts as an alarm. D. No, it causes us to avoid and escape when we should confront. Answer: C 23. More than _____ percent of adults suffer from social anxiety or general timidity about social situations. A. 30 B. 40 C. 50 D. 60 Answer: D 24. Generally, the relationship between anxiety and test performance takes the form of ________ -shaped curve. A. an “S” B. a “U” C. an inverted “U” D. a bell Answer: C 25. At what level of anxiety do most people perform best? A. high B. medium C. low D. zero Answer: B 26. What is psychological catharsis? A. venting anger or hostility B. working hard during stress C. stifling rage and angst D. being competitive and argumentative Answer: A 27. Which of the following is the best way to manage your anger? A. hitting a pillow B. playing a violent video game C. expressive writing D. yelling and screaming Answer: C 28. What percentage of children report being the victim of bullying? A. 10 to 20 B. 15 to 30 C. 25 to 50 D. 40 to 60 Answer: C 29. Jealousy is a complex emotion that includes anger over betrayal as well as A. fear of loss B. loneliness C. anticipation D. sadness about loss Answer: A 30. Jealousy can be contrasted with ________, a related emotion distinguished by feelings of disapproval. A. motivation B. depression C. envy D. distrust Answer: C 31. People who are especially prone to jealousy tend to have A. high-self esteem B. high levels of anxiety C. high thresholds of emotional arousal D. high levels of life satisfaction Answer: B 32. Psychologists sometimes refer to happiness as A. subjective well-being B. enlightenment C. self-actualization D. pain-free living Answer: A 33. According to research, the correlation between wealth and happiness is A. high B. modest C. low D. zero Answer: B 34. Men tend to report more ________ feelings, while women tend to report ________ feelings. A. powerless; powerful B. powerful; powerless C. negative; positive D. positive; negative Answer: B 35. In relation to lying, micro expressions refer to A. those expressions that reveal unspoken “I” messages B. fleeting facial expressions C. expressions which are not very important to communication D. hand gestures, postural changes, and other body language Answer: B 36. The major implication of body leakage is A. that we cannot have control over situational factors B. that genetic factors play a major role in how we react C. that we have more potential control over our feelings than popularly believed D. that postures often show the truth Answer: D 37. People who are overly emotional and tend to impulsively blurt out their feelings may need to work on their A. micro expressions B. body leakage C. emotional self-regulation D. self-efficacy Answer: C 38. There are________ components of an “I” message. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 Answer: B 39. An “I” message generally commences with A. a description of the other person’s objectionable behavior B. a concrete example of how the other’s action affects you C. a command for the person to cease and desist D. a description of your emotional reaction Answer: A 40. An example of a phrase that should NOT be included in an “I” message is A. I feel annoyed. B. You hurt me. C. When you change your mind at the last minute… D. Tell me what I am doing wrong. Answer: B 7.2 True/False Questions 1. The lowest level in Maslow's general hierarchy of needs is safety needs. Answer: False 2. Maslow suggests that esteem needs are normally our most completely satisfied needs. Answer: False 3. The need for sensation-seeking is partly biological. Answer: True 4. Studying hard so as to receive an "A" on the next exam is an example of sensation-seeking. Answer: False 5. Men and women have similar sensation-seeking scores. Answer: False 6. The longer the time span covered, the more control you have over your goals. Answer: False 7. Extrinsic motivation generally results in enhanced well-being. Answer: False 8. Emotions can be defined as relatively stable temperament differences among individuals. Answer: False 9. Joy is one of the primary emotions. Answer: True 10. Anxiety serves as an emotional alarm warning us of threat or danger. Answer: True 11. At high levels of anxiety, most people perform their best. Answer: False 12. Venting anger through hitting a pillow results in more anger and aggression. Answer: True 13. Exposure to violent media increases aggressive feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Answer: True 14. When looking at all types of bullying, girls tend to bully significantly more than boys. Answer: False 15. Aging necessarily involves a decline in happiness. Answer: False 16. Women smile more often than men. Answer: True 17. Micro expressions are fleeting facial expressions lasting less than a second. Answer: True 18. Those with high levels of general intelligence advance their careers faster than people high in emotional intelligence. Answer: False 19. The first component of an "I" message should be our personal evaluation of another person's objectionable behavior. Answer: False 20. Our gut reaction is infallible. Answer: False 7.3 Short Answer Questions 1. List the needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Answer: Needs in Maslow's Hierarchy: • Physiological needs (e.g., food, water, shelter) • Safety needs (e.g., security, stability) • Love and belongingness needs (e.g., social relationships, intimacy) • Esteem needs (e.g., achievement, recognition) • Self-actualization needs (e.g., personal growth, fulfillment) 2. What is sensation-seeking behavior? Give an example of such behavior. Answer: Sensation-seeking behavior refers to the tendency to seek varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take risks for such experiences. • Example: Skydiving, where individuals seek the thrill and excitement of jumping out of an airplane at high altitudes. 3. What are the two main factors involved in achievement motivation? Answer: • Need for Achievement: The desire to accomplish significant goals, surpass standards of excellence, and excel in one's endeavors. • Fear of Failure: The concern or anxiety about failing, which can either motivate individuals to strive harder (high achievers) or inhibit performance (low achievers). 4. Describe the five types of personal goals in the text (e.g., long-term goals). Answer: • Long-term Goals: Goals that span an extended period, often years, such as career aspirations or educational achievements. • Short-term Goals: Goals that are achievable in the near future, typically within days, weeks, or months. • Performance Goals: Goals focused on achieving specific outcomes or demonstrating competence, often involving comparison with others. • Mastery Goals: Goals focused on improving skills and mastering tasks for personal development and competence. • Avoidance Goals: Goals aimed at avoiding failure or negative outcomes, often driven by fear of failure. 5. Identify the four components of an emotion. Answer: • Subjective Experience: The individual's internal feelings or experiences associated with an emotion (e.g., joy, sadness). • Physiological Response: Changes in the body that accompany emotional experiences (e.g., heart rate increase, sweating). • Behavioral Response: Outward behaviors or actions that express or reflect the emotion (e.g., smiling, crying). • Cognitive Appraisal: Evaluation or interpretation of the situation that triggers the emotion (e.g., assessing a situation as threatening or rewarding). Understanding these concepts provides insights into human behavior, motivation, and emotional experiences across different contexts and stages of life. 6. List the basic emotions that are expressed universally. Answer: • Happiness • Sadness • Anger • Fear • Surprise • Disgust 7. What are some traits that happy people share? Answer: Traits Shared by Happy People: • Optimism and positive outlook on life • Resilience and ability to bounce back from setbacks • Strong social connections and supportive relationships • Sense of purpose and meaning in life • Ability to savor and appreciate life's pleasures 8. What are the four components of an "I" message? Answer: Components of an "I" Message: • Behavior: Describe the specific behavior or action observed. • Effect: Express how the behavior made you feel or what impact it had on you. • Feelings: Identify and express your own feelings in response to the behavior. • Consequence: State the consequence or outcome of the behavior on you. Using "I" messages promotes effective communication by focusing on personal experiences and emotions rather than making assumptions or accusations about others' intentions or behaviors. 7.4 Essay Questions 1. Give a general description of how an individual moves through Maslow's hierarchy of needs. For example, what is the impetus for the individual's growth? What are the various levels of Maslow's hierarchy? Provide a concrete example of each level of need. Answer: Moving Through Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs General Description: Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that individuals are motivated to move through different levels of needs in a hierarchical order, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing toward higher levels of psychological fulfillment. The impetus for growth is the fulfillment of lower-level needs, which then allows individuals to focus on higher-level needs. Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy: 1. Physiological Needs: Basic biological requirements such as food, water, and shelter. • Example: A person seeks food and water when hungry and thirsty. 2. Safety Needs: The need for safety, security, and stability. • Example: Someone seeks employment or lives in a safe neighborhood. 3. Love and Belongingness Needs: The need for love, affection, and social relationships. • Example: Forming friendships or intimate relationships. 4. Esteem Needs: The need for self-esteem, recognition, and respect from others. • Example: Achieving success in one's career or receiving praise for accomplishments. 5. Self-Actualization Needs: The need to fulfill one's potential, seek personal growth, and achieve self-fulfillment. • Example: Engaging in creative pursuits, pursuing knowledge, or contributing to society in meaningful ways. 2. What is sensation-seeking? In what ways is it manifested? Are there individual differences in this motive? If yes, describe them. Answer: Sensation-Seeking Description: Sensation-seeking is a personality trait characterized by seeking varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, often accompanied by a willingness to take risks for such experiences. Manifestations: • Adventure-seeking: Seeking thrilling and exciting experiences like skydiving or bungee jumping. • Experience-seeking: Seeking new sensory experiences through travel, exploration, or trying new foods. • Disinhibition: Seeking social or sensory experiences that involve breaking social norms or inhibitions. Individual Differences: There are significant individual differences in sensation-seeking: • Some individuals may have high sensation-seeking tendencies and actively seek out novel experiences. • Others may prefer routine and familiarity, showing lower sensation-seeking tendencies. 3. What is the need to achieve? What are the various components of this need? Are there individual or cultural differences in this motive? If yes, how so? Answer: Need to Achieve (Achievement Motivation) Description: The need to achieve is the desire to accomplish challenging goals, attain success, and strive for excellence. Components: • Desire for Success: Strong motivation to succeed and achieve specific goals. • Fear of Failure: Concern or anxiety about failing to meet expectations or standards. • Competitiveness: Desire to outperform others and achieve superiority in tasks. Individual and Cultural Differences: • Individual Differences: Some individuals have a high need for achievement and actively seek out challenges to demonstrate their competence. • Cultural Differences: Cultures may vary in the emphasis placed on achievement motivation. For example, individualistic cultures often prioritize personal achievement and success, while collectivistic cultures may focus more on group harmony and cooperation. Understanding these motives helps explain individual behavior, goal-setting strategies, and the pursuit of personal and cultural values across different contexts and societies. 4. What are the universal emotions? How do we know these emotions are universal? What utility does universality hold for human communication? Answer: Universal Emotions: Universal emotions are emotions that are expressed and recognized across cultures and societies. The most commonly recognized universal emotions are: • Happiness • Sadness • Anger • Fear • Surprise • Disgust Evidence of Universality: Research using facial expressions, body language, and physiological responses has shown that these emotions are universally recognizable: • Cross-cultural studies have demonstrated that people from different cultures can accurately identify these emotions based on facial expressions alone. • Studies with individuals who have limited exposure to other cultures (e.g., isolated tribes) also show similar recognition patterns. Utility in Human Communication: Universality of emotions enhances human communication in several ways: • Shared Understanding: Recognizing universal emotions allows individuals to understand each other's emotional states regardless of cultural or linguistic differences. • Empathy and Connection: It fosters empathy and emotional connection by facilitating mutual understanding and validation of emotional experiences. • Non-verbal Communication: Universal emotions provide a basis for non-verbal communication cues, helping convey emotions effectively in interpersonal interactions and social contexts. 5. What is anxiety? What is test anxiety? How does anxiety affect our performance – test anxiety or any other type of anxiety? What can people do to cope better with anxiety? Answer: Anxiety: Anxiety is a natural response to stress or perceived threat, characterized by feelings of apprehension, worry, and physical symptoms such as increased heart rate and tension. Test Anxiety: Test anxiety specifically refers to anxiety experienced before or during exams or assessments. It can manifest as nervousness, fear of failure, and difficulty concentrating, potentially impairing performance. Impact on Performance: Anxiety, including test anxiety, can negatively impact performance in several ways: • Cognitive Interference: Anxiety can interfere with attention, memory retrieval, and problem-solving abilities during tests. • Physical Symptoms: Physical symptoms like sweating, trembling, or nausea can distract and disrupt concentration. • Negative Self-Talk: Anxiety may lead to negative self-talk or catastrophic thinking, further undermining confidence and performance. Coping Strategies: • Preparation and Practice: Effective preparation and practice can boost confidence and reduce anxiety about performance. • Stress Management Techniques: Techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or mindfulness can help manage physiological symptoms of anxiety. • Cognitive Behavioral Strategies: Challenging negative thoughts and replacing them with more positive and realistic self-talk can alleviate anxiety. • Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Regular exercise, adequate sleep, and a balanced diet contribute to overall well-being and resilience against stress. Understanding anxiety and employing coping strategies not only improves performance under stress but also promotes mental and emotional well-being in various aspects of life. 6. What is bullying? Why do bullies pick on other children? What children are usually the targets of bullies? Can anything be done about bullying? Answer: Definition: Bullying involves repeated aggressive behavior intended to harm or intimidate others, often involving a power imbalance between the bully and the target. Reasons Bullies Pick on Others: • Seeking Power: Bullies may exert control and dominance over others to boost their own self-esteem or sense of power. • Seeking Attention: Some bullies may seek attention or approval from peers by demonstrating dominance or aggression. • Lack of Empathy: A lack of empathy or understanding of the impact of their behavior on others can lead bullies to harm others without remorse. Targets of Bullying: • Vulnerable Children: Those who are perceived as different or vulnerable due to physical appearance, social status, or behavior. • Isolated Children: Individuals who lack strong social connections or support networks. • Overachievers or Underachievers: Both high-achieving and low-achieving children may be targeted for different reasons, such as jealousy or perceived weakness. Addressing Bullying: • Prevention Programs: Schools and communities can implement anti-bullying programs that educate students, parents, and teachers about recognizing and addressing bullying behavior. • Support Systems: Building supportive environments where victims feel safe reporting incidents and receiving help. • Intervention: Prompt intervention by adults to address bullying behavior and provide consequences for perpetrators. 7. What is jealousy? Discuss the various strategies people use to cope with jealousy. Answer: Definition: Jealousy is an emotional response to a perceived threat or loss in a relationship, often involving fear of losing someone or something important. Strategies to Cope with Jealousy: • Communication: Openly discussing feelings of jealousy with the person involved can clarify misunderstandings and strengthen trust. • Self-Reflection: Reflecting on the underlying reasons for jealousy, such as insecurities or past experiences, can help individuals understand and manage their emotions. • Building Trust: Taking actions to build and strengthen trust in relationships can alleviate feelings of jealousy. • Distraction: Engaging in activities or hobbies that provide a sense of fulfillment and distraction from jealousy. • Seeking Support: Talking to friends, family, or a therapist can provide perspective and emotional support during times of jealousy. 8. Provide a definition for and a concrete example of the following terms: fear of failure, primary emotion, sensation-seeking, micro expressions, and "I" message. Answer: Definitions and Examples • Fear of Failure: The anxiety or apprehension about failing to meet expectations or achieve goals, which can hinder motivation and performance. • Example: A student avoids applying for a competitive program due to fear of not being accepted. • Primary Emotion: A basic and instinctive emotional response that is not learned but universally experienced. • Example: Feeling fear when encountering a dangerous situation. • Sensation-Seeking: A personality trait characterized by seeking novel, intense, and thrilling experiences. • Example: Enjoying activities like skydiving or rock climbing for the adrenaline rush. • Micro expressions: Brief, involuntary facial expressions that reveal genuine emotions before a person consciously masks them. • Example: A fleeting expression of surprise before quickly composing oneself. • "I" Message: A communication technique that focuses on expressing one's feelings, thoughts, and reactions without blaming or accusing others. • Example: "I feel upset when you interrupt me during meetings because I don't feel heard." Understanding these terms helps in navigating interpersonal relationships, managing emotions, and improving communication skills in various personal and professional contexts. Chapter 8: Making and Keeping Friends 8.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1. A basic principle of person perception is A. our first impressions are not the most lasting impressions B. people form impressions of others only after they have gleaned lots of information C. people tend to form extensive impressions of others on the basis of very little information D. not many of us form first impressions of other people; we wait to pass judgment Answer: C 2. With regard to first impressions, A. we needn’t worry; subsequent impressions easily erase first impressions B. negative behaviors color them more than do positive behaviors C. we expect poor first impressions due to physical appearance, attitudes, and reputations D. they count little in determining whether we’ll continue interacting with another Answer: B 3. Which principle generally guides notions of physical attractiveness? A. Ethnocentrism and culture influence our perceptions of attractiveness. B. Having attractive friends positively influences your own perceived attractiveness. C. Appropriate hip-to-waist ratio is important to many people. D. All of these principles affect notions of physical attractiveness. Answer: D 4. The adage “beauty is in the eye of the beholder” suggests that physical attractiveness is largely based on A. outward characteristics B. biological factors C. sexism D. subjective perceptions Answer: D 5. If someone is told “I can’t wait for you to meet Anita,” he or she is likely to form a positive image of her based on A. similarity B. matching hypothesis C. reputation D. propinquity Answer: C 6. We often decide we like others if they A. challenge our attitudes B. have a greater proportion of shared attitudes with us C. have a greater number of different attitudes from us D. are different from us in their appearance and attitudes Answer: B 7. The theory of complementarity tends to apply to A. specific traits B. personalities as a whole C. needs people share D. propinquity Answer: A 8. Propinquity is especially important in the A. middle stages of attraction B. later stages of attraction C. early stages of attraction D. attraction between partners online Answer: C 9. Propinquity refers to A. nonverbal signals B. complementarity C. physical closeness D. verbal signals Answer: C 10. In terms of friendship, there is a strong association between A. beauty and ugliness B. interaction and liking C. similarity and reputation D. same-sex and opposite-sex friends Answer: B 11. We tend to be favorably impressed with people who A. avoid eye contact B. remind us of someone we know and like C. have a relaxed posture D. have angular faces Answer: B 12. The term paralinguistics refers to A. languages other than English B. unspoken features of spoken communication C. languages of Indo-Asian origin D. ancient methods of communication such as petroglyphs Answer: B 13. Which is true of communication between men and women? A. Women have more difficulty interpreting what men are saying. B. Women overestimate men’s commitment. C. Men raise fewer topics than women. D. Men over-perceive women’s sexual intent. Answer: D 14. What it called when we assume others feel as we do, causing us to form a mistaken impression of them? A. the stereotypical effect B. the halo effect C. the matching hypothesis effect D. the false consensus effect Answer: D 15. Judging someone to be intelligent mostly because he wears eyeglasses would be an example of a mistaken impression due to A. assumed similarity B. false cues C. reputation D. stereotype Answer: D 16. Judging someone to be a good person because you know she is warm and outgoing would exemplify an impression based on A. false cues B. physical attraction C. stereotypes D. the halo effect Answer: D 17. If we see people as cold and withdrawn, we tend to attribute additional negative qualities to them. This is called A. the halo effect B. stereotyping C. false cues D. the devil effect Answer: D 18. If someone cuts you off in traffic, you may assume them to be a bad driver without realizing they are rushing to the hospital with an emergency. This is an example of A. the devil effect B. stereotyping C. the fundamental attribution error D. the false consensus effect Answer: C 19. The fundamental attribution error causes us to misjudge people because A. we are impressed by wealth B. of their personal traits and characteristics C. of situational and environmental influences D. we are influenced by unconscious motives Answer: C 20. Friendships are LEAST defined by A. the frequency of association B. the intimacy of the relationship C. mutual praise for successes D. the loyalty of the other person Answer: A 21. People who report good general well-being have ________ close friends and report ________ levels of sharing of intimate information with friends. A. many; high B. many; low C. only a few; high D. only a few; low Answer: C 22. Young adults tend to turn to their ________ in times of need. A. family more than friends B. friends and family equally C. friends more than family D. neither friends nor family Answer: C 23. The behavior of frenemies is referred to as A. disclosure B. paralinguistics C. propinquity D. relational aggression Answer: D 24. Self-disclosure is typically A. reciprocal B. superficial C. about negative events D. unhealthy for us Answer: A 25. Studies regarding self-disclosure have shown that A. increasing levels of disclosure lead to greater intimacy B. the more men share about themselves, the more positively they are perceived C. people with high self-esteem share their feelings more readily than people with low self-esteem D. pairs of men engage in greater disclosure than do pairs of women Answer: C 26. When considering gender and self-disclosure, which statement is NOT true? A. Pairs of women engage in more intimate disclosure. B. Men disclose more than is disclosed to them. C. Men are more apt to disclose less personal topics. D. Men use disclosure to strive for power. Answer: B 27. Which statement about cultural differences in self-disclosure is true? A. Americans have fewer social interactions and self-disclosures. B. Americans engage in self-disclosure more frequently than people in Japan. C. Asians seek out social support more often during times of stress. D. In comparison to Americans, people from Asian countries tend to disclose more information on all topics. Answer: B 28. Intimacy plays a more central role A. in older friendships B. among male friends C. among female friends D. when one of the friends is depressed Answer: C 29. When it comes to same-sex and opposite-sex friendships, A. women experience greater anxiety over close relationships B. men tend to seek another male when needing emotional support C. women rather than men usually engage in outright disputes over money D. men seek out a female friend only when needing a favor Answer: A 30. When it comes to same-sex and opposite-sex friendships, A. jealousies and rejection are more common among men B. only men turn to opposite-sex friends to learn about attracting a mate C. women are developing more “activity friends” D. men are more likely to share intimate details about their lives Answer: C 31. Which statement about a friends with benefits relationship is true? A. women are likely to have more past FWB relationships B. both men and women report that the “friendship” is more important than the “benefits” C. men express a greater desire for the relationship to change D. nearly 50 percent of those in them have more than one active sex partner Answer: B 32. The most frequently cited reason for friendships cooling off is that one person has A. become much wealthier than the other B. moved away C. made unwanted sexual overtures D. become divorced Answer: B 33. Which is NOT one of the three most frequently cited reasons for friendships breaking up? A. life transitions B. physical separation C. discovering very different views on important matters D. trust being broken Answer: B 34. Shyness in the extreme is called social anxiety, or A. biological predisposition B. social phobia C. pathological avoidance D. social unfamiliarity Answer: B 35. Shyness is thought to be the result of ________ influences. A. biological B. societal C. biological and environmental D. cultural and environmental Answer: C 36. According to the text, to overcome shyness, it's best to A. reduce the inner monitoring of your thoughts B. pay less attention to people around you C. avoid situations involving others D. become keenly aware of how people see you Answer: A 37. According to the text, which is NOT a good way to overcome shyness? A. avoid social situations B. develop your social skills C. try to stop being perfectionist D. focus on your participation in an activity Answer: A 38. The experience of loneliness is especially common among A. college students B. middle-aged industrial workers C. married men D. older women Answer: A 39. Which statement is true about loneliness? A. Some of the loneliest people had divorced parents when they were very young. B. Individuals whose parents died experience increased loneliness. C. People who are high in empathy and aware of their emotions tend to be lonely. D. People with high emotional intelligence experience greater loneliness. Answer: A 40. The most successful way to cope with loneliness is to A. adopt active or behavioral strategies to overcome loneliness B. distract yourself by watching television C. realize loneliness is due to a variety of internal factors D. attribute our loneliness to unlucky circumstances Answer: A 8.2 True/False Questions 1. We tend to form extensive impressions of others on the basis of very little information. Answer: True 2. A person's physical appearance makes a strong impression on us. Answer: True 3. Physical attractiveness is associated with such diverse accomplishments as getting good grades, obtaining better jobs, and having fewer serious psychological disorders. Answer: True 4. Research has found a zero correlation between liking and similarity. Answer: False 5. Propinquity is most important in the later stages of attraction. Answer: False 6. Rounder faces are perceived as less likeable than angular faces. Answer: False 7. Paralinguistics are not helpful in detecting if someone is lying. Answer: False 8. The single most important reason we misjudge people is the lack of sufficient information. Answer: True 9. The fundamental attribution error refers to labeling people good or bad on the basis of some cardinal characteristic. Answer: False 10. Friendship has as much to do with the frequency of association as the quality of the relationship. Answer: False 11. Young adults tend to rely on their families more than on their peers when in need. Answer: False 12. Those with low self-esteem are more apt to withhold personal information from friends. Answer: True 13. The “activity friend” is distinctively male. Answer: False 14. Around 50 to 60 percent of college students report being in a friends with benefits relationship. Answer: True 15. The most common reason for friendships breaking up is that one person moves away. Answer: False 16. Almost all of us tend to be shy in some situations. Answer: True 17. Shyness is purely biological. Answer: False 18. She people tend to use social networking sites less than non-shy people. Answer: False 19. Loneliness is more prevalent among people in their 60s than any other age group. Answer: False 20. Americans are especially prone to loneliness. Answer: True 8.3 Short Answer Questions 1. List five factors that affect our initial impressions of people. Answer: Five factors that affect our initial impressions of people include: Physical Appearance: First impressions often rely on visual cues such as clothing, grooming, and facial expressions. Non-verbal Cues: Body language, posture, gestures, and eye contact can influence initial perceptions. Verbal Communication: Tone of voice, speech patterns, and choice of words impact how someone is perceived. Contextual Factors: The environment or setting in which an interaction occurs can shape initial impressions. Similarity: Perceptions can be influenced by how much we perceive someone to be similar to ourselves in attitudes, interests, or background. 2. How important is physical attractiveness in forming an impression of someone? Answer: Physical attractiveness can significantly influence initial impressions due to its impact on: Perceived Traits: Attractive individuals may be perceived as more sociable, competent, and likable. First Impressions: People often form positive initial impressions based on physical attractiveness, which can affect subsequent interactions. Cultural Norms: Cultural standards of beauty and attractiveness shape how physical appearance is evaluated in different contexts. 3. Identify the various factors associated with mistaken impressions of others. Answer: Various factors that contribute to mistaken impressions of others include: Stereotypes and Biases: Preconceived notions or stereotypes based on characteristics such as race, gender, or age can lead to inaccurate perceptions. Limited Information: Making judgments based on incomplete or insufficient information about a person. Confirmation Bias: Interpreting information in a way that confirms existing beliefs or expectations about someone. Contextual Influences: Misinterpreting behavior due to the specific context or circumstances of an interaction. Cognitive Dissonance: Discrepancy between our initial impression and subsequent information that challenges or contradicts it. Understanding these factors can help individuals become more aware of their own biases and improve their ability to form accurate impressions based on objective observations and interactions. 4. Discuss two gender differences in self-disclosure. Answer: Two gender differences in self-disclosure include: • Depth of Disclosure: Women often disclose more personal and emotional information, whereas men may focus more on factual details. • Purpose of Disclosure: Women tend to disclose to build intimacy and connection, while men may disclose to assert dominance or problem-solve. 5. List several reasons for keeping friendships platonic. Answer: Several reasons for keeping friendships platonic include: • Respecting Boundaries: Avoiding complications or misunderstandings that can arise from romantic involvement. • Preserving Friendship Dynamics: Maintaining a stable and supportive friendship without romantic expectations. • Compatibility: Recognizing that romantic compatibility may not align with friendship dynamics or long-term goals. 6. What are some common reasons friendships break up? Answer: Common reasons friendships break up include: • Betrayal or Trust Issues: Instances of betrayal, such as sharing confidential information or dishonest behavior. • Conflict and Disagreements: Persistent disagreements or conflicts that strain the relationship over time. • Life Changes: Changes in circumstances such as relocation, career shifts, or significant life events that impact the friendship. • Growing Apart: Divergence in interests, values, or priorities that lead to a natural drift in the relationship. • Lack of Communication: Poor communication, neglect, or lack of effort in maintaining the friendship. Understanding these dynamics can help individuals navigate and maintain healthy, fulfilling friendships over time. 7. How is the advent of technology related to shyness in America? Answer: The advent of technology in America has been linked to changes in shyness by: • Allowing shy individuals to interact more comfortably through online platforms. • Potentially exacerbating feelings of isolation and social anxiety due to decreased face-to-face interaction. 8. What is the best way to cope with chronic loneliness? Answer: The best ways to cope with chronic loneliness include: • Seeking professional help such as therapy or counseling. • Building connections through hobbies, support groups, or volunteering to foster meaningful social interactions. 8.4 Essay Questions 1. What are five factors cited in the text that influence our impressions of others? Answer: Certainly! When discussing factors that influence our impressions of others, you could consider the following five factors: 1. Physical Appearance: This includes aspects such as attractiveness, grooming, and body language, which can significantly impact initial judgments and perceptions. 2. Verbal Communication: How someone speaks, their vocabulary, tone of voice, and articulation can shape how others perceive their intelligence, confidence, and social skills. 3. Non-verbal Cues: Body language, facial expressions, gestures, and eye contact can convey emotions, sincerity, and attitudes, influencing how others interpret and respond to someone. 4. Behavior and Actions: Observable behaviors, manners, etiquette, and actions in various situations can reveal aspects of personality, values, and competence, affecting how others form opinions. 5. Context and Environment: The setting, social norms, cultural background, and situational factors play a role in shaping perceptions of individuals, influencing judgments about their character and capabilities. These factors are interconnected and collectively contribute to the complex process of forming impressions of others in social interactions. 2. Discuss how we form impressions of others and why are first impressions are often incorrect. Answer: Forming impressions of others is a multifaceted process influenced by various psychological and situational factors. Here’s an outline to discuss this topic comprehensively: Forming Impressions of Others 1. Perceptual Processes: • Schemas and Stereotypes: We often rely on mental frameworks (schemas) and generalized beliefs (stereotypes) to quickly categorize and understand others. • Attribution: We tend to attribute behaviors to either internal (personal traits) or external (situation-based) factors, influencing our impressions. 2. Non-verbal Communication: • Body Language: Gestures, posture, facial expressions, and eye contact convey emotions and intentions. • Paralinguistics: Tone, pitch, and speed of speech contribute to how messages are perceived. 3. Verbal Communication: • Language Use: Vocabulary, fluency, and clarity impact perceptions of intelligence and education. • Content: Topics discussed, opinions expressed, and coherence in speech influence impressions. 4. Contextual Factors: • Social Context: The setting and social norms shape our expectations and judgments. • Cultural Context: Beliefs, values, and norms influence interpretations of behavior and communication styles. Why First Impressions Are Often Incorrect 1. Limited Information: • Initial encounters provide only a snapshot of a person’s behavior, often lacking depth and context. • Incomplete information leads to oversimplified judgments based on surface-level observations. 2. Biases and Assumptions: • Confirmation Bias: We tend to seek information that confirms our initial impression and ignore contradictory evidence. • Stereotyping: Preconceived notions based on race, gender, or other characteristics can lead to biased judgments. 3. Emotional and Cognitive Influences: • Halo Effect: Positive traits may overshadow negative ones, or vice versa, based on one standout characteristic. • Mood and State: Our current emotional state can color how we perceive and interpret others’ behaviors. 4. Dynamic Nature of Personality: • People are complex and multifaceted, with behaviors varying across different situations. • Initial impressions may fail to capture the full range of a person’s personality and capabilities. Conclusion In summary, forming impressions of others is a complex process influenced by perceptual, communication, and contextual factors. Despite our tendency to make quick judgments, first impressions are often incorrect due to the limited information available, biases, emotional influences, and the dynamic nature of human behavior. Recognizing the limitations of first impressions encourages a more nuanced and empathetic approach to understanding others. 3. What are the most common activities friends do when they get together? Answer: Common Activities Friends Do When They Get Together Friendship activities can vary widely based on individual preferences and the nature of the friendship. However, some common activities friends often engage in include: 1. Socializing: Whether it's going out for coffee, grabbing a meal together, or attending social events, friends enjoy spending time together in relaxed settings. 2. Shared Hobbies: Engaging in hobbies and interests together, such as playing sports, hiking, gaming, or crafting, strengthens bonds through shared experiences. 3. Entertainment: Watching movies, binge-watching TV shows, attending concerts or plays, and exploring cultural events are popular ways friends enjoy leisure time. 4. Traveling: Going on trips or vacations allows friends to explore new places, create memories, and deepen their connection through shared adventures. 5. Supporting Each Other: Friends often provide emotional support by listening, offering advice, celebrating achievements, and comforting during difficult times. 6. Celebrating Milestones: Marking birthdays, holidays, and special occasions together strengthens the sense of camaraderie and reinforces the bond. 7. Just Hanging Out: Sometimes, simply hanging out at home or in a favorite spot, chatting, laughing, and enjoying each other’s company is enough to maintain friendships. These activities foster closeness, trust, and enjoyment in friendships, contributing to their longevity and quality. 4. Discuss the relationship between mutual self-disclosure and liking. Answer: Relationship Between Mutual Self-Disclosure and Liking Mutual self-disclosure, where individuals share personal information about themselves with each other, plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of liking and intimacy in relationships. Here’s how it works: • Trust and Intimacy: When individuals reciprocate self-disclosure, it signifies trust and openness. This mutual sharing deepens the emotional bond between friends or partners. • Enhanced Understanding: Learning more about each other’s thoughts, feelings, and experiences promotes empathy and understanding. It allows individuals to connect on a deeper level beyond surface interactions. • Validation and Support: Mutual self-disclosure often involves sharing vulnerabilities and concerns. Providing support and validation in response strengthens the relationship by demonstrating care and empathy. • Self-Esteem and Likability: Sharing positive aspects of oneself can enhance self-esteem, while receiving positive feedback from others can increase feelings of liking and acceptance. • Reciprocity and Balance: Successful relationships typically involve balanced self-disclosure, where both parties feel comfortable sharing and listening. This reciprocity fosters a sense of equality and mutual respect. In essence, mutual self-disclosure facilitates emotional closeness, enhances liking, and strengthens interpersonal relationships by fostering trust, understanding, and support. 5. Discuss some of the common reasons friendships break up. Answer: Common Reasons Friendships Break Up Friendships, like any relationship, can face challenges that may lead to their dissolution. Some common reasons why friendships break up include: 1. Betrayal of Trust: Actions such as lying, gossiping, or sharing confidential information can breach trust and lead to irreparable damage. 2. Conflict and Miscommunication: Disagreements, misunderstandings, or unresolved conflicts can strain friendships, especially if communication breaks down. 3. Changing Priorities: Shifts in personal interests, lifestyle choices, or life circumstances (e.g., moving away, starting a family) can create distance and strain the friendship. 4. Jealousy and Competition: Feelings of jealousy or competition, whether over achievements, relationships, or attention, can sour the friendship. 5. Growing Apart: Over time, individuals may develop different values, goals, or social circles that diverge from those of their friends, leading to a natural drift. 6. Unresolved Issues: Lingering issues, grudges, or past hurts that are not addressed or forgiven can poison the friendship over time. 7. Lack of Effort: One-sided efforts or neglecting to prioritize the friendship can cause resentment and ultimately lead to its demise. Navigating these challenges requires communication, empathy, and mutual effort to maintain the friendship. When friendships do break up, it often reflects a significant loss and can be emotionally challenging for both parties involved. These responses should provide a solid foundation for addressing these essay questions comprehensively. 6. Describe suggestions for helping people to get over their shyness. Answer: Suggestions for Helping People to Overcome Shyness Shyness can significantly impact one's social interactions and overall quality of life. However, there are several strategies that can help individuals overcome shyness: 1. Gradual Exposure: Start with low-stakes social situations and gradually increase the level of social interaction. This helps build confidence over time. 2. Social Skills Training: Learning and practicing basic social skills, such as making eye contact, starting a conversation, and active listening, can improve social interactions and reduce anxiety. 3. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns related to social interactions, replacing them with more positive and realistic thoughts. 4. Self-Compassion: Encouraging self-kindness and understanding can reduce the fear of judgment and self-criticism that often accompanies shyness. 5. Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Practices such as mindfulness meditation and deep breathing can reduce anxiety and increase comfort in social situations. 6. Setting Small Goals: Setting and achieving small, manageable social goals can build confidence and a sense of accomplishment. 7. Positive Reinforcement: Rewarding oneself for social successes, no matter how small, can reinforce positive behavior and reduce shyness. 8. Joining Groups or Classes: Participating in group activities or classes with shared interests can provide a comfortable environment to practice social skills. 9. Seek Professional Help: For severe shyness, seeking the help of a therapist or counselor can provide personalized strategies and support. 7. What is loneliness? Who in our society is likely to feel alone? Explain the differences between loneliness and solitude. Discuss the various ways of coping with loneliness. Answer: Understanding and Coping with Loneliness Loneliness is a subjective feeling of being disconnected or isolated from others. It is a distressing experience that arises when there is a discrepancy between one's desired and actual social relationships. Loneliness can affect anyone, but certain groups are more vulnerable: • Elderly Individuals: Often experience loneliness due to loss of loved ones, decreased mobility, and social isolation. • Young Adults: Especially during transitions such as moving for college or starting a new job. • People with Mental Health Issues: Conditions like depression and anxiety can exacerbate feelings of loneliness. • Individuals with Disabilities: May face physical barriers to social interaction. • LGBTQ+ Individuals: May experience loneliness due to discrimination or lack of acceptance. • Caregivers: Often experience isolation due to the demands of caregiving responsibilities. Differences Between Loneliness and Solitude: • Loneliness: An unwanted feeling of isolation and lack of connection with others. It is negative and distressing. • Solitude: A chosen state of being alone that can be positive and enriching. It allows for self-reflection, creativity, and relaxation. Coping with Loneliness: 1. Building Social Connections: Reaching out to friends and family, joining clubs or social groups, and engaging in community activities can help build a supportive network. 2. Improving Communication Skills: Learning to express oneself effectively can enhance relationships and reduce feelings of loneliness. 3. Engaging in Hobbies and Interests: Pursuing personal interests can provide a sense of fulfillment and opportunities to meet like-minded individuals. 4. Volunteering: Helping others can create a sense of purpose and foster social connections. 5. Seeking Professional Help: Therapy or counseling can provide strategies to cope with loneliness and address underlying issues. 6. Using Technology: Social media and online communities can offer a sense of connection, especially for those with limited mobility or geographical isolation. 7. Practicing Self-Compassion: Being kind to oneself and understanding that loneliness is a common human experience can alleviate some of its pain. 8. Mindfulness and Meditation: These practices can help individuals feel more connected to themselves and others, reducing the sense of loneliness. By understanding the nature of loneliness and actively engaging in strategies to cope with it, individuals can improve their emotional well-being and foster a greater sense of connection with the world around them. 8. For both shyness and loneliness, provide a definition and explain the origin of individual differences in these two psychological states. Answer: Definitions and Origins of Shyness and Loneliness Shyness: Shyness is a feeling of apprehension or discomfort in social situations, often leading to avoidance of social interactions. Origins of Individual Differences in Shyness: • Genetics: Some people are biologically predisposed to be more anxious or inhibited. • Early Experiences: Childhood experiences, such as overprotective parenting or negative social interactions, can contribute to shyness. • Environmental Factors: Cultural norms and societal expectations can influence levels of shyness. Loneliness: Loneliness is a distressing feeling of being isolated or disconnected from others, despite a desire for social connection. Origins of Individual Differences in Loneliness: • Personality Traits: Introverted or socially anxious individuals may be more prone to loneliness. • Life Circumstances: Events such as relocation, loss of a loved one, or divorce can trigger loneliness. • Social Skills: Individuals with poor social skills may struggle to form meaningful connections, leading to loneliness. 9. Define and provide an example for the following terms: halo effect, fundamental attribution error, propinquity, self-disclosure, and stereotyping. Answer: Definitions and Examples • Halo Effect: The tendency to let an overall impression of a person influence specific judgments about them. • Example: Assuming someone is intelligent because they are physically attractive. • Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal factors while underestimating external factors. • Example: Assuming a person is rude because of their personality, rather than considering they might be having a bad day. • Propinquity: Physical or psychological proximity between people that can lead to friendships or relationships. • Example: Becoming friends with a coworker because you work in adjacent offices. • Self-Disclosure: The act of revealing personal information to others. • Example: Sharing personal feelings and experiences with a close friend. • Stereotyping: Generalizing characteristics, behaviors, or attributes to an entire group of people. • Example: Believing all teenagers are rebellious and irresponsible. 10. The chapter on meeting people and making friends identified some sex differences in our social behavior. What are some of these differences? Answer: Sex Differences in Social Behavior Some identified sex differences in social behavior include: • Communication Styles: Women often use more expressive and empathetic communication, while men may use more assertive and instrumental communication. • Social Networks: Women tend to have closer, more intimate friendships, while men often have larger, more activity-based social networks. • Emotional Expressiveness: Women are generally more emotionally expressive and share their feelings more openly than men. • Conflict Resolution: Women may prefer collaborative approaches to resolve conflicts, whereas men might opt for more competitive or direct methods. • Support-Seeking: Women are more likely to seek social support during stressful times, while men may rely more on problem-solving strategies. Test Bank for Psychology for Living: Adjustment, Growth, and Behavior Today Steven J. Kirsh, Karen Grover Duffy, Eastwood Atwater 9780205961627
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