This Document Contains Chapters 7 to 8 Chapter 7: Economic Systems Multiple Choice Questions 1. In an anthropological sense, an economic system refers to __________. A. customs specifying how people gain access to resources B. rules relating to kinship and inheritance C. exchange rates of different monetary systems on a global market D. attitudes toward leadership and influence Answer: A 2. A great deal of the cross-cultural variation in economic systems is related to __________. A. the literacy level of the society B. the wealth of the region’s natural resources C. how a society gets its food D. political structure and conquest Answer: C 3. In the U.S., small plots of land are usually owned __________, and large plots of land are usually owned __________. A. collectively; individually B. individually; collectively C. temporarily; permanently D. permanently; temporarily Answer: B 4. What do we call property ownership by individuals, families, or private corporations? A. a personal resource scheme B. a capitalist land organization C. a total ownership arrangement D. a private property system Answer: D 5. Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land? A. Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value. B. Land is too expensive to own, so most foragers are forced to rent land. C. Private ownership has historically led to too much conflict, so they abandoned the practice. D. Foragers do not usually have measuring system to equitably distribute the land. Answer: A 6. Which of the following statements best describes the land ownership situation among the Hadza of Tanzania? A. Individuals may only use the land that they have purchased. B. The political leaders decide who owns specific parcels of land. C. The Hadza do not believe that they have exclusive rights over the land they use. D. The government owns all the land, and hunting time on it is “rented” by the individual. Answer: C 7. Which foragers are more likely to have individual or family ownership of land? A. foragers living in particularly bountiful environments B. those dependent upon fishing in rivers C. savanna foragers, who live in very low population densities D. those that rely on women’s gathered foods for most of their calories Answer: B 8. What characterizes the few societies of foragers who are more territorial? A. small population sizes B. predictably located resources C. fierce leadership D. a higher protein diet Answer: B 9. In contrast to food collectors, horticulturalists __________. A. usually grant permanent ownership of land to individual families B. generally grant individual families the exclusive right to land while in use C. rarely defend group territories D. usually grant individuals fewer claims to the land Answer: B 10. For the Mundurucú of Brazil, who controls the rights to use land? A. the individual B. the family C. the kin group D. the village Answer: D 11. For most horticulturalists, people __________. A. own neither the land nor the foods obtained from it B. own the land but not the foods obtained from it C. do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it D. own both the land and the foods obtained from it Answer: C 12. Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in __________. A. animals B. the amount of land people own C. the number of children people have D. the number of wives a man has Answer: A 13. Compared to horticulturalists, nomadic pastoralists __________. A. produce more surplus agricultural crops B. generally produce more of their own food C. are more sedentary D. own relatively few personal goods Answer: D 14. In which groups of pastoralists does John Dowling predict private ownership will develop? A. groups in which people must save some of their herds for future generations B. groups which have limited space for grazing C. those that depend on selling their products to nonpastoralists D. those that use their animals to represent wealth Answer: C 15. In his paper “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Garrett Harden suggested that if animals are grazed on communal land __________. A. it is economically rational for individuals to graze as many animals as possible B. most individuals will take only what they need for their own animals C. the system will self-regulate so that overgrazing is impossible D. only the highest-ranking individuals will have access to grazing land Answer: A 16. Which of these subsistence strategies finds the individual ownership of land most important? A. food-collecting B. horticulture C. pastoralism D. intensive agriculture Answer: D 17. Under the Homestead Act of 1862, how long did a person need to farm a 160-acre piece of land before the federal government would consider that person the owner of the land? A. 5 months B. 5 years C. 10 months D. 10 years Answer: B 18. Private individual ownership is __________ associated with intensive agriculture. A. always B. usually C. rarely D. never Answer: B 19. The concept of private ownership of land is least likely among which group? A. intensive agriculturalists B. food collectors C. horticulturalists D. pastoralists Answer: B 20. Why do state authorities have a particularly unfavorable view of mobile pastoralists? A. Most pastoralists are fiercely territorial. B. They have no wealth with which to pay taxes. C. Their mobility makes them difficult to control. D. Pastoralists use up too much land for their population size. Answer: C 21. Of all food collectors, who probably had the most sophisticated weapons? A. the Inuit B. the Mbuti C. Australian Aborigines D. Andaman Islanders Answer: A 22. Among food collectors, tools generally belong to the __________. A. tribal custodian B. wealthiest tribe member C. elders D. person who made them Answer: D 23. Among horticulturalists __________. A. a tool usually requires years to make B. tools are almost always made by specialists C. individuals almost always make all their own tools D. people generally use fewer tools than do food collectors Answer: C 24. Which type of group has the need for the higher level of technology? A. food-collecting B. horticulture C. pastoralism D. intensive agriculture Answer: D 25. What do anthropologists call the transformation of resources into food, tools, and other goods? A. industry B. manufacturing C. production D. economics Answer: C 26. In a __________ production system, most people produce their own food, but an aristocracy controls a portion of the production. A. domestic B. tributary C. industrial D. communal Answer: B 27. Many have suggested that the U.S. and other developed countries are now transitioning from __________ to ___________. A. communalism; domestic production B. domestic production; industrialism C. industrialism; post industrialism D. post industrialism; postmodernism Answer: C 28. In which societies can there be no profit motive for work? A. socialist systems B. post industrial societies C. capitalist nations D. subsistence economies Answer: D 29. In general, which type of economic activity provides the most leisure time? A. food-collecting B. pastoralism C. intensive agriculture D. industrial agriculture Answer: A 30. Studies have shown that many foraging and small-scale horticultural societies work just a few hours a day on subsistence and have much more leisure time than workers in complex societies. Which of the following statements explains this model? A. Any surplus food these societies collect or produce cannot be stored for long and will rot. B. These societies value leisure activities as more appropriate pursuits than labor. C. Members of these societies are lazy and have no interest in work. D. These groups have political authorities that would collect surpluses for their own use. Answer: A 31. Chayanov’s rule states that when resources are converted primarily to household consumption people will work harder if __________. A. everyone in the household contributes to their ability B. everyone in the household contributes the same amount of labor C. there are more consumers in the household D. there are fewer consumers in the household Answer: C 32. The emphasis on giving is __________. A. about equal across cultures B. closely associated with religious beliefs C. mandated by law in commercial societies D. more developed in subsistence economies than in commercial societies Answer: D 33. People are most likely to be forced to work in __________. A. societies dependent on tree crops B. foraging societies C. complex societies D. societies dependent on shifting agriculture Answer: C 34. An indirect form of __________ is taxation. A. redistribution B. reciprocity C. forced labor D. voluntary labor Answer: C 35. With an average tax of about 33% of income, how many months out of the year does the average person in the United States work for the various levels of government? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Answer: D 36. What is the corvée? A. a type of voluntary labor with high social status B. a system of required labor C. a specialized form of taxation D. a subsistence strategy that emphasizes shared labor Answer: B 37. All societies divide labor by what two factors? A. age and class B. productivity and gender C. class and productivity D. gender and age Answer: D 38. Which of these is a common task for young children? A. tending animals B. cooking food C. clearing fields D. making tools Answer: A 39. Among the !Kung, children living in nomadic camps __________. A. were required to go to school all day B. did the same labor activities as adults of the same gender C. were given additional chores to help out D. had virtually no work Answer: D 40. In contrast to foraging societies, horticulturalists __________. A. have full-time, individual career paths B. divide labor by interests, rather than by gender C. have part-time trade specialists D. require all individuals to produce their own food Answer: C 41. What is an important basis for work organization in nonindustrial societies? A. neighborhood associations B. kinship ties C. short-term contracts D. permanent employment Answer: B 42. __________ assumes that individuals seek to maximize the return (in calories and nutrients) on their labor in deciding which animals and plants to hunt or collect. A. Food-collection theory B. Optimal foraging theory C. Generalized reciprocity D. Optimal hunting strategy Answer: B 43. Why do the Aché prefer to hunt peccaries rather than armadillos? A. Peccaries meat is a delicacy, and can be sold at market. B. Peccaries are much bigger than armadillos. C. Peccaries are much easier to find and kill that armadillos. D. Peccaries have a higher calorie-per-work-hour yield than armadillos. Answer: D 44. What factor, in addition to calorie yield, is likely to contribute to a forager’s choice of what foods to collect? A. fat content B. predictability C. ease of processing D. rarity Answer: B 45. How did Christina Gladwin and colleagues conclude that farmers make decisions about what to plant? A. by trial and error B. through stepwise yes-or-no decisions C. they faithfully maintain traditions D. by consensus with the whole community Answer: B 46. Systems regulating the way goods and services are distributed are closely associated with the society’s __________. A. dependence on seafood B. gendered division of labor C. food-getting technology D. incentives for labor Answer: C 47. The different forms of reciprocity are connected by the fact that they all __________. A. exist without the use of money B. involve exchanges of relatively equal value C. are centered on gift-giving D. are tied directly to food resources Answer: A 48. What do anthropologists call the giving of goods or services without any apparent expectation of a returned gift? A. negative reciprocity B. redistribution C. generalized reciprocity D. balanced reciprocity Answer: C 49. In all societies, generalized reciprocity exists among __________. A. neighbors B. families C. strangers D. friends Answer: B 50. What factor can predict whether a particular food item will be shared with others? A. abundance B. calorie content C. unpredictability D. taste Answer: C 51. What happens to generalized reciprocity in times of scarcity? A. Sharing tends to increase during times of famine, but not food shortage. B. Sharing tends to increase during times of food shortage, but not famine. C. Sharing tends to increase during both food shortage and famine. D. Sharing tends to decrease during both food shortage and famine. Answer: B 52. Researchers have found that cooperation is __________. A. unnatural for humans but socially developed by most societies B. generally considered a good quality but rarely shown by individual people C. common across cultures and seems to evoke pleasure for people D. found in human societies but no other animal communities Answer: C 53. Barter is a common term for __________. A. generalized reciprocity B. balanced reciprocity C. redistribution D. market exchange Answer: B 54. In a __________ exchange, the transaction itself is the motive for the interaction. A. gift B. generalized C. commodity D. reciprocal Answer: C 55. The Kula Ring exchange of the Trobriand Islands is an example of __________. A. redistribution B. corvée C. balanced reciprocity D. voluntary labor Answer: C 56. According to Marshall Sahlins, on what does the form of reciprocity used between people usually depend? A. wealth of the individuals B. social status C. kinship distance D. gender roles Answer: C 57. What kind of exchange takes place at a potlatch ceremony? A. People provide their annual tribute to the ruling family. B. A chief gives away food and gifts to guests in order to enhance his social status. C. Parents of young women give money and gifts to their daughter’s future husband. D. Two friends exchange gifts of relatively equal value. Answer: B 58. The giving of gifts without any immediate return or conscious thought of return is most common in what type of society? A. wealthier societies B. industrialized societies C. societies with intensive agriculture D. societies of food collectors and horticulturalists Answer: D 59. __________ is the accumulation of goods by a particular person, or in a particular place, for the purpose of subsequent distribution. A. Reciprocity B. Redistribution C. Commercial exchange D. Balanced reciprocity Answer: B 60. When the federal government collects a portion of our wages as taxes and then returns that money in the form of national security, roads, education, and other goods and services to its citizens, they are demonstrating which type of economic exchange? A. redistribution B. market exchange C. generalized reciprocity D. voluntary labor Answer: A 61. Redistribution is found in all societies but only becomes an important mechanism in which groups? A. societies with a political hierarchy B. very small permanent villages C. horticultural communities D. societies that emphasize social equality Answer: A 62. Why does Marvin Harris suggest that redistribution, requiring farmers to produce more than they need, is an adaptive feature? A. It helps communities make lasting connections with their neighbors. B. It provides extra calories and therefore greater survival for individuals. C. Producing a surplus protects communities from crop failure. D. Redistribution balances access to resources to prevent social inequality. Answer: C 63. __________ is the type of exchange system whereby prices or values of goods exchanged are subject to the forces of supply and demand. A. Redistribution B. Reciprocity C. Market exchange D. Balanced reciprocity Answer: C 64. What is the difference between market exchange (when money is not involved) and balanced reciprocity? A. In market exchange, supply and demand determine the price. B. In balanced reciprocity, supply and demand determine the price. C. In market exchange, the person giving is of a higher social status than the person receiving. D. In balanced reciprocity, the person giving is of higher social status than the person receiving. Answer: A 65. Bills, coins, and electronic transfers of wealth in our own society represent what type of money? A. general-purpose B. multi-purpose C. special-purpose D. local-purpose Answer: A 66. In parts of Melanesia, pigs can be purchased using strings of shell, which cannot be used to buy any other goods or services. In this context, economic anthropologists would refer to these shells as __________. A. general-purpose money B. special-purpose money C. bartered commodities D. peasant money Answer: B 67. What do anthropologists mean when they refer to peasant economies? A. groups that have a money-based, market economy but do not hold much wealth B. people who are actively trying to break into the market economy C. communities that are somewhat more commercialized than traditional subsistence economies D. societies that maintain their traditional subsistence economy Answer: C 68. According to Frederic Pryor, market exchange of __________ appears mostly at the highest level of productivity. A. services B. land C. goods D. labor Answer: B 69. What happens to customs of sharing when money is introduced into a society? A. traditional patterns of sharing remain the same after money is introduced B. money makes it easier for people to share with others C. people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced D. people stop traditional patterns of sharing entirely Answer: C 70. In the Middle East and South Asia, an informal network of brokers who transfer money of migrants to their home countries is a system called __________ and is based on __________. A. hawala; an honor system B. hawala; the local economy C. mwali; an honor system D. mwali; the local economy Answer: A 71. The term “Transnationals” refers to migrants who __________. A. permanently move from their homeland to a new country B. move from one country to another, living in three or more nations throughout their life C. move back and forth between their homeland and their adopted country D. move temporarily to another country for work, sending money back home Answer: C 72. The Mundurucú became a society with a market economy after __________. A. cattle ranchers moved into their land and started clearing the forest for pasture B. they began trading manioc root with neighboring communities C. families started sending their children to Brazilian schools to increase their employability D. migrant workers abandoned their homes for permanent settlements near their rubber crops Answer: D 73. Commercialization through which means is associated with the formation of a peasantry? A. migrant labor B. supplementary cash crops C. redistribution D. subsistence agriculture Answer: B 74. Researchers studying the Tsimane′ have found that, among foragers who also farm, those who grow a cash crop __________. A. are most likely to clear more forest B. live in more permanent settlements C. have a more diverse diet D. are more likely to use migrant labor Answer: A 75. Which of the following is an important social consequences of commercial agriculture ? A. the ethic of generalized reciprocity increases B. social inequality decreases C. there is less risk of famine due to crop failure D. laborers migrate to urban centers in search of employment Answer: D Chapter 8: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism Multiple Choice Questions 1. Socially stratified societies are those in which __________. A. people gain increased access to resources through hard work and education B. all people have relatively equal access to resources C. certain social groups have unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige D. leaders are chosen hereditarily and have absolute control Answer: C 2. Anthropologists are reasonably certain that social stratification __________. A. emerged relatively recently in human history B. is as old as Homo sapiens C. does not exist in the United States D. has occurred only in industrial societies Answer: A 3. In egalitarian societies, people may differ in prestige, but these differences are not related to __________. A. personal abilities B. age C. social group D. sex Answer: C 4. When does evidence of substantial inequality begin to appear in the archaeological record? A. within the last 100 years B. within the last 10,000 years C. at least 100,000 years ago D. at least 500,000 years ago Answer: B 5. __________ diversity is almost always associated with differential access to advantages. A. Economic B. Ethnic C. Racial D. Educational Answer: B 6. The ability to make others do what they do not want to do is known as __________. A. power B. prestige C. status D. authority Answer: A 7. A person who is accorded particular respect or honor is said to have __________. A. power B. prestige C. status D. authority Answer: B 8. The Mbuti have no social groups with greater or lesser access to economic resources, power, or prestige. What type of society do they represent? A. egalitarian B. ranked C. a class society D. a caste society Answer: A 9. The Trobriand Islanders have relatively equal access to economic resources and power, but some social groups do have unequal access to prestige. What type of society do they represent? A. egalitarian B. ranked C. a class society D. a caste society Answer: B 10. People in the United States have unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige. What type of society does the U.S. represent? A. egalitarian B. ranked C. a class society D. a caste society Answer: C 11. According to Morton Fried, what does egalitarian really mean? A. All people within a society have exactly the same rights and responsibilities. B. There are as many positions of prestige in any given social group as there are persons capable of filling them. C. Societies prevent individuals from gaining prestige or power by frequently rotating leadership positions. D. People are not praised for their skills or abilities because the society prefers to emphasize the equality of all members. Answer: B 12. In an egalitarian system, any prestige gained by ability __________. A. is associated with greater wealth B. is used as a method of finding the best spouse C. cannot be passed on to one’s children D. cannot be displayed publicly Answer: C 13. Sharing is most common in __________ societies. A. egalitarian B. agricultural C. stratified D. pastoral Answer: A 14. What strategy do egalitarian societies use to keep one individual from dominating others? A. ridicule B. threats C. obedience D. cooperation Answer: A 15. Based on his observations of egalitarian societies, what did Christopher Boehm conclude about dominance? A. Only men have ambitions of dominance and leadership. B. Societies last longer when dominant urges are encouraged. C. Dominance comes naturally to humans. D. A desire for dominance is a culturally-created trait. Answer: C 16. Egalitarian societies are least likely to be found among __________. A. pastoralists B. food collectors C. fishing societies D. agriculturalists Answer: D 17. While it is possible for egalitarian societies to have some wealth differences, the key factor that would transform that group into a rank society is __________. A. a mechanism for retaining more wealth for some families over time B. a way of recording the history of each family’s wealth C. to associate wealth with an individual’s abilities or skills D. a shared value of the importance of gaining wealth Answer: A 18. Most societies with social ranking practice ___________. A. foraging or horticulture B. horticulture or herding C. herding or agriculture D. agriculture or foraging Answer: C 19. What was unusual about the rank society of the Nimpkish? A. the chief was usually the oldest person in the community B. their economies were based on food collecting C. they recognized differences in power, but not prestige D. they lived in small, nomadic bands Answer: B 20. In ranked societies, chiefs may be called the “owners” of the land. This usually means that __________. A. only the chief and his family may use the land B. people may use the land only if given the chief’s permission C. others still maintain the right to use the land D. the land is sacred and can only be used in appropriate ways Answer: C 21. How is chiefly status obtained among the Ifaluk culture? A. war B. purchase C. genealogically D. popularity Answer: C 22. What did Laura Betzig discover about patterns of food sharing and labor in the Ifaluk? A. The additional wealth afforded to chiefs and their families was obvious. B. Chiefs and their families received more food than other families. C. Chiefs and their families worked harder than other families. D. Food sharing and labor were equal across all social groups. Answer: B 23. Modern industrial societies are noted for having disparate access to economic resources and prestige. What type of stratification exists in these societies? A. egalitarian B. caste C. class D. rank Answer: C 24. A __________ is a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige. A. social group B. class C. open class D. caste Answer: B 25. A form of social inequality with possibilities for social mobility is referred to as a(n) __________. A. caste system B. egalitarian society C. ranked society D. open class system Answer: D 26. The probability that an individual will change class levels in an open class system is __________. A. very high B. high C. low D. very low Answer: D 27. What happened after the United States Supreme Court ruled housing discrimination to be illegal? A. The law was repealed after pressure from the upper classes. B. More subtle methods of segregation, such as zoning restrictions, were developed. C. People from lower-class backgrounds were encouraged to move into upper-class neighborhoods. D. Neighborhood segregation was maintained by the preference of lower-class groups. Answer: B 28. Why do many of our laws seem to favor the upper- and upper-middle classes? A. Many of our laws are designed to protect property. B. Most laws are designed to restrict violent crime. C. Upper-class people are less likely to break the law. D. The laws are actually different for people of different classes. Answer: A 29. How do social scientists generally measure the degree of class mobility? A. by ranking the various classes living within a single neighborhood B. by comparing the class of individuals with the class of their parents C. by determining the class of friends of the average middle-class child D. by measuring the number of classes that most people believe exist in their society Answer: B 30. What is one of the most effective ways to move upward in contemporary societies? A. attending a university and gaining an education B. inheriting wealth from a family member C. joining the military D. working multiple jobs Answer: D 31. In the United States, individuals with a bachelor’s degree average __________ percent more income than those with only a high school diploma. A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 100 Answer: C 32. Japan, Italy, and Germany have __________ class mobility than the United States, but __________ inequality. A. more; more B. more; less C. less; less D. less; more Answer: C 33. What is the ratio of wealth inequality between the top 20% and the bottom 20% of U.S. households? A. 2.5 to 1 B. 6 to 1 C. 8.5 to 1 D. 14 to 1 Answer: C 34. What is unusual about the class system in the United States? A. Many people deny the existence of classes. B. There is a very high degree of social mobility. C. Classes are not directly related to wealth. D. We have a low degree of inequality between classes. Answer: A 35. A __________ is a ranked group in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one’s own group. A. class B. caste C. social group D. open class Answer: B 36. How do castes and class systems interact? A. Castes have been replaced by more open class systems. B. Castes may exist in conjunction with more open class systems. C. Castes take the place of more open class systems. D. Castes are a subset of an open class system. Answer: B 37. What is a major advantage for the upper castes in the Indian system? A. social mobility B. prestige C. power D. leisure Answer: B 38. What relatively recent change has undermined the economic basis of the Indian caste system? A. public education B. democratic elections C. cash payments for services D. marriage between castes Answer: C 39. Which nation had a hereditary caste system known as the burakumin? A. India B. Brazil C. Egypt D. Japan Answer: D 40. While two-thirds of burakumin report that they had not encountered discrimination, there is still evidence of inequality because __________. A. burakumin are only allowed to marry within their group B. most burakumin live in segregated communities with high unemployment C. education levels are particularly low among the burakumin D. subtle messages in the media depict burakumin as undesirable Answer: B 41. In a considerable number of sub-Saharan African societies, some occupational specialties are only performed by certain __________. A. families B. age groups C. women D. castes Answer: D 42. Before the caste system in Rwanda was overthrown, which was seen as the undesirable caste? A. Hutu B. Tutsi C. Twa D. Baganda Answer: B 43. In the United States, which group once held a caste like status based on inherited characteristics? A. African Americans B. Irish immigrants C. Hispanics D. Asian Americans Answer: A 44. What is happening to the gap between rich and poor nations? A. It has been rising steadily since the 1960s. B. The gap is still growing, but at a slower rate. C. The wealth difference has stabilized. D. The gap between rich and poor is shrinking. Answer: A 45. __________ are persons who do not own their own labor, and as such they represent a class. A. Peasants B. Serfs C. Slaves D. Prisoners Answer: C 46. Which of the following statements best describes slavery? A. It is most common in societies with intensive agriculture. B. It is extremely rare in the anthropological record. C. It has been found most often in horticultural societies. D. It has existed in various forms in many times and places. Answer: D 47. In ancient Greece, slaves were often __________. A. conquered enemies B. born into slavery C. ethnic Greeks D. given rights under the law Answer: A 48. From which of the following would a male Nupe slave of central Nigeria be prohibited? A. bequeathing his belongings to his children B. acquiring slaves of his own C. having children who could become free men and women D. acquiring property and wealth Answer: A 49. The granting of freedom to slaves is called __________. A. deliverance B. liberation C. manumission D. emancipation Answer: C 50. Manumission was built into which system? A. Greek B. Egypt C. Rome D. Nupe Answer: D 51. Slavery in the United States constituted a caste because __________. A. there was no way to obtain freedom from slavery B. the status of slavery was determined by birth C. slaves could only marry and have children with other slaves D. slaves were primarily obtained from conquered enemies Answer: B 52. What can cross-cultural examination of slavery say with certainty? A. it is an inevitable stage of economic development B. slavery develops where resources are plentiful but labor is scarce C. slavery does not occur in developed or industrial economies D. it is found primarily in intensive agricultural economies Answer: C 53. What is racism? A. the recognition of biological differences across human groups B. the belief that some “races” are inferior to others C. taking pride in one’s heritage or ancestry D. the idea that your own culture is more moral or logic than other cultures Answer: B 54. “Races” considered inferior usually make up a larger proportion of __________. A. lower social classes B. higher castes C. high prestige groups D. children and young people Answer: A 55. Where do we find the highest genetic diversity among human populations? A. Europe B. Asia C. Africa D. the Americas Answer: C 56. Racial classifications are __________ categories. A. biological B. historical C. economic D. social Answer: D 57. What is an Aryan? A. an imaginary category of socially advantaged people B. blonde-haired, blue-eyed, white-skinned people C. anyone who speaks one of the Indo-European languages D. a member of the Nazi party Answer: C 58. What factor does William Dressler attribute to higher rates of hypertension in African Americans? A. stress B. genetics C. salt consumption D. discrimination in health care Answer: A 59. In the United States, laws against interracial marriage persisted until the __________. A. 1910s B. 1940s C. 1960s D. 1990s Answer: C 60. When people from Dominica, Haiti, or Cuba come to the United States, they often find that their __________ has changed. A. race B. family C. name D. religion Answer: A 61. People known as mestizos in Latin America represent __________. A. an inferior race B. low power and prestige C. mixed race D. high socioeconomic status Answer: C 62. Why is “race” not a scientifically useful category? A. It is too difficult to measure biological differences between groups. B. The term is too sensitive to be used in scientific studies. C. There is no distinct set of physical features that clearly define races. D. Scientists are not interested in biological differences. Answer: C 63. The term ethnicity involves a group of people emphasizing shared __________. A. language, history, and culture B. socioeconomic status C. physical characteristics D. religion and beliefs Answer: A 64. In a country with one large core ethnic group (such as the United States), it is common for the majority group to __________. A. actively discourage intermarriage with other groups B. consider itself the best ethnic group C. not think of itself as an ethnic group D. try to minimize differences between the ethnic groups Answer: C 65. The ethnic differences in Rwanda arose from __________ differences. A. physical B. class C. geographical D. ideological Answer: B 66. How did colonialism impact the Hutu–Tutsi conflict in Rwanda? A. It created the conflict in the first place. B. Support from the colonial authorities accentuated the conflict. C. Belgian soldiers quickly ended the conflict. D. It allowed the conflict to continue simply through disinterest in tribal affairs. Answer: B 67. In societies that contain many different ethnic groups, __________. A. ethnicity is part of the system of stratification B. all ethnic groups have equal access to resources C. the caste system prevents immigrant groups from achieving social mobility D. the largest ethnic group is always the most politically dominant one Answer: A 68. The origins of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices usually follow from __________. A. public consensus B. religious decree C. historical and political events D. scientific evidence Answer: C 69. How have racial barriers changed in the United States over the years? A. Racial groups remain segregated by a caste-type system. B. Some barriers have been lifted, but the “color line” has not yet disappeared. C. Racial discrimination has been overtaken by gender discrimination. D. Racial barriers have been essentially eliminated. Answer: B 70. How have researchers detected racial discrimination in job and housing applications? A. affirmative action efforts B. matched-pair experiments C. participant-observation D. surveys Answer: B 71. Anthropologists are reasonably sure that high levels of social stratification __________. A. are always linked to ethnic or racial groupings B. are dependent upon intensive agriculture C. have always existed across human societies D. emerged relatively recently in human history Answer: D 72. Which of these cultural features is closely associated with class stratification? A. written language B. a gendered division of labor C. permanent settlements D. a lack of job specialization Answer: C 73. What support does Gerhard Lenski have for his suggestion that the trend toward increasing inequality is reversing? A. the birth rate in industrialized societies now matches the birth rate in developing nations B. the spread of democracy has broadened the political power of the lower classes C. technology has become less complex and more accessible to the general public D. slavery is now abolished in all modern nations of the world Answer: B 74. What change does Marshall Sahlins believe results in social stratification? A. an increase in agricultural productivity B. a movement toward human rights C. an improvement in infant survival rates D. increased contact with other cultures Answer: A 75. One theory suggests that people are more willing to put up with a leader’s control in exchange for protection once they have __________. A. married and had children B. made a more permanent investment in land C. reached a higher socioeconomic status D. experienced food insecurity Answer: B Test Bank for Cultural Anthropology Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember 9780205711208, 9780134732831
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