This Document Contains Chapters 7 to 8 Chapter 7: Economic Problems: Poverty and Wealth MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The unequal distribution of wealth, income, power, and poverty is called __________. A) social inequality B) mass poverty C) the national debt D) structural inequality Answer: A 2. Today, poor people spend about __________ of their income on food. A) 50% B) 20% C) 10% D) 33% Answer: B 3. Income adjusted for inflation is called __________. A) progressive taxation B) real income C) economic colonialism D) relative poverty Answer: B 4. The total amount the U.S. government owes is called __________. A) official poverty B) the poverty line C) structural inequality D) the national debt Answer: D 5. Which of the following is a problem with the U.S. economy? A) Real income is growing. B) Real income is declining. C) Real income is stagnant. D) Real income is not measurable. Answer: C 6. Brad’s job description says that he is supposed to analyze and write daily reports on the social institution that produces and distributes goods and services. As such, Brad analyzes __________. A) the culture of poverty B) the culture of wealth C) the economy D) social inequality Answer: C 7. Brenda is making more money today than she did 10 years ago. However, after adjusting for inflation, Brenda’s income is equal to the income that she had 10 years ago. This illustrates Brenda’s __________. A) relative poverty B) residual poverty C) real income D) progressive taxation Answer: C 8. Economists suggest that the amount that the United States owes to other nations increases by over $3 billion each day. This reflects growth in __________. A) official poverty B) the poverty line C) structural inequality D) the national debt Answer: D 9. Rasheema is homeless. She does not have the food, clothing, or shelter needed to make it through a cold winter in Chicago. She is in __________. A) official poverty B) relative poverty C) biological poverty D) residual poverty Answer: C 10. The average personal income for all individuals over the age of 18 was $25,149 in 2005. Libby, who is 34 years old, earned half of that. As such, Libby is experiencing __________. A) official poverty B) relative poverty C) biological poverty D) residual poverty Answer: B 11. Maneck qualifies for welfare benefits. As such, he is experiencing __________. A) official poverty B) relative poverty C) biological poverty D) residual poverty Answer: A 12. Yoshimi is conducting research on how economic differences among groups in America are measured. Yoshimi’s research focuses on __________. A) the culture of poverty B) the culture of wealth C) the economy D) social class Answer: D 13. In Brazil, the well-to-do live in fashionable neighborhoods, go to private schools, ride in new cars, and shop at malls. However, the urban poor live in distant housing projects, take long bus trips to work, go to public schools or drop out, and shop at small local shops. This reflects __________. A) social inequality B) mass poverty C) national debt D) interest groups Answer: A 14. Which American president declared a war on poverty? A) President Clinton B) President Kennedy C) President Obama D) President Reagan Answer: B 15. __________ dropped out of Harvard to co-found Microsoft. A) Warren Buffett B) Ted Kennedy C) Bill Gates D) Steve Jobs Answer: C 16. Structural inequality leads to inequality in __________. A) income B) personal savings accounts C) property D) debt Answer: A 17. Today, Paris will meet with a financial advisor. They will begin by discussing the property, savings, investments, and economic assets that Paris owns. In so doing, they will discuss her __________. A) national debt B) real income C) wealth D) economic colonialism Answer: C 18. David is blind to the poverty that exists in neighborhoods in the community in which he lives. This is an example of __________. A) ideal vs. reality B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) retribution D) progressive nature Answer: A 19. Ernie is a crew member at the local McDonald’s. Because Ernie works for capitalists, he is a __________. A) proletariat B) means of production C) welfare queen D) bourgeoisie Answer: A 20. The __________ perspective suggests that poverty contributes to the well-being of society. A) functionalist B) conflict C) symbolic interactionist D) feminist Answer: A 21. The idea that a particular worker will start his/her own business and become wealthy is called __________. A) the culture of wealth B) the culture of poverty C) false class consciousness D) class consciousness Answer: C 22. __________ argues that social inequality comes from a basic struggle over limited resources. A) Functionalism B) Conflict theory C) Symbolic interactionism D) Feminism Answer: B 23. From the __________ perspective, poverty is relative. A) functionalist B) conflict C) symbolic interactionist D) feminist Answer: C 24. Juan’s research focuses on how the meaning of poverty has changed over the past 25 years among college students. Juan’s research is in line with __________. A) functionalism B) conflict theory C) symbolic interactionism D) feminist theory Answer: C 25. Benny believes that society’s well-being would be upset if poverty were eliminated in the United States. Benny’s beliefs are in line with __________. A) functionalism B) conflict theory C) symbolic interactionism D) feminist theory Answer: A 26. Matt Kinsler is a capitalist who owns a large candy manufacturing company. As such, Matt is a __________. A) proletariat B) means of production C) welfare queen D) bourgeoisie Answer: D 27. Cora is a baker. She has been baking cakes at the local supermarket for the past 13 years. Cora believes that one day she will save enough money from her current job to open her own chain of bakeries and eventually become a millionaire. This illustrates __________. A) the culture of wealth B) the culture of poverty C) false class consciousness D) class consciousness Answer: C 28. The poverty rate of Americans over age 65 is __________. A) higher than that of the nation as a whole B) the highest it has ever been C) the same as that of the nation as a whole D) lower than that of the nation as a whole Answer: D 29. The power elite has also been called the __________. A) culture of wealth B) G-8 C) capitalists D) ruling class Answer: D 30. When many citizens of a country live on less than $1,000 a year, __________ exists. A) relative poverty B) official poverty C) residual poverty D) mass poverty Answer: D 31. When wealthy nations exploit poorer nations this is called __________. A) political colonialism B) economic colonialism C) cold war D) progressive taxation Answer: B 32. What did sociologist Martha Huggins study? A) Poverty in Thailand B) The favelas (slums) of Brazil C) Structural inequality in Great Britain D) The boom-bust cycle Answer: B 33. In Senegal, West Africa, most people live on $550 per year. As such, Senegal is characterized by __________. A) relative poverty B) the culture of poverty C) residual poverty D) mass poverty Answer: D 34. In Mill’s conception of the power elite in the United States, __________. A) the president of the United States has the most power B) the heads of corporations have the most power C) the military has the most power D) the media has the most power Answer: B 35. Barbara and her children live in poverty. They represent __________. A) the lazy attitude that many women have about working B) a small group of women who live in poverty C) the feminization of poverty D) a group that is socially and politically active Answer: C 36. Bill’s research examines the struggle for political power among unions, industries, and professional associations. The research is concerned with __________. A) the power elite B) the G-8 C) interest groups D) capitalists Answer: C 37. The idea that people who remain poor year after year have developed a way of life that traps them in poverty is called __________. A) the culture of wealth B) class consciousness C) false class consciousness D) the culture of poverty Answer: D 38. Canada has pockets of poverty. As such, Canada is characterized by __________. A) relative poverty B) official poverty C) residual poverty D) mass poverty Answer: C 39. Dinabi is unwilling to give to charity to help the poor because she believes that people who remain poor year after year have values, beliefs, and practices that ensure they will continue to be poor. Dinabi’s beliefs are in line with __________. A) the culture of wealth B) class consciousness C) false class consciousness D) the culture of poverty Answer: D 40. The members of the Live Oak Country Club in Washington, D.C., include top military leaders, top political leaders, and owners of corporations. As such, the club is attended by the __________. A) power elite B) G-8 C) culture of wealth D) bourgeoisie Answer: A 41. The likelihood that those living in single-mother households live beneath the poverty line is called __________. A) economic colonialism B) the culture of poverty C) false class consciousness D) the feminization of poverty Answer: D 42. Rhonda can collect welfare for a maximum of five years due to the __________. A) Workfare Release Program B) Private Ownership Act C) Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act D) Progressive Movement from Welfare to Work Answer: C 43. When did the United States federal government begin funding religious charity organizations? A) From the beginning of the country. B) Since the Great Depression. C) In the past few years. D) The United States federal government does not fund religious charities. Answer: A 44. A social policy to help the poor is a Per Child Tax Credit, which is also known as __________. A) residual income credit B) a positive income level C) a negative income tax D) progressive taxation Answer: C 45. Julie pays a portion of her pay check into Social Security each week. Once she is 65, she will have access to the money that she has contributed. This reflects __________. A) welfare B) social insurance C) workfare D) Medicare Answer: B 46. In a debate about taxes, Mark argues that the rich already pay a disproportionate amount of the overall taxes and that we should not tax them at a higher rate just because they make more money. He is arguing against __________. A) political colonialism B) economic colonialism C) cold war D) progressive taxation Answer: D 47. It would not be in Michelle’s best interest to find a job. She has more resources from welfare in the form of rent subsidies, health care, child care vouchers, and food stamps than she would if she worked for minimum wage. This is an example of __________. A) the welfare wall B) workfare C) the culture of poverty D) progressive taxation Answer: A 48. A public assistance that encourages welfare recipients to work is __________. A) workfare B) social assistance C) social insurance D) right to work Answer: A 49. Assuming that the causes of poverty lie __________ the individual, leads to policies such as education and social reform. A) outside B) genetically with C) within D) in the religion of Answer: A 50. Ananias makes $35,000 a year and pays 6% of her income in taxes. Hortense makes over $1 million per year and pays 23% of her income in taxes. This reflects __________. A) the culture of poverty B) the culture of wealth C) progressive taxation D) economic colonialism Answer: C FILL IN THE BLANK 51. __________ refers to the income level at which people are eligible for welfare benefits. Answer: Official poverty 52. People below the __________ are defined as “poor”; those above it are not. Answer: poverty line 53. The term __________ refers to the way economic differences among groups or individuals in a society are measured. Answer: social class 54. __________ is a condition characterized by starvation, malnutrition, and inadequate housing and clothing. Answer: Biological poverty 55. Jimmy and his family live below the common standard of living for their society. They are experiencing __________. Answer: relative poverty 56. Those who own the means of production are called __________. Answer: bourgeoisie 57. __________ is the idea that all workers are exploited. Answer: Class consciousness 58. Those people who are locked into low-paying, minimum wage jobs are called the __________. Answer: underclass 59. The __________ suggest(s) that no one group is in control. Answer: pluralist view of power 60. The idea that people who remain well-to-do year after year have developed a way of life that locks them into wealth and privilege is called __________. Answer: the culture of wealth TRUE/FALSE 61. A social class is a large group of people who rank similarly in terms of income, education, and job prestige. Answer: True 62. Real income in the United States is stagnant. Answer: True 63. Social inequality has few long-term consequences. Answer: False 64. Biological poverty is the most common type of poverty. Answer: False 65. The poverty line is adjusted for the cost of living in every state. Answer: False 66. In surveys, most Americans report that they are middle class. Answer: True 67. Most poor children who obtain higher education attend a community college. Answer: True 68. The functional perspective examines the relativity of poverty. Answer: False 69. Marx analyzed the unpaid sector and the exploitation of women in the home. Answer: False 70. The power elite is a formal group. Answer: False SHORT ANSWER 71. Explain the types of poverty. Answer: 1. Absolute Poverty: Inability to meet basic needs like food and shelter. 2. Relative Poverty: Poverty relative to others in society; focuses on income inequality. 3. Generational Poverty: Poverty persisting for at least two generations due to systemic barriers. 4. Urban and Rural Poverty: Poverty concentrated in either urban or rural areas, each with unique challenges. 5. Child Poverty: Poverty affecting children, impacting their nutrition, education, and development. 72. Explain the four problems facing the U.S. economy. Answer: 1. Income Inequality: The gap between high-income earners and low-income earners has widened, affecting social mobility and economic stability. 2. Job Market Challenges: Issues include unemployment rates, underemployment, and the impact of automation and globalization on job availability and wages. 3. Debt and Deficits: The U.S. faces substantial national debt and budget deficits, impacting fiscal policy, government spending, and long-term economic stability. 4. Healthcare Costs: Rising healthcare expenses strain individuals, businesses, and government budgets, influencing overall economic health and household finances. These problems represent significant challenges for policymakers and economists in fostering sustainable economic growth and addressing social disparities. 73. What are the functions of poverty? Answer: The functions of poverty can be understood in several ways: 1. Labor Market Function: Poverty can serve as a source of cheap labor, often in low-wage sectors where workers may accept minimal pay and poor working conditions due to limited alternatives. 2. Social Control Function: Poverty can act as a mechanism of social control, discouraging social unrest by providing a stark contrast to more affluent lifestyles and reinforcing compliance with societal norms. 3. Political Function: Poverty influences political dynamics by shaping policy debates on issues such as welfare, healthcare, and education funding, reflecting differing ideologies on government intervention and social safety nets. 4. Economic Function: Poverty can drive economic growth in sectors reliant on inexpensive goods and services, sustaining industries that benefit from low-cost production and consumption patterns among the impoverished. These functions highlight poverty's complex role within societies, influencing economic, political, and social structures in significant ways. 74. Explain why some nations remain poor year after year. Answer: Several factors contribute to why some nations remain poor year after year: 1. Historical Factors: Colonial legacies, exploitation of natural resources, and past economic policies can leave lasting effects on a nation's development trajectory. 2. Institutional Weaknesses: Poor governance, corruption, inadequate legal systems, and weak institutions hinder economic growth and effective resource allocation. 3. Geographical Challenges: Landlocked geography, vulnerability to natural disasters, and limited access to resources or markets can constrain economic opportunities. 4. Human Capital Deficiencies: Lack of education, healthcare, and skills training limit productivity and innovation, perpetuating cycles of poverty. 5. Political Instability: Civil conflict, political unrest, and frequent changes in leadership disrupt economic activities, deter investment, and undermine long-term development efforts. 6. Economic Barriers: Limited access to credit, infrastructure deficits, trade barriers, and unfavorable terms of trade in global markets can impede economic growth. 7. Social and Cultural Factors: Gender inequality, ethnic divisions, social exclusion, and cultural norms that discourage entrepreneurship or innovation can hinder economic progress. Addressing these complex and interconnected factors requires comprehensive strategies focused on improving governance, investing in human capital, fostering economic diversification, and promoting inclusive growth to break the cycle of persistent poverty in nations. 75. Compare and contrast the culture of poverty with the culture of wealth. Answer: Culture of Poverty: • Characteristics: Emphasizes survival, immediate gratification, and coping strategies in the face of economic hardship. • Values: Focuses on present-time orientation, reliance on informal networks, and distrust of institutions. • Social Dynamics: Often perpetuates through generations, with limited access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. • Worldview: Views life as unpredictable, fatalistic, and sees success as largely beyond personal control. • Behavioral Patterns: Tends towards less future planning, higher rates of crime, and lower social mobility. Culture of Wealth: • Characteristics: Centers on accumulation, investment, and preservation of wealth across generations. • Values: Emphasizes future-oriented goals, formal education, and reliance on established networks and institutions. • Social Dynamics: Supports upward mobility through access to resources, education, and opportunities. • Worldview: Believes in personal agency, planning, and control over one's destiny. • Behavioral Patterns: Involves strategic financial planning, lower crime rates, and higher social status and influence. In summary, these cultural frameworks shape attitudes, behaviors, and opportunities significantly, influencing social mobility and economic outcomes within societies. ESSAY 76. Discuss the poverty line and explain its limitations. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Note the evolution of the poverty line. • Explain why the official poverty line is no longer applicable for everyone. • Analyze the effects of this policy. Sample Answer: The poverty line is a benchmark used to define the minimum income needed for basic necessities. Its limitations include static measurements that don't adjust for regional differences or inflation, a focus solely on income without considering broader aspects of poverty like healthcare or education, and its inability to capture the dynamic nature of poverty or the informal economy. These factors can lead to inaccurate assessments and ineffective policies. 77. Use your theories to analyze and explain how poverty impacts education. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Identify and explain school funding sources. • Analyze the class disparity in education due to funding policy. • Discuss the social capital and reproduction of class at private vs. public schools. Sample Answer: Poverty significantly impacts education through various mechanisms: 1. Access to Resources: Low-income families often struggle to afford educational resources such as books, supplies, and technology, hindering students' ability to learn effectively. 2. Health and Nutrition: Poverty can lead to inadequate nutrition and healthcare, impacting children's physical and cognitive development, which are essential for learning. 3. Quality of Schools: Schools in economically disadvantaged areas may have fewer resources, less experienced teachers, and poorer facilities, resulting in lower-quality education compared to wealthier areas. 4. Stress and Instability: Economic instability and stress at home can create an environment less conducive to learning, affecting students' focus, behavior, and academic performance. 5. Access to Early Childhood Education: Low-income families may have limited access to high-quality early childhood education programs, which are crucial for preparing children for academic success. 6. Educational Aspirations: Poverty can influence students' aspirations and expectations for their future, affecting their motivation and engagement in school. Addressing these challenges requires targeted policies and interventions that provide equitable access to resources, improve school quality in disadvantaged areas, support early childhood education, and address the broader social determinants of poverty. 78. What did Henslin find in his research about the homeless? What types are there? In your opinion, which of the homeless could most easily be transitioned to housing through the use of policy? Use theories to back up your answer. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Summarize Henslin’s homelessness research. • Note the various types of homeless; there are 12. • Analyze these types and defend an argument about which ones could be most easily lifted out of homelessness, applying theories. Sample Answer: James M. Henslin categorized homelessness into types such as chronically homeless, episodically homeless, transient/homeless by circumstance, and hidden homeless. Transitioning the chronically homeless to housing through policy is feasible due to the Housing First approach, which prioritizes stable housing as a foundation for addressing other challenges like mental health and addiction, aligning with theories such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Social Capital Theory. 79. What are some rules for avoiding poverty and also for developing a more financially secure life? How does the practical, empirically informed advice in the text match up with conflict theory? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Note the three rules to avoiding poverty: 1) Finish high school; 2) Get married before you have your first child; 3) Don’t have a child until after you reach the age of 20. • Note the four rules to developing a more financially secure life: 1) Go to college; 2) Stay married; 3) Avoid the misuse of drugs, including alcohol; 4) Avoid credit card debt. • Apply and analyze conflict theory with respect to the above findings. Sample Answer: Rules for avoiding poverty and developing financial security include saving regularly, investing wisely, acquiring marketable skills through education, maintaining a stable job, and managing debt responsibly. Conflict theory suggests that financial security is unequally distributed due to power dynamics and structural inequalities, influencing access to education, job opportunities, and resources. Empirically informed advice emphasizes individual actions, while conflict theory underscores the systemic barriers that affect socioeconomic outcomes. 80. Compare and contrast the idea of the power elite with that of the pluralist view of power. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Explain C. Wright Mills’s concept of the power elite. • Note who makes up the power elite. • Outline the idea of the pluralist view of power. • Note similarities and points of departure for the two theories. Sample Answer: The power elite theory posits that a small, interconnected group holds significant influence over societal decisions across political, economic, and military domains. In contrast, pluralism contends that power is dispersed among diverse interest groups competing for influence through democratic processes. While the power elite theory emphasizes concentrated control, pluralism underscores the dynamic interaction and competition among various societal factions in shaping policy and governance. Chapter 8: Racial-Ethnic Relations MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A(n) __________ refers to people who identify with one another on the basis of their ancestry and cultural heritage. A) minority group B) dominant group C) racial-ethnic group D) affinity group Answer: C 2. __________ is an attitude that involves prejudging. A) Discrimination B) A stereotype C) Prejudice D) Racism Answer: C 3. The tendency to marry within one’s group is called __________. A) endogamy B) exogamy C) perpetuity D) militancy Answer: A 4. When a minority group seeks to separate itself and form a separate nation with political and cultural independence, this is called __________. A) militancy B) assimilation C) secession D) pluralism Answer: C 5. __________ refers to the exploitation of a minority group’s labor. A) Population transfer B) Assimilation C) Pluralism D) Internal colonialism Answer: D 6. __________ is a policy of extermination. A) Assimilation B) Pluralism C) Segregation D) Genocide Answer: D 7. Floyd does not like Italians. This is an example of __________. A) discrimination B) a stereotype C) prejudice D) racism Answer: C 8. In Rwanda, the Hutus (the dominant group) slaughtered thousands of Tutsi’s (the minority group). This is an example of __________. A) assimilation B) pluralism C) segregation D) genocide Answer: D 9. Barack Obama, Oprah Winfrey, and Tyra Banks have inherited physical characteristics that identify them as a group of people. This illustrates __________. A) race B) ethnocentrism C) perpetuity D) social class Answer: A 10. Apartheid in South Africa is an example of __________. A) assimilation B) pluralism C) segregation D) genocide Answer: C 11. With the Trail of Tears, Native Americans were forced to move from their homeland to Indian territory in the western part of the United States. This is an example of __________. A) direct population transfer B) assimilation C) indirect population transfer D) apartheid Answer: A 12. Lola was born female. As such, this status is __________. A) assimilated B) apartheid C) ascribed D) achieved Answer: C 13. Membership in a minority group is __________. A) voluntary B) involuntary C) achieved D) earned Answer: B 14. Because she is African American, Karima faces discrimination. This suggests that Karima is a part of a __________. A) dominant group B) minority group C) racial-ethnic group D) split-labor market Answer: B 15. The Irish immigrants in America desired to be absorbed into society and did not want to be treated as a separate group. This is an example of __________. A) militancy B) assimilation C) secession D) pluralism Answer: B 16. After slavery was abolished, some southern whites tried to make life so miserable for African Americans that they would leave the area. This is an example of __________. A) direct population transfer B) assimilation C) indirect population transfer D) apartheid Answer: C 17. Tianju is Chinese American. His family and friends expect that he will marry someone who is also Chinese American. This reflects __________. A) endogamy B) exogamy C) perpetuity D) militancy Answer: A 18. In colonial India, a handful of British discriminated against several hundred million Indians. The British are the __________. A) minority group B) racial-ethnic group C) split-labor market D) dominant group Answer: D 19. When Mrs. Winston hires new employees to work at her hardware store, she starts the female employees at minimum wage, but starts the men at one dollar over the minimum wage. This practice is an example of __________. A) discrimination B) a stereotype C) prejudice D) racism Answer: A 20. India is a multi-ethnic society in which 22 languages are recognized by the constitution. As such, minority group members live peacefully with the dominant group while maintaining their distinctive culture. This illustrates __________. A) militancy B) assimilation C) secession D) pluralism Answer: D 21. In Africa’s largest country, Sudan, there have been decades of fighting as southerners struggle to separate from an administration dominated by those from the north. As the southerners are seeking cultural and political independence, this is an example of __________. A) militancy B) assimilation C) secession D) pluralism Answer: C 22. The Taliban is convinced of its own superiority and seeks to dominate Pakistan and Afghanistan. This is an example of __________. A) militancy B) assimilation C) secession D) pluralism Answer: A 23. When Africans were first brought to America as slaves, they were required to give up their religion, their language, their names, and their drums. This is an example of __________. A) permissible assimilation B) forced assimilation C) direct population transfer D) indirect population transfer Answer: B 24. Up until the late 1960s, African Americans were not allowed to live in “whites-only” neighborhoods, attend “whites-only” schools, eat in “whites-only” restaurants, or drink out of “whites-only” water fountains. This is an example of __________. A) assimilation B) pluralism C) segregation D) genocide Answer: C 25. Wilfredo is an American who has been living in the Brazilian rainforest for five years to conduct research. He recently met Matthew, another American, who is also conducting research in the rainforest. Wilfredo and Matthew spent hours talking about the American foods, music, and clothing that they have missed while being away from their homeland. As the two Americans identified with a common cultural heritage, this reflects a(n) __________. A) minority group B) dominant group C) racial-ethnic group D) affinity group Answer: C 26. Second-generation Chinese and Korean Americans are people of Chinese and Korean ancestry who __________. A) were born and/or from a young age reared in the United States B) were born and/or from a young age reared in China or Korea but now live in the United States C) immigrated to the United States.as adults D) were persecuted in the United States Answer: A 27. Mr. Mortar thinks that his Asian students are smarter than his white students. This is an example of __________. A) discrimination B) a stereotype C) prejudice D) racism Answer: B 28. Jerome and Deanna went to view an apartment that was listed for rent in the newspaper. When the apartment owner saw that the couple was black, he told them that the apartment was no longer vacant. The owner does not want to rent to blacks. This is an example of __________. A) individual discrimination B) perpetuity C) ethnocentrism D) institutional discrimination Answer: A 29. At the Shady Pines Country Club, a person can only gain membership through inheritance. Because blacks, Asians, and Hispanics were banned from membership until the 1970s, the club remains all white today. This reflects __________. A) individual discrimination B) perpetuity C) ethnocentrism D) institutional discrimination Answer: D 30. The unequal distribution of a society’s resources based on race–ethnicity is called __________. A) ethnocentrism B) racial–ethnic stratification C) internal colonialism D) perpetuity Answer: B 31. Durkheim stressed that society needs __________. A) division of labor B) split labor force C) reserve labor force D) civil disobedience Answer: A 32. __________ suggest that the benefits of discrimination must outweigh its costs. A) Conflict theorists B) Functionalists C) Symbolic interactionists D) Secessionists Answer: B 33. Heather sees African Americans as lazy because that is what she has perceived them to be. This is __________. A) using selective perception B) a self-fulfilling prophecy C) civil disobedience D) institutional discrimination Answer: A 34. __________ examine how we are socialized into prejudice and discrimination. A) Conflict theorists B) Functionalists C) Symbolic interactionists D) Secessionists Answer: C 35. Maurice’s research examines how children learn prejudice and discrimination from their parents. Maurice’s research is in line with __________. A) conflict theorists B) functionalists C) symbolic interactionists D) secessionists Answer: C 36. Senator Murphy believes that the benefits of discrimination outweigh the costs of discrimination. The senator’s beliefs are in line with __________. A) conflict theorists B) functionalists C) symbolic interactionists D) secessionists Answer: B 37. When Christian missionaries in Africa met Senegalese men who by law can have up to four wives, the missionaries tried to convince the men that their ways were “wrong” and that they should adopt the ways of the missionaries, which were “right”. This illustrates __________. A) racial–ethnic stratification B) internal colonialism C) perpetuity D) ethnocentrism Answer: D 38. It costs $4 to make each book, but the publisher sells each book for $14. The $10 profit is an example of __________. A) split labor market B) surplus value of labor C) capitalist economy D) internal colonialism Answer: B 39. Management at the Acme Company tries to create racial divides among its workers. This creates a __________. A) capitalist economy B) split labor market C) militancy D) internal colonialism Answer: B 40. Which of the following make up the largest minority group in the United States? A) African Americans B) Asian Americans C) Latinos D) Native Americans Answer: C 41. The Immigration Reform and Control Act __________. A) permitted unauthorized immigrants to apply for U.S. citizenship B) called for the deportation of unauthorized immigrants C) banned the use of English to teach Spanish-speaking students D) guaranteed Mexicans the right to maintain their culture in the United States Answer: A 42. Which state has the largest concentration of Latinos? A) Texas B) Florida C) New Jersey D) California Answer: D 43. In the case of Lau v. Nichols, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that __________. A) using only English to teach Spanish-speaking students violates their civil rights B) unauthorized immigrants can apply for U.S. citizenship C) unauthorized immigrants should be deported immediately D) Mexicans have the right to maintain their culture in the United States Answer: A 44. African Americans make up approximately __________ of the House of Representatives. A) 2% B) 5% C) 10% D) 20% Answer: C 45. __________ involve(s) deliberately but peacefully defying laws that are considered unjust. A) Rising expectations B) Compartmentalizing C) Civil disobedience D) Selective perception Answer: C 46. With the first African American president in office, many blacks are anticipating better conditions. This illustrates __________. A) rising expectations B) compartmentalizing C) civil disobedience D) selective perception Answer: A 47. Which ethnic group is most likely to complete a college education? A) African Americans B) Asian Americans C) Latinos D) Native Americans Answer: B 48. Which racial-ethnic group has the highest suicide rate? A) African Americans B) Asian Americans C) Latinos D) Native Americans Answer: D 49. __________ banned race and gender preferences in hiring and college admissions in California. A) The Bakke Case B) Brown v. Board of Education C) Proposition 209 D) The Civil Rights Act Answer: C 50. Juan belongs to a group that is characterized by low levels of education and high rates of violent crime, drug abuse, disease, births to single mothers, and death by murder. He is a member of __________. A) a melting pot B) the underclass C) apartheid D) pan-Indianism Answer: B FILL IN THE BLANK 51. The group that discriminates and holds power, privilege, and high social status is called the __________. Answer: dominant group 52. When the dominant group permits the minority to adopt those dominant practices that it wishes, this is called __________. Answer: permissible assimilation 53. Unrealistic generalizations of what people are like are called __________. Answer: stereotypes 54. African Americans are __________ likely to receive coronary bypass surgery than white patients. Answer: less 55. The U.S. settlers considered the Native Americans __________ and this allowed them to perceive them as less than human. Answer: savages 56. When the economy contracts, the __________ can be laid off to rejoin the unemployed. Answer: reserve labor force 57. When people anticipate better conditions, this is called __________. Answer: rising expectations 58. __________ refers to any group of people who have more or less similar goods, services, or skills to offer for income in a given economic order and who therefore receive similar financial remuneration in the marketplace. Answer: Social class 59. __________ involves building a united identity to work towards the welfare of all Native Americans. Answer: Pan-Indianism 60. The alienated group that has little education and high rates of violent crime, drug abuse, disease, births to single mothers, and death by murder is called the __________. Answer: underclass TRUE/FALSE 61. The notion of a pure race is a myth. Answer: True 62. There are more men than women in every society. Answer: False 63. Prejudice and discrimination exist everywhere in the world. Answer: True 64. Membership in a minority group is voluntary. Answer: False 65. The Holocaust is an example of genocide. Answer: True 66. Blacks and Latinos are more likely to be rejected than whites for home loans. Answer: True 67. Latino and Hispanic are terms that refer to a particular race. Answer: False 68. Chinatowns developed in response to discrimination. Answer: True 69. The Bureau of Indian Affairs preserves Native American culture. Answer: False 70. African Americans have the highest intermarriage rate of any minority group. Answer: False SHORT ANSWER 71. Compare and contrast the minority group and the dominant group. Answer: • Minority Group: Smaller in number, socially disadvantaged, faces discrimination, and has limited access to resources and opportunities. • Dominant Group: Larger in number, holds more power and privilege, sets societal norms, and has better access to resources and opportunities. In essence, minority groups experience social disadvantage and discrimination, while dominant groups wield more power, influence societal norms, and enjoy greater privileges. 72. Explain the ways that minority groups develop. Answer: The development of minority groups can occur through several pathways: 1. Immigration: Groups may form through migration to a new country or region, often due to economic, political, or social reasons. 2. Birth Rate: Higher birth rates among certain groups can lead to their numerical growth and development as distinct minorities. 3. Ethnic or Racial Identity: Groups may form around shared ethnic or racial identities, fostering solidarity and cultural preservation. 4. Social Identity: Shared experiences of discrimination or marginalization can lead to the formation of minority identities, promoting collective action and advocacy. 5. Legal or Political Recognition: Government recognition or legal protections can formalize minority status and support group development. These factors interact dynamically, influencing how minority groups develop over time and their roles within broader societies. 73. Discuss civil disobedience and the principles that Dr. Martin Luther King employed. Answer: Civil disobedience is a form of nonviolent protest where individuals deliberately violate laws, regulations, or commands of a government or authority, typically in pursuit of moral or social justice goals. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. employed several key principles in his advocacy of civil disobedience during the Civil Rights Movement: 1. Nonviolence: King emphasized the importance of nonviolent resistance as a means to confront injustice and achieve social change without resorting to violence. 2. Civil Disobedience as a Moral Duty: He argued that individuals have a moral responsibility to resist unjust laws and systems peacefully, even if it means accepting legal consequences. 3. Direct Action: King believed in taking direct action to address and challenge discriminatory practices and laws, often through nonviolent protests, marches, and sit-ins. 4. Appeal to Conscience: Civil disobedience was used to appeal to the moral conscience of the public and policymakers, highlighting the injustice and inequality faced by African Americans. 5. Commitment to Love and Justice: King stressed the importance of love and justice as guiding principles in the pursuit of civil rights, advocating for reconciliation and equality for all. By adhering to these principles, King and other civil rights activists sought to bring about lasting social change while upholding dignity and respect for all individuals involved in the struggle. 74. Discuss the stages involved in the development of Chinatowns. Answer: The development of Chinatowns typically involves several stages: 1. Early Immigration: Chinatowns often begin with the arrival of Chinese immigrants, usually seeking economic opportunities, such as during the 19th and early 20th centuries in North America. 2. Formation of Ethnic Enclaves: Initially, Chinese immigrants settle in specific urban areas, forming ethnic enclaves where they can live, work, and socialize within their community. 3. Cultural Institutions and Businesses: As the community grows, cultural institutions such as temples, community centers, schools, and businesses catering to Chinese residents and visitors begin to emerge. 4. Social Networks and Support Systems: Chinatowns develop robust social networks and support systems, including clan associations, benevolent societies, and mutual aid organizations that provide assistance and solidarity among residents. 5. Cultural Preservation and Identity: Chinatowns often serve as hubs for preserving Chinese culture, language, traditions, and heritage in a new country, contributing to a distinct cultural identity. 6. Tourism and Economic Growth: Over time, Chinatowns attract tourists interested in experiencing Chinese culture and cuisine, leading to economic growth through restaurants, shops, and cultural events. 7. Urban Renewal and Challenges: Many Chinatowns face challenges such as urban renewal projects, gentrification, and socioeconomic disparities, impacting their development and continuity. These stages illustrate how Chinatowns evolve from immigrant settlements into vibrant cultural and economic centers, reflecting both the challenges and resilience of immigrant communities. 75. Explain the American Dilemma. Answer: The "American Dilemma" refers to the contradiction between America's democratic ideals of equality and justice for all and its historical and systemic racial inequalities and injustices. Coined by Gunnar Myrdal in his 1944 book "An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy," this concept highlights the tension between America's aspirations for equality and the reality of racial discrimination and segregation experienced by African Americans and other minorities. Key points of the American Dilemma include: 1. Equality vs. Racism: America's foundational principles assert equality and justice for all, yet systemic racism and discrimination persistently disadvantage racial minorities. 2. Legal and Social Injustices: Despite legal strides towards equality, such as civil rights legislation, racial minorities continue to face disparities in education, employment, housing, and healthcare. 3. Cultural and Identity Challenges: The dilemma encompasses struggles with cultural identity, belonging, and representation within a society that claims to value diversity but often perpetuates racial stereotypes and exclusion. 4. Persistent Social and Economic Gaps: Economic disparities and social inequalities based on race underscore ongoing challenges in achieving true equality and justice. The American Dilemma serves as a critical framework for understanding the complexities and contradictions inherent in America's ongoing quest to reconcile its democratic ideals with its historical and contemporary treatment of racial minorities. ESSAY 76. Minority groups share some common characteristics as well as some common strategies for dealing with their second-class status. Discuss these characteristics and apply your theoretical knowledge to explain them. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Outline the characteristics of a minority group. • Outline the four objectives of the minority group: assimilation, pluralism, secession, and militancy • Apply various theories to explain each of the four responses. Sample Answer: Minority groups often share common characteristics and employ strategies to cope with their second-class status in society. Some common characteristics include: 1. Social Identity: Minority groups often have a distinct social identity based on shared ethnicity, race, religion, or cultural heritage. This identity helps foster solidarity and a sense of belonging among group members. 2. Marginalization: Minority groups frequently experience marginalization, where they are excluded or disadvantaged in various social, economic, or political spheres. This marginalization reinforces their second-class status. 3. Discrimination: Discrimination, both systemic and interpersonal, is a pervasive experience for minority groups. It manifests in unequal treatment, limited opportunities, and prejudice based on group membership. 4. Collective Action: Many minority groups engage in collective action to advocate for their rights and improve their social standing. This can include protests, lobbying for policy changes, or forming community organizations to address common challenges. 5. Cultural Resilience: Minority groups often exhibit cultural resilience, preserving and celebrating their cultural practices, languages, and traditions despite pressures to assimilate. Strategies employed by minority groups to address their second-class status include: 1. Political Mobilization: Groups may organize politically to gain representation and influence in decision-making processes, advocating for policies that benefit their communities. 2. Legal Challenges: Legal strategies involve challenging discriminatory laws or practices through courts or legal advocacy groups to secure equal rights and protections. 3. Education and Awareness: Many groups focus on education and raising awareness about their history, contributions, and challenges to combat stereotypes and promote understanding. 4. Economic Empowerment: Economic strategies aim to improve economic opportunities within the community through entrepreneurship, job training, and community development initiatives. 5. Coalition Building: Building alliances with other minority groups, advocacy organizations, and allies amplifies their voices and strengthens their advocacy efforts. These characteristics and strategies are shaped by theoretical frameworks such as social identity theory, which explains how group identity influences behavior and perceptions, and critical race theory, which examines how race and racism perpetuate social inequalities. Understanding these dynamics helps explain how minority groups navigate and respond to their second-class status in society. 77. Compare and contrast the six policies that the dominant group may adopt for dealing with minorities and give examples of each one. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Note the difference between a majority group and a minority group. • Outline the policy options of the majority group. • Analyze the effects of each option on a society. Sample Answer: The dominant group may adopt various policies to deal with minorities, each influencing the status and integration of minority groups differently: 1. Assimilation: This policy aims to integrate minorities into the dominant culture, often through encouraging adoption of dominant language, norms, and values. Example: The Americanization programs in the early 20th century aimed at assimilating immigrants into American society. 2. Acculturation: Unlike assimilation, acculturation allows minorities to maintain some cultural distinctiveness while adopting aspects of the dominant culture. Example: Canada's multiculturalism policy encourages cultural diversity while promoting integration into Canadian society. 3. Segregation: This policy separates minorities from the dominant group physically or socially, often resulting in unequal access to resources. Example: Historical segregation laws in the United States enforced racial separation in schools and public facilities. 4. Exclusion/Expulsion: This extreme policy removes minorities from the dominant group's territory or denies them citizenship rights. Example: The Rohingya minority in Myanmar faced expulsion and statelessness due to government policies. 5. Pluralism: Pluralism recognizes and affirms cultural diversity within a society, allowing minorities to maintain their identities while participating fully in society. Example: Switzerland's federal system respects multiple linguistic and cultural groups within its borders. 6. Paternalism: This policy involves the dominant group making decisions for minorities based on the belief that it is in their best interest. Example: Historical paternalistic policies in colonial contexts where European powers governed indigenous populations without their consent. These policies shape the socio-political landscape and determine the level of inclusion or exclusion experienced by minority groups within a society. 78. Compare and contrast individual discrimination and institutional discrimination, providing examples of each. Identify which of these we have more of now in the United States. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Define individual discrimination. • Define institutional discrimination. • Provide examples of each. • Analyze which of the two we see most of in the United States. Sample Answer: Individual Discrimination: Involves discriminatory actions towards individuals based on their group membership (e.g., race, gender). Example: Refusing to hire someone because of their ethnicity. Institutional Discrimination: Refers to discriminatory practices or policies embedded within institutions, affecting groups systematically (e.g., biased hiring practices). Example: Biased lending practices that disadvantage certain racial groups. Comparison: Individual discrimination is personal and direct, while institutional discrimination operates within larger systems and affects groups over time. Contrast: Individual discrimination arises from personal biases, while institutional discrimination results from systemic structures and policies. Current Situation in the United States: Institutional discrimination is seen as more prevalent today, influencing broader inequalities despite legal advances against individual discrimination. 79. Explain the concept of dirty work and discuss how it relates to racial–ethnic stratification and racial– ethnic succession. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Define dirty work. • Outline the difference between racial–ethnic stratification and racial–ethnic succession. • Explain how dirty work relates to the two concepts, integrating knowledge from the second bullet point. Sample Answer: Dirty Work: Dirty work refers to tasks or roles that are socially stigmatized, morally compromised, or physically demanding. These jobs often involve aspects like managing undesirable emotions, dealing with conflict, or facing physical risks. Examples include garbage collection, sewage maintenance, or jobs in slaughterhouses. Relation to Racial-Ethnic Stratification: Dirty work often correlates with racial-ethnic stratification, where certain racial or ethnic groups are disproportionately represented in these roles due to historical, social, or economic factors. This can result from discriminatory hiring practices, limited educational opportunities, or systemic biases that funnel marginalized groups into these occupations. Relation to Racial-Ethnic Succession: Racial-ethnic succession occurs when one racial or ethnic group replaces another in a particular occupation or industry over time. In dirty work contexts, racial-ethnic succession can occur as societal perceptions evolve or economic conditions change, leading to shifts in which groups are assigned or choose to take on these roles. For example, in urban settings, immigrant groups might initially fill roles like janitorial work or low-wage service jobs, with subsequent generations potentially moving into higher-status occupations as they integrate more fully into society. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for addressing inequalities and biases that perpetuate racial-ethnic stratification in the workforce and broader society. 80. List four ways to encourage an appreciation of diversity. Apply functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theories to analyze which of those points will be most effective. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: • Note the general issues with a lack of diversity appreciation. • Outline the recommendations to encourage an appreciation of diversity. • Analyze these recommendations through the lens of the dominant theories. Sample Answer: Four ways to encourage an appreciation of diversity: 1. Education and Awareness Programs: Teach about different cultures and histories. 2. Promotion of Inclusive Policies: Implement policies that support diversity, equity, and inclusion. 3. Cross-Cultural Interaction: Facilitate opportunities for people from different backgrounds to interact. 4. Celebration of Cultural Events: Recognize and celebrate cultural holidays and traditions. Analysis: • Functionalism: Supports education and policies to integrate diverse perspectives into societal norms for stability. • Conflict Theory: Emphasizes policies addressing systemic inequalities to promote diversity and challenge power dynamics. • Symbolic Interactionism: Values cross-cultural interactions and cultural celebrations for fostering personal understanding and shared meanings of diversity. Test Bank for Social Problems: A Down-to-Earth Approach James M. Henslin 9780205968848, 9781292039862, 9780205965120, 9780205004164, 9780135164709
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