CH-7-8 Democracy and Dissent: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788-1800 – American Stories: A History of the United States : Exam Guide

This Document Contains Chapters 7 to 8 Chapter 7: Democracy and Dissent: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788-1800 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Members of the Federalist party __________. a. advocated states' rights b. supported the French Revolution c. wanted Thomas Jefferson to be president d. supported a strong national government e. despised centralized economic planning Answer: d 2) For many Americans, George Washington was __________. a. a symbol of the new government b. a routine, typical political leader c. not a popular leader d. a threat to proclaim himself king e. a good general, but not necessarily a good politician Answer: a 3) The Judiciary Act of 1789 __________. a. was primarily the work of Oliver Ellsworth b. set up a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices c. defined the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court d. provided that the chief justice would be chosen by the Senate e. established the power of judicial review Answer: b 4) Which of the following individuals was a member of George Washington's first cabinet? a. John Adams b. John Jay c. Henry Knox d. James Madison e. Thomas Pinckney Answer: c 5) By the end of Washington's first term of office, __________. a. political harmony had unified the cabinet b. political squabbling had divided the government c. political parties had not yet formed d. the machinery of government had been brought to a standstill e. politicians understood the force of public opinion Answer: b 6) The greatest challenge facing the first Washington administration was __________. a. foreign affairs b. waging war with Native Americans c. setting the government's finances in order d. territorial expansion e. regulating interstate trade Answer: c 7) Hamilton's Report on the Public Credit recommended __________. a. the renunciation of all old government debts b. that the federal government assume remaining state debts c. that the states fund most government activities d. that bankers be restricted in their dealings with the federal government e. that the federal government offer its creditors 80 percent of the face value of its obligations Answer: b 8) James Madison opposed Hamilton's proposal for the public debt because __________. a. he feared Hamilton's growing political power b. the powers of state government would be reduced c. he believed only a chosen few would benefit d. it did not foster the government of the Revolution e. many soldiers had lost the old loan certificates that entitled them to payment Answer: c 9) Opposition to Hamilton's proposed national bank __________. a. was based on "loose construction" of the Constitution b. reflected the fears of private bankers c. was justified because his plans so clearly favored a few "monied interests" d. generally did not involve the general public e. involved issues relating to Congress's constitutional powers Answer: e 10) The Bank of the United States was based on the doctrine of __________. a. strict construction b. states' rights c. implied powers d. judicial review e. checks and balances Answer: c 11) The Report on Manufacturers suggested __________. a. low tariffs on imported goods b. congressional taxes on industrial goods c. protective tariffs d. strict laissez-faire e. a fluctuating tariff schedule Answer: c 12) During Washington's second term in office, __________. a. foreign affairs became a much more important focus b. relations with Great Britain and France improved dramatically c. Hamilton and Jefferson resolved their differences over domestic policy d. Hamilton ceased to be a force in American politics e. the European war unified American officials in support of France Answer: a 13) In the early 1790s, British actions toward the United States indicated __________. a. respect for the status of the new nation b. a desire to recruit the United States as a close ally c. disdain for American rights d. a willingness to join the French in taking advantage of the new country e. the need for American resources to feed and clothe British troops Answer: c 14) Thomas Jefferson felt it was important that the new government __________. a. foster strong ties with Great Britain b. support business and industrial development c. decrease the role agriculture played in the American economy d. lean toward France in the event it clashed with Britain e. expand the franchise Answer: d 15) Jay's Treaty succeeded in __________. a. getting British troops to withdraw from the northwest forts b. opening New Orleans to U.S. commerce c. pacifying southerners who had lost slaves during the war d. humiliating the French e. calming Washington's anxieties Answer: a 16) As a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, __________. a. Great Britain continued to dominate the western frontier b. the United States asserted its authority on the western frontier c. the Indians scored a decisive victory d. the inadequacy of the American army was made evident e. the British encouraged Native Americans to give up their land Answer: b 17) The Whiskey Rebellion __________. a. took place in western Virginia b. resulted in the capture and execution of several rebellion leaders c. involved an attempt to prohibit the consumption of whiskey and other alcoholic beverages d. strengthened calls for a larger standing army e. increased Republican electoral strength along the frontier Answer: e 18) Washington's Farewell Address __________. a. warned against creating a strong military b. attempted to bring harmony to the political system c. supported the political ideology of Jefferson and Madison d. advised against alliances with nations that were not promoting American security e. wholeheartedly endorsed the two-party system Answer: d 19) The election of 1796 was complicated by __________. a. changes in the nation's voting laws b. interference from British diplomats c. behind-the-scenes manipulations by Alexander Hamilton d. Washington's refusal to stay out of politics e. confusion over the differences between Federalists and Republicans Answer: c 20) During the Adams administration, __________. a. Great Britain continued to pose problems for the nation b. domestic problems occupied the president's full attention c. France reacted negatively to the terms of Jay's Treaty d. few Americans seemed concerned with foreign affairs e. France became a closer ally thanks to the terms of Jay's Treaty Answer: c 21) In 1798, the Federalists sponsored a military buildup with the intention of __________. a. taking the French West Indies b. suppressing internal political dissent c. conquering Canada d. pacifying the Indian tribes of the Ohio Valley e. pumping federal dollars into a sagging economy Answer: b 22) According to the Kentucky Resolutions, __________. a. ultimate power always remained with the federal government b. states had the right to nullify federal law under certain circumstances c. the Sedition Act was worthy of enforcement by the states d. Kentucky chose to remain neutral in the contest between Hamilton and Jefferson e. the "general welfare" of the nation should be the guiding principle in state decisions Answer: b 23) As a result of the actions taken by President Adams in 1799, __________. a. he was overwhelmingly reelected in 1800 b. the United States resolved its differences with France c. the Federalist Party remained the major party d. France compensated the United States for ships taken e. the French added even more restrictions on U.S. commerce Answer: b 24) The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution __________. a. changed the process of electing the president and vice president b. decreased presidential power c. heightened the potential for further political conflict d. stopped the African slave trade e. dealt with the judicial power of the United States Answer: a 25) In the election of 1800, __________. a. the Twelfth Amendment was used to choose the vice president b. Alexander Hamilton supported the candidacy of fellow Federalist John Adams c. the electoral college chose Thomas Jefferson to be the third president d. Federalists preferred Aaron Burr over Thomas Jefferson as president e. controversy led to changes in the presidential electoral process Answer: e 26) Why did Jeffersonians fear strong financial institutions? a. Most were simple farmers who did not understand banking policy. b. They resented Federalists, who tended to have more money. c. They held firm religious beliefs about the sin of greed. d. Most were anti-Semitic, believing that banks were controlled by Jewish interests. e. They believed that banks were the root of corruption in the British government. Answer: e 27) How was Washington's election to the presidency different from that of every president since? a. He was unanimously elected by the electoral college. b. He was elected by the public, as there was no electoral college yet. c. He was not "elected" but rather appointed by Congress. d. He is the only army general to have become president. e. He is the only president who was not born on American soil. Answer: a 28) Washington realized he was a symbol for the young American nation in that he __________. a. represented all the political parties b. had both French and British heritage c. had no real power but was a figurehead d. embodied the hopes and fears of the new republic e. was a young American with boundless energy and fresh ideas Answer: d 29) Which of the following was a Hamiltonian idea? a. The strength of the American economy resides in its agricultural productivity. b. The new central government will survive if the wealthiest people support it. c. France is the most important ally of the United States. d. A large national debt risks the future of the common people. e. Aristocracy is a greater threat than anarchy. Answer: b 30) How did Hamilton demonstrate his dedication in developing his plan for prosperity and security? a. He consulted his friends and colleagues in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Virginia. b. He surveyed and patiently listened to his political enemies, especially Jefferson and Madison. c. He traveled to England and France, studying their economic institutions and industrial centers. d. He traveled around the United States, even into the Western territories, to gain a true sense of the nation's fiscal status. e. He studied economic literature deeply and surveyed the country's current fiscal situation. Answer: e 31) Why did opponents criticize Hamilton's assumption program? a. It rewarded states like Massachusetts, which had sloppy financial systems, for nonpayment of debt. b. It proposed a lengthy and unrealistic policy of repaying the original holders of the debt. c. Only the poor would profit from the program, disadvantaging the rich and creating larger economic issues. d. The program was disproportionately favorable to the South. e. The program could lead to the establishment of a monarchy. Answer: a 32) Why didn't Washington veto Hamilton's bank bill? a. He agreed with it whole-heartedly. b. He didn't like it, but he knew it was best for the country. c. Jefferson made a strong argument for it, and Hamilton argued weakly against it. d. Hamilton made a strong argument for it, and Jefferson argued weakly against it. e. The Supreme Court had already approved it. Answer: d 33) Which of the following would Alexander Hamilton have proposed? a. strong diplomatic ties with France b. the purchase of western lands c. giving the common man the vote d. providing government subsidies to manufacturers e. modeling the banking system on the German model Answer: d 34) How did Alexander Hamilton fail to achieve all of his economic policy objectives? a. He failed to fund the national debt. b. Congress blocked his plan of assumption of the state debts. c. Washington vetoed his creation of a national bank. d. He was unable to win the passage of a protective tariff. e. Jefferson successfully lobbied against approval of a standardized currency. Answer: d 35) How were political parties formed in the United States? a. Each congressman voted on possible party affiliations. b. They grew naturally out of Federalist and Antifederalist groups. c. Opponents who had disagreed on finances began to disagree on which country to support in the European war. d. First Hamilton and then Jefferson met with their proponents and formally named their groups as political parties. e. Washington, seeing how divided the country was about slavery, proposed political parties as a way for people to disagree civilly. Answer: c 36) Initially, why did Americans want to remain neutral when war broke out in Europe? a. The British and the French treated the young American nation arrogantly. b. Most Americans believed only in nonviolent solutions to conflicts. c. Most Americans did not care about a war a whole ocean away. d. Americans were tired of fighting, as they had just finished the Revolution. e. Both Britain and France were generous, powerful allies. Answer: a 37) How did Hamilton affect Jay's Treaty? a. He counseled Jay on whom to see and what to say when he went to England. b. He wrote the terms of the treaty, consolidating his and Madison's ideas. c. He informed the French of the treaty, allowing them to attack England. d. He secretly informed England that the United States would compromise on all issues. e. He filibustered in Congress, stalling the ratification until the treaty expired. Answer: d 38) Why did Spain agree to the terms of the Pinckney Treaty? a. It mistook Jay's Treaty for an Anglo-American alliance. b. It needed the additional sources of revenue. c. It needed protection on its southwest borders. d. The United States threatened direct military action. e. It thought America and France had agreed to take Spain's North American land. Answer: a 39) Why did Washington view the Whiskey Rebellion as treason? a. The rebellious farmers elicited the help of Native Americans, creating a quasi-civil war. b. Because the governor refused to suppress the rebellion, Washington saw it as a state's refusal to pay taxes and as a violent protest against the government. c. Because Britain supplied the rebellious farmers with money and arms, Washington assumed that they were siding with the enemy. d. Because France was having its own revolutionary war, Washington worried the violence would lead to civil war. e. The rebellious farmers began to ship and sell their whiskey to France and England, breaking U.S. trade agreements. Answer: b 40) Why had Washington's political alliance shifted by the end of his presidency? a. Disillusioned by political factions, he created his own political party. b. He regretted supporting England in the war, and began to support France. c. He regretted supporting France in the war, and began to support England. d. He shifted from neutrality to a closer alliance with the Federalists. e. He shifted from neutrality to a closer alliance with the Republicans. Answer: e 41) How was John Adams's presidency made much more difficult? a. He lacked experience with government. b. Alexander Hamilton interfered and opposed him constantly. c. Jefferson refused to cooperate with a Federalist president. d. America continued to have problems with the British on the seas. e. Adams could not communicate well with Jefferson. Answer: b 42) How are the Quasi-War and the XYZ Affair related? a. The XYZ Affair was the most significant "battle" in the Quasi-War between the United States and France. b. The XYZ Affair led to the Quasi-War between the United States and France. c. They XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War are both examples of European countries mistreating the United States. d. The XYZ Affair ended the Quasi-War between the United States and France. e. The XYZ Affair was a disagreement between England and the United States, whereas the Quasi-War was a disagreement between France and the United States. Answer: b 43) How did the XYZ Affair affect U.S. politics? a. Adams declared war on France. b. France suffered diplomatic humiliation at the hands of the United States. c. Hamilton resisted the idea of a strong army. d. Adams and Jefferson reached a political impasse. e. High Federalists used the tensions it created as an excuse for military expansion. Answer: e 44) Why did Congress pass the Naturalization Law? a. to help immigrants assimilate into society b. to allow the government to deport undesirable aliens c. to allow the Federalists to maintain political control d. to create a heterogeneous society for America e. to keep out eastern European immigrants Answer: c 45) The Sedition Act distressed many Americans because it __________. a. threatened their political right to disagree with and speak out against the government b. gave the Federalists too much power and reduced the Republicans' power c. suspended free elections, depriving all white males of their voting rights d. expanded the powers of Congress, which meant bigger government e. allowed libel convictions without a jury trial, affecting people's judicial rights Answer: a 46) Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts? a. The acts excluded poor farmers from their voting and civil rights. b. The acts suppressed the states' power to govern themselves. c. Jefferson and Madison opposed all of Hamilton's acts on principle. d. The acts did not support a strong central government. e. The acts rewrote the Constitution without due process. Answer: b 47) How was the election of 1800 a peaceful revolution? a. The public marched in the streets, chanting and holding signs in support of their candidates. b. There was only one candidate for president, so he won without political battle. c. The House and the Senate disagreed about who should be president, so they created the electoral college—a revolutionary but peaceful solution. d. Although politicians passionately disagreed about who should be president, they voted and revoted rather than use violence. e. Washington had been a Federalist and, with only a few short battles, Jefferson, a Republican, became president. Answer: d 48) How did Washington's and Adams's cabinets compare to today's cabinet? a. They were much smaller, consisting of only three offices, whereas today's cabinet comprises dozens of secretaries and thousands of employees. b. They were much larger, since laying the groundwork for a new nation required more human resources than does running a superpower today. c. Their cabinets had less power; they acted only as advisors to the president and could not create any actual policies. d. Their cabinet members, being from the same political party, accomplished more by cooperating better than today's members. e. Their cabinets met less frequently, as they were busy traveling about the country or Europe, whereas today's members stay mainly in Washington, D.C. Answer: a 49) How does the financial-political climate of the late eighteenth century compare to today's climate? a. The late eighteenth century was a simpler time; people were either farmers or professionals, and few people discussed politics or financial systems. b. Debate about politics and finances was more intense in the late eighteenth century; strife resulted as people established political and financial systems. c. In the late eighteenth century, politics and finances were intertwined; today, financial institutions are separate from the influence of political systems. d. Both the financial and political climates of the late eighteenth century and today can be characterized as generally peaceful and U.S. focused. e. The political and financial climates of both times can be characterized as strife-filled, interdependent on each other, and globally influenced. Answer: e 50) How did Adams influence the future land holdings of the United States? a. He proposed a law in Congress to tax English imports at a high rate, generating enough income to buy the Southwest from Spain. b. He banned political parties, cooling passionate debates so that the nation could focus on expansion. c. He avoided war with France, sent new negotiators, and created a sense of trust so that the United States could eventually purchase the Louisiana Territory. d. He gave the U.S. army permission to clear the Native Americans from the land, using violence if necessary. e. He appeased Britain with tax agreements and U.S. army assistance in the war against France, so Britain gave the United States the land that is now Montana. Answer: c Essay Questions 51) How did the conflicting views of Hamilton and Jefferson give rise to our first political parties? Answer: • Economic Views: Hamilton supported a strong federal government with a national bank and tariffs; Jefferson favored states' rights and a weaker central government. • Foreign Policy: Hamilton favored ties with Britain; Jefferson supported France. • Political Structure: Hamilton's Federalists wanted a strong central government; Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans preferred more power for the states and the people. • Result: These differences led to the formation of the first political parties in the United States: Hamilton's Federalist Party and Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party. 52) What was the role of foreign policy issues in the bitter political polarization of the late 1790s? Answer: • French Revolution: Federalists opposed the French Revolution, while Democratic-Republicans supported it. • Jay Treaty: Federalists supported the treaty with Britain to avoid war and promote trade, but Democratic-Republicans saw it as siding with Britain against France. • XYZ Affair: French demands for bribes led to anti-French sentiment and a Quasi-War, which Federalists used to strengthen their political position. • Quasi-War with France: Federalists used the conflict to justify military build-up and suppress Democratic-Republican opposition. • Alien and Sedition Acts: Federalists passed these laws to limit immigration and restrict the press, targeting Democratic-Republicans. 53) What threat did the Alien and Sedition Acts pose to individual liberties? What threat did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions pose to the integrity of the Union? How do these issues relate to the balance between liberty and order? Answer: The Alien and Sedition Acts posed a significant threat to individual liberties in the United States. The Alien Acts (1798) authorized the president to deport any non-citizen deemed dangerous to the country's peace and safety, and the Sedition Act made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious" writings against the government or its officials. These laws were seen as an attack on the First Amendment rights of free speech and press, as they were used to suppress political dissent and criticism of the government. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson respectively, were responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts. They argued that the federal government had overstepped its constitutional powers by passing these laws, and they asserted the states' rights to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. These resolutions were seen as a challenge to the authority of the federal government and raised concerns about the potential for states to undermine the Union by refusing to comply with federal laws. These issues highlight the delicate balance between liberty and order in a democratic society. While the government has a duty to maintain order and protect the nation's security, it must also respect individual liberties and the principles of free speech and press. The Alien and Sedition Acts tipped this balance heavily towards order, sacrificing essential freedoms in the name of national security. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, on the other hand, sought to restore the balance by asserting the importance of constitutional limits on government power and the rights of states to resist unconstitutional actions. Chapter 8: Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian Vision, 1800-1814 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) By 1810, one-fifth of the American population was made up of __________. a. Indians b. immigrants c. blacks d. women e. Catholics Answer: c 2) The large increase in the national population reflected in the 1810 census resulted mainly from __________. a. the assimilation of whole tribes of Native Americans into the general population b. natural biological increase c. a huge increase in the importation of slaves from Africa d. the immigration of many thousands of Europeans fleeing the Napoleonic wars e. fabrication of census records by corrupt state officials who hoped to increase their congressional representation Answer: b 3) Upon arriving in the West, many settlers __________. a. created friendly relationships with local Indian groups b. imported new technology to aid in western industrial growth c. returned home, disappointed in the lack of economic opportunities d. traded agricultural products with the East using overland trails e. were able to generate distinctive folkways Answer: e 4) Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa __________. a. worked to persuade the Indians of the Indiana Territory to hold onto their tribal cultures and their land b. represented themselves as tribal leaders and sold off huge tracts of land for whiskey and trinkets c. led an Indian rebellion that was crushed by Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend d. accepted President Jefferson's promise of a vast Indian reservation west of the Mississippi River e. developed a written language for the Shawnees and worked for gradual assimilation into white culture Answer: a 5) Thomas Jefferson's attitude toward Native Americans showed that he __________. a. did not believe they should live in the same areas as Americans. b. believed their way of life to be worth protecting and preserving c. wanted to create a sanctuary for them on the American frontier d. respected them as people, and was impressed by their culture e. wanted to try to assimilate them into the nascent culture of the United States Answer: a 6) American prosperity in the early 1800s was based on __________. a. an industrial economy b. manufacturing c. monetary supplies d. agriculture and commerce e. the slave system Answer: d 7) The contribution of __________ led to the birth of the factory system in the United States. a. Eli Whitney b. Samuel Slater c. Benjamin Reed d. Robert Lowell e. James Stubblefield Answer: b 8) President Thomas Jefferson __________. a. frequently vetoed acts of the Federalist-led Congress b. removed most Federalists from federal jobs c. hated the national debt d. wanted to increase government spending e. loved the military and saw it as America's greatest asset Answer: c 9) As the chief negotiator with France, __________ engineered the Louisiana Purchase. a. James Madison b. John Quincy Adams c. John Marshall d. James Monroe e. Thomas Jefferson Answer: d 10) What difficulty did Jefferson face in purchasing the Louisiana Territory? a. possible confrontation with Great Britain b. lack of support from the American people c. the constitutionality of his actions d. whether to accept foreign citizens on the land e. finding $15 million in the federal budget Answer: c 11) The Lewis and Clark expedition __________. a. at last discovered the long-sought Northwest Passage b. traveled up the Missouri River to the Pacific Northwest c. explored the desert Southwest, including Pike's Peak and the Grand Canyon d. had to fight its way through the domains of several hostile Indian tribes e. was assisted by a young Shoshone woman named Pocahontas Answer: b 12) In the election of 1804, Thomas Jefferson defeated __________. a. John Quincy Adams b. Aaron Burr c. Charles Pinckney d. John Randolph e. Alexander Hamilton Answer: c 13) Chief Justice John Marshall believed in judicial review, which is __________. a. a professional journal read by lawyers and judges b. the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches c. a system whereby all legislation passed by Congress must be approved by the Supreme Court before it can take effect d. a job-performance appraisal system for federal judges e. a process for evaluating the qualifications of candidates for federal judgeships Answer: b 14) Samuel Chase's impeachment trial __________. a. destroyed the authority of the courts b. forced Marshall to resign c. maintained the independence of the judiciary d. showed Jefferson to be a conciliatory leader e. was a rather dull affair Answer: c 15) Northerners struggled with the issue of ending the slave trade because __________. a. the three-fifths clause had worked to their favor in several past elections b. they could not figure out how to deal with black people who were captured by customs agents c. they believed states should regulate it, wanting to keep himself out of the debate d. it provided needed tax money to the federal government e. they wanted to abolish slavery completely instead Answer: b 16) According to the 1807 federal law that outlawed the importation of slaves, Africans captured from smugglers were to be __________. a. lined up and executed b. returned to Africa c. immediately emancipated d. turned over to state authorities to be disposed of according to local custom e. sold to the highest bidder by federal agents Answer: d 17) As the Napoleonic wars broke out in Europe, the United States __________. a. was forced to take sides b. isolated itself from the war c. took advantage of the situation d. feared for the safety of its citizens e. threw its support behind France, in recognition of their support during the Revolutionary War Answer: c 18) The Chesapeake Affair of 1807 __________. a. violated American sovereignty b. forced the French to rescind the Berlin Decree c. damaged the British navy d. had little effect on Anglo-American relations e. influenced the Americans to support the French Answer: a 19) According to the policy of peaceable coercion, __________. a. a nation declares its neutrality b. a nation avoids all military confrontation c. peaceful relations should be sought through negotiations d. economic pressure is used as a diplomatic weapon e. neutral nations can have limited trade with belligerents Answer: d 20) In the election of 1808, the Federalist Party __________. a. seemed unable to adapt to the changes of society b. made impressive gains in Congress c. had won new support in the West d. was dominated by innovative new political leaders e. nominated George Clinton for president Answer: b 21) The effect of Macon's Bill Number Two was that __________. a. Napoleon promised to rescind the Berlin and Milan decrees b. Great Britain promised to rescind the Orders in Council c. Napoleon declared war on the United States d. Madison received strong public support e. even diplomatic contact with Britain and France was severed Answer: a 22) __________ believed it was imperative that the United States acquire Canada. a. War Hawks b. Status Quos c. Quids d. Federalists e. Expansionists Answer: a 23) At the Battle of New Orleans, __________. a. British forces retreated when they saw the strength of American defenses b. British forces won and forced the surrender of the city c. British forces were defeated by Andrew Jackson and his troops d. Andrew Jackson proved to be an ineffective political leader e. Andrew Jackson was briefly held as a prisoner Answer: c 24) At the Hartford Convention, __________. a. a resolution threatening New England's secession was adopted b. Federalists demanded a unanimous vote in the Senate before war could be declared c. New Englanders gave strong support for the war effort d. the principles of the "three-fifths rule" concerning slavery were opposed e. Federalists continued to show their support of the embargo Answer: d 25) The Treaty of Ghent __________. a. awarded part of Canada to the United States b. did little more than end hostilities and postpone issues for future negotiations c. gave the British navigation rights on the Mississippi River d. restored Quebec to France e. was negotiated quickly and quietly, since there were no real debates Answer: b 26) Why was the American obsession with equality hypocritical? a. Americans believed in and reinforced class distinctions. b. America was the only country in the world to enforce equality. c. Through the institution of slavery, Americans denied liberty to African Americans. d. The government controlled and influenced most of the newspapers. e. The court system was so corrupt that people did not really have fair trials. Answer: c 27) Why were Americans so optimistic under Jeffersonian Republicanism? a. Many Americans believed opportunities were available to them. b. Few Americans were able to advance in society. c. The social structure of society was well defined. d. African Americans began to find economic and political opportunities in society. e. Masters and servants "knew their place." Answer: a 28) Why were regional identities formed in the United States in the early nineteenth century? a. Transportation and communication were so limited that each region was isolated from news and information about other regions. b. Most regions had aggressive devotion to radical democracy, making the other regions uneasy. c. In order to control immigrant migration, the federal government designated certain areas for immigrants from certain countries to live. d. As immigration increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century, immigrants tended to migrate to cities to live near people from their country of origin. e. People wanted to defend their shared economic interests and maintain their distinct regional subcultures. Answer: e 29) Why did people move to the Northwest Territory in the 1800s? a. The federal government required poor immigrants to settle in the West. b. The federal government gave large incentives to people who moved west. c. Valuable slave plantations could be established in the Ohio River Valley. d. People moved to create opportunities with farms on the rich soil. e. The East had become unpleasantly overcrowded and industrialized. Answer: d 30) How did white Americans interact with Native Americans in the early 1800s? a. The federal government worked with tribal leaders to find compromises on land distribution. b. White businessmen, supported by the government, forced Indians to work in mills and labor camps, destroying their culture and family ties. c. They used violence and trickery to kill Indians and gain their land. d. They generally lived peacefully as neighbors, often sharing resources. e. The federal government took Indian children from their homes and placed them in schools to increase assimilation. Answer: c 31) What was the main function of American cities during the Jeffersonian era? a. to centralize cultural activities b. to serve as depots for international trade c. to create agricultural marketplaces d. to centralize financial activities e. to serve as places to exchange ideas and keep up with news Answer: b 32) In what ways was Jefferson a powerful president? a. He successfully reformed and controlled the judicial system. b. He skillfully used diplomacy to steer the United States away from conflict with Europe. c. He created financial systems and solutions that most of the nation agreed with and championed. d. He developed close ties with Congress, working closely with legislators to reach many of his political goals. e. He successfully destroyed the Federalist Party, his political competition. Answer: d 33) Why did Thomas Jefferson decide to make the Louisiana Purchase? a. Spain closed the port of New Orleans to American commerce. b. Great Britain invaded Cuba. c. The citizens of New Orleans petitioned him to do so. d. Napoleon sent troops to the Dominican Republic. e. Jefferson realized that the United States would gain Florida as well. Answer: a 34) In what ways was the Lewis and Clark expedition a success? a. It forced France to sell to the United States the parcel of land known as the Louisiana Purchase. b. It forced Britain out of military posts in the West. c. It fulfilled Jefferson's scientific expectations and reaffirmed his faith in the future prosperity of the United States. d. It discovered a direct water route from coast to coast of the continental United States. e. It established peaceful relations with most of the Native American tribes in the West. Answer: c 35) How can Jefferson's first term best be characterized? a. It was a failure in that he lead the country to war, increased taxes, and lost land in the North and West. b. It was a success in that he united Republican politicians and eradicated their competition, the Federalists. c. It was a failure in that he lost important trade rights with Europe and lost western land to Native American tribes. d. It was a success in that he reduced taxes, maintained peace, and expanded the United States. e. It was a failure in that his judicial, educational, and economic reforms were not passed by Congress. Answer: d 36) How does the Marbury v. Madison case influence the legislature today? a. It established the constitutionality of political parties and the limits on political contributions. b. It began the civil rights movement, determining that the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are for all people. c. It was the first unanimous ruling, demonstrating that even politically divided Supreme Court justices can work together. d. It began the process of rewriting the U.S. Constitution, making it the document that legislators use today. e. It established precedence for the Supreme Court to judge the constitutionality of congressional acts. Answer: e 37) How was Jefferson's stance on slavery ironic? a. He supported the slave trade, and yet he did not own any slaves himself. b. He was a faithful Republican and abolitionist, when most Republicans were not abolitionists. c. He wanted the slave trade outlawed, and yet he owned slaves. d. He publicly stated he wanted the slave trade outlawed, but he secretly supported it. e. He preached life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but he did not want to outlaw the slave trade. Answer: c 38) Why was the 1807 federal slavery law unsatisfying for everyone? a. On the one hand, slave owners felt it threatened their livelihood, but on the other hand, abolitionists felt it did little to end slavery. b. It did nothing to affect slavery or the slave trade in the United States and only frustrated relations with European allies. c. On the one hand, it appeased antislavery European allies, but on the other hand, it frustrated U.S. slave owners. d. It granted African Americans only freedom, not any voting or civil rights, while at the same time infuriating their slave owners. e. It appeased southern slave owners but infuriated northern abolitionists. Answer: a 39) How were the Orders in Council and the Berlin/Milan Decrees similar? a. They both allowed broken voyages to occur throughout Europe. b. They both forbade commerce in Europe but were ineffective "paper blockades." c. Neither had any effect on American shipping. d. Both gave Great Britain control of the seas. e. Both allowed the British navy to monitor every Continental port. Answer: b 40) How was the U.S. Embargo Act of 1807 ineffective? a. It gained public support only in the Northeast. b. It only resulted in England respecting American trade rights; France still did not. c. It caused severe economic depression in France but had little effect on England. d. It caused economic mayhem in the United States and did little to affect France and England. e. It resulted in a severe shortage of food for both the French and British armies. Answer: d 41) How can Jefferson's foreign policy best be characterized? a. It allowed Madison (the next president) to return to domestic concerns. b. It seriously damaged the British economy through conflict and embargoes. c. It fostered a valuable alliance with France. d. It did more harm than good for the United States. e. It strengthened relations with Europe, despite the war. Answer: d 42) How did lies and rumors lead the United States closer to the war of 1812? a. Madison was ready for war because he believed France's lies about lifting trade embargoes and rumors about Britain causing conflicts with Indians. b. England lied about lifting trade embargoes and causing conflicts with Indians in the West, infuriating Americans and making them ready for war. c. France lied about selling the United States the Louisiana Purchase; Britain spread rumors about Canadian resistance to U.S. trade, making the United States want war. d. Federalists spread rumors about Canada's involvement in Indian territories; Republicans countered with lies about Britain's trade embargoes. e. Northerners spread rumors about the South's slave smuggling; southerners countered with lies about northerners breaking the U.S. trade embargo. Answer: d 43) How did Madison hope to defeat Great Britain in the war of 1812? a. He hoped to gain control of the British West Indies to show Great Britain that the United States was a powerful country worthy of respect. b. He attempted to control the trade routes of the Atlantic Ocean, demonstrating the United States' naval power and trade viability. c. He hoped to gain control of Canada to show Great Britain that the United States was a powerful country worthy of respect. d. He hoped to distract Great Britain from its war with France, allowing the French time to regroup and gain a tactical advantage in Europe. e. He attempted to take control of Indian territories in the West, hoping to draw the British navy away from the U.S. Atlantic Ocean trade routes. Answer: c 44) Why did many New Englanders oppose war with Great Britain? a. They traced their heritage back to Great Britain and did not want to be at war with relatives. b. They were tired from fighting the Revolutionary War and wanted a time of sustained peace. c. They were tired from fighting in conflicts with Native Americans in the West and wanted a time of peace. d. They were already engaged in their own armed conflicts with the French in Canada and could not support two wars. e. They believed the real reason for the war was to build up America's ego—a ridiculous cause for war in their opinion. Answer: e 45) In what ways was the War of 1812 strange? a. It was fought on U.S. territory but between France and Great Britain. b. The United States believed it could win with a decentralized government and little money or military power against the most powerful nation in the world. c. Great Britain was engaged in an expensive and taxing war with France but still found resources to engage the United States on land and by sea. d. It was a "paper" war of unenforced embargoes, wild rumors, and great lies. e. It was mainly fought by merchants and pirates on the Atlantic Ocean rather than by soldiers on land or naval officers at sea. Answer: b 46) Why did Great Britain engage in the War of 1812? a. It feared the vast U.S. military power and wanted to strike first. b. It wanted to regain control of the United States and its Caribbean territories. c. It hoped that war with the United States would show France its loyalty. d. It wanted to occupy New York City as an important northeastern port. e. It wanted to control U.S. trade in Canada and Europe. Answer: d 47) How did the Hartford Convention lead to the downfall of the Federalists? a. The Hartford Federalists sent their resolutions to Washington just after the victorious Battle of New Orleans, making them look unpatriotic and selfish. b. The Federalists who met in Hartford passed unreasonable resolutions that the rest of the country would never agree to, making Federalists look foolish. c. The Republicans who met in Hartford passed resolutions that greatly weakened their Federalist opponents. d. The Hartford Republicans passed resolutions that led to peaceful trade negotiations with Europe, making the War Hawk Federalists look bad. e. Only northern Federalists attended the convention; southern Federalists disagreed with the Hartford resolutions, fracturing and weakening the party. Answer: a 48) What was the significance of cities to Jeffersonian America? a. The growing textile factories located in America’s major cities employed many urban workers. b. They served as a hub for exporting goods purchased from farther in the interior. c. The large influx of immigrants found cheap rents in port cities and seldom moved to rural areas. d. Almost a quarter of America’s population lived in urban centers. e. They served as terminals for international trade. Answer: e 49) How did Jefferson's goals as president differ from typical Republican goals today? a. Jefferson wanted to reduce the size of the federal government; most Republicans today want to increase the size of the government. b. Jefferson chose cabinet members who supported his programs; most Republicans choose a mix of supporters and opponents. c. Jefferson wanted to repeal his opponent's legislation; today Republicans try to use their opponents’ policies to their advantage rather than repeal them. d. Jefferson wanted to cut national debt and succeeded; Republicans today are also focused on and successful at reducing national debt. e. Jefferson wanted to maintain international peace; Republicans today are more willing to engage in international conflicts. Answer: e 50) How was the war of 1812 both a success and a failure for Americans? a. The United States won all the battles but lost the war in that the Treaty of Ghent gave it only maritime rights and not impressment promises. b. The United States felt united as a nation and proud as a country, and yet it did not receive maritime rights or impressment promises. c. The United States lost all major battles, wasting lives and resources, but it gained maritime rights and impressment promises in the Treaty of Ghent. d. The United States lost valuable land in the West, but gained maritime rights and impressment promises. e. The United States gained land in the West, maritime rights, and impressment promises in the peace treaty, but lost many lives and resources in the war. Answer: b Essay Questions 51) What factors encouraged the emergence of distinct regional identities in the early nineteenth century? Answer: Several factors encouraged the emergence of distinct regional identities in the early nineteenth century: 1. Geography: The vast size of the United States, combined with diverse landscapes and climates, contributed to the development of different ways of life in various regions. For example, the agrarian South, the industrializing North, and the expanding West each had unique economic and social structures. 2. Economic Differences: The North was rapidly industrializing, leading to urbanization and a growing working class. In contrast, the South relied heavily on agriculture, particularly cotton cultivation using slave labor. These economic differences created distinct social and cultural identities. 3. Slavery: The institution of slavery in the South created a distinct racial and social hierarchy, influencing all aspects of life in the region and setting it apart from the rest of the country. 4. Political Differences: The North and South had different political priorities, with the North emphasizing industrial development, infrastructure, and tariffs to protect its industries, while the South focused on maintaining slavery and agrarian interests. 5. Cultural and Social Factors: Each region had its own cultural traditions, including food, music, and religious practices, which contributed to a sense of regional identity. 6. Historical Events: Events such as the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War further solidified regional identities, as different regions had varying levels of support for these conflicts. Overall, these factors, among others, contributed to the emergence of distinct regional identities in the early nineteenth century, laying the groundwork for the later tensions that would culminate in the Civil War. 52) How did practical politics cause Jefferson to modify his initial political beliefs during his presidency? Answer: 1. Louisiana Purchase: Initially doubted its constitutionality but went through with it to double the country's size and secure control of the Mississippi River. 2. Embargo Act of 1807: Imposed to pressure Europe but hurt American economy, showing a departure from his usual limited government stance. 3. Barbary Wars: Initially sought peace but authorized military action, expanding the military beyond his original vision. 4. Judiciary: Clashed with the Supreme Court over judicial review, highlighting tension between his strict constructionist views and practical governance. 53) What is the long-term significance of the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison? Answer: The long-term significance of the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) is profound and far-reaching, establishing the principle of judicial review in the United States. This principle empowers the judiciary to review the constitutionality of actions taken by the executive and legislative branches, thus shaping the balance of power among the branches of government. 1. Establishment of Judicial Review: The case established the principle that the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution and determine the constitutionality of laws and actions of the other branches of government. This power is now considered a fundamental aspect of the American legal system. 2. Checks and Balances: The decision reinforced the system of checks and balances among the branches of government. It ensured that no single branch could exceed its constitutional authority, as the judiciary could review and potentially invalidate actions that were unconstitutional. 3. Role of the Judiciary: Marbury v. Madison solidified the role of the judiciary as an independent and co-equal branch of government. It underscored the importance of an impartial judiciary in interpreting and upholding the Constitution. 4. Legal Precedent: The decision set a significant legal precedent for future cases involving the separation of powers and constitutional interpretation. It established the framework for how the Supreme Court would approach questions of constitutionality in the years to come. 5. Political Impact: The case had political implications, as it involved a conflict between the outgoing Federalist administration of John Adams and the incoming Democratic-Republican administration of Thomas Jefferson. The decision ensured that the judiciary, not the executive, had the final say on matters of constitutional interpretation. Overall, Marbury v. Madison is considered one of the most important cases in American legal history, as it shaped the role of the judiciary and the balance of power among the branches of government in the United States. 54) Why is the War of 1812 sometimes called the "second war of independence"? Answer: The War of 1812 is sometimes called the "second war of independence" because it was fought between the United States and Great Britain, primarily over British violations of American maritime rights. The war is seen as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began with the American Revolutionary War. Several key factors contribute to this characterization: 1. British Interference: British policies such as impressment (the forced enlistment of American sailors into the British navy) and restrictions on American trade with France and its allies were seen as violations of American sovereignty and independence. 2. Defense of American Sovereignty: The United States went to war to defend its rights as an independent nation and to assert its sovereignty against British interference. 3. National Identity: The war helped solidify a sense of national identity and unity among Americans, as the young nation rallied against a common enemy. 4. Military Outcomes: Despite early setbacks, such as the burning of Washington, D.C., American forces were able to repel British invasions and win key victories, such as the Battle of New Orleans. These successes were seen as further evidence of American independence and strength. 5. Treaty of Ghent: The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, which restored the pre-war status quo and did not address the issues that had led to the conflict. However, the fact that the United States was able to negotiate a peace treaty from a position of relative strength was seen as a diplomatic victory and further evidence of American independence. Overall, the War of 1812 is viewed as a crucial chapter in American history, marking a period of reaffirmation and consolidation of the young nation's independence and sovereignty. Test Bank for American Stories: A History of the United States H. W. Brands, T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, Ariela J. Gross 9780205990801, 9780205960897, 9780205962020, 9780133794113