This Document Contains Chapters 7 to 13 CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENT AND CONSUMPTION TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS 1. There is little chance that consumption patterns in core countries will change significantly because consumption is a main element in the culture of these countries. Answer: True 2. People have a natural craving for sugar that resulted in the expansion of the sugar industry in order to satisfy the need for sugar in their diets. Answer: False 3. Authorities drew attention to sugar by attributing medicinal qualities to it, thus creating the demand among the general population. Answer: True 4. Traditional raising and consumption of beef was very damaging to the environment because it monopolized land that could be used to grow crops. Answer: False 5. The American beef industry emerged from England's desire to remain competitive with industries in other countries. Answer: True MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The greatest factor in environmental alteration has been __________. a. the automobile b. industrialization c. consumption d. agriculture Answer: c 2. Gross National Product (GNP), considered the most important measure of economic growth, measures the __________. a. wellbeing of the general population as determined by the increased production of goods and services b. country's market share of a commodity c. success of a consumer society to consume goods and services d. regression of GDP Answer: c 3. Environmentalists list population, technology, and consumption as the main causes of environmental pollution. The least attention is given to __________. a. population b. technology c. consumption d. agriculture Answer: c 4. The British government helped to create a huge increase in the production and consumption of sugar by __________. a. invading new lands on which to grow cane b. opening markets in India and China for the sale of sugar c. removing tariffs on sugar and abolishing slavery d. taking active measures to increase demand Answer: c 5. One of the greatest innovations in meat packing was __________. a. the grading of meat b. the assembly line c. shipping cattle to market by rail d. the new type of paper for wrapping meat Answer: b SHORT ANSWER OR ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. It takes 4-6 hectares of land per person to maintain the consumption patterns of core countries, yet there are only 1.7 hectares of productive land per person in the world. How does a country such as the United States continue to see annual increases in GNP? Answer: The United States continues to see annual increases in Gross National Product (GNP) despite high consumption patterns because it relies on various strategies such as international trade, technological advancements, and efficiency gains in resource use. These factors allow it to access resources beyond its domestic capacity and maximize productivity from existing resources. 2. Why is less attention paid to consumption as a major cause of environmental pollution? What effect would addressing this issue have on core and peripheral countries? Answer: Less attention is often paid to consumption as a major cause of environmental pollution because production activities are more visible and easier to regulate. Addressing consumption patterns would require significant changes in consumer behavior and lifestyle choices, impacting both core and peripheral countries. Core countries might need to reduce overconsumption, leading to lower resource demand and environmental impact. Peripheral countries might benefit from reduced environmental exploitation and could focus on sustainable development practices. 3. In the culture of capitalism, an overproduction of commodities occurs. Why does this occur, what is the solution most industries attempt, and how is this related to environmental degradation? Answer: In capitalism, overproduction of commodities occurs due to competitive pressures and profit motives driving companies to produce more goods than demand requires. Industries often attempt to solve this through marketing strategies to stimulate demand or by expanding into new markets. This overproduction contributes to environmental degradation by increasing resource extraction, energy consumption, and waste generation, exacerbating ecological impacts such as pollution and habitat destruction. 4. What is meant by the "spin-off effects of commodities"? Use examples and show the relationship to environmental pollution. Answer: The spin-off effects of commodities refer to the indirect consequences of producing and consuming goods beyond their primary use. For example, producing cars not only leads to direct emissions but also requires infrastructure like roads and parking lots, which further impacts land use and pollution. Similarly, the production of electronic devices leads to e-waste and requires mining for rare minerals, contributing to environmental degradation. These spin-off effects amplify the environmental footprint of commodities beyond their immediate consumption. 5. What effect does the pattern of consumption in the United States have on the environment in peripheral countries? Answer: The pattern of consumption in the United States impacts peripheral countries by driving demand for resources and production outsourcing, often leading to environmental degradation in those countries. This includes deforestation, pollution from manufacturing, and exploitation of natural resources, which can have long-term ecological and social consequences. CHAPTER 8: HEALTH AND DISEASE TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS 1. It may be possible to make pathogens less lethal by making it more difficult for them to transmit from one host to another. Answer: True 2. The human immune system has the ability to adapt quickly enough to make microbial mutations harmless. Answer: False 3. The domestication of farm animals has made animal to human transmission of pathogens much less likely to occur. Answer: False 4. The rapid urbanization of today will not breed the health problems seen with early urbanization, because modern medicine prevents such problems from occurring. Answer: False 5. The pollution of the oceans by humans creates breeding grounds for microbes, which then multiply and evolve into new resistant strains that are then reintroduced into the human population, causing epidemics of new forms of old diseases. Answer: True MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Hunting and gathering societies were most often infected by pathogens, because __________. a. they lived in small groups that were widely scattered b. they had interfered with the pathogen's non-human host c. they had inadequate nutrition which weakened their immune systems d. they had been stung by insects Answer: b 2. Diseases such as plague, tuberculosis, cholera, leprosy, and syphilis benefited from the growth of cities, because __________. a. population density was greater, making it easier for microbes to spread b. people in cities had fewer morals than those in rural areas c. there were fewer doctors per person in the cities than in rural areas d. sanitation was non-existent Answer: a 3. In less developed countries, modern farm methods such as damming waterways to provide irrigation __________. a. improve the health of all in the area by allowing more grains to be grown b. create wealth that improves the community’s living conditions c. often create environmental change that leads to disease d. improve health by supplying clean water Answer: c 4. In many countries the spread of AIDS was impacted greatly by __________. a. tourism b. the importing of meat products c. the prevalence of large populations of gay people d. the prevalence of mosquitoes Answer: a 5. The reaction of the United States to the AIDS pandemic __________. a. brought a rapid response by the governments of the world community to find the cause and stem the spread of the disease b. was directed at those responsible for the outbreak and spread of the disease c. created resentment and denial because of accusation, blame, and racism, which hampered the investigation into the cause of the disease d. brought out the best in people at the time Answer: c SHORT ANSWER OR ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Four things must happen for us to die of an infectious disease. Discuss how the culture of capitalism helps these four things (listed below) to happen: a. we must come into contact with a pathogen or vector of disease b. the pathogen must be virulent c. the pathogen must invade the body's immune system d. the pathogen must be able to circumvent the measures that society has developed to prevent it from doing harm Answer: a. Pathogen contact: Capitalism's emphasis on global trade and travel can increase exposure to pathogens by facilitating movement of goods and people worldwide. b. Pathogen virulence: Economic pressures can incentivize industries to prioritize profit over public health, potentially leading to the development or spread of more virulent pathogens. c. Immune system invasion: Market-driven healthcare systems may limit access to preventive care or treatments, allowing pathogens to more effectively invade immune systems. d. Circumvention of prevention measures: Profit-driven industries may resist or delay implementing costly preventive measures, allowing pathogens to circumvent existing safeguards. These factors highlight how capitalist cultural norms can influence the dynamics of infectious disease transmission and impact public health outcomes. 2. Discuss the relationship between monoculture farming and drug-resistant pathogens. How has the culture of capitalism created this relationship? Answer: Monoculture farming, driven by capitalist incentives for efficiency and profit, relies heavily on single-crop cultivation over large areas. This practice: • Promotes drug-resistant pathogens: Continuous planting of the same crop leads to increased use of pesticides and antibiotics, promoting resistance in pathogens. • Enhances economic pressure: Farmers face economic pressure to maximize yields, often at the expense of diverse farming practices that could naturally suppress pathogen growth. • Limits biodiversity: Monoculture reduces ecological diversity, making crops more vulnerable to pathogen outbreaks that can rapidly spread due to uniformity. Capitalism's focus on productivity and profit in agriculture encourages monoculture, contributing to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens, which poses challenges to public health and agricultural sustainability. 3. What are some of the negative consequences to health that have occurred as a result of the transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture? Answer: The transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture has led to: • Nutritional deficiencies: Diets became less varied, leading to deficiencies in essential nutrients. • Increased disease prevalence: Sedentary living in close proximity to livestock promoted the spread of infectious diseases. • Chronic health conditions: Shift to agriculture introduced higher rates of dental problems, joint issues, and obesity due to changes in diet and lifestyle. These shifts highlight how changes in lifestyle and diet associated with sedentary agriculture have impacted human health negatively over time. 4. What effect has the culture of capitalism had on labor that makes it instrumental in the transmission of AIDS? Answer: The culture of capitalism has influenced labor conditions in ways that can facilitate the transmission of AIDS by: • Creating economic pressures: Workers may face precarious employment and lack of benefits, leading to risky behaviors such as unprotected sex or drug use. • Promoting mobility: Capitalism encourages labor migration and global travel, increasing exposure to diverse sexual networks and potential transmission routes. • Limiting access to healthcare: Inadequate access to healthcare, driven by profit motives, can hinder HIV prevention and treatment efforts among workers. These factors illustrate how capitalist labor practices can contribute to the spread of AIDS by influencing behaviors, mobility, and access to healthcare among workers. 5. Why was the United States slow to respond to the outbreak of AIDS and what was the initial reaction to the disease by government institutions such as the Center for Disease Control? Answer: The United States was slow to respond to the AIDS outbreak due to: • Lack of understanding: Initially viewed as a disease affecting marginalized groups, leading to stigma and indifference. • Political and social factors: Delayed federal action due to stigma, limited public awareness, and competing health priorities. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) initially responded cautiously, focusing on research and surveillance rather than urgent public health interventions. CHAPTER 9: INDIGENOUS GROUPS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Indigenous populations create a dilemma for the nation-state because they are both part of and separate from the nation-state. Answer: True 2. The horrors inflicted on the indigenous people during the early years of colonialism and the establishment of frontiers gradually ceased as the nation-state developed. Answer: False 3. Indigenous populations that resisted colonialism were often destroyed by the use of military force. Answer: True 4. Because governments recognize the right of indigenous peoples to own the land they inhabit, the land and the resources that might be found there have been protected from outside interests. Answer: False 5. Practices such as agroforestry which are used by indigenous populations like the Guarani, sustain the environment but also make them targets for colonization. Answer: True MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The Indonesian government developed nutrition programs for their indigenous populations __________. a. to ensure adequate nutrition despite the poverty in which they live b. to use surplus crops that would otherwise drive down market prices c. as a method of assimilation d. as a measure of individual control Answer: c 2. The first step in the destruction of an indigenous culture __________. a. is the introduction of modern commodities b. occurs when they agree to sell tribal lands to governments c. is the establishment of a frontier d. is the introduction of urban pathogens by the non-native interlopers Answer: c 3. After the military subdued the indigenous people, the nation-state would establish political control _________. a. by organizing free elections based on European models b. by imposing a military government c. through direct or indirect rule of the population d. through methods of severe repression Answer: c 4. The final step in the destruction of the indigenous, their integration into the economy of the nation-state, was usually accomplished __________. a. by providing funds with which they could begin small businesses and become capitalists b. by providing jobs for them c. through forced labor d. by voluntary placement into one of several labor categories Answer: c 5. In her book, World On Fire (2003), Amy Chua attributes ethnic violence to a. resentment against market-dominant minorities b. historic rivalries between ethnic groups c. neo-liberal economic reforms d. economic collapse Answer: c SHORT ANSWER OR ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Indonesia officially recognizes and celebrates diversity. Discuss the conflict between the ideology and the actual practice in Indonesia. Answer: In Indonesia, while there's official recognition and celebration of diversity, actual practice sometimes conflicts due to social and political challenges. Issues such as religious tensions, regional disparities, and occasional intolerance challenge the country's ideal of inclusivity and harmony. 2. Why are indigenous groups especially vulnerable to the destruction caused by the expansion of capitalism? Answer: Indigenous groups are vulnerable to capitalism's expansion due to their reliance on traditional lands for livelihoods, lack of legal protections, and marginalization in decision-making processes, leading to exploitation and displacement. 3. Colonizers often used either direct rule or indirect rule to politically control the indigenous populations. Explain how the two systems worked to achieve the goals of the colonizers. Answer: Direct rule involved the colonizers' direct administration over colonies through appointed officials and centralized governance, aiming for direct control and exploitation. Indirect rule, on the other hand, relied on local leaders to govern on behalf of the colonizers, maintaining traditional structures while influencing policies to serve colonial interests. 4. The third step used to destroy the indigenous populations is cultural modification. Explain how this is carried out, who carries it out, and the reaction of the indigenous people. Answer: Cultural modification involves efforts by colonizers or dominant groups to undermine indigenous cultures through assimilation, education systems, and cultural suppression. It is typically carried out by governments, missionaries, or educational institutions. Indigenous reactions vary but often include resistance, cultural preservation efforts, and identity reaffirmation to maintain their heritage and autonomy. 5. The 1994 slaughter of over 800,000 people in Rwanda was attributed to "ancient tribal hatreds". On this basis, Western governments refused to interfere. Was this the actual cause of the genocide in Rwanda? If not why did it happen? What purpose did it serve to blame tribal hatreds for what was happening? Answer: The genocide in Rwanda was not solely due to ancient tribal hatreds but was fueled by political manipulation, colonial legacy, economic disparities, and ethnic tensions exacerbated by divisive policies. Blaming tribal hatreds served to oversimplify complex geopolitical factors and justify Western governments' lack of intervention, avoiding responsibility for historical and political influences in the region. 6. Discuss the ways in which genocide, such as those in Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina, can be considered a market externality. Answer: Genocide can be considered a market externality because it results in significant social and economic costs that are not accounted for in market transactions. These include loss of human capital, disruption of social fabric, and long-term economic instability, affecting regional trade, investment, and development. PART 3: INTRODUCTION TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS 1. ”Chainsaw Al” was the nickname for the ex-president of the World Bank. Answer: False 2. Al Qaeda received its initial support and funding from the Soviet Union in its attempt to take over Afghanistan. Answer: False MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Zygmunt says that the new “globalized space” creates two kinds of people; they are __________. a. gendered and genderless b. bankers and clerks c. tourists and vagabonds d. computer literate and non-literate Answer: c 2. In the United States, approximately __________ % of the population is under the control of the penal system. a. 2% b. 1% c. 25% d. 10% Answer: b SHORT ANSWER OR ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. What is the relationship between non-state groups and nation-states in their use and sponsoring of violence? Answer: Non-state groups often use violence to achieve political or ideological goals, challenging nation-states' monopoly on legitimate violence. Some nation-states have historically sponsored or supported non-state groups to further their strategic interests, blurring the lines between state and non-state violence. This relationship can be complex, involving proxy wars, terrorism, or insurgencies, with implications for international security and diplomacy. 2. What are some of the problems with labeling political violence as terrorism by non-state groups? What are some of the problems in declaring a “war on terrorism”? Answer: Labeling political violence as terrorism by non-state groups can be problematic because: 1. Subjectivity: Definitions of terrorism vary, leading to subjective interpretations and inconsistent application. 2. Political Use: Governments may label opponents as terrorists to delegitimize them politically or justify repressive measures. 3. Legal Ambiguity: Legal frameworks for defining and prosecuting terrorism can be vague, leading to challenges in international law. Declaring a "war on terrorism" poses problems such as: 1. Scope: Terrorism is a tactic, not an enemy, making a war difficult to define or win definitively. 2. Civil Liberties: Measures taken in the name of fighting terrorism can infringe on civil liberties and human rights. 3. Effectiveness: Military responses alone may not address root causes, potentially exacerbating grievances and radicalization. 3. In what ways do groups such as al Qaeda resemble secret societies such as mafia? How might those similarities suggest ways to address them? Answer: Groups like al Qaeda and secret societies like the mafia share similarities such as: 1. Hierarchical Structure: Both have hierarchical structures with leaders, lieutenants, and foot soldiers. 2. Secrecy: Both operate clandestinely, using secret communication and hiding activities from authorities. 3. Illicit Activities: Engage in illegal activities like smuggling, extortion, and violence to achieve objectives. Addressing them could involve: 1. Intelligence Gathering: Enhancing intelligence efforts to infiltrate and disrupt operations. 2. Legal Measures: Strengthening laws to prosecute members and supporters effectively. 3. International Cooperation: Collaborating globally to combat transnational criminal and terrorist networks effectively. 4. In what way has the expansion of the culture of capitalism freed corporations from their responsibilities to local communities? Answer: The expansion of the culture of capitalism has often prioritized profit maximization over local community responsibilities. This shift has sometimes led corporations to focus more on global markets and shareholder interests, potentially neglecting local community needs and welfare in pursuit of economic growth and competitiveness. CHAPTER 10: PEASANT PROTEST, REBELLION AND RESISTANCE TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Agriculturists have been among those most affected globally by the expansion of capitalism. Answer: True 2. Those who have very little power are more likely to use subtle forms of protest to register resistance than to confront those who they see as their oppressors. Answer: True 3. In Malaysia, the Green Revolution brought prosperity to all by reducing inequalities in land access and income. Answer: False 4. Indigenous folklore is often used as a way of containing peasant resistance, because it portrays the resistors as being criminal elements in the society. Answer: False 5. Nearly 50 years of British colonialism, which altered the economic and cultural norms of the Kikuyu, eventually erupted in the Mau Mau rebellion. Answer: True MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The central role of trade in the culture of capitalism __________. a. increased the standard of living of the indigenous populations throughout the world b. created stratification leading to conflict c. eliminated ethnocentrism as members of different ethnic groups came to know each other d. is to sanctify reciprocal relationships Answer: b 2. In his reference to the "weapons of the weak", Scott is referring to __________. a. the array of primitive implements such as axes, machetes and old firearms with which the peasants armed themselves to confront their oppressors b. the practice of abandoning land after having made it unusable to those who wish to take if from the peasants c. a form of resistance which stops short of collective violence d. subtle protest Answer: c 3. A visitor returning to Malaysia after the Green Revolution would probably notice __________. a. little change in the villages as the indigenous people assert their right to self-determination by retaining traditional ways b. visual changes resulting from the new prosperity, such as roads and new shops c. more health care facilities created to treat the increased occurrence of exhaustion among the peasant farmers who now must plant two crops of rice per year just to survive d. massive unemployment due to the lessened need for farm workers Answer: b 4. The goals of peasant resistance are __________. a. to change the system so that it affords the peasant the least disadvantage b. aimed at overthrowing systems of oppression that threaten their survival c. attempts by the poorer villagers to take over positions held by the well-to-do villagers d. victory and death to the oppressors Answer: a 5. On the eve of the Mau Mau rebellion, the British denied that a problem existed in Kenya, because __________. a. Jomo Kenyatta had become educated in the ways of the Europeans and was able to use their methods against them as he led the rebellion b. the Kikuyu kept the British unaware of their impending resistance by honoring a sacred oath made among the indigenous c. in creating the role of "the other", the colonizer developed a belief that his role as civilizer was a beneficial one against which the indigenous would have no reason to rebel d. most Kenyans spoke English Answer: c 6. The protest in Chiapas, known as the Zapatista Rebellion __________. a. concerns relationships between the unified communities in Chiapas and foreign interests that seek to industrialize the area b. are a result of ancient rivalries among the Mayan population c. are about divisions of power and wealth and the resulting relationships in local communities d. was led by Francisco (Pancho) Villa Answer: c SHORT ANSWER OR ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Why have almost all peasant protests focused on the struggle for land? Answer: Peasant protests typically focus on land because land ownership or access to land is often central to their livelihoods and survival. Land provides not only food but also social status and identity, making it a fundamental resource that influences economic stability and social well-being for peasant communities. 2. The Green Revolution brought prosperity to Malaysia. What effect did it have on the culture of the villagers and their relationships with each other? Answer: The Green Revolution in Malaysia brought economic prosperity through increased agricultural productivity. This prosperity influenced villagers' culture by altering traditional farming practices, promoting modernization, and shifting social dynamics as wealth disparities and new opportunities emerged, affecting community relationships and roles. 3. Discuss several ways that the poor in Malaysia resisted their condition. Are there obstacles to these types of resistance, and are they effective? Answer: The poor in Malaysia have resisted their condition through grassroots movements, labor organizing, political activism, and community solidarity. Obstacles include government repression, legal constraints, and economic dependency, affecting effectiveness. Resistance often varies in impact, depending on socio-political context and support levels. 4. Discuss the squatter arrangement used by the European settlers in the White Highlands of Kenya. In what ways was it a successful arrangement? How did it come to contribute to the growing tension between the settlers and the Kikuyu? Answer: The squatter arrangement in Kenya's White Highlands allowed European settlers to lease land from the government at low rates, promoting agricultural development. It was successful economically but exacerbated tensions by displacing Kikuyu from their ancestral lands, leading to grievances over land loss, inequality, and exploitation, fueling resistance and eventual conflict. 5. Britain benefited greatly from its colonies in Kenya and had the military power to control and defeat the Kikuyu. Why then did the Mau Mau rebellion lead to independence rather than the annihilation of the Kenyans? Answer: The Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya led to independence rather than annihilation because it galvanized international criticism of British colonial practices, increasing pressure for decolonization. The brutality of British counter-insurgency tactics also backfired, generating sympathy for the Kenyan cause and weakening colonial control. 6. What is the relationship between the global economy and the rebellion in Chiapas? Answer: The rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico, was influenced by the global economy through factors such as economic inequalities, globalization's impact on local economies, and indigenous rights issues linked to international trade policies. Economic marginalization and social injustice fueled grievances among the Chiapas rebels, highlighting the global economy's role in shaping local conflicts and resistance movements. CHAPTER 11: ANTI-SYSTEMIC PROTEST TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Capitalism requires perpetual growth through the development of economically beneficial technological advances. Because this type of growth also creates victims. capitalism is considered to be a system of winners and losers that generates inevitable conflict. Answer: True 2. Conservative forces supported and sought to expand the welfare state because it subdued peasant protest. Answer: False 3. The 1968 revolution was triggered by the belief that the old movements had become part of the problem rather than attaining their objectives. Answer: True 4. The revolution of 1848 in Europe precipitated the changes that ultimately resulted in the right of women to vote. Answer: True 5. Women's movements such as the Sisters of Islam have had greater success in redefining gender roles by working from within their own culture and by reinterpreting what they see as oppressive to them rather than adopting Western methods. Answer: True MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Although the revolution of 1848 resulted in the overthrow of many governments throughout Europe, it failed to obtain its objectives. It did, however, ___________. a. lead to the outlawing of unions in Europe, which would protect worker's rights b. define two sets of social movements: worker movements and national liberation movements c. stop the struggle in Europe to control colonial lands in Africa and Asia d. define two sets of grievances: laborers and practitioners Answer: b 2. The movements that emerged from the revolution of 1848 all contributed to __________. a. land and wealth redistribution b. formation of political parties to represent labor and management c. the formation of the welfare state d. the formation of social security as we know it today Answer: c 3. Because of what they saw as the failure of both capitalism and communism, the students who rebelled in the United States in 1968 focused on __________. a. the creation of a new political party b. free love, the drug culture and the ideology of "peace not war" c. identity issues d. fraternal order Answer: c 4. Women's movements in Western countries have attempted to expand and to unite women worldwide by sharing their strategies. Women in peripheral countries __________. a. often see this as a new form of colonialism b. welcome this as their attempts to alter their roles have failed c. reject this because they support patriarchy as traditional in their cultures d. look on with suspicion, just waiting for the next exploitative manufacturing plant to try to hire them for nearly nothing Answer: a SHORT ANSWER OR ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. What strategies to improve workers’ rights developed in Europe and the US as a result of the revolution of 1848, and what was the outcome of these strategies? Answer: Following the revolution of 1848, workers' rights in Europe and the US saw several strategies develop: 1. Trade Unions: Workers organized into unions to negotiate better wages and working conditions. 2. Legislation: Governments passed labor laws to regulate working hours, child labor, and safety standards. 3. Social Movements: Workers participated in social movements advocating for worker rights and welfare. Outcomes included improved working conditions, shorter workdays, restrictions on child labor, and the establishment of labor rights frameworks that continue to influence policies today. 2. The enormous world economic growth after W.W.II created illusions in the capitalist, communist, and newly liberated states. What were these illusions? Answer: After World War II, the economic growth created illusions in different systems: 1. Capitalist States: Belief in perpetual economic expansion and widespread prosperity through free market principles. 2. Communist States: Confidence in centralized planning leading to rapid industrialization and economic equality. 3. Newly Liberated States: Hope for rapid development and improvement in living standards through independence and self-governance. These illusions often fueled optimism about the efficacy and sustainability of each respective economic and political ideology. 3. The coal mines of Pennsylvania were dangerous, workers were not adequately reimbursed for their work, and employment was not secure. Describe the ways in which the workers sought to alleviate their problems. In what ways did the Molly Maguires and the Mau Mau oath reflect both the situations of the laborers who protested and those in power? Answer: In Pennsylvania coal mines, workers faced dangerous conditions, inadequate pay, and job insecurity. Workers sought to alleviate these issues through: 1. Labor Unions: Organizing into unions to negotiate for better wages, safer working conditions, and job security. 2. Direct Action: Engaging in strikes and protests to demand better treatment and rights from mine owners and authorities. The Molly Maguires and the Mau Mau oath reflected the desperation and resistance of laborers: • Molly Maguires: A secret society in the coal mines that used violence and intimidation against mine owners and bosses as a form of protest. • Mau Mau oath: A pledge of allegiance and resistance taken by Kenyan independence fighters against British colonial rule, reflecting defiance and determination against oppressive power structures. Both groups' actions reflected the extreme conditions and limited options available to workers and oppressed populations, showing a response to exploitation and seeking to challenge authority for better conditions and rights. 4. What are the similarities between the conditions from which labor conflict arose and what occurs today in industries worldwide? Are the reactions to these occurrences by the laborer and the capitalist also similar? Answer: The conditions that historically led to labor conflicts, such as unsafe working conditions, inadequate wages, and job insecurity, still persist in industries worldwide today. Similarly, both then and now, laborers often face challenges in negotiating fair treatment and rights from employers. Reactions by laborers and capitalists show similarities: • Laborers: Often organize into unions, engage in strikes, or protest to demand better conditions and rights. • Capitalists: Employ tactics to maintain control and profitability, including negotiating with unions, implementing labor laws, or in some cases, resisting worker demands. Despite advancements in labor laws and workplace safety, disparities in power and interests can lead to ongoing conflicts over wages, working conditions, and job security. 5. Why was the transformation from the extended family to the nuclear family, necessary for the expansion of the culture of capitalism? Answer: The transformation from the extended family to the nuclear family was necessary for the expansion of capitalism because: 1. Labor Mobility: Nuclear families were more mobile and flexible, allowing individuals to move for employment opportunities without the constraints of extended family obligations. 2. Social Stability: Nuclear families provided a more predictable and stable workforce, reducing dependency on traditional extended family support networks. 3. Consumerism: The nuclear family structure promoted consumption patterns focused on individual households rather than collective family units, driving economic growth and demand for goods and services. This shift supported the needs of industrialization and capitalism by fostering labor mobility, stability, and consumer-driven economic activity. CHAPTER 12: RELIGION AND ANTI-SYSTEMIC PROTEST TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Religious protest is different from peasant and other forms of protest movements, because it offers a cultural alternative. Answer: True 2. Revitalization movements are forms of protest that seek to move a group forward by breaking the traditional bonds to the past and accepting modernization. Answer: False 3. Cargo cults express the desire of the protesters to both possess the commodities of the Westerner and rid themselves of their power and influence. Answer: True 4. The Zionist movement differed from the Cargo cults, because it rejected Western commodities as symbols of oppression. Answer: False 5. The teaching of Darwin's Theory of Evolution was a focal point of many early fundamentalist movements in the United States. Answer: True 6. It is necessary, says Robbins, to recognize that most architects of religious violence are irrational or deranged. Answer: False 7. For militant Jews, the rebuilding of the Temple of Jerusalem is necessary for Jews to practice their faith. Answer: True 8. Mark Juergen Meyer suggests that locating a political struggle on a cosmic scale elevates its importance. Answer: False MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. According to the text, communism did not seek to destroy the nineteenth century culture of capitalism but to __________. a. form a welfare state to assure that all were cared for b. give workers a voice and assure a more equitable distribution of wealth c. become the workers party in capitalist countries d. replace it with a modern, utopian society Answer: b 2. The concept of revitalization movements has failed to consider the fact that such movements __________. a. only occur among indigenous populations b. are an attempt to change the political ideology of groups of people through religious means c. are a reaction to the expansion of consumer capitalism d. require a belief in a power greater than the sum of our abilities to act Answer: c 3. Cargo cult movements included ceremony and ritual that featured visions of a heaven where food was abundant, which induced the indigenous to __________. a. steal food from the colonizer as a result of the interpretation of the vision b. destroy their sources and means of producing food c. commit mass suicide to reach heaven d. develop canning plants for the distribution of low-cost processed food Answer: b 4. According to the text, the only legitimate challenge to the global domination of the capitalist culture today is __________. a. religious fundamentalism b. communism c. peasant revolt d. a move toward world-wide redistribution led by the United Nations Answer: a 5. According to Robbins, there is perhaps no better example of a symbol of contested space than ___________. a. the World Bank building b. the Qubbat as-Sakhra c. the Bank of London d. the London School of Economics Answer: b SHORT ANSWER OR ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. While religion is often a source of protest against elements within the culture of capitalism, it also serves to legitimize it. Explain why this is true using examples to support your explanation. Answer: Religion can both critique and legitimize capitalism. Critically, it may protest capitalist values that conflict with moral teachings, like wealth inequality. Conversely, religions can support capitalism by promoting virtues like hard work and charity, aligning with capitalist ethics. For example, Protestantism's work ethic contributed to economic success in the West, while liberation theology critiques capitalist exploitation in Latin America. 2. In what way does religious resistance such as the Ghost Dance parallel the "weapons of the weak"? Answer: The Ghost Dance, a religious movement among Native Americans, parallels "weapons of the weak" as described by James C. Scott. Both involve non-violent forms of resistance against dominant powers, aiming for social and cultural revitalization rather than direct confrontation. 3. Describe the role of the missionary in the formation of religious protest, such as the Cargo cults, by indigenous groups. Answer: Missionaries often unintentionally influence religious protest like Cargo cults by introducing new beliefs and values. Indigenous groups may reinterpret these teachings, blending them with local traditions to form new religious movements. Cargo cults, for instance, emerged as responses to colonial exploitation, combining Christian elements with local beliefs to seek material and spiritual salvation. 4. How did Zionism serve as the vessel of protest for groups like the Tshidi in South Africa? Answer: Zionism provided a platform of protest for groups like the Tshidi in South Africa by offering a vision of self-determination and identity outside of colonial oppression. It promoted the return to a homeland and cultural revival, empowering marginalized communities to assert their rights and resist colonial domination. 5. In what ways are movements such as Islamic Fundamentalism, Protestant Fundamentalism, and Jewish Fundamentalism similar? Answer: Movements like Islamic Fundamentalism, Protestant Fundamentalism, and Jewish Fundamentalism share similarities in their emphasis on strict adherence to religious doctrines, rejection of modern secular values, and often advocating for a return to traditional or conservative social norms and practices. They also tend to view their respective religious texts as authoritative sources guiding all aspects of life and society. 6. Colonialism contributed to the rise of fundamentalism in many areas of the world. To what can we attribute its rise in the United States? Answer: In the United States, the rise of fundamentalism can be attributed to reactions against modernism, secularism, and perceived moral decline starting in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Factors include cultural shifts, urbanization, and challenges to traditional values, prompting movements that emphasized literal interpretations of religious texts and moral conservatism. 7. Discuss the relationship between religious violence and political goals. Be sure to give specific examples. Answer: Religious violence often intertwines with political goals when groups use religious rhetoric and identity to advance political agendas. For instance, ISIS used extremist interpretations of Islam to establish a caliphate in Iraq and Syria, blending religious ideology with territorial control and political power. Similarly, conflicts in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants have historical roots in political aspirations for independence or union with Britain, with religion serving as a marker of identity and justification for violence. 8. What are some of the factors suggested by Mark Juegensmeyer for elevating social, political or economic conflict to a cosmic level? Answer: Mark Juergen Meyer suggests several factors that elevate social, political, or economic conflicts to a cosmic level: 1. Sacred Values: When issues are perceived as fundamental to religious or cultural identity. 2. Moral Absolutism: Viewing one's cause as morally superior, justifying extreme actions. 3. Apocalyptic Imagery: Belief in imminent cosmic change or divine intervention. 4. Martyrdom: Willingness to sacrifice for religious or ideological goals. These factors can intensify conflicts, making compromise difficult and violence more likely. CHAPTER 13: SOLVING GLOBAL PROBLEMS: SOME OPTIONS AND COURSE OF ACTION TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Environmental devastation is clearly the most serious threat that the world faces. Answer: False 2. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) represents an accurate measure of the social and economic health of a nation. Answer: False 3. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was developed by economist Herman Daly as a way for the United States to measure its economic output. Answer: False 4. Economic growth occurs because we are able to convert natural, political, and social capital into economic capital. Answer: True 5. Money, as it is created in the culture of capitalism, encourages the depletion of natural capital. Answer: True 6. According to some scientists, there is little we can do to halt environmental destruction, unless we learn to love that which we want to save. Answer: True MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The greatest danger our society faces comes from __________. a. environmental devastation b. social disintegration c. perpetual economic growth d. epidemics Answer: c 2. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was developed to __________. a. provide a uniform way of representing national accounts b. provide a way to measure the economic progress of peripheral countries c. spur economic growth in the core countries d. measure consumption Answer: a 3. The externalization of costs allows manufacturers to __________. a. pass on the costs of production, use, and disposal to others b. diminish the environmental impact of their activities c. meet union demands for profit sharing d. create alternate mechanisms of cost calculation Answer: a 4. The conversion of natural capital into money is made possible by __________. a. the internalization of production costs b. the gold standard c. debt d. religious belief systems Answer: c SHORT ANSWER OR ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Why is the culture of capitalism dependent on perpetual economic growth? Who benefits from this growth, and what are the consequences for society? Answer: The culture of capitalism depends on perpetual economic growth because it fuels profit, innovation, and competitiveness. Growth benefits businesses, investors, and governments through increased wealth, job creation, and tax revenue. However, it can exacerbate inequality, environmental degradation, and resource depletion, posing challenges for sustainability and social equity. 2. How has the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) come to be the major measure of a nation's economic status? What cost have we paid for this? Answer: GDP became a major measure due to its simplicity and ability to quantify economic activity. It's widely used for policy and comparison purposes. However, it doesn't account for social welfare, inequality, or environmental impact, leading to skewed priorities and policies that prioritize short-term growth over long-term sustainability and well-being. 3. Explain how the process of capital conversion works. Give some examples of how non-monetary capital is turned into money. Answer: Capital conversion involves turning non-monetary assets or resources into money or financial capital. Examples include: 1. Natural Capital: Selling timber or mineral rights. 2. Human Capital: Earning income from skills through employment or entrepreneurship. 3. Social Capital: Using networks to access job opportunities or business deals. 4. Cultural Capital: Monetizing knowledge or artistic skills through teaching or selling artworks. 5. Intellectual Capital: Licensing patents or selling proprietary knowledge. 4. What kind of public policy measures will have to be taken to stem the conversion of non-monetary capital into monetary capital? Answer: To stem the conversion of non-monetary capital into monetary capital, public policy measures could include: 1. Regulation and Conservation Policies: Implementing strict regulations on natural resource extraction and promoting conservation efforts. 2. Investment in Human and Social Capital: Enhancing education, healthcare, and social welfare programs to reduce the need for individuals to monetize their skills or networks. 3. Cultural and Heritage Protection: Supporting initiatives to preserve cultural and historical assets, and promoting sustainable tourism. 4. Intellectual Property Rights: Strengthening laws to protect intellectual property and ensure fair compensation for creators. 5. Taxation and Economic Incentives: Introducing taxes or incentives that discourage unsustainable exploitation of natural resources or encourage sustainable practices. These measures aim to balance economic development with sustainability and social well-being. 5. What are the prospects for the kinds of cultural change necessary to stem the continued conversion of non-monetary capital into money? Discuss the role that scientists suggest might be taken by religious institutions. Answer: Prospects for cultural change to stem the conversion of non-monetary capital into money rely on widespread awareness and education about sustainability. Religious institutions can play a role by promoting values of stewardship, compassion, and ethical responsibility towards natural and social capital. They can advocate for sustainable practices and inspire communities to prioritize long-term well-being over short-term gains, fostering a cultural shift towards more balanced economic and environmental policies. Test Bank for Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism Richard H. Robbins 9780205961054, 9780205917655, 9780134732794
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