Chapter 6 Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers 6.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Lisa wanted to start Christopher in another type of supervised child care because she thought he would benefit by having A) time away from his parents. B) a structured learning environment. C) different toys. D) someone who would not spoil him. Answer: B) a structured learning environment. Lisa wanted to start Christopher in another type of supervised child care because she thought he would benefit by having a structured learning environment and other children with whom to play. 2. Most of us call the emotional bond that develops between an infant and his or her primary caregivers A) security. B) trust. C) love. D) manipulation. Answer: C) love. 3. An emotional tie to a specific person that continues across time and space is called A) sensitive responsiveness. B) attachment. C) temperament. D) goal-corrected partnership. Answer: B) attachment. 4. Which of the following represents the foundation of modern attachment research? A) ethological theory B) Harlow's infant experiments C) the Strange Situation D) social referencing Answer: A) ethological theory Modern-day research on human attachment has been heavily influenced by the ethological theory of John Bowlby, by the classic experiments Harry Harlow conducted with rhesus monkeys, and by the well-known work of Mary Ainsworth. 5. "Attachment comes from traits and behaviors that have evolved over time to increase the infant's chances of survival." This is the basic tenet of what theory? A) Chess's goodness of fit theory B) Harlow's primate theory C) Bowlby's ethological theory D) Ainsworth's Strange Situation theory Answer: C) Bowlby's ethological theory 6. Which of the following is one of Bowlby's stages of attachment? A) stranger anxiety B) goodness of fit C) secure-base attachment D) contact comfort Answer: C) secure-base attachment 7. Newborns _____, a behavior that delights new parents. A) cry when they hear their mother’s voice B) wave their arms when their siblings approach C) turn their heads to look for their fathers D) follow adults with their eyes Answer: D) follow adults with their eyes. Newborns follow adults with their eyes, a behavior that delights new parents. 8. Keisha is 9 months old. She became distressed the first time her mother left her at a new babysitter's house. According to Bowlby, what stage of attachment is Keisha in? A) orientation without discrimination B) orientation with discrimination C) secure-base attachment D) goal-corrected partnership Answer: C) secure-base attachment. Infants and toddlers actively seek to be near their favored caregivers. 9. John Bowlby’s ethological theory proposes that the attachment figure provides a _____ base of emotional comfort for the infant. A) home B) safe C) secure D) nurturing Answer: C) secure 10. John Bowlby’s theory is based on: A) anthropology B) psychology C) sociology D) ethology Answer: D) ethology 11. In Harlow’s experiments, when infant monkeys were placed in an unfamiliar setting, with the cloth mothers they showed A) fear of the cloth mother. B) anxiety. C) indifference to the cloth mother. D) a sense of security in the cloth mother’s presence. Answer: D) a sense of security in the cloth mother’s presence. 12. In Harlow’s experiments, infant monkeys formed an attachment with A) a cloth-covered surrogate mother. B) a wire-mesh covered surrogate mother. C) only their real mothers. D) neither the surrogate nor the real mothers. Answer: A) a cloth-covered surrogate mother. 13. The results of Harlow's primate experiments contradicted which theory? A) ethological B) psychoanalytic C) social referencing D) gestalt Answer: B) psychoanalytic Harlow’s finding contradicted the psychoanalytic and behavioral theories that were popular at this time. 14. In _____, oral gratification during feeding establishes the initial bond between infant and mother. A) ethological theory B) psychoanalytic theory C) social referencing D) behavioral theory Answer: B) psychoanalytic theory 15. In _____, food serves as a powerful reinforcer for behaviors related to attachment. A) ethological theory B) psychoanalytic theory C) social referencing D) behavioral theory Answer: D) behavioral theory 16. Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys gave support to the hypothesis that attachments form through A) food as a reinforcer. B) imprinting to the first moving object seen by the infant. C) close contact with a soft, comforting person or thing. D) oral gratification through feeding. Answer: C) close contact with a soft, comforting person or thing. The critical ingredient in attachment formation is contact comfort. 17. The feeling infants get from clinging to a soft attachment figure is called A) surrogating. B) contact comfort. C) separation anxiety. D) coordinated imitation. Answer: B) contact comfort. 18. In Harlow's experiments, when the wire mesh "mother" gave milk, the infant monkeys spent the majority of their time A) with the cloth mother. B) with the wire mother. C) in the corner of the cage, alone. D) hanging on to the side of the cage. Answer: A) with the cloth mother. 19. The Strange Situation consists of _____ episodes strictly scripted to allow researchers to observe attachment behaviors in human infants. A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 Answer: D) 8 20. Ainsworth's Strange Situation was designed to measure A) temperament. B) attachment. C) activity level. D) the effects of day care. Answer: B) attachment. To investigate attachment in human infants, psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation. 21. The Strange Situation test was designed by A) Harry Harlow B) Margaret Harlow C) Mary Ainsworth D) John Bowlby Answer: C) Mary Ainsworth 22. The correct order for the first 4 episodes in the Strange Situation procedure is A) introduction, mother leaves, stranger enters, unfamiliar room. B) introduction, unfamiliar room, mother leaves, stranger enters. C) introduction, unfamiliar room, stranger enters, mother leaves. D) introduction, stranger enters, unfamiliar room, mother leaves. Answer: C) introduction, unfamiliar room, stranger enters, mother leaves. The episodes are introduction, unfamiliar room, stranger enters, mother leaves. 23. The correct order for the last 4 episodes in the Strange Situation procedure is A) reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves. B) reunion; stranger leaves, stranger enters again, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves. C) reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves, stranger enters again. D) stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, reunion; stranger leaves. Answer: A) reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves. The correct order is reunion; stranger leaves, mother leaves again, stranger enters again, reunion; stranger leaves. 24. Jose is 10 months old. His mother enrolled him in day care now that she is returning to work full-time. On his first morning at the day care center, he cries when his mother leaves. Jose is showing A) insecure attachment. B) contact comfort. C) separation anxiety. D) orientation without discrimination. Answer: C) separation anxiety. Distress infants experience when separated from their primary caregivers is separation anxiety. 25. Separation anxiety in Ainsworth's research is similar to which stage in Bowlby's theory? A) orientation without discrimination B) orientation with discrimination C) goal-corrected partnerships D) secure-base attachment Answer: D) secure-base attachment Does the infant use the mother as a secure base for exploring the new setting? 26. An infant who displays separation anxiety and stranger anxiety is considered A) to have no emotional attachment to any specific person. B) to have an insecure attachment. C) to be a normal infant. D) to have emotion contagion Answer: C) to be a normal infant. Although anxieties are not normally considered positive, you can see from this description that separation anxiety and stranger anxiety both signify that the infant has formed a special emotional attachment to a specific other person. 27. With insecure-avoidant attachment, seen in approximately _____ percent of infants studied in the United States, infants do not seem to use the mother as a secure base. A) 10 B) 15 C) 28 D) 38 Answer: B) 15 28. Of the thousands of U.S. infants and parents observed in the Strange Situation, the majority shows which type of attachment? A) secure B) insecure-avoidant C) insecure-resistant D) insecure-disorganized Answer: A) secure 29. Rasheed is 10 months old. His mother takes him to an unfamiliar neighbor's house while she goes to the doctor. Rasheed cries when she leaves and is happy when his mother returns. Rasheed probably has which type of attachment? A) insecure-avoidant B) insecure-resistant C) secure D) insecure disorganized Answer: C) secure. The healthy type of attachment between an infant and a caregiver is a secure attachment. 30. Mothers who respond positively, consistently, and warmly to their infants tend to have children with what type of attachment? A) insecure-avoidant B) insecure-resistant C) insecure-disorganized D) secure Answer: D) secure. The healthy type of attachment between an infant and a caregiver is a secure attachment. 31. Of the thousands of infants and parents observed in the Strange Situation procedure, approximately _____ percent show secure attachment. A) 42 B) 52 C) 62 D) 72 Answer: C) 62 32. Baby Michael and his mother are doing the Strange Situation for a research project. When his mother leaves, Michael becomes upset, but when she returns he doesn't want her to pick him up. This child would be considered to have which type of attachment according to Ainsworth's classification system? A) insecure-disorganized B) insecure-resistant C) insecure-avoidant D) secure Answer: B) insecure-resistant. These infants usually seek the proximity of their mother, but they do not seem to gain comfort from the contact. 33. Chantelle is a year old now. When she and her mother were tested in the Strange Situation she did not get upset when her mother left and did not seem happy when her mother returned. Overall, Chantelle looked confused and dazed. Which type of attachment did Chantelle display? A) insecure-disorganized B) insecure-avoidant C) insecure-resistant D) secure Answer: A) insecure-disorganized. Insecure-disorganized attachment is an unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seem confused or dazed or show contradictory behaviors in the Strange Situation. 34. Matthew's mother abused him when he cried. She had been abused herself as a child. It is likely that Matthew will have which type of attachment? A) insecure-disorganized B) insecure-avoidant C) insecure-resistant D) secure Answer: A) insecure-disorganized Insecure-disorganized attachment is an unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seem confused or dazed or show contradictory behaviors in the Strange Situation. 35. Insecure-resistant attachment is seen in about _____ percent of infants. A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 Answer: D) 8 36. Another name for insecure-ambivalent attachment is A) insecure-resistant attachment. B) insecure-disorganized attachment. C) insecure-disoriented attachment. D) insecure-avoidant attachment. Answer: A) insecure-resistant attachment. Some researchers label this category insecure-ambivalent attachment because the infant seeks proximity, but then shows ambivalence about contact with the caregiver. 37. The most recent category of attachment to be added is A) insecure-resistant attachment. B) insecure-disorganized attachment. C) sensitive responsiveness. D) insecure-avoidant attachment. Answer: B) insecure-disorganized attachment. More recently, researchers have added another category called insecure-disorganized attachment, seen in nearly 15% of infants who have been tested. 38. Insecure-disoriented attachment is seen in nearly _____ percent of infants who have been tested. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 Answer: C) 15 39. Mrs. Patel is reading to 13-month-old Puja. Puja sees a cat run across the front lawn and points to the cat. Her mother stops reading and carries Puja to the window, saying, "Look at the kitty." Mrs. Patel is demonstrating A) overstimulating parenting. B) sensitive responsiveness. C) goal-corrected partnership. D) indifferent parenting. Answer: B) sensitive responsiveness. A quality of infant care in which caregivers respond quickly and warmly to the baby’s signals and adjust their responses to allow the infant to direct some of the interactions. 40. Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that indifferent parenting led to _____ attachments. A) insecure-disorganized B) insecure-avoidant C) insecure-resistant D) secure Answer: B) insecure-avoidant. Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that indifferent parenting led to insecure-avoidant attachments. 41. Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that inconsistent parenting led to _____ attachments. A) insecure-disorganized B) insecure-avoidant C) insecure-resistant D) secure Answer: C) insecure-resistant. Based on her home observations, Ainsworth believed that indifferent parenting led to insecure-avoidant attachments and that inconsistent parenting led to insecure-resistant attachments. 42. The Q-sort method is used to measure _____ in infants. A) temperament B) emotions C) attachment D) social interactions Answer: C) attachment 43. Which country in the Cross-National attachment research study showed the lowest national percentage of attachment? A) Chile B) Sweden C) Japan D) Great Britain Answer: A) Chile. 44. Which of the following countries had the highest percentage of infants with secure attachments? A) Chile B) Germany C) Great Britain D) the United States Answer: C) Great Britain 45. Within the United States, which ethnic group most values independence and competence in infants? A) African-American B) Puerto Rican C) Asian D) Caucasian Answer: D) Caucasian 46. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Infants are as likely to form secure attachments with their doctor as with their mothers. B) The type of attachment an infant displays is usually inconsistent from mother to father. C) Infants form a secure attachment with their caregiver. D) Infants are as likely to form secure attachments with their younger siblings as with their mothers. Answer: C) Infants form a secure attachment with their caregiver. 47. Marcus, an 18-month-old, lives in a two-parent family. He is securely attached to his mother. According to research, what type of attachment is he likely to have with his father? A) insecure-avoidant B) secure C) insecure-resistant D) There is not enough research on father-infant attachment to know Marcus's attachment. Answer: B) secure. The type of infant attachment tends to be consistent from one parent to the other. 48. Day care research in the 1980s suggested that attachment is affected if the infant A) spent more than 40 hours per week in day care. B) was placed in day care before 6 months old. C) was placed in day care after 9 months old. D) spent more than 20 hours a week in day care. Answer: D) spent more than 20 hours a week in day care. 49. A recent nationwide study of time spent in day care by infants found A) day care of infants caused insecure types of attachment. B) time spent in day care only affected attachment if the mother was not sensitive and responsive. C) the age at which infants began day care affected the type of attachment. D) day care affected attachment only when there was not a father in the home. Answer: B) time spent in day care only affected attachment if the mother was not sensitive and responsive. 50. Which of the following would be the BEST way to learn about the long-term effects of infant attachment on children's development? A) cross-sectional research B) longitudinal research C) naturalistic observations D) correlational studies Answer: B) longitudinal research Alan Sroufe, a psychologist and researcher at the University of Minnesota, and his colleagues continue to report on a longitudinal study of a large group of families. 51. Research on the long-term effects of attachment has found A) preschoolers who had been securely attached were happier and more compliant. B) preschoolers with secure attachments were less popular and had lower self-esteem. C) teens that had been securely attached as infants had more psychological problems. D) by age 10 years, children in the securely attached classification were still more dependent. Answer: A) preschoolers who had been securely attached were happier and more compliant. 52. Of the world’s most economically successful nations, _____ has no paid leave benefits. A) Germany B) Singapore C) United States D) United Kingdom Answer: C) United States 53. One country with no benefits for parental leave is: A) United States B) Great Britain C) Turkey D) Sweden Answer: A) United States 54. Out of the most developed countries in the world, _____ generally had the best family leave policies. A) nations in the European Union B) Great Britain C) Turkey D) Australia Answer: A) nations in the European Union On average, nations in the European Union provide 36 weeks of paid leave to families with new babies. 55. Only about _____ percent of the U.S. workforce is covered by the Family and Medical Leave Act. A) 25 B) 35 C) 40 D) 45 Answer: D) 55 56. An infant or child's behavioral style or primary pattern of reacting to the environment is his/her A) attachment type. B) goodness of fit. C) temperament. D) threshold of responsiveness. Answer: C) temperament. 57. How many temperament dimensions are present in Thomas and Chess's classification system? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 Answer: D) 9 58. Thomas and Chess conducted longitudinal studies of infants to learn about A) attachment. B) temperament. C) cognitive development. D) social relationships. Answer: B) temperament. 59. On the basis of detailed interviews with the parents, Thomas and Chess identified _____ temperament dimensions that seemed to capture the diverse behavior patterns exhibited among the infants. A) 3 B) 6 C) 9 D) 12 Answer: C) 9 60. Nyguen is 14 months old. He generally is a happy baby who "goes with the flow" and is predictable in his eating and sleeping routines. Which temperament type is Nyguen? A) difficult B) insecure-avoidant C) slow to warm up D) easy Answer: D) easy Temperament in which a child is primarily positive, smiles easily, is adaptive and flexible, and has regular patterns of eating and sleeping is easy. 61. Megan, now 9 months old, has been a handful for her parents. They have not been able to get her into a regular sleep or feeding schedule. Megan cries a great deal and her grandmother describes her as "colicky." What temperament does Megan have? A) difficult B) insecure-disorganized C) slow to warm up D) easy Answer: A) difficult Temperament in which a child is frequently negative, is easily frustrated, withdraws from new situations, is slow to adapt to change, and shows irregular patterns of eating and sleeping is difficult. 62. The mother of Leilani, a 6-month-old, has noticed that it seems to take Leilani more time to adjust to new things than it took for her older sister. For example, the first time Leilani was given strained carrots she spit them out. Her mother tried giving her carrots again the next day with the same result. By the third day, however, Leilani ate the carrots. Which temperament type best fits Leilani? A) easy B) difficult C) insecure-resistant D) slow to warm up Answer: D) slow to warm up Temperament in which a child shows mildly negative responses to new stimuli and situations but with repeated exposure gradually develops a quiet and positive interest is slow to warm up. 63. Which of the following is one of the dimensions of temperament developed by Thomas and Chess? A) activity level B) goodness of fit C) coordinated imitation D) social referencing Answer: A) activity level 64. Which of the following is one of the dimensions of temperament developed by Thomas and Chess? A) quality of mood B) goodness of fit C) coordinated imitation D) social referencing Answer: A) quality of mood 65. In Thomas and Chess's original study, 40% of the children were classified as A) easy. B) secure. C) slow to warm up. D) difficult. Answer: A) easy. 66. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is how predictable and regular the infant’s schedules are. A) activity level B) rhythmicity C) approach or withdrawal D) adaptability Answer: B) rhythmicity 67. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the ease with which an infant modifies his or her responses in a desirable way when confronted with new or changing situations. A) activity level B) rhythmicity C) approach or withdrawal D) adaptability Answer: D) adaptability 68. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree of motor activity during daily activities. A) activity level B) rhythmicity C) approach or withdrawal D) adaptability Answer: A) activity level 69. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree of positive or negative responses to a new stimulus. A) activity level B) rhythmicity C) approach or withdrawal D) adaptability Answer: C) approach or withdrawal 70. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the degree to which environmental stimuli interfere with ongoing behavior. A) threshold of responsiveness B) intensity of reaction C) quality of mood D) distractibility Answer: D) distractibility 71. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the energy level of the response. A) threshold of responsiveness B) intensity of reaction C) quality of mood D) distractibility Answer: B) intensity of reaction 72. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the intensity level of stimulation that is needed to cause a response. A) threshold of responsiveness B) intensity of reaction C) quality of mood D) distractibility Answer: A) threshold of responsiveness 73. Of the 9 temperament dimensions, _____ is the amount of pleasant or unpleasant response. A) threshold of responsiveness B) intensity of reaction C) quality of mood D) distractibility Answer: C) quality of mood 74. The _____ model emphasizes the complementary forces of nature and nurture. A) social referencing B) interactionist C) ethological theory D) behaviorist Answer: B) interactionist Thomas and Chess proposed an interactionist model that emphasizes the complementary forces of nature and nurture. 75. Research has found that the heritability of temperament is A) moderately high. B) moderately low. C) very high. D) very low. Answer: A) moderately high. 76. The degree to which a child's temperament and his/her environment go together is called A) social referencing. B) emotional contagion. C) goodness of fit. D) secure attachment. Answer: C) goodness of fit. 77. Heritability estimates range from about 44-_____ percent for traits such as anxiety, sociability, activity level, emotionality, task orientation, and control. A) 50 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80 Answer: C) 70 78. Tyrone is a very active child. Fortunately, his father played sports in college and enjoys playing ball with Tyrone. Tyrone's mother is also athletic and takes Tyrone and his sister on long walks and is teaching them soccer. This compatibility between Tyrone's temperament and his environment is called A) coordinated imitation. B) goodness of fit. C) emotional contagion. D) social referencing. Answer: B) goodness of fit. The degree to which the child’s temperament and environment are compatible or complementary, leads to better developmental outcomes. 79. A poor match between a child's temperament and his/her environment may lead to A) enhanced development. B) behavior disorders. C) parent-child compatibility. D) healthy development. Answer: B) behavior disorders. When incompatibilities are severe, behavior disorders can emerge in the child. 80. Which of the following is TRUE? A) Measures of temperament are not very stable over time. B) Temperament is highly consistent from infancy through adulthood. C) Easy temperament is more consistent over time than difficult temperament. D) Of the dimensions of temperament, only distractibility was consistent over time. Answer: A) Measures of temperament are not very stable over time. 81. Stability or instability of temperament over time is influenced by A) affluence. B) neighborhood. C) orientation without discrimination. D) threshold of responsiveness. Answer: C) orientation without discrimination. Only 1 dimension (threshold of responsiveness) showed a reliable correlation when measures were taken 4 years apart. 82. Which of the following can lead to children's temperament changing over time? A) siblings are born B) adaptations to their environment C) parents die D) they remain immature Answer: B) adaptations to their environment The way children express temperament can change over time. 83. Behavioral inhibition is another term to explain A) aggression. B) shyness. C) goodness of fit. D) adaptability. Answer: B) shyness. 84. Kagan describes temperament as having the six dimensions organized into three types that are: A) under controlled, overcontrolled, resilient. B) secure, insecure, resilient. C) negative, positive, resilient. D) inhibited, emotional, persistent. Answer: A) under controlled, overcontrolled, resilient. 85. A child high on the sensory sensitivity dimension of temperament would A) prefer quiet environments. B) prefer loud and noisy environments. C) prefer bright environments. D) prefer colorful environments. Answer: A) prefer quiet environments. 86. Peter is focused on building his tower of blocks; he rates high in Kagan’s _______ temperament dimension of A) irritability/frustration. B) positive emotionality. C) activity level. D) attention/persistance. Answer: D) attention/persistence 87. Kagan's longitudinal research on shyness demonstrated A) little consistency from infancy to childhood in levels of shyness. B) stability in shyness from infancy through adolescence. C) high arousal thresholds in shy children. D) low arousal thresholds in children who were not shy. Answer: B) stability in shyness from infancy through adolescence. Kagan suggested that these children had a genetic predisposition to shyness. 88. From his research, Kagan believes the roots of shyness in children are due to A) high levels of arousal. B) parental interactions. C) difference in the amygdala and hypothalamus. D) lower heart rates Answer: C) difference in the amygdala and hypothalamus. 89. Hannah is 2 days old and lying quietly in her crib in the hospital nursery. The infant in the crib next to her wakes up hungry and begins crying. Hannah starts crying too. This is an example of A) difficult temperament. B) emotion contagion. C) coordinated imitation. D) social referencing. Answer: B) emotion contagion. Emotion contagion is the tendency of the emotional cues displayed by one person to generate similar cues or emotional states in other people. 90. Newborns are more likely to cry when they hear A) other newborns cry. B) a recording of their own cry. C) their older siblings cry. D) artificially produced crying sounds. Answer: A) other newborns cry. 91. When was the last time you experienced emotional contagion? A) When you heard other people around you laughing. B) When you heard other people around you singing. C) When you heard other people around you shouting. D) When you heard other people around you moaning. Answer: A) When you heard other people around you laughing. 92. Researchers had mothers display joy, sadness, and anger in their facial expressions and voice. Their 10-week-old infants A) responded the same to each emotion. B) imitated their mothers' facial expressions. C) showed more interest when their mothers acted angry. D) showed more interest when their mothers acted sad. Answer: B) imitated their mothers' facial expressions. 93. Although infants can discriminate between facial expressions, they A) cannot tell the difference between joy and anger. B) depend more on body movement to determine others' emotions. C) rely more on vocal expressions to determine others' emotion. D) do not respond to sadness. Answer: C) rely more on vocal expressions to determine others' emotion. It helps if they also have emotional sounds that correspond to the facial expressions. 94. Which of the following is FALSE? A) Two-month-olds respond differently to happy faces than to emotionless faces. B) Ten-week-old infants showed more joy and interest when their mothers displayed surprise. C) Four-month-olds can understand basic emotions such as joy, anger, and surprise. D) They made “mouthing” movements when their mothers were sad. Answer: B) Ten-week-old infants showed more joy and interest when their mothers displayed surprise. 95. In a study of 12-month-old babies using the visual cliff, researchers found that most of the infants crossed to the "deep" side A) if an interesting toy was present. B) when their mothers displayed joy or interest. C) if their mothers displayed fear. D) when their mothers displayed anger. Answer: B) when their mothers displayed joy or interest. 96. In a study of 12-month-old babies using the visual cliff, researchers found that none of the infants crossed to the "deep" side A) when their mothers displayed sadness. B) when their mothers displayed interest. C) when their mothers displayed fear. D) when their mothers displayed anger. Answer: C) when their mothers displayed fear. 97. In a study of 12-month-old babies using the visual cliff, researchers found that the infants were reluctant to cross to the "deep" side A) when their mothers displayed sadness. B) when their mothers displayed interest. C) when their mothers displayed fear. D) when their mothers displayed joy. Answer: A) when their mothers displayed sadness. 98. In the study using the visual cliff and 12-month-olds, A) the majority of the babies refused to cross to the "deep" side. B) none of the babies crossed to the deep side even when their mothers displayed happiness. C) only the babies with easy temperaments crossed to the "deep" side. D) it was not clear whether the babies were responding to their mothers' facial expressions or the loudness of their voices. Answer: D) it was not clear whether the babies were responding to their mothers' facial expressions or the loudness of their voices. Are they really responding to the meaning in the expression, or are they responding more to other aspects of the communication, such as the loudness of the mothers’ voices? 99. When infants look to their parents to determine their own emotions in ambiguous situations, they are using A) social referencing. B) self-conscious emotions. C) mutual gaze. D) coordinated imitation. Answer: A) social referencing. Social referencing is the tendency of infants and children to look for emotional cues from parents and other caregivers to get information in uncertain situations. 100. Thirteen-month-old Kayla is learning to walk alone. When walking across the kitchen, she falls. Kayla immediately looks at her father, who seems worried. Kayla starts to cry. This demonstrates A) self-conscious emotions. B) social referencing. C) mutual gaze. D) Kayla's secure attachment. Answer: B) social referencing. Social referencing is the tendency of infants and children to look for emotional cues from parents and other caregivers to get information in uncertain situations. 101. Josh's mom is carrying him from the grocery store to their car when a strange looking homeless man approaches her. Josh looks at his mother's worried face and begins crying. This is an example of A) sensitive responsiveness. B) goodness of fit. C) social referencing. D) Josh's temperament. Answer: C) social referencing. Social referencing is the tendency of infants and children to look for emotional cues from parents and other caregivers to get information in uncertain situations. 102. When it comes to processing emotional expressions in people’s faces, the brains of _____ respond in ways that are similar to the brains of adults. A) 7-month-olds B) 1-year-olds C) 18-month-olds D) 2-year-olds Answer: A) 7-month-olds 103. Self-conscious emotions begin to emerge by A) 15 months. B) 6 months. C) 2 years. D) 3 years. Answer: A) 15 months. 104. Emotions that relate to a person's self-image are called A) primary emotions. B) self-conscious emotions. C) negative emotions. D) coordinated emotions. Answer: B) self-conscious emotions. 105. Before self-conscious emotions occur, the young child must have A) sensitive responsiveness. B) no sense of his/her own identity. C) a sense of what others expect. D) no sense of what others expect. Answer: C) a sense of what others expect. For self-conscious emotions to emerge, the toddler must first have a sense of his own identity and a sense of what others expect of him. 106. Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion? A) pride B) fear C) surprise D) frustration Answer: A) pride 107. Roberto, age 2, puts on his socks by himself as his mother watches. The pride he feels in this achievement is A) self-conscious emotion. B) social referencing. C) coordinated imitation. D) emotional contagion. Answer: A) self-conscious emotion. Self-conscious emotions are those that relate to people’s self-images or what people think about themselves; they include shame, embarrassment, guilt, and pride. 108. While Marissa's mother answers the telephone, Marissa tries to pour her own juice. Marissa, who is only 2 1/2, can't manage the large bottle and it spills all over the floor. Which self-conscious emotion is Marissa likely to feel? A) surprise B) sadness C) guilt D) embarrassment Answer: C) guilt Self-conscious emotions are those that relate to people’s self-images or what people think about themselves; they include shame, embarrassment, guilt, and pride. 109. While Marissa's mother answers the telephone, Marissa tries to pour her own juice. Marissa, who is only 2 1/2, can't manage the large bottle and it spills all over the floor. If her siblings or others are watching which self-conscious emotion is Marissa likely to feel? A) surprise B) sadness C) guilt D) embarrassements Answer: D) embarrassment. Self-conscious emotions are those that relate to people’s self-images or what people think about themselves; they include shame, embarrassment, guilt, and pride. 110. If a child makes frequent mistakes, believing that he is a “bad boy,” he might feel A) shame. B) sadness. C) guilt. D) embarrassed. Answer: A) shame. If he makes frequent mistakes, he might feel shame, believing that he is a “bad boy.” 111. At what age do infants typically show interest in other infants? A) 2 months B) 4 months C) 6 months D) 12 months Answer: A) 2 months 112. The first interactions infants typically have with each other is A) sensorimotor play. B) symbolic play. C) coordinated imitation. D) mutual gaze. Answer: D) mutual gaze. Mutual gaze is one of the early social interactions in infancy. 113. By 6 months of age, infants interact with each other in all of the following ways EXCEPT A) babbling. B) smiling. C) touching each other. D) coordinated imitation. Answer: D) coordinated imitation. 114. Shayna is 3 months old. Her mother's best friend from high school is visiting with her 4-month-old son, Manuel. Shayna and Manuel look at each other intently. This is an example of A) emotional contagion. B) mutual gaze. C) self-conscious emotion. D) sensitive responsiveness. Answer: B) mutual gaze. Mutual gaze is one of the early social interactions in infancy. 115. By what age do infants typically reach out and grasp small objects? A) 3 months B) 6 months C) 9 months D) 12 months Answer: A) 3 months 116. By what age do infants typically play by imitating each other and sharing toys? A) 6 months B) 9 months C) 12 months D) 2 years Answer: C) 12 months 117. Infants who have more opportunities to interact with peers A) have higher levels of social skills. B) show less mutual gaze. C) have more conflicts. D) are more self-conscious. Answer: A) have higher levels of social skills. When infants have more exposure to other infants their age, they show more frequency and skill in their social interactions than infants with less exposure to peers. 118. The play that is typical of young infants involves practicing using their senses and developing their movement skills. This type of play is called A) preoperational play. B) sensorimotor play. C) coordinated imitation. D) symbolic play. Answer: B) sensorimotor play. 119. The first noticeable signs of play activity in young infants is A) using toys appropriately. B) imitating other infants. C) repeating actions with their own bodies. D) intent eye contact. Answer: C) repeating actions with their own bodies. The first noticeable signs of play involve activities infants discover with their own bodies. 120. Three-month-old Alex is lying in his crib. As he moves, he accidentally gets his foot in his mouth. He laughs and puts his foot in his mouth again. This activity is called A) assimilation. B) sensorimotor play. C) fine motor skills. D) symbolic play. Answer: B) sensorimotor play. Sensorimotor play evolves mostly around the practice of sensory activity and the development of new motor actions. 121. Around 3 months of age, infants' hand-eye coordination improves. Their play typically involves A) small objects. B) large objects. C) household objects. D) their own bodies. Answer: A) small objects. Small objects can now be grasped. 122. When playing, 6-month-olds typically A) pay attention to the characteristics of each object. B) treat all objects the same way. C) begin symbolic play. D) imitate their older siblings. Answer: B) treat all objects the same way. At 6 months, babies incorporate every object into the action pattern they prefer at the moment. 123. Six-month-old Ryoko is given a plastic spoon to play with. She bangs it against her high chair. Her grandmother hands her a soft doll. What is Ryoko likely to do with the doll? A) hug it B) try to feed it C) bang it against her high chair D) put it in her mouth Answer: C) bang it against her high chair. At 6 months, babies incorporate every object into the action pattern they prefer at the moment. 124. Mr. Chen gives his 10-month-old a ball. Which of the following is the infant MOST LIKELY to do? A) put it in her mouth B) throw it C) bang it on the floor D) walk over and kick the ball Answer: B) throw it. At 9 months, however, infants pay more attention to the specific features of objects and begin treating objects differently. 125. Toys that respond to the infant's actions, such as a jack-in-the-box, A) discourage learning of cause-and-effect relationships. B) won’t allow the infant to be in control. C) teach them that the environment is responding to them. D) create passive children. Answer: C) teach them that the environment is responding to them. They recognize that they are having an influence on their environment and that the environment is now responding to them. 126. Which of the following objects would be MOST interesting to a 10-month-old child? A) Tickle Me Elmo B) wind-up crib mobile C) blocks D) plastic car Answer: A) Tickle Me Elmo. Children at this age especially delight in toys that respond to their own actions. 127. Interactions during which toddlers take turns copying each other, and are aware they are being copied, are called A) symbolic play. B) sociodramatic play. C) coordinated imitation. D) sensorimotor imitation. Answer: C) coordinated imitation. 128. Coordinated imitation typically becomes much more frequent at the age of A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 4. Answer: B) 2. 129. The earliest games played by toddlers usually involve A) concrete operational thought. B) taking turns imitating each other. C) banging objects. D) dropping objects Answer: B) taking turns imitating each other. Toddler playmates take turns imitating each other. 130. Which of the following are common games for toddlers? A) stacking and toppling blocks B) listening to nursery rhymes C) crawling D) waving their hands Answer: A) stacking and toppling blocks Common games are stacking and toppling blocks; throwing and catching; putting toys in a pail and pouring; requesting, receiving, and returning items; running and chasing; and climbing and jumping. 131. Two toddlers are on a playground. Katie crawls through the pipe tunnel and yells "Look at me!" Sarah crawls through the tunnel too and then yells "Look at me!" Katie climbs the slide and shouts "Look at me!" before sliding down. Sarah climbs the slide, yells "Look at me!" and slides down. The girls are engaging in A) coordinated imitation. B) symbolic play. C) social referencing. D) emotional contagion. Answer: A) coordinated imitation. Interaction in which toddler playmates take turns imitating each other and are aware that they are being imitated is called coordinated imitation. 132. Interactions between toddlers help children A) acquire social skills. B) learn to be the boss. C) stick up for their own interests. D) learn to always play the same way. Answer: A) acquire social skills. These early interactions help children to acquire important social skills such as learning to play as equals, maintaining fun and interest for both players, and adapting to the characteristics of different playmates. 133. Toddlers choose playmates largely based on A) goodness of fit. B) convenience. C) similar interests. D) similar personalities. Answer: B) convenience. 134. Which of the following is a quality of a true friendship? A) It is one-sided. B) It persists over time. C) It is based on the other child's toys. D) You were coerced into it. Answer: B) It persists over time. True friendship is mutual, voluntary, and close, and it persists over time. 135. By _____ years of age, pairs of children begin to select each other as mutually preferred playmates. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 C) 5 Answer: A) 2 136. According to the Professional Perspective in Chapter 6, what influences the kinds of toys companies manufacture for babies? A) social benefits of the toy B) the toys' ability to stimulate the senses C) types of materials available to make the toys D) cost of supplies Answer: B) the toys' ability to stimulate the senses 137. According to Susan Tice, in order to be a product manager you need at least a _____ degree. A) high school B) community college C) bachelor’s D) master’s Answer: C) bachelor’s 138. According to the toy company executive interviewed in "Perspective Professional," how is child development research used by toy manufacturers? A) They must know what characters are popular with children of each age group. B) They must know what skills a child of a certain age has developed. C) They must know how technology is important to children of each age group. D) They must know how much parents will spend for a toy. Answer: B) They must know what skills a child of a certain age has developed. 139. Conflicts among toddlers are common. What is the typical cause of these conflicts? A) different temperament types B) struggles over toys C) a lack of goodness of fit D) a dominant personality Answer: B) struggles over toys 140. The researchers found that 2-year-old playmates averaged just over _____ instances of conflict for every 15-minute session. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 Answer: A) 2 141. Children who lose in a conflict are more likely to A) give in. B) fight physically. C) start another conflict. D) make friends with someone else. Answer: C) start another conflict. Children who lose in a conflict are more likely to start another conflict. 142. Which of the following is the BEST way to help toddlers resolve peer disputes? A) distracting them with another activity B) asking them to imagine how the other child feels C) making them feel ashamed of fighting D) resolve toddlers' peer disputes for them. Answer: A) distracting them with another activity 143. The best example of the symbolic play of a 12-month-old would be which of the following? A) Safi pretends to row a boat using a mop and a broom as oars. B) Emily climbs into her parents' bed and sings. C) Marcus uses toy dishes to pretend he is eating. D) Yuki puts on her mothers' shoes and carries her diaper bag to pretend she is going to work. Answer: C) Marcus uses toy dishes to pretend he is eating. They might lie on the floor with a small blanket and pretend to go to sleep or use toy dishes to pretend to eat. 144. Between 2 and 3 years old, how does children's symbolic play change? A) They primarily engage in sensorimotor play. B) They can pretend an object is something else. C) They no longer use imitation. D) They stop playing make-believe games. Answer: B) They can pretend an object is something else. By two to three years of age, toddlers pretend that an object is something else. 147. Early symbols begin to emerge between _____ as toddlers pretend to act out common activities. A) 10 and 12 months B) 12 and 14 months C) 14 and 16 months D) 16 and 18 months Answer: B) 12 and 14 months 146. In the opening story Christopher’s temperament appears to be A) difficult. B) insecure-avoidant. C) slow to warm up. D) easy. Answer: C) slow to warm up. It does not appear that Christopher has a difficult temperament. He might be slow to warm up. 147. Ainsworth believed that the key to an infant’s attachment style was the quality of _____ and the infant’s interaction with his or her caregiver in the first year of life. A) parenting B) breastfeeding C) stimulation D) temperament Answer: A) parenting 6.2 True/False Questions 1. Infants only have emotional attachments to the people who provide their primary care. Answer: True 2. Harlow's experiments demonstrated that contact comfort is important to infant monkeys. Answer: True 3. Using the Strange Situation, the most reliable indicator of secure attachment is how the baby responds when the mother returns to the room. Answer: True 4. Ainsworth's research supports the idea that parents who respond quickly to their babies spoil them. Answer: False 5. Research has found that culture does influence attachment in infants. Answer: True 6. In the United States, attachment patterns show variability by ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Answer: True 7. Thomas and Chess identified three main types of temperament in young children. Answer: True 8. Research has found that 90% of the variation in temperament is due to genetics. Answer: False 9. Kagan found shy children to be behaviorally inhibited. Answer: True 10. Infants cannot mimic the facial expressions of adults until 5 months of age. Answer: False 11. By age 1, infants are able to discern and understand basic emotions expressed by others. Answer: True 12. Self-conscious emotions emerge around 6 months of age. Answer: False 13. Infants are all the same in their level of social responsiveness. Answer: False 14. At 6 months old, infants learn to treat objects differently depending on the features of the object. Answer: False 15. Infants particularly like toys that respond to their actions. Answer: True 16. By 9 months old, babies can adjust their play to fit the characteristics of the toy. Answer: True 17. A longitudinal study found that young children who are successful at maintaining friendships were more cooperative when playing with others. Answer: True 18. Most toddler conflicts are about toys. Answer: True 19. Symbolic play does not appear until age 4. Answer: False 6.3 Short Answer: Questions 1. ________, ________ and ________ are behaviors that infants use to bring adults closer to them. Answer: Smiling, crying, calling 2. According to Ainsworth, the quality of ________ during infancy determines the type of attachment. Answer: parenting 3. Infants with secure attachments tend to display more ________ behaviors than those with insecure attachments. Answer: positive 4. In Thomas and Chess's original study, only 10% of the children were classified as having a ________ temperament. Answer: difficult 5. Goodness of fit refers to the compatibility of the child's ________ and his /her ________. Answer: temperament, environment 6. Andrew is a very "nervous" child. He is shy and easily frightened. His parents are very experienced from raising his three older siblings. They are patient with Andrew and help him calm down. Andrew and his parents have ________ between his temperament and their parenting. Answer: goodness of fit 7. The tendency of the emotional cues displayed by one person to generate similar emotional states in another person is called ________. Answer: emotion contagion 8. Emotions related to people's thoughts about themselves are called ________ emotions. Answer: self-conscious 9. Infants one year and under practice sensory activities and movement using their own bodies. This is called ________ play. Answer: sensorimotor 10. In coordinated imitation, toddlers not only take turns imitating each other, but they also become ________ that they are being imitated. Answer: aware 11. Most conflicts between toddlers occur because of struggles over ________. Answer: toys 12. According to Piaget's theory, symbolic play occurs when ________ emerges. Answer: symbolic thinking 6.4 Essay Questions 1. Summarize Bowlby's ethological theory, highlighting the influence of evolution. How did Harlow's and Ainsworth's research add to what Bowlby theorized? Answer: Bowlby's theory states that attachment comes from behaviors that increase the baby's chance of survival. Infants use smiling, crying, and seeking to stay near their caregivers. Harlow showed it is contact comfort, not just food as oral gratification or reinforcement, that causes attachment. Ainsworth demonstrated that stranger anxiety and separation anxiety keep infants near their caregivers, which ensures safety and survival. 2. Describe the experiments performed by Harlow to investigate attachment in infant monkeys. What was the significant finding from his work? Answer: Students should explain the groups used in the research and the observed results, as well as specifically addressing the issue of contact comfort. Infants were separated from their mothers and raised with 2 types of surrogates: wire mesh and cloth. Food was available from one of the two surrogates. Even when the wire surrogate provided food, infants spent the most time with the cloth mother. When a feared stimulus was introduced into the cage, infants went to the cloth mother. Contact comfort was more important to the infants than which mother provided food. Harlow conducted experiments with infant monkeys to investigate attachment by using two surrogate mothers: one made of wire that provided milk, and one covered with soft cloth that did not provide milk. The significant finding from Harlow's work was that infant monkeys spent more time clinging to the cloth mother for comfort and security, even though the wire mother provided food. This demonstrated that the need for affection and comfort (contact comfort) was more crucial for attachment than the need for food, highlighting the importance of emotional bonds in development. 3. Explain attachment and how Ainsworth's Strange Situation is used to measure it in infants. Include a description of the types of attachments this procedure can reveal. Answer: Students should define attachment, explain the main steps in the Strange Situation procedure, and describe the 4 types of attachments. • Attachment is the emotional tie between an infant and the specific person or people who provide the infant's primary care. • The procedure systematically exposes the infant to an unfamiliar situation involving a stranger and separation of the infant from the caregiver. 4 types of attachment: • Secure attachment is healthy attachment wherein the infant is upset when separated from its caregiver, shows wariness of strangers, and uses the caregiver as a base for exploration. • Insecure-avoidant is an unhealthy type of attachment where infants do not use their caregiver as a base for exploration, are not distressed by separation from their caregivers, and do not prefer their caregivers over unfamiliar adults. • Insecure-resistant is an unhealthy attachment that is demonstrated by infants seeking proximity to their caregivers but not gaining comfort from contact with their caregivers. • Insecure-disorganized is an unhealthy type of attachment indicated when infants seem dazed or confused, or show contradictory behaviors in the Strange Situation. 4. Describe the parent, infant, and cultural factors associated with attachment. Answer: Student should describe parenting styles, infant characteristics, and cultural influences. • Parenting style • warm and responsive, indifferent, inconsistent/abusive • Infant characteristics • alertness, activity level, mood/temperament, special needs/handicapping conditions • Cultural • expectations of a specific society for infant behavior, experiences in that society for interaction with strangers and separation from caregivers 5. Explain what temperament is and describe the three types of temperaments identified by Thomas and Chess. Answer: Temperament is the infant/child's behavioral style or primary pattern of reacting to the environment. Three types of temperament: • Easy temperament is when a child has mostly positive moods, is adaptive and flexible, and has a regular pattern of eating and sleeping. • Difficult temperament is when a child is frequently negative, withdraws from new situations, is slow to adapt to change, and shows irregular eating and sleeping patterns • Slow to warm up temperament is when a child has mildly negative responses to new stimuli/situations, but with repeated exposure, gradually develops a quiet and positive interest. 6. Your cousin knows you are taking a child development course. She e-mails you asking for advice on handling her 2-year-old. From Chapter 6, you now realize that the child has a difficult temperament. Based on what you learned in Chapter 6, what advice could you give her on dealing with this child? Answer: Students should apply the information on difficult temperament, explain goodness of fit, and give concrete suggestions for dealing with a difficult toddler. • Describe difficult temperament in terms of irregular eating and sleeping routines, negative mood, withdrawal from new situations/stimuli, dislike of changes. • Explain goodness of fit as either matching of child's and parent's temperament or complementarity of child's temperament and parenting style. • Concrete suggestions for dealing with a difficult child: • patient, supportive, nurturing parenting • structured routines in daily life • allow child time to adapt to new situations/stimuli without rushing him/her • as child matures, teach him/her to control expressions of temperament • with age, help child gain insight into own temperament and use that insight to adapt to the environment 7. Describe how Sorce et al. (1985) used the visual cliff to demonstrate that infants understand the meaning of basic emotions expressed by their mothers. Answer: Students should include all the main steps in the experimental procedure and summarize the significant results. Procedure: • 12-month-olds were put on the shallow side and a toy on the deep side. • Infants looked to their mothers before going to the deep side. • Mothers were instructed to systematically display happy, sad, interested, angry, and fearful expressions. Results: • Infants did not cross to the deep side when their mothers showed fearful expressions. • Many infants crossed to the deep side when their mothers showed positive emotions. 8. Outline the progression of peer social interactions from infancy through age 3. Answer: Students should include the following stages in their responses. 2 months—mutual gaze 6 months—babble, smile, touch each other 12 months—seek each other, follow, talk 2 years—coordinated imitation, choose preferred playmates, conflicts are common 3 years—make-believe play and symbolic play The progression of peer social interactions from infancy through age 3 typically follows these stages: 1. Infancy (0-1 year): • Parallel Play: Infants play alongside other children without direct interaction, often observing and imitating each other. 2. Toddlerhood (1-2 years): • Simple Parallel Play: Toddlers engage in similar activities near each other, occasionally observing but not interacting directly. • Emerging Social Play: Brief interactions begin, such as offering toys or simple gestures, but play is still largely independent. 3. Early Childhood (2-3 years): • Associative Play: Children start to interact more directly, sharing toys and participating in similar activities, though without coordinated efforts. • Cooperative Play: By age 3, more complex social interactions develop, including role-playing and games with rules, indicating increased cooperation and shared goals. These stages reflect the growing complexity of social skills and interactions as children develop cognitively and emotionally. 6.5 MyDevelopmentLab Questions 1. Encoding, or organizing sensory information so that the nervous system can process it, is a key function of A) short-term storage. B) working memory. C) long-term memory. D) sensory memory. Answer: D) sensory memory Encoding or organizing sensory information so that the nervous system can process it is a key function of sensory memory. 2. The ability to recognize other’s emotional states is important to our survival. We are all genetically programmed to express our emotions and our facial expressions in the same ways. After reviewing the video “Recognizing Basic Emotions” discuss why natives from another country would be able to tell what emotion you are expressing without language. Answer: We are all genetically programmed to express our emotions and our facial expressions in the same ways, and also to automatically associate certain facial expressions with the emotions that they represent. Natives from another country would be able to tell what emotion you are expressing without language because facial expressions of basic emotions are universally recognized. According to research by psychologists like Paul Ekman, humans are genetically programmed to express and recognize primary emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust in the same ways. These universal expressions are consistent across different cultures, allowing people from diverse backgrounds to accurately interpret each other's emotional states based on facial cues alone, without the need for spoken language. 3. After watching the video “Temperament,” give at least one example from each child’s clip that helped you to identify the child’s temperament. Answer: Answers will vary but must include examples for the easy child, the slow-to-warm up child, and the difficult child. Based on the video “Temperament,” here are examples for identifying each child’s temperament: 1. Easy Child: The child transitions smoothly between activities, displays a generally happy mood, and adapts well to new situations and people. 2. Difficult Child: The child shows intense reactions to changes, is easily upset by disruptions, and exhibits irregular eating and sleeping patterns. 3. Slow-to-Warm-Up Child: The child is initially hesitant or shy in new environments or with new people, gradually becoming more comfortable and engaged over time. These behaviors provide clear indicators of each child's temperament type. Test Bank for The World of Children Joan Littlefield Cook, Greg Cook 9780205953738
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