CH-6 Early Childhood – Human Development: A Cultural Approach : Exam Guide

Chapter 6 Early Childhood Section 1 Physical Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. From ages 3 to 6 the typical American child grows _______________ inches per year and adds _______________ pounds. A. 1–3; 1–5 B. 2–3; 5–7 C. 6–9; 7–10 D. 9–12; 9–12 Answer: B 2. When Andrew turns 3 years old, one can expect him to weigh _______________. A. 20 pounds B. 30 pounds C. 40 pounds D. 50 pounds Answer: B. 30 pounds Correct: The typical 3-year-old weighs about 30 pounds. C. 40 pounds Incorrect: The typical 3-year-old weighs about 30 pounds. 3. The typical 6-year-old is about how tall? A. 15 inches B. 30 inches C. 45 inches D. 60 inches Answer: C 4. The typical 6-year-old weighs about _______________. A. 25 pounds B. 35 pounds C. 45 pounds D. 55 pounds Answer: C 5. Mehrak lives in America and is 45 inches tall and weighs 45 pounds. She is in good health and her pediatrician says she is developing at a normal pace. Knowing her height and weight it is safe to say that Mehrak is around _______________. A. 2 years old B. 4 years old C. 6 years old D. 8 years old. Answer: C. 6 years old Correct: The typical American 6-year-old child is about 45 inches tall and weighs about 45 pounds. D. 8 years old. Incorrect: Children in developing nations tend to be a little smaller; therefore a child in Cambodia who was 8 years old could be 45 inches tall and 45 pounds in weight, but it is not likely in the U.S. 6. During childhood, boys are slightly _______________ than girls. A. shorter and lighter B. taller and heavier C. fatter and smaller D. more sympathetic and sensitive Answer: B 7. _______________ in developing countries causes a considerably lower average for height and weight during early childhood. A. Higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases B. Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid C. Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases D. Higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid Answer: C. Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases Correct: Due to these reasons, as seen in Bangladesh, a 6-year-old child is comparable in physical size to that of an average 4-year-old in Sweden. B. Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid Incorrect: In developing countries, average heights and weights in early childhood are considerably lower, due to lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases. 8. Why are the average heights and weights of children in early childhood in developing countries considerably lower than developed countries? A. poor nutrition and diseases B. poor school lunches and poorly trained teachers C. children in developing countries are obese D. genetically the heights of these children are at maximum Answer: A. poor nutrition and diseases Correct: In developing countries, average heights and weights in early childhood are considerably lower, due to lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases. C. children in developing countries are obese Incorrect: Although many children in developed countries are obese, children in developing countries do not have access to good nutrition or medical care 9. Compared to the average 4-year-old in Sweden, how tall is the average 6-year-old in Bangladesh? A. four times taller B. three times taller C. twice as tall D. the same height Answer: D 10. Wealthier parents have children who weigh more and are taller because _______________. A. they can pay maids to feed their children B. have access to more nutritional foods C. allow their children to eat at fast-food restaurants D. wealthier parents are generally genetically much taller Answer: B. have access to more nutritional foods Correct: Wealthier people have more access to nutritional foods, so their children are taller and weigh more than poorer children of the same age. D. wealthier parents are generally genetically much taller Incorrect: Genetics do not explain these differences. Wealthier people have more access to nutritional foods, which affect child growth. 11. How many teeth does the average 3-year-old have? A. 12 B. 20 C. 32 D. 40 Answer: B 12. Layla is 3 years old. How many teeth would you expect her to have? A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25 Answer: C. 20 Correct: By their third birthday, most children have a full set of 20 teeth. A. 10 Incorrect: By their third birthday, most children have a full set of 20 teeth. 13. Children begin to lose their “baby teeth” around age _______________. A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8 Answer: C 14. Vladimir is 3 years old and preparing for his first dental visit. Beyond a routine cleaning Vladimir may also be given _______________. A. Novocain for his incoming molars B. a fluoride rinse and sealants C. water that is fortified with calcium D. teeth-whitening gum Answer: B. a fluoride rinse and sealants Correct: In developed countries, it is increasingly common for children’s dental care to include fluoride rinses and sealants. C. water that is fortified with calcium Incorrect: Fluoride, not calcium, is added to most metropolitan water systems in developed nations, but it is not routinely issued at a dental visit. 15. What percentage of North American children have at least one dental cavity by age five years? A. 5% B. 10% C. 20% D. 40% Answer: D 16. Your neighbor’s daughter seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals. Her parents are worried about this and ask you. What would you tell her parents? A. She is very likely to get cavities. B. Sugar and starches are good for growing children. C. Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development. D. Most children today eat like this and it is not likely to be a problem. Answer: A. She is very likely to get cavities. Correct: Eating sweets is not only likely to cause cavities, but is also related to nutritional deficiencies. D. Most children today eat like this and it is not likely to be a problem. Incorrect: Eating sweets is not only likely to cause cavities, but is also related to nutritional deficiencies. 17. By age 3, the brain is about _______________ of its adult weight, and by age 6 it is _______________. A. 50%; 70% B. 60%; 80% C. 70%; 90% D. 80%; 100% Answer: C 18. _______________ lobe grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood. A. The frontal B. The parietal C. The occipital D. The temporal Answer: A 19. Your brother is very impressed with his 4-year-old daughter’s development, particularly in emotional regulation. He asks your opinion about his observations and you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to _______________. A. superior genetics B. growth in her frontal lobe C. superior parenting D. the new preschool that she is now attending Answer: B. growth in her frontal lobe Correct: The advances are due to maturation of the neurological system. C. superior parenting Incorrect: The advances are due to maturation of the neurological system. 20. Increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to ____? A. cerebral spinal fluid B. the increase in blood volume C. the number of neurons D. dendritic connections and myelination Answer: D 21. _______________ is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. A. Corpus callosum B. Reticular formation C. Hippocampus D. Amygdala Answer: A 22. Which of the following is a structure at the base of the brain that is involved in balance and motor movement? A. cerebellum B. reticular formation C. hippocampus D. corpus callosum Answer: A 23. Yvette was diagnosed with Lyme disease and is having difficulty with balance, walking a straight line, and simple motor movements. Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing the above mentioned symptoms? A. the cerebellum B. the reticular formation C. the hippocampus D. the corpus callosum Answer: A. the cerebellum Correct: Lyme disease is known for its effect on the cerebellum which in turn impedes motor movement and balance. D. the corpus callosum Incorrect: The cerebellum is a structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movements. 24. Four-year-old Heinz is getting much better at jumping, running, climbing, and throwing a ball. It is clear that his ______________ is developing. A. hippocampus B. reticular formation C. temporal lobe D. cerebellum Answer: D. cerebellum Correct: The cerebellum is primarily responsible for balance and motor movement. C. temporal lobe Incorrect: The temporal lobe is more so implicated with auditory processing, for the auditory cortex is located here. 25. What is the brain system that is involved in attention? A. cerebellum B. hippocampus C. reticular formation D. corpus callosum Answer: C 26. Your neighbor has a 5-year-old son. He has been taking him to story time at the library, but his son is having a very difficult time sitting still even for ten minutes. What would you tell him about his son’s brain development? He should be able to sit through the entire story time once what brain structure develops more fully? A. reticular formation B. hippocampus C. corpus callosum D. cerebellum Answer: A. reticular formation Correct: The reticular formation is a part of the brain involved in attention. B. hippocampus Incorrect: This system is involved in memory. 27. Which of the following is a part of the brain that is involved in attention and is responsible for an increased attention span during early childhood? A. orbital cortex B. reticular formation C. limbic system D. cerebellum Answer: B 28. On average, a 4- or 5-year-old child has an attention span of _______________. A. 1–2 minutes B. 5–10 minutes C. 10–15 minutes D. 15–30 minutes Answer: C 29. _______________ is involved in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory. A. The hippocampus B. The reticular formation C. The temporal lobe D. The cerebellum Answer: A 30. _______________ is the inability to remember anything prior to age 2. A. Infantile amnesia B. Childhood disease C. Toddler amnesia D. Baby amnesia Answer: A 31. Your roommate and you are discussing your early childhoods. She is getting very frustrated because she cannot remember anything that happened to her before about age 2. She remembers stories that her parents told her about when she was younger, but she does not actually remember those memories herself. What would you tell her? The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is common and is referred to as _______________. A. brain damage B. false memories C. childhood forgetfulness D. infantile amnesia Answer: D. infantile amnesia Correct: The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is known as infantile amnesia. C. childhood forgetfulness Incorrect: The inability to remember anything prior to age 2 is known as infantile amnesia. 32. As the rate of physical growth _______________ in early childhood, food consumption _______________. A. increases; grows as well B. remains the same; is constant C. slows down; diminishes as well D. increases; slows down Answer: C 33. Your 5-year-old daughter has really not eaten very much during the past couple of days. You are a bit worried, but after thinking about your developmental course, you remember that 5-year-old children _______________. A. rarely eat until their 6th birthday B. sometimes do not really eat very much. She will probably be eating quite a bit tomorrow C. experience serious changes in their taste buds during this time and might avoid eating D. are likely sneaking in snacks between meals. You will need to watch her carefully Answer: B. sometimes do not really eat very much. She will probably be eating quite a bit tomorrow Correct: Appetites vary a lot from day to day in early childhood, so there is no need to worry. C. experience serious changes in their taste buds during this time and might avoid eating Incorrect: No changes in taste occur during this time. 34. Your 5-year-old son has not been eating a balanced diet lately even though you provide well-balanced meals for him. To get him to eat his vegetables, you tell him that if he eats all of his vegetables you will let him have his dessert. Although many parents in American culture bribe their children in this manner, what is the likely result? A. Children learn to eat a balanced diet. B. Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables. C. Bribing children to eat their vegetables actually contributes to childhood obesity. D. Children refuse to eat vegetables unless they get sweet treats before eating vegetables. Answer: C. Bribing children to eat their vegetables actually contributes to childhood obesity. Correct: The assumption that young children like only high fat and sugar foods also leads parents to bribe their children to eat healthier foods, which leads the children to view healthy foods as a trial and unhealthy foods as a reward—a practice that contributes to childhood obesity. B. Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables. Incorrect: Children do not start eating more vegetables as a result 35. _______________ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in the United States. A. Fluoride B. Folic acid C. Calcium D. Iron Answer: C 36. What proportion of 3-year-old American children receive less than the recommended amount of calcium? A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 2/3 D. 1/2 Answer: A 37. Which of the following elements is responsible for the growth of strong bones and teeth? A. calcium B. zinc C. fluoride D. potassium Answer: A 38. As a result of children in the United States drinking more soft drinks, they are drinking _______________. A. less milk, which is contributing to calcium deficiencies B. more fruit juice, which is very healthy C. kinderbeer, which contributes to alcoholism later in life D. less fruit juice, which leads to vitamin deficiencies Answer: A 39. What is the percentage of children in developing countries who are malnourished? A. 80% B. 60% C. 40% D. 20% Answer: A 40. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that _______________ of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients. A. 40% B. 60% C. 80% D. 100% Answer: C 41. Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations? A. lack of protein and lack of iron B. lack of calcium and lack of iron C. lack of potassium and lack of zinc D. lack of folic acid and lack of fat Answer: A 42. Iron deficiency is also known as _______________. A. kwashiorkor B. anemia C. osteoporosis D. marasmus Answer: B 43. What deficiency is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries and leads to fatigue, irritability, and difficulty sustaining attention? A. iron B. calcium C. phosphorus D. beta carotine Answer: A 44. Fatigue, irritability, and difficulty sustaining attention are all symptoms of _______________. A. kwashiorkor B. anemia C. osteoporosis D. marasmus Answer: B 45. Pneumonia, malaria, and measles are common causes of death for children in _______________. A. developing nations B. developed nations C. collective cultures D. individualistic cultures Answer: A. developing nations Correct: The most common cause of death for children in developing nations is illness and disease. B. developed nations Incorrect: In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is accidents. 46. Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths. Why? Because lack of sufficient food _______________. A. slows the development of myelination B. increases the likelihood of failure to thrive C. reduces the effectiveness of the immune system D. increases competition for calories and children lose out Answer: C. reduces the effectiveness of the immune system Correct: Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths, because lack of sufficient food reduces the effectiveness of the body’s immune system. B. increases the likelihood of failure to thrive Incorrect: Failure to thrive occurs in addition to adequate food sources 47. The mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced in developing nations as a result of which of the following factors? A. increased parental education and increased level of income B. increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations C. increased parental income and increased level of education D. increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations Answer: D 48. A friend is worried about his son who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. What would you tell him to help him worry less? This behavior is very typical because his son’s _______________. A. motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous B. motor development is not yet very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents C. visual processing is lagging behind his motor development and he simply cannot see very well D. attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father’s warnings to be careful Answer: A. motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous Correct: Children in early childhood have high activity levels and their motor development is advanced enough for them to be able to run, jump, and climb, but their cognitive development is not yet advanced enough for them to anticipate situations that might be dangerous. B. motor development is not yet very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents Incorrect: Motor development has advanced enough at this point; his son’s lack of cognitive development does not allow him to foresee situations that might lead to injury. 49. In the United States, each year _______________ of children under age 10 become injured badly enough to need medical attention. A. 1/4 B. 1/2 C. 1/3 D. 2/3 Answer: C 50. In developed countries what is the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood? A. falling down stairs B. parental abuse C. electric shock D. motor vehicle accidents Answer: D 51. Gunther is 5 years old and is in a hospital emergency room. Based upon statistics, which of the following is the most likely cause? A. a playground accident B. a fall C. a motor vehicle accident D. a bicycle accident Answer: C. a motor vehicle accident Correct: In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is motor vehicle accidents. B. a fall Incorrect: In developed countries, the most common cause of injury and death in early childhood is motor vehicle accidents. 52. Rates of early childhood injury and death due to accidents are _______________. A. lower in developing countries than in developed countries B. higher in developing countries than in developed countries C. higher in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures D. lower in collective cultures than in individualistic cultures Answer: B 53. In developing countries what is the most common cause of death in early childhood? A. parental abuse B. motor vehicle accidents C. illness and disease D. accidental burning Answer: C 54. Which of the following best describes gross motor development in early childhood? A. Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood. B. Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state. C. Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable. D. Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent upon fine motor development. Answer: A. Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood. Correct: In many ways, gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appeared in toddlerhood. C. Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable. Incorrect: Gross motor development is predictable during early childhood. 55. Kicking a soccer ball is an example of _______________. A. gross motor skills B. fine motor skills C. ambidextrous motor skills D. elementary motor skills Answer: A. gross motor skills Correct: Larger motions such as moving one’s leg are gross motor skills. B. fine motor skills Incorrect: Fine motor skills consist of fine movement, such as using one’s fingers. 56. Using a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper is an example of a _______________. A. gross motor skill B. fine motor skill C. ambidextrous motor skill D. elementary motor skill Answer: B. fine motor skill Correct: The fine details of a smiley face require fine motor skills. A. gross motor skill Incorrect: A large sweeping circle would be gross motor skill. 57. Your older brother’s college roommate is an artist. He was very much hoping that his 5-year-old daughter would grow up to be artistic as well. At this point, she can draw some shapes pretty well, like circles and triangles, but that is about it. He is a bit worried. What would you tell him? A. She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing. B. She probably will be a gifted athlete. C. She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills. D. She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing. Answer: C. She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills. Correct: By age 6, most children can draw shapes such as a circle or triangle. B. She probably will be a gifted athlete. Incorrect: There is no relationship between early motor skills and later advances in these skills. 58. Gross motor skills are to _______________ as fine motor skills are to _______________. A. throwing; writing B. writing; throwing C. running; jumping D. jumping; running Answer: A. throwing; writing Correct: Making sweeping motions with one arm is a gross motor skill, whereas using your fingers to write is a fine motor skill. B. writing; throwing Incorrect: This is the opposite of what is correct. 59. _______________ is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities. A. Dominancy B. Digital choice C. Handedness D. Ambidextrous Answer: C 60. When is the preference for using a particular hand first developed? A. during early childhood B. in infancy C. prenatally D. during middle childhood Answer: C 61. Similar to the percentage of right-handed adults, what percentage of fetuses use their right hand when sucking their thumb? A. 30% B. 50% C. 70% D. 90% Answer: D 62. In regards to handedness, adopted children show a greater resemblance to _______________. A. their biological parents B. their adoptive parents C. their biological siblings D. their adoptive siblings Answer: A 63. Identical twins have a _______________ genetic similarity and are more likely than ordinary siblings to _______________. A. 50%; differ in handedness B. 100%; differ in handedness C. 50%; be similar in handedness D. 100%; be similar in handedness Answer: B. 100%; differ in handedness Correct: Identical (monozygotic) twins share a 100% genetic similarity but surprisingly are more likely to differ in handedness. This may be due to their positioning in vitro. D. 100%; be similar in handedness Incorrect: Identical (monozygotic) twins share a 100% genetic similarity but surprisingly are more likely to differ in handedness. This may be due to their positioning in vitro. 64. The preference for using a particular hand probably occurs as a function of _______________. A. genetics B. training C. observational learning D. the fetus leaning on a particular side that frees up one hand or the other for movement Answer: D 65. In many cultures left-handedness is _______________. A. only appropriate for males B. acceptable for childhood but not adulthood C. regarded with acceptance and equality D. regarded with fear and contempt Answer: D. regarded with fear and contempt Correct: Many cultures regard left-handedness with fear and contempt. C. regarded with acceptance and equality Incorrect: In modern America left-handedness is more acceptable; however, historically, left-handedness is viewed as taboo and inferior. Short Answer Questions 66. Are there sex differences in height and weight between the ages of 3-6 years? Explain. Answer: Yes, boys are slightly taller and heavier than girls, but the average girl and the average boy are similar in height & weight. 67. Describe two changes in the brain that explain why Jamil, a 6-year-old, can listen attentively during library story hour and participate in the craft activity that follows it, but his 3-year-old sister, Anna, is more interested in walking around and exploring various sections of the library. Answer: Growth of the frontal lobe allows Jamil to plan and organize, skills that will help him make an art project. -he reticular formation is experiencing rapid myelination which leads to an increase in attention span. This explains why Jamil can focus on the story, whereas Anna moves from one stimulus to another. 68. Describe a nutritional problem that is more likely to be experienced in a developing country than a developed country. Include the consequences and what, if anything, can be done to avoid this problem. Answer: Anemia- caused by a lack of protein, this deficiency causes fatigue, irritability, and cognitive problems. If a child eats iron-rich foods such as meats, grains, brown rice, and certain vegetables such as beets and potatoes, this problem can be avoided. 69. Sabine is a 6-year-old girl from Great Britain: she has two siblings: Shiloh, her 3-year-old sister and Shamus, her 5-year-old brother. Describe one fine motor skill and one gross motor skill that Sabine is better at than her younger sister. Describe one skill that her brother is better at than his older sister. Explain. Answer: Sabine has much better fine motor coordination and can draw most letters in the alphabet and is especially good at writing her name. Shiloh is just beginning to try to try color inside lines, but she is still very messy and most of what she draws is unrecognizable. Sabine is able to cut using small scissors, but her sister can’t do this. Shamus is stronger than his older sister and can throw a ball harder and further. 70. Being right-handed is more common in Western countries such as the U.S. and Canada. Is this also the case in other parts of the world? Explain. Answer: Yes, being right handed is more common all over the world. In many cultures, the left hand is believed to be evil or dangerous. For example, in many Asian and Middle Eastern cultures, the left hand is supposed to be used for cleaning oneself after going to the bathroom. It may be that the left was considered inferior to the right because left-handedness is correlated with a number of problems, such as birth complications and learning disabilities. Essay Questions 71. What are two explanations for the inability to remember anything before age 2? Answer: Awareness of the self is not stable before this age, therefore information can not be effectively organized in a self-schema. -Memories are encoded in a narrative form; without words to describe events, the memories cannot be stored. Language development accelerates after age 2. -The hippocampus is not fully myelinated until age 5. 72. If you were a 3-year-old living in a developing country, such as Africa, what would be the most likely cause of death as a toddler? Is this different from the leading cause of death for toddlers in the U.S.? Explain. Answer: In developing countries, the leading cause of death in early childhood is disease. This is due to a number of factors: lack of medical care, poor nutrition that leads to a weak immune system and poor sanitation that increases chances of infection and death. Although young children in developing countries have higher rates of accidents than their age mates in developed countries, they are still most likely to die of some type of disease. The leading cause of death in developed countries is accidents. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-test 1. From ages 3 to 6 the typical American child adds _______________ pounds per year and grows _______________ inches. A. 5-7, 2-3 B. 1-5, 1-3 C. 7-10, 6-9 D. 9-12, 9-12 Answer: A 2. In developing countries, which of the following causes a considerably lower average height and weight during early childhood? A. Lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases B. Higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases C. Lower parental care and the lack of folic acid D. Higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid Answer: A 3. According to the text, compared to the average 4-year-old in Sweden, how tall is the average 6-year-old in Bangladesh? A. The same height B. Twice as tall C. Three times taller D. Four times taller Answer: A 4. According to the World Health Organization, what percent of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients? A. 80% B. 60% C. 40% D. 100% Answer: A 5. Which of the following is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities? A. Handedness B. Dominancy C. Digital choice D. Ambidextrous Answer: A 6. Fine motor skills are to _______________; whereas, gross motor skills are to _______________. A. writing; throwing B. throwing; writing C. jumping; running D. running; jumping Answer: A 7. According to the text, in many cultures left-handedness is _______________. A. regarded with fear and contempt B. regarded with acceptance and equality C. acceptable for childhood but not adulthood D. only appropriate for males Answer: A 8. When LaMar turns 3 years old, one can expect him to weigh _______________. A. 30 pounds B. 15 pounds C. 45 pounds D. 60 pounds Answer: A 9. Your niece seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals. Your sister and brother-in-law are worried about this and ask you what you think. What would you tell them? A. She is very likely to get cavities. B. Sugar and starches are good for growing children. C. Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development. D. Most children today eat like this and it is not likely to be a problem. Answer: A 10. Your neighbor has a five-year-old son. He has been taking him to story time at the library, but his son is having a very difficult time sitting even for ten minutes. You know his son's brain is still maturing and has not fully developed. Different areas of the brain develop at different times. Such areas are the prefrontal cortex, reticular formation, hippocampus, and the corpus callosum. His son should be able to sit through the entire story time once what brain structure develops more fully? A. Reticular formation B. Hippocampus C. Corpus callosum D. Cerebellum Answer: A Post-Test 1. Why do wealthier and higher SES people have children who weigh more and are taller? A. They have access to more nutritional foods. B. They can pay maids to feed their children. C. They allow their children to eat at more nutritious fast-food restaurants. D. Wealthier parents are genetically taller than non-wealthy parents. Answer: A 2. The average three-year old has _______________ teeth. A. 20 B. 14 C. 26 D. 32 Answer: A 3. According to the text, what brain structure plays the greatest role with attention? A. Reticular formation B. Cerebellum C. Hippocampus D. Corpus callosum Answer: A 4. Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations? A. Lack of protein and iron B. Lack of calcium and iron C. Lack of potassium and protein D. Lack of folic acid and fat Answer: A 5. Which of the following is the inability to remember anything prior to age 2? A. Infantile amnesia B. Toddler amnesia C. Baby amnesia D. Subcortical amnesia Answer: A 6. Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths. Why? Because malnourishment _______________. A. reduces the effectiveness of the immune system B. slows the development of myelination C. increases the likelihood of failure to thrive D. increases competition for calories and children lose out Answer: A 7. Playing soccer and kicking a ball are examples of _______________. A. gross motor skills B. fine motor skills C. ambidextrous motor skills D. elementary motor skills Answer: A 8. You neighbor is a successful artist. He would love for his 5 year-old daughter to grow up to be artistic as well. At this point, she can draw some shapes, like circles and triangles, but that is about it. Your neighbor is a bit worried. What would you tell him? A. She is developing in a very typical manner for fine motor skills. B. She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing. C. She probably will be a gifted athlete. D. She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing. Answer: A 9. Karen was diagnosed with Lyme Disease and is having difficulty with balance, walking a straight line, and simple motor movements. Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing the above mentioned symptoms? A. The cerebellum B. The pons C. The hippocampus D. The amygdala Answer: A 10. Your college roommate was born in war-torn Cambodia and immigrated to America at the age of two. Trying to understand his life you ask him what it was like in Cambodia. In response, he says he only knows what he has been told by his older brothers and sisters and cannot remember anything himself. You are not worried by his amnesic state because it is common for individuals not to recall the first few years of life due to infantile amnesia. What is clear is that your roommate's siblings are older than him and can recall their time in Cambodia. In regards to brain development and the encoding and retrieval of long-term memories, your roommate's siblings are at least _______________ years older than him. A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 9 Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. One can expect the average 3 year-old to weigh: A. 30 pounds. B. 20 pounds. C. 40 pounds. D. 50 pounds. Answer: A 2. Savannah lives in America and is 45 inches tall and weighs 45 pounds. Knowing her height and weight, it is safe to say that Savannah is around: A. 6 years old. B. 2 years old. C. 4 years old. D. 8 years old. Answer: A 3. Shameeka is 3 years old. How many teeth would you expect her to have? A. 20 B. 10 C. 16 D. 26 Answer: A 4. According to the text, what percent of North American children have at least one dental cavity by their fifth birthday? A. 40% B. 20% C. 60% D. 80% Answer: A 5. Your brother is very impressed with his daughter's development, particularly in emotional regulation. He asks your opinion about his observations. Having just completed your reading on brain development, you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to her _______________. A. growth in the frontal lobe B. superior genetics C. advanced temporal lobe D. rapidly developing occipital lobe Answer: A 6. _______________ are primarily responsible for the increase in brain size and weight during early childhood. A. Dendritic connections and myelination B. The number of neurons C. The increase in blood volume D. Cerebral spinal fluid Answer: A 7. In regards to handedness, adopted children show a greater resemblance to their _______________. A. biological parents B. adoptive parents C. biological siblings D. adoptive siblings Answer: A 8. One can see a preference for the use of a particular hand, handedness, over another as early as ______ A. the prenatal period B. in infancy C. during early childhood D. during middle childhood Answer: A 9. A child using a pencil to draw a picture of his or her family on a sheet of paper is an example of _______________. A. fine motor skills B. gross motor skills C. conditioned motor skills D. superficial motor skills Answer: A 10. In developing countries, _______________ is/are the most common cause of death in early childhood. A. illness and disease B. parental abuse C. motor vehicle accidents D. accidental burning Answer: A 11. Gunther is 5 years old, lives in a developed nation, and is in a hospital emergency room. Statistically speaking, which of the following is the most likely cause? A. a motor vehicle accident B. a fall C. a bicycle D. a playground Answer: A 12. Your friend is worried about his son who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. What would you tell him to help him worry less? This behavior is very typical because his son's _______________. A. motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous B. motor development is not very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents C. visual processing is lagging behind his motor development and he simply cannot see very well D. attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father's warnings to be careful Answer: A 13. In developing nations the mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced due to _______________. A. increased food production and increased childhood vaccinations B. increased parental income and increased level of education C. increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations D. increased parental education and increased level of income Answer: A 14. According to the text, symptoms of _______________ include fatigue, irritability, and difficulty sustaining attention. A. anemia B. osteoporosis C. marasmus D. lime-tic disease Answer: A 15. What is the percent of children in developing countries that are malnourished? A. 80% B. 60% C. 40% D. 20% Answer: A Quick Review 1. Which of the following structures of the brain is directly involved in the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory? A. The hippocampus B. The reticular formation C. The temporal lobe D. The pons Answer: A 2. Based on the text, the typical 6 year-old is about _______________ inches tall. A. 45 B. 30 C. 60 D. 75 Answer: A 3. For the time period of 3 to 6 years, boys are slightly _______________ than girls. A. taller and heavier B. fatter and smaller C. shorter and lighter D. more sympathetic and sensitive Answer: A 4. What is the brain structure located at the base of the brain that is involved in balance and motor movements? A. Cerebellum B. Prefrontal cortex C. Temporal lobe D. Corpus callosum Answer: A 5. _______________ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in the United States. A. Calcium B. Iron C. Folic acid D. Vitamin C Answer: A 6. Pneumonia and _______________ are common causes of disease for children in _______________. A. malaria; developing nations B. measles; developed nations C. HIV; individualistic cultures D. tuberculosis; collective cultures Answer: A 7. Based upon the reading, identical twins have _______________ genetic similarity and are more likely to _______________. A. 100%; differ in handedness B. 50%; be similar in handedness C. 50%; differ in handedness D. 100%; be similar in handedness Answer: A 8. In _______________, pneumonia, malaria, and measles are common causes of children's death. A. developing nations B. developed nations C. collective cultures D. individualistic cultures Answer: A 9. Based upon the text, which statement best describes gross motor development in early childhood? A. Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood B. Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state C. Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable D. Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent upon fine motor development Answer: A 10. Which of the following is a cause for why the average heights and weights of children in early childhood in developing countries are considerably lower than developed countries? A. Poor nutrition and diseases B. Poor school lunches and poorly trained teachers C. Children in developing countries tend to be obese D. Genetically the heights of these children are at maximum Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. In this video, the narrator mentions skills that children are better able to complete due to automaticity. Explain automaticity and list at least three activities that children are better able to perform. Answer: Automaticity is the ability to perform behaviors and actions without thinking about them. Three activities that children are better able to perform with automaticity include walking, running, and skipping. 2. What are some benefits of children gaining hand preference? Answer: Writing, using utensils independently (feeding, scissors, etc.), basically once hand preference is achieved the children continue toward the path of becoming more independent. 3. The narrator of this video tells us that the rate of physical growth slows in the early childhood years. What impact would this have on the food and nutritional requirements of children in this age group? Answer: When growth slows, then the food intake and nutritional needs will slow as well. Multiple Choice Questions 1. During which of the following developmental periods is the child’s rate of growth the fastest? A. the first 2 years B. ages 2-3 C. ages 3-4 D. ages 5-6 Answer: A 2. The development of “automacity” allows the child to __________________. A. perform behaviors without thinking about them B. develop a “handedness” preference for the right or the left hand C. speak in full sentences, rather than in short words interspersed with pauses D. deal with separation anxiety from the parent or caregiver Answer: A 3. Children’s activity levels generally peak between the ages of __________________. A. 6 months and 1 year B. 1 year and 2 years C. 2 years and 3 years D. 4 years and 5 years Answer: C Section 2 Cognitive Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Piaget, it is not until _______________ that we truly become representational thinkers. A. early infancy B. early toddlerhood C. early childhood D. early teens Answer: C. early childhood Correct: It is not until early childhood that language becomes strong enough to where individuals become truly representational in their thinking. B. early toddlerhood Incorrect: It is not until early childhood that language becomes strong enough to where individuals become truly representational in their thinking. 2. What marks the beginning of representational thought? When children begin to _______________. A. remember where they left play objects B. recognize their family members C. internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities D. externalize their true wishes and desires Answer: C. internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities Correct: Gradually toward the end of the sensorimotor period, in the second half of the second year, children begin to internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities, marking the beginning of representational thought. D. externalize their true wishes and desires Incorrect: Gradually toward the end of the sensorimotor period, in the second half of the second year, children begin to internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities, marking the beginning of representational thought. 3. The preoperational stage of cognitive development occurs between the ages of _______________. A. birth–2 B. 2–7 C. 7–11 D. 11–adulthood Answer: B 4. According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the _______________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations Answer: B 5. What stage emphasizes that children were unable yet to perform mental operations? A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational Answer: B 6. What term did Piaget use to describe cognitive procedures that followed certain logical rules? A. operations B. constructions C. scaffolds D. stages Answer: A 7. _______________ is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes. A. Animism B. Egocentrism C. Reversibility D. Conservation Answer: D 8. You are visiting your sister who has 4-year-old twins. They ask if they can have some milk and you are pouring it for them. One glass that you chose was tall and thin and the other was short and wide. After you poured the milk your niece is very unhappy because you gave “more” milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to _______________. A. conserve B. operate C. center D. tertiary operate Answer: A. conserve Correct: Conservation is the mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes. C. center Incorrect: Conservation is the mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes. 9. Which of the following statements best captures why a child may fail the conservation task? A. “They can reverse the action mentally and can see that the amount of water is the same.” B. “They fail to understand that the amount of water remains the same even though the appearance of the water changes.” C. “They tend to pick the photo that matches their own perspective, not the dolls.” D. “They frequently attribute human thoughts and feelings to stuffed animals and dolls, often thoughts and feelings they have themselves.” Answer: B. “They fail to understand that the amount of water remains the same even though the appearance of the water changes.” Correct: Children often fail the conservation task for two reasons: their thinking is centered (only focusing on one property of a problem) and they lack reversibility. A. “They can reverse the action mentally and can see that the amount of water is the same.” Incorrect: Children often fail the conservation task for two reasons: Their thinking is centered (only focusing on one property of a problem) and they lack reversibility. 10. What is the term that is used to describe young children’s thinking in which they often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. centration D. animism Answer: C 11. Which of the following best describes a child, in Piagetian terms, who is centered? A. “They lack the ability to distinguish between their own perspective and another person’s perspective.” B. “They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.” C. “They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.” D. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.” Answer: C. “They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.” Correct: Centration is 1 of 2 hallmarks of why a child may fail the conservation task. They focus on one aspect of a problem and cannot weigh or mange two aspects simultaneously. D. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.” Incorrect: Centration means that young children’s thinking is centered or focused on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects. 12. What is the term that is used to describe young children’s thinking in which they are mentally able to change an object’s characteristics back to its original form? A. conservation B. animism C. centration D. reversibility Answer: D 13. _______________ is the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective. A. Reversibility B. Intuitive thought C. Egocentrism D. Conservation Answer: C 14. What is the term that is used to describe when individuals are unable to distinguish between their own perspective and another person’s perspective? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. centration D. reversibility Answer: B 15. What is the task that Piaget and Inhelder devised to demonstrate egocentrism during the preoperational stage? A. three mountains task B. “it is about me” task C. self-centered task D. ego-stability task Answer: A 16. The child who is experiencing egocentrism and completing the three mountains task will describe _______________ perspective. A. their own B. the doll’s C. the researcher’s D. their mother’s Answer: A. their own Correct: Hallmark of the egocentrism in the three mountains task the child will give their own perspective. This occurs at early preoperational stage. D. their mother’s Incorrect: The hallmark of egocentrism in the three mountains task is that the child will give his or her own perspective. 17. You just came back from class in which the topic was egocentrism in the preoperational stage. You have a 4-year-old and thought that you would see if what you learned was accurate. You are sitting directly across from her and ask her to look at the front and back cover of her favorite book. After she did this you asked her to describe “the part of the book I am looking at.” What does she tell you? A. how many pages there are in the book B. what you see C. what she sees D. what the story is about Answer: C. what she sees Correct: She would be telling you what she is seeing because she is not capable of taking another’s point of view. B. what you see Incorrect: She would be telling you what she is seeing because she is not capable of taking another’s point of view. 18. The child who lacks egocentrism when completing the three mountains task will describe _______________ perspective. A. their own B. the doll’s C. the researcher’s D. their mother’s Answer: B. the doll’s Correct: Describing the doll’s perspective is an illustration that the child has overcome or lacks egocentrism. A. their own Incorrect: Giving their own perspective is an illustration of egocentrism. 19. Animism is _______________. A. the ability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective B. attributing human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces C. focusing on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects D. difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one “class” or group Answer: B 20. What is the term that describes the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces? A. humanitarianism B. egocentrism C. animism D. socialism Answer: C 21. You are visiting your sister and she has a 4-year old daughter. You have not been around young children very much except for your niece and you are fascinated with her. You notice that while she plays, she acts like her dolls are real. What type of thinking is your niece demonstrating? A. humanitarianism B. egocentrism C. animism D. socialism Answer: C. animism Correct: Animism is a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development where young children attribute lifelike qualities to inanimate objects. They believe that objects have thoughts, feelings, and intentions, similar to living beings. For instance, a child might talk to a doll as if it can understand or respond. B. egocentrism Incorrect: Animism is the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces. 22. Emma is having a tea party with her stuffed animals and dolls, and pretends that they love the tea and cookies she prepared. Emma’s belief that her stuffed animals and dolls are alive and hold human qualities is an example of _______________. A. conservation B. egocentrism C. classification D. animism Answer: D. animism Correct: Animism is common for children in later preoperational thought and is a cornerstone of pretend and imaginative play. B. egocentrism Incorrect: Animism is the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces. 23. Having received a new bike for his birthday, Grant tells his mother that the bike needs to come inside the house at night because it might get lonely in the garage by itself. Grant’s rationale for why his bike needs to come inside the house is best explained by Piaget’s concept of _______________. A. egocentrism B. centration C. animism D. reversibility Answer: C. animism Correct: Grant is placing a live quality (emotions) to his bike (an inanimate object) A. egocentrism Incorrect: Animism is the tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces. 24. _______________ is when preoperational children understand that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one “class” or group. A. Egocentrism B. Conservation C. Reversibility D. Classification Answer: D 25. Preoperational children lack the ability to comprehend that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one group. Piaget referred to this as a lack of a capacity for _______________. A. transference B. sorting C. configuring D. classification Answer: D 26. Which of the following best describes a child who lacks classification? A. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.” B. “They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.” C. “They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.” D. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.” Answer: A. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.” Correct: Classification is the ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group. B. “They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.” Incorrect: Classification is the ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group. 27. Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development has _______________ substages. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Answer: A 28. What is the name of the Piagetian substage in which children are first capable of representational thought and of using symbols to represent the world? A. formal operations B. representational operations C. systematic thought D. symbolic function Answer: D 29. According to Piaget, children begin using their new cognitive skills as they acquire them, and many times these new cognitive skills can be witnessed during play. What would be an example of children using symbolic functioning during play? A. using a stick as a “magic wand” turning rocks into dolls B. leaving their footprints in the dirt C. pretending that they are on a different planet D. engaging in play in which there are two or more teams Answer: A. using a stick as a “magic wand” turning rocks into dolls Correct: The symbolic function substage refers to children using symbols to represent the world around them. B. leaving their footprints in the dirt Incorrect: The symbolic function substage refers to children using symbols to represent the world around them. 30. Which of the following are the substages of Piaget’s preoperational thought? A. sensorimotor and concrete operations B. symbolic function and intuitive thought C. egocentrism and reversibility D. formal operations and abstract thought Answer: B 31. The substage of intuitive thought lasts from the ages of _______________. A. 2 to 4 B. 4 to 7 C. 7 to 11 D. 11 to adulthood Answer: B 32. What is the name of the substage in which Piaget indicated that children seem to ask the question “Why?” very frequently? A. formal operations B. representational operations C. intuitive thought D. symbolic function Answer: C 33. Your neighbor has a 4-year-old son who is driving her crazy. He is constantly asking “Why?” about everything. She knew that children asked questions, but she was surprised to learn how frequently the question arose and that her answers seemed to only lead to another “Why?” According to Piaget, her son has developed a more complex way of thinking. Which of Piaget’s substages would you tell her that her son is probably in? A. formal operations B. representational operations C. intuitive thought D. symbolic function Answer: C. intuitive thought Correct: During the intuitive thought substage, children become highly curious about the world, frequently asking “Why?” when others provide them with information. B. representational operations Incorrect: During the intuitive thought substage, children become highly curious about the world, frequently asking “Why?” when others provide them with information. 34. What is one of the criticisms that other cognitive theorists and researchers have regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage? A. Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities. B. Piaget overestimated children’s capabilities. C. Piaget did not really like children. D. Piaget was biased since his theory was mostly based on observation of his children. Answer: A 35. What is one of the criticisms that other cognitive theorists and researchers have regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage? They believe that development is actually much more _______________. A. vacillating and not predictable B. stable and rarely changed C. stage-like and less continuous D. continuous and much less stage-like Answer: D 36. Researchers have found that 2- to 7-year-old children are actually less egocentric than Piaget thought. What is an example of a toddler understanding the perspective of someone else? A. when a toddler breaks the favorite toy of an older sibling to annoy him or her B. when a toddler dreams that he or she is someone else C. when a toddler speaks in long sentences to babies D. when a toddler eats his or her meal as quickly as possible Answer: A. when a toddler breaks the favorite toy of an older sibling to annoy him or her Correct: Doing something to annoy a sibling, such as breaking a favorite toy of theirs, is an example of a toddler showing the beginnings of an ability to take others’ perspectives. C. when a toddler speaks in long sentences to babies Incorrect: Doing something to annoy a sibling, such as breaking a favorite toy of theirs, is an example of a toddler showing the beginnings of an ability to take others’ perspectives. 37. _______________ is the ability to understand the thinking process in oneself and others. A. Theory of mind B. Unconscious cognition C. Subliminal thought D. Hypothesis of thinking Answer: A 38. It is not until age _______________ that nearly all children can solve a false belief task easily. A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8 Answer: C 39. Who was the theorist who viewed cognitive development as an inherently social and cultural process? A. Piaget B. Vygotsky C. Freud D. Skinner Answer: B 40. Which of the following theorists proposed that children learn not through their individual interactions with the environment but through social process of guided by participation? A. Jean Piaget B. Carl Rogers C. Sigmund Freud D. Lev Vygotsky Answer: D 41. According to Lev Vygotsky, cognitive development occurs when _______________. A. the proper amount of neurons have connected B. their brains are biologically ready C. they interact with an older sibling in the course of daily activities D. they interact with the environment Answer: C. they interact with an older sibling in the course of daily activities Correct: According to Vygotsky sociocultural perspective cognitive growth occurs when children are mentored by those who are superior. D. they interact with the environment Incorrect: According to Vygotsky, cognitive development occurs when children interact with a more knowledgeable member of the culture (often an older sibling or parent) in the course of daily activities. 42. Many _______________ cultures value silence, especially in children, and view children who talk frequently as immature and low in intelligence. A. European B. American C. Eastern European D. Asian Answer: D 43. What is a factor in cultural learning in developed countries that is different from cultural learning in traditional cultures? Compared to developing countries, children in developed countries _______________. A. are constantly with at least one family member all day B. are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day C. are disciplined harshly for small infractions D. are rarely consoled when injured or hurt Answer: B. are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day Correct: Children of traditional cultures are generally with a family member all day. A. are constantly with at least one family member all day Incorrect: Children of traditional cultures are generally with a family member all day. 44. According to the text, what is the age when formal school instruction begins in many cultures? A. 5 years B. 7 years C. 9 years D. 11 years Answer: B 45. In the United States and Canada, what percentage of 5-year-old children are enrolled in group child care or preschool? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% Answer: C 46. Clarke-Steward and Allhusen (2002) found that some children had higher verbal skills and stronger performance on measures of memory and listening comprehension. These were children who _______________. A. attended preschool B. were born to very intelligent parents C. started school later than other children D. ate a diet that consisted of at least 40% protein Answer: A 47. Children from what group in the United States children especially benefited cognitively from preschool? A. families who had parents who were professionals B. affluent families C. Midwestern families D. low-income families Answer: D 48. What group of United States children is more likely to be more independent and socially confident? A. children who are from families who had parents who were professionals B. children from affluent families C. children who attend preschool D. children from low-income families Answer: C 49. Belsky et al. (2006) found that what group of United States children was less compliant, less respectful toward adults, and more aggressive? A. children who are from families who had parents who were professionals B. children from affluent families C. children who attend preschool D. children from low-income families Answer: C 50. What group of United States children is more likely to be disruptive in class when they are in grade 6? A. children who are from families who had parents who were professionals B. children from affluent families C. children who attend preschool D. children from low-income families Answer: C 51. Preschool teachers _______________. A. are not required to have education or credentials specific to early childhood B. have to complete a rigorous training that includes yearly continuing education credits C. must have a minimum of one year of supervised teaching before gaining certification to teach early childhood D. are required to have at least a bachelor’s degree Answer: A 52. What do early childhood educators and scholars believe with regard to class size for preschools? There should be no more than how many students in a classroom? A. 20 B. 25 C. 30 D. 35 Answer: A 53. What do early childhood educators and scholars believe with regard to teaching students in early childhood preschool programs? A. There should be formal instruction. B. Students learn best through rote learning. C. Instruction should occur through active engagement with materials. D. Students should memorize large lists of materials to be recalled at a later time. Answer: C. Instruction should occur through active engagement with materials. Correct: Educators believe that active discovery and engagement is best for early childhood. B. Students learn best through rote learning. Incorrect: Educators believe that active discovery and engagement is best for early childhood. 54. Which of the following are cited by the author as factors that contribute to the quality of preschool? A. education and training of teachers, class size and child–teacher ratio, age-appropriate materials and activities, and teacher–child interactions B. child temperament, the parenting style of the children’s home environment, physical facilities, and emotional reactivity of caregivers C. parenting style of the caregivers, quality of educational material, temperament and reactivity of the children, and class size and teacher–child ratio D. age-appropriate materials and activities, parenting styles of caregivers, temperament and reactivity of the children, and teacher–child interactions Answer: A 55. Most early childhood scholars support which of the following educational practices as an appropriate means to educate preschool children? A. the Montessori approach B. the Piagetian Approach to Learning C. developmentally appropriate educational practice D. Whole-Language Learning Answer: C. developmentally appropriate educational practice Correct: Educators believe that the best practice for early childhood education should be based on developmentally appropriate educational practices rather than formal instruction. D. Whole-Language Learning Incorrect: Educators believe that the best practice for early childhood education should be based on developmentally appropriate educational practices rather than formal instruction. 56. The broad consensus among early childhood scholars is that preschool teaching should be based on _______________. A. developmentally appropriate educational practice B. the Socratic method C. an instructional method that is as formal as the children understand D. Piaget’s model of readiness, as strictly as possible Answer: A. developmentally appropriate educational practice Correct: Educators believe that the best practice for early childhood education should be based on developmentally appropriate educational practices rather than formal instruction. B. the Socratic method Incorrect: Educators believe that the best practice for early childhood education should be based on developmentally appropriate educational practices rather than formal instruction. 57. Suppose that you are preparing for a job interview as a preschool teacher. Which of the following statements when used in the interview is more likely to land you the job? A. Preschool learning is about the child exploring and discovering their world through hands-on activities and fun tasks. B. Preschool learning should occur through structured academic activities such as worksheets and large group projects. C. Preschool learning is about assessing the child’s IQ and then developing a curriculum that is rigorous and challenging. D. Preschool learning should occur through prosocial activities and videos that are geared toward children and regulated by the federal government. Answer: A. Preschool learning is about the child exploring and discovering their world through hands-on activities and fun tasks. Correct: The consensus among scholars is that for preschool children should engage in fun educational play. B. Preschool learning should occur through structured academic activities such as worksheets and large group projects. Incorrect: The consensus among scholars is that preschool children should engage in fun educational play. 58. What is the primary goal of having children attend preschool in the United States and China? A. to gain independence from the family B. to master social skills C. to learn basic academic skills D. to learn to get along with other children Answer: C 59. Which of the following countries emphasizes that academic skills be learned during preschool? A. United States B. Japan C. Great Britain D. Germany Answer: A 60. China and _______________ are two countries that emphasize academic skills during preschool. A. the United States B. Japan C. Germany D. Great Britain Answer: A 61. What is the primary goal of having children attend preschool in Japan and most of Europe? A. to learn social skills B. to gain independence from the family C. to learn basic academic skills D. to learn how to read Answer: A 62. Which of the following countries emphasizes that social skills be learned during preschool? A. United States B. China C. Sudan D. Japan Answer: D 63. In regards to preschool education, the United States prioritizes _______________, whereas Japan prioritizes _______________. A. cooperative play; parallel play B. parallel play; cooperative play C. social skills; academic skills D. academic skills; social skills Answer: D 64. What percentage of Japanese parents and preschool teachers indicated that the primary purpose of preschool education was “to give children a good start academically”? A. 2% B. 22% C. 62% D. 92% Answer: A 65. What is the main focus of teaching in Japanese preschools? A. to teach letters and numbers B. to teach individuality C. to teach study skills for later success in primary education D. to teach cooperation and sharing with group play Answer: D 66. Assume that you just accepted a job as a preschool teacher in Japan. Which of the following statements is a close representation of the type of preschool environment that you will experience? A. The physical building looks run down, teachers appear tired and frustrated, and it is clear that the students do not learn much. B. There is a high emphasis on academic success, parents encourage their children to learn letters and numbers quickly, and many teachers work long hours. C. There is a lot of group play, the children wear the same uniforms, and they each have the same equipment. D. The physical building looks very new and in good shape, there’s a high emphasis on social skills training, and the students are very competitive academically. Answer: C. There is a lot of group play, the children wear the same uniforms, and they each have the same equipment. Correct: Contrary to popular belief Japanese preschools emphasize social skills; however, there's also a high degree of uniformity and collectivism. B. There is a high emphasis on academic success, parents encourage their children to learn letters and numbers quickly, and many teachers work long hours. Incorrect: Preschools in Japan focus on group play, so that children will learn the values of cooperation and sharing. They also wear identical uniforms, with different colors to indicate their classroom membership. They each have the same equipment, which they keep in identical drawers. 67. _______________ are programs directed at young children who are at risk for later school problems. A. Early intervention programs B. Good beginnings programs C. Primary prevention programs D. Sooner intervention programs Answer: A 68. What types of programs are focused intensively on cognitive development and are directed at young children who are at risk for later school problems because they come from low-income families? A. financial stability educational programs B. Montessori schools C. early intervention programs D. low-income education Answer: C 69. Which of the following is an example of an early intervention program in the United States? A. McGill’s Intervention for Children B. First Nation Project C. Project Head Start D. School Immunization Project Answer: C. Project Head Start Correct: Project Head Start began in 1965 as a means to prepare children for school. B. First Nation Project Incorrect: Project Head Start began in 1965 as a means to prepare children for school. 70. Created in 1965, what is the largest early intervention program in the United States? A. Project Head Start B. Montessori Schools C. early intervention programs D. Challenger Program Answer: A 71. What does the largest early intervention program in the United States provide in addition to one or two years of preschool? A. free food and health care B. guaranteed admission to a public university C. free room and board D. free education for all adult family members Answer: A 72. What happens to the IQ gains that occur as a function of low-income children participating in the Project Head Start program? A. The gains are maintained throughout life. B. The gains result in even greater gains throughout life. C. The gains fade within two or three years. D. There were actually no real IQ gains. Answer: C. The gains fade within two or three years. Correct: The gains from participating in Project Head Start disappear after a few years. A. The gains are maintained throughout life. Incorrect: The gains from participating in Project Head Start disappear after a few years. 73. Which of the following statements best describes the long-term effects of large-scale early intervention programs such as Project Head Start? A. Gains in IQ and academic achievement carry through middle school, high school, and college. B. Gains in IQ and academic achievement carry through elementary school but steeply decline as a child enters middle school. C. Gains in IQ and academic achievement are short-lived and generally fade within two to three years after entering school. D. There have been no studies conducted on the long-term effects of early intervention programs such as Project Head Start. Answer: C. Gains in IQ and academic achievement are short-lived and generally fade within two to three years after entering school. Correct: Consistent for many large scale early intervention programs such as Project Head Start, cognitive and academic gains tend to be short-lived and decline shortly after the child leaves the program. A. Gains in IQ and academic achievement carry through middle school, high school, and college. Incorrect: Children’s cognitive and academic gains tend to be short-lived and decline after leaving large-scale early intervention programs such as Project Head Start. 74. Marcon (1999) found that there were positive outcomes as a result of low-income children participating in Project Head Start. What factors influenced those outcomes? A. If the mother and father were married, it was more likely that the child would benefit. B. The more money spent per child the greater the outcome. C. The better the teacher, the greater the academic and social benefits. D. The more the mother was involved, the greater the academic and social benefits for her child. Answer: D. The more the mother was involved, the greater the academic and social benefits for her child. Correct: The mother’s participation was the most important factor in her child’s gains. C. The better the teacher, the greater the academic and social benefits. Incorrect: The mother’s participation was the most important factor in her child’s gains. 75. What was one of the major differences between low-income children who did and did not participate in the High Scope Preschool Project? At age 27 years _______________. A. those who participated were more likely to be married and to own their house B. there were no significant differences between the two groups C. they were just as likely to have dropped out of high school D. they were more likely to have been married and divorced at least twice Answer: A 76. The average 6-year-old has a vocabulary that consists of more than _______________. A. 1,000 words B. 1,500 words C. 2,000 words D. 2,500 words Answer: D 77. Approximately how large is the average 6-year-old’s vocabulary? A. 500 words B. 1,000 words C. 2,500 words D. 5,000 words Answer: C 78. From age 3 to age 6 the vocabulary of the average child _______________. A. grows by 50% B. grows by 75% C. doubles D. more than doubles Answer: D. more than doubles Correct: The average 3-year-old has a vocabulary of 1,000 words in every 6-year-old has a vocabulary of 2,500 words; the vocabulary between ages 3 and 6 more than doubles. A. grows by 50% Incorrect: The average 3-year-old has a vocabulary of 1,000 words, whereas the average 6-year-old has a vocabulary of 2,500 words. 79. Which of the following best describes the concept of a sensitive period for language learning? A. a time period in which the learning of language must occur or it never will B. a time period in which the rules of language are best learned C. a time period in which children must be exposed to spoken language in order to learn it D. a time period in which the capacity for learning new words is especially pronounced Answer: D 80. Children learning English and other Western languages fast-map which parts of speech earliest? A. nouns B. verbs C. modifiers D. adjectives Answer: A 81. _______________ is a language’s distinctive system of rules. A. Pragmatics B. Morphemes C. Grammar D. Prosody Answer: C 82. By 4 years of age, it is estimated that children use correct grammar in what percentage of their statements? A. 30% B. 50% C. 70% D. 90% Answer: D 83. What term describes the social rules for using language in interaction with others? A. language rules B. pragmatics C. social construction D. grammatical usefulness Answer: B 84. Phrases like “please,” “thank you,” and “bye-bye” are examples of _______________. A. the pragmatic quality of language B. the morphemic quality of language C. the grammatical quality of language D. how prosody varies within language Answer: A. the pragmatic quality of language Correct: Pragmatics are the social rules for using language in interactions with others. At about age 4, children become more sensitive to the characteristics of conversations with others and become more attuned to proper pragmatic use. B. the morphemic quality of language Incorrect: Pragmatics is the social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not to say in a given social situation. 85. When do children learn when it is culturally appropriate to speak and when it is best to keep their thoughts to themselves? A. toddlerhood B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. children never learn this in Western cultures Answer: C. middle childhood Correct: By middle childhood, most children learn when it is culturally appropriate to speak and when it is best to keep your thoughts to yourself. B. early childhood Incorrect: By middle childhood, most children learn when it is culturally appropriate to speak and when it is best to keep your thoughts to yourself. Short Answer Questions 86. According to Piaget, children’s mistakes on conservation tasks are due to two kinds of deficiencies. Discuss one of them. Answer: Centration causes the child to focus exclusively on one attribute to the exclusion of others. Lack of reversibility causes the child to be unable to undo an action mentally. 87. Give one example of a child in the preoperational stage showing that they are more capable than Piaget thought they were. Answer: A child using child-directed speech when talking with a baby. A child as young as 3 years of age who can conserve quantity as long as only a few items are used 88. Seena tells you that her preschooler is attending a Montessori program; you pick up your niece from her preschool and wonder if it might also be enrolled in this same type of program. Your sister tells you that your niece’s school is not a Montessori school. What are two differences you would notice? Answer: In the Montessori program, learning is encouraged through self-directed exploration. The teachers would not be sitting in the front of a group of children giving them directions; instead, they would be choosing what they wanted to play with and how they would play. In contrast, at your niece’s school, you might see children doing work sheets to practice numbers and letters. 89. If you were to ask a Japanese parent what they hoped their child would get out of the preschool experience, what might they say? Would you expect that response to be different from the one of an American parent? Explain. Answer: Japanese parents hope that their children will learn how to get along with others and be a good group member. They would expect this to be done via play. In contrast, American parents hope that their children will learn the academic skills that will make them ready for success in school. What these groups see as goals of preschool reflect cultural values f collectivism vs. individualism. 90. A child was walking down the street with his mother and called the black top “tarmacs.” Presumably, he added the “s” because it was a long road. What does this reveal about how children learn language? Answer: The child invented ‘tarmacs” by adding an “s,” even though the plural of tarmac does not require adding an “s.” He had not learned this word by hearing it in his environment; instead he must have a language acquisition device that allows him to generate the rules of language. In this case, he had not learned the exception to the rule Essay Questions 91. Name and describe the two substages of the preoperational stage. Answer: The symbolic function substage (2-4 yrs.) is when the child is able to use representational thought. This ability allows them to advance in their language development because letter and words are symbols that stand for sounds and words, respectively. They also pretend that various objects are something else, such as using two coasters as bread for a sandwich. The intuitive thought substage (4-7) – is characterized by asking “why.” They are curious at this stage, but they can’t explain how they know what they know. 92. Sam buys a hollow, plastic rock where he plans to hide his spare key. He puts it near several other rocks by the door and calls to his two children: a 3-year-old and a 6 ½-year-old. He said he was gardening and found something under the rock and asks them to guess. One says a worm and the other says some ants. Then he lifts it up and shows them that it’s hollow and actually contained the house key. Then he asks where a robber, who has not been shown what is under the plastic rock, would look for the key to the house. How do you think each child would answer? Explain. Answer: The younger child would incorrectly say that he would go to the plastic rock and get the key, but the older child would say that he might look under the doormat or in the mailbox because the older child has more advanced perspective-taking abilities. The older child realizes that other people see the world from a different perspective; they are not as egocentric as their younger counterparts. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. Piaget's preoperational stage consists of individuals between the ages of _______________. A. 2-7 B. birth-2 C. 7-11 D. 11-adulthood Answer: A 2. Piaget used to describe cognitive procedures that followed certain logical rules as ______________ A. operations B. instructions C. scaffolds D. stages Answer: A 3. _______________ are substages of Piaget's preoperational thought. A. Symbolic function and intuitive thought B. Decentration and concrete operations C. Egocentrism and reversibility D. Animism and your reversibility Answer: A 4. According to the text, which of the following best describes the concept of a sensitive period for language learning? A. A time period in which the capacity for learning new words is especially pronounced B. A time period in which children must be exposed to spoken language in order to learn it C. A time period in which the rules of language are best learned D. A time period in which the learning of language must occur or never will Answer: A 5. Researchers found positive outcomes as a result of low-income children participating in Project Head Start. Which of the following are cited factors that influenced those positive outcomes? A. The more the mother was involved, the greater the academic and social benefits for her child. B. The better the teacher, the greater the academic and social benefits. C. The more money spent per child, the greater the outcome. D. If the mother and father were married, the child would benefit. Answer: A 6. According to the text, most early childhood scholars agree that preschool teaching should be based on _______________. A. developmentally appropriate educational practice B. the Socratic method C. an instructional method that is as formal as the children understand D. Piaget's model of readiness as strictly as possible Answer: A 7. From a Piagetian perspective, it is not until _______________ that individuals truly become representational thinkers. A. early childhood B. the early teens C. early toddlerhood D. early infancy Answer: A 8. You are visiting your brother who has twins that are 3 years old. They ask if they can have some juice and you are pouring it for them. One glass that you chose was tall and thin and the other was short and wide. After you poured the juice your niece is very unhappy because you gave "more" milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount. What is actually happening here? From a Piagetian perspective your niece and nephew lack the ability to _______________. A. conserve B. operate C. centrate D. formalize Answer: A 9. Children begin to use their new cognitive skills as they acquire them and many times these skills can be seen during times of play. What is an example of children using symbolic functioning? A. Using a stick as a "magic wand," turning rocks into dolls B. Leaving their footprints in the dirt C. Pretending that they are on a different planet D. Engaging in play in which there are two or more teams Answer: A 10. You are visiting your sister and she has a four-year old daughter. You have not been around young children very much except for your niece and you are fascinated with her. You notice while she plays, she acts as if her dolls are real and alive. While having a tea party, her doll requests sugar to put in its teacup and your niece gladly obliges. You ask your niece why her doll likes so much sugar in her tea, your niece replies "because I like my tea sweet." When your niece responded "because I like my tea sweet" while speaking for her doll, it is clear that she is demonstrating _______________. A. egocentrism B. animism C. a personal fable D. assimilation Answer: A Post-Test 1. Which of the following cultures values silence, especially in children, and views children who talk frequently as immature and low in intelligence? A. Asian B. Eastern European C. North American D. Australian Answer: A 2. According to the text, the vocabulary of the average 6-year-old consists of over _______________ words. A. 2,500 B. 2,000 C. 1,500 D. 1,000 Answer: A 3. _______________ describes the social rules for using language in interaction with others. A. Pragmatics B. Language rules C. Prosody D. Social construction Answer: A 4. Children from the ages of 2-7 are in Piaget's cognitive developmental stage of _______________. A. preoperational B. concrete operations C. sensorimotor D. formal operations Answer: A 5. For most cultures, children learn when it is appropriate to speak and when it is best to keep their thoughts to themselves by the time they reach _______________. A. middle childhood B. early childhood C. toddlerhood D. late infancy Answer: A 6. Based upon what is provided in the text, which of the following best describes a child, in Piagetian terms, who is centered? A. "They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects." B. "They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one "class" or "group." C. "They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces." D. "They lack the ability to distinguish between their own perspective and another person's perspective." Answer: A 7. Many early childhood educators and scholars believe it is important that _______________. A. instruction should occur through active engagement with materials B. students should memorize large lists of materials to be recalled at a later time C. students learn best through rote learning D. the whole-language approach works better than the phonic-based reading approach Answer: A 8. Suppose that you are preparing for a job interview as a preschool teacher. Which of the following statements would be best to use during the interview, in that it is clearly the most similar to the stance of researchers, scholars, and educators from the area of early childhood education? A. "Preschool learning is about the child exploring and discovering their world through hands-on activities and fun tasks." B. "Preschool learning should occur through structured academic activities such as worksheets and large group projects." C. "Preschool learning is about assessing the child's IQ and then developing a curriculum that is rigorous and challenging." D. "Preschool learning should occur through prosocial activities and videos that are geared for children and regulated by the Federal government." Answer: A 9. Ana is playing air guitar and pretending that she is a rock star. She sits all her stuffed animals in front of her as she pretends to play on stage. From Ana's perspective, her dolls are live, adoring fans. If Ana holds the belief that her stuffed animals are alive and have human qualities, this is an example of _______________. A. animism B. conservation C. egocentrism D. accommodation Answer: A 10. You have a four-year-old son and want to see if what you learned on Piaget's preoperational stage was accurate. You are sitting directly across from your son and ask him to look at the front and back covers of his favorite book. After he does this you ask him to describe "the part of the book I am looking at." If he is egocentric, what will he tell you? A. What he sees from his perspective B. What the story is about C. What you see from your perspective D. How many pages are in the book Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2-7 are in _______________ stage of cognitive development. A. the preoperational B. the sensorimotor C. the concrete operations D. the formal operations Answer: A 2. In Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes? A. Conservation B. Animism C. Egocentrism D. Reversibility Answer: A 3. Which of the following is the term used to describe young children's thinking in which they often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects? A. Cent ration B. Egocentrism C. Assimilation D. Accommodation Answer: A 4. In the "three mountains task," the child who is experiencing egocentrism will describe _______________. A. their own perspective B. the perspective of the doll C. the perspective of the researcher D. their mother's perspective Answer: A 5. Having received a new bike for his birthday, Grant tells his mother that the bike needs to come inside the house at night because it might get lonely in the garage by itself. By placing human thoughts and feelings to his bike, Grant is exhibiting Piaget's concept of _______________. A. animism B. assimilation C. reversibility D. egocentrism Answer: A 6. Piaget referred to children's lack of ability to comprehend that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one group as _______________. A. classification B. configuring C. sorting D. transference Answer: A 7. _______________ is an educational approach that most early childhood scholars see as an appropriate means to educate preschool children. A. Developing appropriate educational practice B. Montessori approach C. The Piagetian approach to learning D. Whole language learning Answer: A 8. Assume you just accepted a job as a preschool teacher in Japan. Based upon what is described in the text, which of the following statements is the closest representation to the type of preschool environment that you will experience? A. The physical building looks to be very new and in good shape, there's a high emphasis on social skills training, and the students of the class are very competitive academically. B. There is a lot of group play, the children wear the same uniforms, and they each have the same equipment. C. There is a high emphasis on academic success, parents encourage their children to learn letters and numbers quickly, and many teachers work long hours. D. The physical building looks run down, teachers appear tired and frustrated, and it is clear that the students do not learn much. Answer: A 9. _______________ is an example of an early intervention program in the United States. A. Project Head Start B. First Nation Project C. McGill's Intervention for Children D. School Immunization Project Answer: A 10. In addition to one or two years of preschool the largest early intervention program in the United States also provides _______________. A. free food and health care B. guaranteed admission to a public college or university C. free room and board D. free education for all adult family members Answer: A 11. Follow up studies of subjects who participated in High Scope Preschool Projects revealed that by age 27, _______________ as compared to other low-income individuals who did not participate. A. they were more likely to be married and to own their own homes B. there was no significant difference C. they were just as likely to have dropped out of high school D. they were more likely to have been married and divorced at least twice Answer: A 12. Between the ages of 3 and 6 the vocabulary of the average child _______________. A. more than doubles B. grows by one-half C. grows by fifty percent D. more than triples Answer: A 13. While learning language, children who learn "English and other Western" languages have been shown to fast-map _______________ first. A. nouns B. verbs C. conjunctions D. prefixes Answer: A 14. From the "three mountains task", the child who lacks egocentrism (is not egocentric) will describe ____________ A. the doll's perspective B. their own perspective C. the researcher's perspective D. their mother's perspective Answer: A 15. Which of the following best describes the Piagetian term of animism? A. Attributing human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces B. Focusing on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects. C. Difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one "class" or group. D. The ability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person's perspective Answer: A Quick Review 1. When children begin to _______________ it is the beginning of representational thought. A. internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities B. recognize their family members C. remember where they left play objects D. externalize their true wishes and desires Answer: A 2. Which of the following is the ability to understand the thinking process in one's self and others? A. Theory of mind B. Subliminal thought C. Hypercognition D. Megacognition Answer: A 3. For the United States and China, _______________ is the primary goal of having children attend preschool. A. learning basic academic skills B. learning to get along with other children C. mastering social skills D. gaining independence from the family Answer: A 4. _______________ are programs directed at young children who are at risk for later school problems. A. Early intervention programs B. Essential beginnings programs C. Secondary prevention programs D. Sooner intervention programs Answer: A 5. Which of the following is language's distinctive system of rules? A. Grammar B. Pragmatics C. Morphemes D. Prosody Answer: A 6. In regards to language development, phrases like "please," "thank you," and "bye-bye," are examples of _______________. A. the pragmatic quality of language B. the dialectic quality of language C. the structural quality of language D. how prosody varies within language Answer: A 7. Piaget proposes that children who pass the law of conservation are qualitatively different in their mental process than children who fail. Based upon what is provided in the text, which of the following statements best captures why a child may fail the conservation task? A. "They failed to understand that the amount of water remained the same even though the appearance of the water changed." B. "They can reverse the action mentally and see that the amount of water is the same." C. "They tend to pick the photo that matches their own perspective not the doll's perspective." D. "They frequently attribute human thoughts and feelings to stuffed animals and dolls." Answer: A 8. According to the text, which of the following describes a child who lacks the ability to perform mental classifications? A. "They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group." B. "They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces." C. "They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects." D. "They often have difficulty viewing or providing another person's perspective." Answer: A 9. What is a factor in cultural learning in developed countries that is different from cultural learning in developing cultures? In developed countries children _______________. A. are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day B. are constantly with at least one family member all day C. are disciplined harshly for small infractions D. are rarely consoled when injured or hurt Answer: A 10. Lev Vygotsky proposes that cognitive development occurs when __________________. A. children interact with a more knowledgeable member of the culture B. children's brains are biologically ready for growth C. the proper amount of neurons have connected D. children passively interact and individually confront change in their lives Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. How does acquiring a theory of mind impact a child’s social interactions? Answer: Acquiring a theory of mind allows children to be better able to understand why another child does something. They become better able to understand what a sibling might need if they are crying. There are social situations where a child will benefit from acquiring a theory of mind. 2. According to this video, does acquiring a theory of mind occur at the same age across cultures? Answer: No, in some cultures even the 6 year old children responded incorrectly during the scenario with the cookie box filled with pencils. 3. Can you think of any interactions that may help or hinder a child in developing a theory of mind? Answer: Interactions such as playing pretend games with peers or siblings can help a child develop a theory of mind by encouraging perspective-taking and understanding others' thoughts. On the other hand, limited exposure to diverse social situations or over-reliance on solitary play may hinder theory of mind development by reducing opportunities for practicing empathy and understanding different viewpoints. Multiple Choice Questions 1. By what age do most children grasp the concept of object permanence? A. 3 years B. 4 years C. 5 years D. 6 years Answer: D 2. What demonstration is used in the video to show whether or not a child understands theory of mind? A. the false-belief task B. the conservation task C. the magic trick task D. the attachment task Answer: A 3. Based on the demonstrations in other cultures, we can infer that understanding theory of mind _______________ across cultures. A. occurs at the same age B. remains very stable C. does not occur at the same age D. occurs similarly Answer: C Section 3 Emotional and Social Development Test Item File Multiple Choice Questions 1. During early childhood, emotional self-regulation is considered _______________. A. very unlikely to be accomplished B. one of the major developmental tasks C. not possible until the child completely understands the concept of “self” D. not likely due to the immature development of the frontal lobe areas Answer: B. one of the major developmental tasks Correct: Emotional self-regulation is a major developmental task that needs to be accomplished in early childhood. A. very unlikely to be accomplished Incorrect: Emotional self-regulation is a major developmental task that needs to be accomplished in early childhood. 2. _______________ is when children focus attention on managing their emotions. A. Effortful control B. Emotions management C. External regulation D. Extraterrestrial force Answer: A 3. What are the strategies that indicate that children are focusing their attention on managing their emotions? A. emotional control B. attention control C. effortful control D. social control Answer: C 4. Children who have problems of undercontrol of their emotions are at risk for _______________. A. ulcers and other physical problems B. aggression and conflict in early childhood and beyond C. not realizing their academic potential D. not likely to have serious relationships as adults Answer: B. aggression and conflict in early childhood and beyond Correct: Undercontrol is associated with aggression and conflict later in life. A. ulcers and other physical problems Incorrect: Undercontrol is associated with aggression and conflict later in life. 5. What is an example of “internalizing problems” that results from overcontrol of emotions in early childhood? A. ulcers and other physical problems B. anxiety and depression C. hostile and verbal aggression D. bipolar disorder Answer: B. anxiety and depression Correct: Overcontrol is associated with anxiety and depression. A. ulcers and other physical problems Incorrect: Overcontrol is associated with anxiety and depression. 6. Your brother has a daughter in early childhood who has an excessive degree of self-regulation. He is not quite sure if he should be happy, since she very rarely has any difficulties, or if he should be concerned. What would you tell him? A. He should be concerned in that overcontrol is associated with depression and anxiety when she gets older. B. He has nothing to be concerned about. Overcontrol is associated with extraordinary academic success. C. He should not be concerned; she will lighten up on her own soon. D. He should be glad; a friend of yours has a child who has absolutely no self-regulation and that child is very hard to control. Answer: A. He should be concerned in that overcontrol is associated with depression and anxiety when she gets older. Correct: Overcontrol is associated with anxiety and depression. B. He has nothing to be concerned about. Overcontrol is associated with extraordinary academic success. Incorrect: Overcontrol is associated with anxiety and depression. 7. As a child becomes better at perspective-taking and develops a greater ability to understand the emotions and feelings of others, he or she will have a greater capacity to experience _______________. A. primary emotions B. empathy C. modeling D. effortful control Answer: B. empathy Correct: Perspective taking and metacognition are 2 components for empathy. D. effortful control Incorrect: Perspective-taking and metacognition are two components of empathy. 8. Shweder found that by about age 5 children already grasp the moral standards of their culture. However, what happens to their cultural views as they reach adolescence and adulthood? A. Those views only change once the individual marries. B. Those views change radically when they become adolescents. C. Those views change considerably as they reach formal operations and can think abstractly. D. Those views change very little. Answer: D 9. By the end of early childhood, Indian children have learned not just that menstruating women do not cook food or sleep with their husbands, they also _______________. A. come to believe that their mothers are lazy B. believe that their fathers are forbidding their mothers from doing these things C. learn that it would be morally wrong for their mothers to do those things D. learn that it just makes sense for their mothers not to do those things Answer: C. learn that it would be morally wrong for their mothers to do those things Correct: Cultural views establish what is moral and children come to understand this. B. believe that their fathers are forbidding their mothers from doing these things Incorrect: Cultural views establish what is moral and children come to understand this. 10. According to modeling theory, after observing multiple occasions of others’ behaviors being rewarded or punished, children conclude _______________. A. what their culture’s principles of moral conduct are B. what behavior is considered appropriate and what behavior is considered inappropriate C. what members of a particular culture should not be doing D. what they need to do to be successful members of their societies Answer: A. what their culture’s principles of moral conduct are Correct: According to modeling theory, children learn cultural values by observing multiple occasions of others’ behaviors being rewarded or punished. B. what behavior is considered appropriate and what behavior is considered inappropriate Incorrect: According to modeling theory, children learn cultural values by observing multiple occasions of others’ behaviors being rewarded or punished. 11. What term describes that individuals understand themselves as being either male or female? A. gender development B. gender constancy C. gender identity D. gender role Answer: C 12. What term describes the understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change? A. gender development B. gender constancy C. gender roles D. gender identity Answer: B 13. As soon as Grant started to play patty-cake with his classmate Emma, he was teased and ridiculed by the boys in the class. Grant quickly learned that patty-cake is a form of play that is reserved for girls and not boys. Grant’s process of learning the roles of “maleness” and “femaleness” is _______________. A. a biological construct B. gender socialization C. a sex schema D. sexual-social identity Answer: B. gender socialization Correct: Gender socialization is a process in which individuals learn through their culture the appropriate behaviors for their sex. C. a sex schema Incorrect: Gender socialization is a process in which individuals learn through their culture the appropriate behaviors for their sex. 14. _______________ is (are) a gender-based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information. A. Gender schemas B. Gender awareness C. Gender self D. Gender knowledge Answer: A 15. In the story presented in the textbook regarding a little boy and his father who were in a terrible automobile accident, the father died, but the boy was rushed to the hospital. As the boy was rushed into surgery, the doctor looked down at him and said, “I cannot operate on this boy, he is my son!” Many people find this story puzzling because they assume the doctor is male. This story represents what concept? A. gender schemas B. gender constancy C. gender roles D. gender identity Answer: A. gender schemas Correct: Gender schemas are gender-based cognitive structures used to organize and process information. C. gender roles Incorrect: This story is an example of gender schemas. 16. When boys insist on doing things that are “boy’s things” and avoid doing things that “girls do,” what is happening? A. gender socialization B. gender constancy C. gender roles D. self-socialization Answer: A. gender socialization Correct: Boys do “boy things” due to self-socialization. C. gender roles Incorrect: Boys do “boy things” due to self-socialization. 17. What is defined as the practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about these practices? A. child–parent practices B. parenting learning strategies C. parenting styles D. discipline strategies Answer: C 18. Demandingness is also known as _______________, and responsiveness is also known as _______________. A. control; warmth B. warmth; control C. limitations; empathy D. empathy; limitations Answer: A 19. What is defined as the degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them? A. parental demandingness B. parental strictness C. parenting styles D. discipline strategies Answer: A 20. What is defined as the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them? A. parental demandingness B. parental strictness C. parenting styles D. parental responsiveness Answer: D 21. Whose research on middle-class White American families, along with the research of other scholars inspired by this individual’s ideas, was involved in examining how individuals parented their children? A. Jean Piaget B. Albert Ellis C. Diana Baumrind D. John Applegate Answer: C 22. Which of the following parenting styles is characteristic of high demandingness and high responsiveness? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: A 23. Authoritative parenting style is characteristic of _______________. A. high demandingness and high responsiveness B. high demandingness and low responsiveness C. low demandingness and low responsiveness D. low demandingness and high responsiveness Answer: A 24. What is a distinctive feature of authoritative parents? A. They are quite passive in their responding. B. They do not care whatsoever what their children do. C. They respond with anger to questions from their children. D. They explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children. Answer: D. They explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children. Correct: Authoritative parents are warm and explain rules and expectations. C. They respond with anger to questions from their children. Incorrect: Authoritative parents are warm and explain rules and expectations. 25. If you were an authoritative parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner? You would say, _____________ A. “It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.” B. “Great, let’s go for it!” C. “Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!” D. “Whatever, I don’t care.” Answer: A. “It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.” Correct: A distinctive feature of authoritative parents is that they explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children, and they willingly engage in discussion with their children over issues of discipline, sometimes leading to negotiation and compromise. B. “Great, let’s go for it!” Incorrect: A distinctive feature of authoritative parents is that they explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children, and they willingly engage in discussion with their children over issues of discipline, sometimes leading to negotiation and compromise. 26. What type of parent is loving and warm toward their children and responds to what their children need and desire? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: A 27. Coach Paige has clear guidelines and rules for his players. He wants them to try their hardest to give 100% all the time. But, Coach Paige also cares for his players and tends to understand each player’s individual needs. Which of the following best describes Coach Paige’s coaching style? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: A. authoritative Correct: Coach Paige is exhibiting high responsiveness and high demandingness. D. disengaged Incorrect: Coach Paige is exhibiting high responsiveness and high demandingness. 28. What parenting style is high in demandingness, but low in responsiveness? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: B 29. Authoritarian parenting style is characteristic of _______________. A. high demandingness and high responsiveness. B. high demandingness and low responsiveness. C. low demandingness and low responsiveness. D. low demandingness and high responsiveness. Answer: B 30. What type of parent expects their commands to be followed without dispute or dissent? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: B 31. A drill sergeant who expects his or her subordinates to follow commands without questioning their authority is more similar to which of the following parenting styles? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: B. authoritarian Correct: The stereotypical image of a drill sergeant is one who is high in demandingness and low in responsiveness. D. disengaged Incorrect: The stereotypical image of a drill sergeant is one who is high in demandingness and low in responsiveness. 32. If you were an authoritarian parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner? You would say, _________ A. “It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.” B. “Great, let’s go for it!” C. “Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!” D. “Whatever, I don’t care.” Answer: C. “Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!” Correct: Authoritarian parents are high in demandingness and allow no give-and-take concessions. B. “Great, let’s go for it!” Incorrect: Authoritarian parents are high in demandingness and allow no give-and-take concessions. 33. What parenting style is low in demandingness, but high in responsiveness? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: C 34. Permissive parenting style is characteristic of _______________. A. high demandingness and high responsiveness. B. high demandingness and low responsiveness. C. low demandingness and low responsiveness. D. low demandingness and high responsiveness. Answer: D 35. What type of parent rarely engages in disciplining his or her children and simply believes that all children need is “unconditional” love? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: C 36. If you were a permissive parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner? You would say, ______________ A. “It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.” B. “Great, let’s go for it!” C. “Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!” D. “Whatever, I don’t care.” Answer: B. “Great, let’s go for it!” Correct: Permissive parents are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. A. “It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.” Incorrect: Permissive parents are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness. 37. What parenting style is low in demandingness and responsiveness? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: D 38. Disengaged parenting style is characteristic of _______________. A. high demandingness and high responsiveness B. high demandingness and low responsiveness C. low demandingness and low responsiveness D. low demandingness and high responsiveness Answer: C 39. What type of parent requires little of their children, rarely bothers to correct their behavior, and shows very little love or concern for them? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: D 40. If you were a disengaged parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner? You would say, _____________ A. “It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.” B. “Great, let’s go for it!” C. “Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!” D. “Whatever, I don’t care.” Answer: D. “Whatever, I don’t care.” Correct: Disengaged parents require little of their children and rarely bother to correct their behavior or place clear limits on what they are allowed to do. A. “It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full.” Incorrect: Disengaged parents require little of their children and rarely bother to correct their behavior or place clear limits on what they are allowed to do. 41. What parenting style is associated with the most favorable outcomes for children? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: A 42. Pousadeth is confident and self-assured. He has high creativity and is well liked by his peers. Beyond being the captain of the soccer team he is also a star member of the glee club. From what is known about parenting style, which the following is most likely what Pousadeth the product of? A. authoritative parenting B. authoritarian parenting C. permissive parenting D. disengaged parenting Answer: A. authoritative parenting Correct: Authoritative parenting with high responsiveness and high demandingness has the most common beneficial effects. C. permissive parenting Incorrect: Children who have authoritative parents tend to be independent, self-assured, creative, and socially skilled. They also tend to do well in school and get along well with their peers. 43. What parenting style is associated with children who tend to be less self-assured, less creative, and less socially adept than other children? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: B 44. Boys with authoritarian parents are more often to show _______________, whereas girls more often show _______________. A. aggressiveness and unruliness; anxiousness and unhappiness B. unhappiness and anxiousness; aggressiveness and unruliness C. personality disorders and low grades; ADHD and high grades D. ADHD and high grades; personality disorders and low grades Answer: A 45. What parenting style is associated with boys who are more often aggressive and unruly and girls who are more often anxious and unhappy? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: B 46. Nakyla is a young girl who is often anxious and unhappy. At times she has very low self-esteem and is very fearful of new social situations. Which of the following parenting styles is Nakyla most likely a product of? A. authoritative parenting B. authoritarian parenting C. permissive parenting D. disengaged parenting Answer: B. authoritarian parenting Correct: Children with authoritarian parents tend to be less self-assured, less creative, a nd less socially adept than other children. D. disengaged parenting Incorrect: Children with authoritarian parents tend to be less self-assured, less creative, and less socially adept than other children. 47. What parenting style is associated with children who lack self-control and, as a result, have difficulty getting along with peers and teachers? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: C 48. What parenting style is associated with children who tend to be impulsive and tend to have higher rates of behavior problems? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. disengaged Answer: D 49. The relationship between parents and children tends to be complex, and parenting style alone is not the end-all and be-all of answers. It is known that parents have a significant effect on their children, but children also have an effect on their parents; this relationship between parent and child is also known as _______________. A. reciprocal or bidirectional relationship B. one-way or unilateral relationship C. hypothetical or theoretical relationship D. exponential or quadrupling relationship Answer: A. reciprocal or bidirectional relationship Correct: The relationship between parent and child tend more bidirectional and more complex than just a single parental approach. D. exponential or quadrupling relationship Incorrect: With reciprocal or bidirectional effects, parents influence their children and vice versa. 50. In what types of cultures do parents expect that their authority will be obeyed without question and without requiring an explanation? A. Western cultures B. traditional cultures C. nontraditional cultures D. native cultures Answer: B 51. What is the term that describes many Asian cultures’ belief that children are expected to respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life? A. amae B. filial piety C. parental honorarium D. familial superiority Answer: B 52. Filial piety _______________. A. is common in Asian cultures where children are expected to respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life B. parents show a hands-off approach that is characteristic of low demandingness and low responsiveness C. is an emphasis of love, closeness, and mutual obligation within the Latino family D. is a cultural mandate that requires all parents to express high responsiveness and high demandingness to their children Answer: A 53. Which of the following is a common characteristic of both traditional Asian and Latin American families? A. both groups hold respect and obedience for parents in high regard B. for both groups, the female is the head of the household C. both groups have an overwhelmingly large number of parents who hold an indulgent parental approach D. within both groups, children are taught to be autonomous, to stand on their own two feet, and to put their own best interest before the needs of the family Answer: A. both groups hold respect and obedience for parents in high regard Correct: Both Asian and Latin American families emphasize obedience to parents and the priorities of the family should be held in high regards. D. within both groups, children are taught to be autonomous, to stand on their own two feet, and to put their own best interest before the needs of the family Incorrect: Both Asian and Latin American families emphasize obedience to parents and the priorities of the family should be held in high regards. 54. In Latin American cultures, the authority of the parent is viewed as paramount. What is the term that describes obedience to parents and elders, especially the father? A. correcto B. filial piety C. parental honorarium D. respeto Answer: D 55. _______________ emphasizes respect for and obedience to parents and the elderly, especially the father. A. Respeto B. Familismo C. Filial piety D. Laissez-faire Answer: A 56. What is the term used in Latino culture that emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations of Latino family life? A. correcto B. filial piety C. familismo D. respeto Answer: C 57. Most American minority cultures, including African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans, have been classified by researchers as “authoritarian.” This is inaccurate because these cultures were being compared to _______________. A. only their own cultures B. industrial cultures of Europe C. traditional Asian cultures D. White majority culture Answer: D. White majority culture Correct: The model of classification was the White majority culture. A. only their own cultures Incorrect: The model of classification was the White majority culture. 58. Many African American, Latino, and Asian American families have been classified as “authoritarian”, but this is inaccurate because _______________. A. each of these subcultural groups has its own distinctive form of warmth for their children B. parenting style has no cultural boundaries so an accurate picture cannot be taken C. the parents of these subcultural groups are more likely to be indulgent, having both low responsiveness and low demandingness D. there are too few of these subcultural groups to develop an accurate picture of the parenting styles that these parents possess Answer: A. each of these subcultural groups has its own distinctive form of warmth for their children Correct: Responsiveness is described as warmth - for mainstream American culture this is expressed through signs of affection such as hugs, kisses, and “I love you”. For many subcultural groups warmth is expressed in various ways but tend to be more implicit. B. parenting style has no cultural boundaries so an accurate picture cannot be taken Incorrect: Each minority culture has its own distinctive form of warmth. 59. For most cultures, it is not until _______________ that discipline is used for children who do not follow expectations or do what is required of them. A. early infancy B. late infancy C. toddlerhood D. early childhood Answer: C. toddlerhood Correct: Prior to early childhood, parents have lower expectations of what is required for their infants and toddlers; parental approach tends to be indulgent B. late infancy Incorrect: Prior to early childhood, parents have lower expectations of what is required for their infants and toddlers. 60. In many cultures, when is the first time that children are disciplined? A. infancy B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. adolescence Answer: B. early childhood Correct: Many children are disciplined for the first time in early childhood. A. infancy Incorrect: Infants do not have the developmental capacity to relate to discipline strategies. 61. In terms of praise as a parenting strategy, how frequently is it employed by parents in non-Western cultures? A. about the same as Western cultures B. much more than Western cultures C. rarely D. never Answer: C 62. Which of the following is a practice that requires children to sit still in a designated place for a period of time in an effort to reduce undesired behaviors? A. corporal punishment B. time out C. reinforcement D. amae Answer: B 63. When is requiring a young child to sit still in a designated place for a brief period a good discipline strategy? A. Any time that a child misbehaves, it is effective for any child. B. It is only effective for children who have behavioral problems. C. It is primarily effective for children with intellectual disabilities. D. It is mainly for girls only. Answer: B. It is only effective for children who have behavioral problems. Correct: Time out is effective for children with behavior problems. C. It is primarily effective for children with intellectual disabilities. Incorrect: Time out is effective for children with behavior problems. 64. You have a young child in your classroom who has behavioral problems. You have tried many different strategies, unsuccessfully, to reduce the number of his inappropriate behaviors. Only one of those strategies seems to work. What strategy is it? A. time out B. physical punishment C. token economy D. shaping Answer: A. time out Correct: Time out is effective for children with behavior problems. B. physical punishment Incorrect: Time out is effective for children with behavior problems. 65. What culture’s mothers express disappointment and withdraw their love temporarily? The child feels shame, which is a powerful inducement not to disobey again. A. American B. European C. Japanese D. Korean Answer: C 66. _______________ is a parental practice in which shame and the withdrawal of love are used to control the behaviors of children. A. Psychological control B. Corporal punishment C. Authoritative parenting style D. An insecure attachment Answer: A 67. Among American researchers, parenting that uses shame and withdrawal of love has been described by the term _______________. A. emotional abuse B. emotional manipulation C. psychological control D. social damage Answer: C 68. American parents who use shame and withdrawal of love in early childhood have been associated with which of the following outcomes for their children? A. anxiety, aggression, and problems with peer relations B. strong ego development C. moral development, social maturity, and psychological control D. academic success, athletic superiority, and fairness Answer: A 69. Physical punishment is also known as _______________. A. neutralizing punishment B. negative punishment C. capital punishment D. corporal punishment Answer: D 70. How frequent is physical punishment of young children in most parts of the world? A. rarely used B. very common C. very rare since it is banned in most countries D. accepted, but not used frequently Answer: B 71. Most countries still allow parents to spank their young children; nearly all _______________. A. encourage extreme forms of verbal punishment B. have outlawed beatings and other harsh forms of physical punishment C. regulate punishment techniques in “state-sponsored” courses on parenting D. provide examples of appropriate punishment techniques for children in widely dispersed pamphlets Answer: B 72. Your classmate has a son who just turned 4 who she disciplines with physical punishment quite a lot. It appears to her that she is not being very effective in her discipline style and asks you your opinion regarding physical punishment. Citing research, you tell her that longitudinal research has discovered that physical punishment is associated with _______________. A. spousal abuse in adulthood B. strong will and character in adulthood C. development of self-control and educational attainment in adulthood D. severe psychological problems including psychosis Answer: A. spousal abuse in adulthood Correct: Research suggests negative outcomes if physical punishment is used with children in early childhood. B. strong will and character in adulthood Incorrect: Research suggests negative outcomes if physical punishment is used with children in early childhood. 73. There are interesting cultural differences in the use of physical punishment during early childhood. For African American children, the more physical punishment they received during early childhood the _______________. A. greater the likelihood that they would be aggressive and antisocial in adolescence B. less likely they would be aggressive and antisocial in adolescence C. the more likely they would be depressed and psychologically damaged as adults D. the less likely that these children would graduate from high school Answer: B. less likely they would be aggressive and antisocial in adolescence Correct: Research suggests positive outcomes if physical punishment is used with African American children in early childhood. C. the more likely they would be depressed and psychologically damaged as adults Incorrect: Research suggests positive outcomes if physical punishment is used with African American children in early childhood. 74. African Americans are more likely to use physical punishment as a means to correct their children; however, this is also accompanied with _______________ so that the children understand that the intent is to teach them right from wrong. A. a high degree of warmth B. a high degree of shame C. a low degree of acceptance D. a low degree of empathy Answer: A. a high degree of warmth Correct: African-American families are more likely to use corporal punishment; however, this is accompanied by high responsiveness (warmth). B. a high degree of shame Incorrect: African Americans tend to combine physical punishment with parental warmth, so that children understand their parents’ behavior not as a frightening and threatening loss of parental control but as a practice intended to teach them right from wrong and the importance of obeying their parents. 75. There are substantial similarities worldwide in how cultures socialize young children and structure their social environments. What are the similarities? A. Fathers take over the role of socialization and mothers have no role at all. B. There is a rapid and complete reduction in the roles that mothers play in their child’s social development. C. There is an increase in the roles that mothers play in the social expansion of the child. D. There is a gradual lessening of dependence on the mother and a move toward peers and older children. Answer: D. There is a gradual lessening of dependence on the mother and a move toward peers and older children. Correct: Research suggests mothers roles diminish socially for the child. C. There is an increase in the roles that mothers play in the social expansion of the child. Incorrect: Research suggests mothers roles diminish socially for the child. 76. Traditionally, how long is the gap between the birth of one child and the birth of the next child worldwide? A. 1–2 years B. 2–4 years C. 3–5 years D. 4–6 years Answer: B 77. Tamika and Daquon are the parents of a typical family and have three children. Based upon the reading, how many years probably separate each of their children? A. 0–1 B. 1–3 C. 4–5 D. 2–4 Answer: C. 4–5 Correct: A gap of 2–4 years between children is common worldwide, traditionally. B. 1–3 Incorrect: A gap of 2–4 years between children is common worldwide, traditionally. 78. Whiting and Edwards (1988) found what response was nearly universal regarding how older siblings responded to the birth of a younger sibling? A. great enthusiasm and joy B. jealousy C. fear D. expectations regarding being the younger sibling’s mentor Answer: B 79. In the United States, what percentage of children have no siblings? A. 5% B. 10% C. 15% D. 20% Answer: D 80. Gina and Mario have decided to only have one child. Based upon the text, Gina and Mario are similar to _______________ of American families who have children. A. 5% B. 10% C. 15% D. 20% Answer: D. 20% Correct: In the United States, only 20% of children have no siblings. C. 15% Incorrect: In the United States, only 20% of children have no siblings. 81. Beginning in the early 1980s, _______________ made it illegal for families to have more than one child by initiating a “one child policy”. A. China B. Japan C. Guatemala D. South Africa Answer: A 82. What are people with whom you develop a valued, mutual relationship? A. peers B. friends C. relatives D. siblings Answer: B 83. _______________ are persons who share some aspect of their status in common, such as age. A. Admirers B. Confidants C. Siblings D. Peers Answer: D 84. Layla and Gregory are both 4 years old and playmates at the same daycare center. Which of the following best describes their relationship? A. admirers B. confidants C. neighbors D. peers Answer: C. neighbors Correct: Since they are within the same age group they are considered peers. B. confidants Incorrect: Since they are within the same age group, they are considered peers. 85. During early childhood, in what ways do children change in terms of play? Their play becomes _______________. A. more sex-segregated B. more sex-diverse C. less egalitarian D. less gender defined Answer: A 86. Numerous studies have determined that boys play in what ways in their play groups? They engage in _______________. A. rough and tumble, high activity, and aggressive play B. very introspective play with considerable role playing C. quiet play with many individuals cooperatively playing D. watching television and acting out the roles they are watching Answer: A 87. Numerous studies have determined that girls play in what ways in their play groups? They engage in _______________. A. rough and tumble, high activity, and aggressive play B. quiet play, role playing, fantasy, and cooperative play C. watching television and engaging in aggressive acting D. competitive play in which there are clear “winners” Answer: B 88. How common is it for adults to play with children outside of the West? A. very common B. common C. occasional D. rare Answer: D 89. What type of aggression is involved when a child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it? A. instrumental aggression B. hostile aggression C. physical aggression D. verbal aggression Answer: A 90. What type of aggression is involved when a child exhibits signs of anger and intends to inflict pain or harm on others? A. instrumental aggression B. hostile aggression C. physical aggression D. verbal aggression Answer: B 91. _______________ involves using aggressive behaviors to get an item that is wanted, whereas _______________ is aggressive behavior that is intended to inflict pain or harm to another person. A. Relational aggression; physical aggression B. Physical aggression; relational aggression C. Instrumental aggression; hostile aggression D. Hostile aggression; instrumental aggression Answer: C 92. What expression of aggression involves hitting, kicking, pushing, or striking someone with an object? A. instrumental aggression B. hostile aggression C. physical aggression D. verbal aggression Answer: C 93. What expression of aggression involves yelling, calling others names, or teasing? A. instrumental aggression B. hostile aggression C. physical aggression D. verbal aggression Answer: D 94. Sophia and Yvette are playing with dolls when suddenly a third playmate, Cameron, grabs Sophia’s doll, throws it on the ground, and stomps on it, while telling Yvette that Sophia’s dolls are smelly and dirty. Cameron is demonstrating _______________. A. hostile aggression B. focused aggression C. bilateral aggression D. vicious aggression Answer: A. hostile aggression Correct: Hostile aggression is intended to inflict harm on another person B. focused aggression Incorrect: Hostile aggression is intended to inflict harm on another person. 95. Which of the following best describes relational aggression? A. using aggressive behaviors or words to get what is wanted B. aggressive behaviors that is intended to inflict pain or harm on another C. damaging another person’s reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip D. physically hitting, kicking, pushing, or striking another person Answer: C 96. What type of aggression involves damaging another person’s reputation among peers through exclusion and malicious gossip? A. instrumental aggression B. hostile aggression C. relational aggression D. verbal aggression Answer: C 97. Boys are consistently more _______________ aggressive than girls, in earlier childhood and throughout the lifespan. A. socially B. psychologically C. physically D. verbally Answer: C 98. Your nephew has always had a difficult personality. He is now in early childhood and is very aggressive in most things that he does. Your sister is very concerned and asked you what your thoughts are. You tell her that _______________. A. she should be concerned; aggressive behavior in early childhood is a predictor of aggression in adolescence and adulthood B. she should not be concerned; most children in early childhood go through this phase and will eventually stop being aggressive C. she should be concerned, but there is nothing that she can do D. as it turns out, very aggressive children during early childhood perform at superior levels in school Answer: A. she should be concerned; aggressive behavior in early childhood is a predictor of aggression in adolescence and adulthood Correct: Early childhood aggression is a predictor of poor outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. B. she should not be concerned; most children in early childhood go through this phase and will eventually stop being aggressive Incorrect: Early childhood aggression is a predictor of poor outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. 99. Why is early childhood a crucial time for addressing physical aggression? When aggression is still high at the end of early childhood, _______________. A. it is associated with academic problems in elementary school B. it is a time when the child gets large quickly and aggressive behavior can be difficult to control C. it is a strong predictor of later aggression in adolescence and adulthood D. these children are at risk for abusive behavior by others in their environment Answer: C. it is a strong predictor of later aggression in adolescence and adulthood Correct: When aggression is still high at the end of early childhood, it is a predictor of poor outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. A. it is associated with academic problems in elementary school Incorrect: When aggression is still high at the end of early childhood, it is a predictor of poor outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. 100. Across cultures, aggression is frequently a component of children’s play in early and middle childhood, especially for boys. According to the textbook, this type of aggressive play helps to establish _______________. A. a range of what is considered acceptable play B. dominance hierarchy C. play boundaries D. aggression perimeters Answer: B. dominance hierarchy Correct: It establishes a dominance hierarchy so that further aggression is not needed. A. a range of what is considered acceptable play Incorrect: It establishes a dominance hierarchy so that further aggression is not needed. 101. _______________ is/are slightly more common in girls than boys, and _______________ is/are slightly more common in boys than girls. A. Verbal and relational aggression; physical aggression B. Physical aggression; verbal and relational aggression C. Temper tantrums and crying; effortful control D. Effortful control; temper tantrums and crying Answer: A 102. The average American child watches _______________ hours of television per day. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Answer: B 103. In Sweden the average child watches _______________ hours of television, whereas in Hungary, Turkey, Germany, and the United States, the average child watches _______________ hours. A. 1 1/2; 3 B. 3; 1 1/2 C. 2; 4 D. 4; 2 Answer: A 104. In the United States, what percentage of children aged 2 to 7 years have a TV set in their bedrooms? A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40% Answer: C 105. Morris is an average 5-year-old American child when it comes to watching television. He likes to watch Sesame Street when he comes home from kindergarten while his parents make dinner. If he is like an estimated 30% of children ages 2 to 7, he is watching TV in what room? A. the family room B. his bedroom C. his parents’ room D. the kitchen Answer: B. his bedroom Correct: 30% of children ages 2 to 7 have a TV set in their bedroom. A. the family room Incorrect: 30% of children ages 2 to 7 have a TV set in their bedroom. 106. What has been the conclusion of five decades of research, including more than 300 studies, regarding children watching violence on TV? Watching TV violence _______________. A. helps to dissipate aggression levels in children B. reduces overall aggression in young children C. increases children’s aggression D. strangely promotes children helping behavior Answer: C 107. Which of the following best describes the relationship between TV violence and aggression? A. Research has shown that watching aggression on television is only correlated with aggressive behaviors. B. The research is indecisive because there are too many confounding, conflicting, and extraneous variables. C. Researchers have shown that watching aggression on television causes aggressive behaviors. D. There has been no research on watching aggression on television and how it relates to aggressive behaviors. Answer: C. Researchers have shown that watching aggression on television causes aggressive behaviors. Correct: There have been ample research studies that have illustrated a causal relationship between watching aggressive behaviors and children's aggression. A. Research has shown that watching aggression on television is only correlated with aggressive behaviors. Incorrect: There have been ample research studies that have illustrated a causal relationship between watching aggressive behaviors and children’s aggression. 108. What is the number of commercials—which consist mostly of advertisements for toys, cereal, candy and fast food—that the average child sees in the United States? A. 400 per year B. 4,000 per year C. 40,000 per year D. 400,000 per year Answer: C 109. At what age do children understand the difference between an advertisement and an actual program? A. 3 years B. 5 years C. 7 years D. 9 years Answer: B 110. Why is there a growing concern that children are watching television commercials advertising unhealthy foods? A. because of the international epidemic of obesity in children B. because it makes it very difficult for parents to get children to eat their vegetables at dinner time C. because these foods are generally much more expensive than healthy foods D. because they are not as interested in watching the Veggie Tales show Answer: A. because of the international epidemic of obesity in children Correct: Because most of the products children see advertised are unhealthy foods, concern has grown that TV advertising is one influence behind the growing international epidemic of obesity in children. B. because it makes it very difficult for parents to get children to eat their vegetables at dinner time Incorrect: Because most of the products children see advertised are unhealthy foods, concern has grown that TV advertising is one influence behind the growing international epidemic of obesity in children. 111. You have a 4-year-old daughter who is interested in watching television. What is your best option? A. Watch educational programs with her. B. Let her select the programs that she would like to watch. This will help her become more independent. C. Allow her to invite her friends to watch television with her. D. Do not allow her to watch television until she is at least 12 years old. Answer: A. Watch educational programs with her. Correct: The best way for young children to watch television is with a parent who can discuss educational programs with the child. B. Let her select the programs that she would like to watch. This will help her become more independent. Incorrect: The best way for young children to watch television is with a parent who can discuss educational programs with the child. 112. Which of the following countries/geographical regions have the lowest percentage of computers within the household? A. the United States B. Eastern Europe C. Latin America D. Africa Answer: D 113. Boys are _______________ than girls to play electronic games and prefer games that involve _______________. A. more likely; fighting and sports B. more likely; adventure and learning C. less likely; fighting and sports D. less likely; adventure and learning Answer: A 114. At what age do children begin to pay more attention to popular music and start to recognize and prefer the latest “hit songs” of the day? A. 4 years old B. 6 years old C. 8 years old D. 10 years old Answer: B 115. It is not until early _______________ that children first connect musical sounds with specific emotions. A. infancy B. toddlerhood C. childhood D. teenage years Answer: C. childhood Correct: It is not until about age 6 that children have a cognitive understanding and attention to connect music with emotions. D. teenage years Incorrect: It is not until about age 6 that children have the cognitive understanding and attention to connect music with emotions. Short Answer Questions 116. Give an example of how a 5-year-old’s inability to self-regulate makes others in his kindergarten classroom not want to play with him. Answer: A 5-year-old who struggles with self-regulation might interrupt games frequently, grab toys without asking, or have emotional outbursts over minor issues. Other children in the kindergarten classroom may find these behaviors disruptive or unpredictable, leading them to avoid playing with him to maintain smoother interactions and play experiences. Examples include being very impulsive and insisting that he go first all the time, calling others names when he doesn’t get his way, and crying any time he gets upset. 117. Describe one way that young children (between ages 3-6) learn their culture’s principles of moral conduct. Answer: Young children between ages 3-6 learn their culture's principles of moral conduct primarily through observational learning and direct instruction from caregivers, teachers, and peers. They absorb moral values through stories, role-playing, and consistent reinforcement of behaviors that align with cultural norms and expectations. Examples include modeling, storytelling, and explicit teachings, such as in the Ten Commandments 118. At your second-cousin’s graduation party, you mention to your 4-year-old that Nick is going to college to become a nurse. She immediately tells you that “boys can’t be nurses.” Provide one explanation for her belief. Answer: She may have only seen women depicted as nurses and therefore, her schema for nurses is limited to females. 119. Describe either Locke’s or Rousseau’s beliefs about the nature of children. How did this belief impact discipline over the following centuries? Answer: Locke believed that children were born blank slates and therefore could be shaped by punishing bad behavior and rewarding good behavior. Rousseau believed that children are born inherently good and therefore should be given as much freedom as possible. Because neither of these philosophers believed that children were born evil, physical punishment was seen as unnecessary. 120. Describe two characteristics of children that put them at risk of being abused. Answer: A difficult temperament and high activity level or aggressiveness put children at risk of being abused. Essay Questions 121. Compare and contrast the outcomes for children of authoritative parents versus those of authoritarian parents based on research with White, middle-class families. Provide a rationale for why parents’ behavior influenced their children in these ways. Answer: Children of authoritative parents tend to be independent, socially skilled, self-assured, and creative. Children of authoritarian parents tend to be less confident and less socially skilled. Boys are more aggressive and girls tend to be unhappy and anxious. 122. Arnett argues that “the parenting-style model is a cultural model, rooted in American majority culture, and does not apply well to most other cultures.” Explain what he means, providing at least one example. Answer: In other cultures outside the West, it had been assumed that the authoritarian parenting style was more common than the authoritative style. However, the outcomes for children in these cultures were not negative, as they tend to be in the West. For example, in Asian cultures, there is a tradition of filial piety, meaning that children defer to their parents out of respect; there is no discussion or negotiation. This does not mean that the discipline is cold. Likewise, in Latino culture, parents and elders are given respect. Children may perceive this strict parenting style as their parents showing they care. The same parenting behaviors seem to have different meanings in different cultures. MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test 1. Which of the following describes the event when children focus attention on managing their emotions? A. Effortful control B. Internal state C. Emotions management D. Self-pacing Answer: A 2. A child's ability to experience _______________ is directly related to his ability to perspective take and understand the emotions and feelings of others. A. empathy B. modeling C. self-regulation D. an external locus of control Answer: A 3. Which of the following parental approaches is one where parents are loving and warm toward their children and respond to their children's needs and desires? A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Permissive D. Disengaged Answer: A 4. According to the text, filial piety is _______________. A. common in Asian cultures where children are expected to respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life B. when parents show an approach that is characterized by low demandingness and low responsiveness C. an emphasis on love, closeness, and mutual obligation within the Latino family D. a cultural mandate that requires all parents to express high responsiveness and high demandingness to their children Answer: A 5. In the United States, what percent of individuals do NOT have a sibling? A. 20% B. 15% C. 25% D. 30% Answer: A 6. It is critical to address children who are physically aggressive quickly, because children who are physically aggressive at the end of early childhood _______________. A. show later aggression in adolescence and adulthood B. are at risk for abusive behavior by others C. are more likely to develop schizophrenia and anti-social personality disorder D. have academic problems in elementary school Answer: A 7. According to the text there are four major parenting styles. Each one varies in its degree of parental responsiveness and demandingness. By combining responsiveness and demandingness, which of the following responses is a typical permissive parent's response to a child who only wants to eat have a milk shake for dinner? A. "Whatever, I don't care. Have what you want." B. "Absolutely not, under no circumstance will I allow that!" C. "That's a good idea. Maybe we can split one?" D. "It would be much better to eat a healthy dinner first and have a banana split for dessert if you are not full." Answer: A 8. Your sister has a son in early childhood who has an excessive degree of self-regulation. She is not quite sure if she should be happy, since she very rarely has any difficulties, or if she should be concerned for her son. What would you tell her? A. She should be concerned as over control is associated with depression and anxiety when he gets older. B. She has nothing to be concerned about. Over control is associated with extraordinary academic success. C. She should not be concerned; he will lighten up on his own soon. D. She should be glad since a friend of yours has a child who has absolutely no self-regulation. Answer: A 9. Cameron and Grant are playing with trucks when suddenly Cameron grabs Ethan's truck, throws it on the ground, and stomps on it, while yelling at them that they are smelly, dirty, and trucks are stupid. Cameron is demonstrating _______________. A. hostile aggression B. social aggression C. internalized aggression D. vicious aggression Answer: A 10. According to the text, which of the following best describes the relationship between aggression and television violence? A. Researchers have shown that watching aggression on television causes aggressive behaviors. B. Research shows there has been no research on watching aggression on television and how it relates to aggressive behaviors. C. The research is indecisive because there are too many confounding, conflicting, and extraneous variables. D. Research has shown that watching aggression on television is only slightly correlated with aggressive behaviors. Answer: A Post-Test 1. Which of the following is described as when children focus their attention while managing their emotions? A. Effortful control B. Emotions management C. External regulation D. Extraterrestrial force Answer: A 2. _______________ are defined as the practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about these practices. A. Parenting styles B. Parenting learning strategies C. Parent-child practices D. Discipline strategies Answer: A 3. From a worldwide average, how long is the span between the birth of children? A. 2-4 years B. 1-2 years C. 3-5 years D. 4-6 years Answer: A 4. According to the text, _______________ are consistently more _______________ aggressive than girls in earlier childhood and throughout the lifespan. A. boys; physically B. boys; psychologically C. girls; physically D. girls; psychologically Answer: A 5. Which of the following is a valid concern regarding the fact that children are watching commercial advertising that promotes unhealthy foods? A. Because of the international epidemic of obesity in children. B. Because it makes it very difficult for parents to get children to eat their vegetables at dinner time. C. Because these foods are generally much more expensive than healthy foods. D. Because they are not as interested in watching the Veggie Tales show. Answer: A 6. Based upon what is provided in the text, it is not until early _______________ that the children first connect musical sounds with specific emotions. A. childhood B. toddlerhood C. infancy D. teenager years Answer: A 7. Play in early and middle childhood for boys across many cultures, tends to encompass aggression. According to the text, this type of aggressive play helps to establish ______ A. a dominance hierarchy B. a range of play of that is considered unacceptable C. play boundaries D. aggression perimeters Answer: A 8. Regarding the story presented in the text regarding a little boy and his father who were in a horrific automobile accident. "The father died, but the boy was rushed to the hospital. As the boy was rushed into surgery, the doctor looked down at him and said, "I cannot operate on this boy, he is my son!" This story represents the concept of? A. Gender schemas B. Gender consistency C. Gender roles D. Gender identity Answer: A 9. Zachary is the average 5-year-old American child who is watching television. If he is consistent with the other 30% of American children, which of the following locations is he watching it in? A. his bedroom B. the family room C. his parent's room D. the kitchen Answer: A 10. Coach Thomas has clear guidelines and rules for his players. He wants them to try their hardest and to give 100% all the time. But, Coach Thomas also cares for his players and tends to understand each player's individual needs. Which of the following best describes Coach Thomas' "parenting style"? A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Permissive D. Disengaged Answer: A Chapter Exam 1. _______________ are examples of "internalizing problems" that result from children overcontrolling their emotions. A. Anxiety and depression B. Ulcers and other physical problems C. Hostile and verbal aggression D. Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia Answer: A 2. Which of the following terms refers to an individual's understanding of him or herself as being either male or female? A. Gender identity B. Gender role C. Gender constancy D. Gender development Answer: A 3. As soon as Spencer started to play patty cake with his classmate Sara, he was teased and ridiculed by the boys in the class. Spencer quickly learned that patty cake is a form of play that is reserved for girls and not boys. Spencer's process of learning the expectations of males and females is _______________. A. gender socialization B. biological construct C. sex schemas D. sexual-social identity Answer: A 4. _______________ is defined as the practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and their beliefs about these practices. A. Parenting styles B. Discipline strategies C. Parenting learning strategies D. Dr. Spock's parenting theory Answer: A 5. In regards to a parental approach, responsiveness is also known as _______________;whereas, demandingness is also known as _______________. A. warmth, control B. control, warmth C. limitations, empathy D. empathy, limitations Answer: A 6. Which of the following is a distinct characteristic of parents who hold an authoritative approach? A. They explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children. B. They are quite passive in their responding. C. They do not care whatsoever what their children do. D. They respond with anger to questions from their children. Answer: A 7. It is known that parents have a significant effect on their children, but children also have an effect on their parents; this dynamic between parent and child is known as _______________. A. reciprocal or bidirectional effects B. one-way or unilateral relationship effects C. hypothetical or theoretical relationship D. exponential or quadrupling relationship Answer: A 8. According to the text, which of the following is a common characteristic for both traditional Latin American and Asian families? A. Both groups hold respect and obedience for parents in high regard B. In both groups, the female is the head of the household C. Both groups have an overwhelmingly large number of parents who hold an indulgent parental approach D. Within both groups, children are taught to be autonomous, to stand on their own two feet, and put their own best interests before the needs of the family Answer: A 9. According to the text it is inaccurate to describe parents from non-Western cultures as "authoritarian" because _______________. A. each of these subcultural groups has its own distinctive form of warmth for their children B. parenting style has no cultural boundaries so an accurate picture cannot be taken C. the parents of these subcultural groups are more likely to be indulgent, having both low responsiveness and low demandingness D. there are too few of these subcultural groups to develop an accurate picture of the parenting styles that these parents possess Answer: A 10. You have a young child in your classroom who has behavioral problems. You have tried many different strategies, unsuccessfully, to reduce his number of inappropriate behaviors. Only one of those strategies seems to work; the strategy that requires him to sit still in a designated place for a brief period. What strategy is it? A. Time out B. Token economy C. Shaping D. Corporal punishment Answer: A 11. Your coworker has a son who just turned five whom she disciplines with physical punishment frequently and as a first resort. It appears to her that she is not being very effective in her discipline style and asks you your opinion regarding physical punishment. Citing the text, you tell her that longitudinal research has discovered that physical punishment is frequently associated with _______________. A. spousal abuse in adulthood B. strong will and character in adulthood C. development of self-control and educational attainment in adulthood D. severe psychological problems, including psychosis Answer: A 12. More common among girls, this type of aggression involves damaging another person's reputation among peers through exclusion or malicious gossip. A. Verbal or relational aggression B. Hostile or physical aggression C. Verbal aggression D. Instrumental aggression Answer: A 13. Your nephew has always been "strong willed" and has closer to a difficult personality. He is now in early childhood and is very aggressive in most things that he does. Your brother is concerned and asks you what your thoughts are. You tell him that _______________. A. he should be concerned, aggressive behavior in early childhood is a predictor of aggression in adolescence and adulthood B. he should not be concerned, most children in early childhood go through this phase and will eventually stop being aggressive C. he should be concerned, but there is nothing that he can do D. as it turns out, very aggressive children during early childhood perform at superior levels in school Answer: A 14. According to the text, the average American child watches _______________ hours of television per day. A. 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 Answer: A Quick Review 1. _______________ is when a child focuses their attention on managing their emotions. A. Effortful control B. External regulation C. Attention control D. Limbic focus Answer: A 2. According to modeling theory, after children observe others' behaviors being rewarded or punished they often conclude: A. what their culture's principles of moral conduct are. B. that sensitivity and empathy can be expressed in covert ways. C. what members of a particular culture should not be doing. D. what they need to do to be successful members of their societies. Answer: A 3. This parenting style is associated with negative side effects such as, boys who are more often aggressive and unruly and girls who are more often anxious and unhappy. A. Authoritarian B. Authoritative C. Disengaged D. Laissez-faire Answer: A 4. Whiting and Edwards (1988) found the response of ___________ as a universal reaction for older siblings, as they experience the birth of their younger sibling. A. jealousy B. fear C. great enthusiasm D. shock Answer: A 6. Emotional self-regulation is considered to be _______________ during early childhood. A. one of the major developmental tasks B. not possible until the child completely understands the concept of "self" C. not likely due to the immature development of the frontal lobe areas D. very unlikely to be accomplished Answer: A 7. In regards to television media, at what age do most children understand the difference between an advertisement and an actual program? A. Five years B. Three years C. Seven years D. Nine years Answer: A 8. According to the text, children who have problems controlling their emotions are at risk for? A. Aggression and conflict in early childhood and beyond. B. Ulcers and other physical problems. C. A diagnosis of schizophrenia or borderline personality disorder. D. Being deemed the class clown and becoming a social isolate. Answer: A 9. Based upon what is described in the text, _______________ is similar to when boys insist on doing things that are "boy's things" and avoid doing things that "girls do". A. gender socialization B. gender constancy C. self-socialization D. self-identification Answer: A 10. An interesting aspect of parenting is that not only do parents influence their children, their children also influence them. Based upon what is described in the text, which of the following is this principle? A. Reciprocal or bidirectional effects B. Parent-child/child-parent directionality C. Passive-aggressive characteristics D. Unilateral approach Answer: A Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions 1. Why is mandatory reporting so important? Answer: Mandatory reporting is very important because it deals with the safety of children. Child care workers and other professionals who deal with children are mandated to report any suspected abuse or neglect situations in families they interact with professionally. 2. The narrator of this video lists several occupations that are held to legal standards for mandatory reporting. Do you feel that any occupation is missing from the list? Why or why not? Answer: Yes, it's possible that some occupations are missing from the list of mandatory reporters. For instance, professions like clergy members, coaches, and camp counselors often have significant interactions with children and could potentially play crucial roles in identifying and reporting abuse or neglect. Their inclusion could enhance child protection efforts by expanding the network of mandatory reporters beyond the traditionally listed professions. 3. If you were in an occupation that held you to legal mandatory reporting and you were faced with a child that you felt might be being psychologically abused, what are some ways you might try to inquire about the abuse? Answer: If faced with a suspicion of psychological abuse in a child, I would approach the situation sensitively by first establishing a trusting and supportive environment. I might gently ask open-ended questions about the child's feelings, experiences at home or school, or changes in behavior. Using age-appropriate language and observing non-verbal cues would be essential in facilitating a safe space for the child to disclose any concerns. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Training in the mandatory reporting of child abuse is required of _________________. A. professional staff and directors at all childcare facilities, but not hourly childcare workers B. all hourly childcare workers but not child care program administrators C. all workers in childcare centers that accept federal funds, but not privately funded centers D. all childcare workers and administrators in all child care centers Answer: D 2. Dr. Thomas notes that the most common signs of child abuse she sees in her practice she sees in her practice are __________________. A. brain injury, as evidenced by slowed growth and mental development B. slap, strap, or burn marks C. excessive anxiety or fearfulness D. psychological trauma, usually evidence in shyness Answer: B 3. Do physicians have the same reporting requirements in suspected cases of child abuse as do teachers and childcare workers? A. yes B. no; teachers do not have to report suspected cases, but are encouraged to do so C. no; physicians must report suspected cases to the Department of Human Services, whereas teachers must report to Child Protection Services D. no; physicians must immediately hospitalize a child who is suspected of being abused so the child can be carefully evaluated away from the suspected abuser Answer: C Practice Test Questions from the Textbook 1. Which of the following best describes the physical changes that take place during early childhood? A. Most children lose their baby fat and become more like adults in terms of their body proportions. B. Physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years. C. Girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys. D. Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that only genetics plays a role in individual differences in height and weight. Answer: A 2. The limited memory for personal events and experiences prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the A. reticular formation. B. corpus callosum. C. cerebellum. D. hippocampus. Answer: D 3. Which of the following is the most common nutritional problem among young children in the United States? A. marasmus B. anemia C. calcium deficiency D. protein deficiency Answer: C 4. How does motor development change between ages 3–6? A. Children’s fine motor skills become refined, but their gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood. B. Children’s fine motor skills have been found to develop at the same rate all over the world. C. Children develop the same motor skills at the same pace, regardless of gender. D. Fine motor skill development allows children to become more independent by doing things such as dressing and feeding themselves. Answer: D 5. Children who are left-handed A. will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in the United States. B. likely first developed this tendency during the preschool years. C. are often praised for their uniqueness in non-Western cultures. D. will always have a left-handed twin if they are monozygotic (MZ) twins. Answer: A 6. A 5-year-old child draws a yellow sun in the upper corner of her paper complete with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of A. sensorimotor thought. B. animism. C. gross motor skill refinement. D. centered thinking. Answer: B 7. Which of the following is true regarding theory of mind? A. Children show a decrease in this ability from 4 to 6 years of age because they are becoming more independent. B. It develops the same way in all cultures with spoken language. C. It begins to develop, in rudimentary form, some time in infancy. D. A child who demonstrates theory of mind is not yet able to think about thinking. Answer: C 8. Cultural learning skills, such as learning to set the table in a developed country or to help prepare food in a traditional culture, A. develop as part of a social and cultural process, according to Vygotsky. B. must be learned in the sensorimotor stage first or they never fully develop. C. cannot be appropriately acquired until early adolescence. D. usually develop best if they take place in a formal setting. Answer: A 9. As a parent of a 3-year-old you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest quality experience. Which of the following should NOT be heavily weighted in your decision about which preschool to pick? A. whether there is a small class size. B. whether the teachers have been formally trained and have educational credentials. C. whether they are making good use of time by providing worksheets to practice numbers and letters. D. whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children rather than with each other. Answer: C 10. In Japan A. learning academic skills is the number one goal of having children attend preschool. B. preschool is mainly a time for learning social skills. C. parents and preschool teachers list the same top reasons for young children to attend preschool as do their counterparts in the United States. D. individuality is stressed from the time children enter preschool as a way to encourage children to reach their full potential. Answer: B 11. Compared to a comparison group of children with low SES who did not attend Head Start, those children who did A. were less likely to be placed in special education classes. B. improved their academic performance, but were still more likely to repeat at least two grades. C. showed a boost in IQ and achievement that lasted throughout their school years. D. showed no differences in academic performance and success. Answer: A 12. Young children’s use of grammar A. is entirely dependant on formal instruction in preschool. B. develops more quickly in traditional cultures. C. develops simply by hearing and using the language in daily interactions. D. is mostly incorrect until the age of 6. Answer: C 13. When a 4-year-old uses infant-directed speech when talking to her neighbor’s new baby, this demonstrates A. a sensitive period. B. fast mapping. C. classification. D. pragmatics. Answer: D 14. A key reason why emotional outbursts decline in early childhood is that children A. learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control. B. have a more sophisticated theory of mind at this age. C. at this age are no longer at risk for externalizing problems. D. have learned the skill of overcontrolling their emotions. Answer: A 15. Which of the following statements accurately describes moral development in early childhood? A. Children at this age are not yet able to experience empathy. B. Socioemotional emotions such as shame and pride first appear. C. Perspective taking and being able to understand how others think and feel make children more empathic at this age. D. Young children inherently know the rules and expectations of their culture without needing to be taught. Answer: C 16. The way we organize and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as A. gender identity. B. gender constancy. C. self-socialization. D. gender schemas. Answer: D 17. Research on parenting has found that A. the two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness. B. children of permissive parents tend to do better in school than children of other parenting styles because they learn to think for themselves. C. there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children. D. the outcomes for children of authoritative parents are virtually identical to outcomes for children of permissive parents. Answer: C 18. Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research? A. The typical parenting style in non-Western cultures is authoritarian. B. The American model of parenting does not apply well in other cultures. C. Providing explanations to their children is most common among non-Western parents who spend more time with their children than do American parents. D. Permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures that have a tradition of filial piety. Answer: B 19. The use of shame as a form of discipline A. has resulted in positive outcomes in both the United States and Finland. B. is referred to as psychological control by American researchers. C. is associated with high rates of behavior problems in Japanese children. D. is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment. Answer: B 20. Which of the following is true regarding siblings? A. A gap of 4–8 years between children is common in many cultures across the world. B. “Only children” are maladjusted, meaning they are more prone to depression behavior disorders. C. Jealousy is a common response to the birth of a younger sibling across cultures. D. Research has shown that young children with older siblings have a more advanced theory of mind than those who are only children. Answer: C 21. If you were a researcher observing 5-year-old children on a playground during kindergarten recess in the United States, what would you be most likely to observe? A. boys playing with children from other kindergarten classes rather than older boys B. girls playing kickball with the boys (with the girls serving as referees to be sure the boys follow the rules) C. boys engaging in cooperative, fantasy play D. the boys challenging the girls to a wrestling match Answer: A 22. Watching TV during young childhood A. has not been associated with any positive effects on development. B. is a popular leisure activity all over the world. C. has been correlated with aggressive thoughts and behaviors, but only among males who were already extremely aggressive before viewing. D. has not been studied experimentally, therefore no conclusions about causation can be made. Answer: B Test Bank for Human Development: A Cultural Approach Jeffrey J. Arnett 9780205987887, 9780134641348